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Agent-Orchestrator vs. Multi-Agent Architectures for Marketing Agents
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Information Technology.
2026 (English)Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
Abstract [en]

This thesis examines how different degrees of agent autonomy influence task efficiency, answer quality, and emergent behaviours in LLM-based systems built for marketing automation. Two architectures are compared within the same production platform. The first is an agent-orchestrator design in which one general-purpose agent reasons over a unified tool set and support subagents. The second is a multi-agent design in which platform-specific specialist agents activate from connected data sources, each independently decides whether the query warrants its attention, and all communicate findings through a shared message board before a synthesis step produces the final response. Evaluation uses 50 marketing scenarios, an n = 5 repeated report design, and combines trace-grounded agent-as-a-judge scoring, platform coverage, wall-clock latency, token usage, tool use, and estimated model cost. Across completed runs, the agent-orchestrator remained faster and cheaper, averaging 48.0 seconds and $0.3171 per run. The multi-agent system averaged 85.6 seconds and $0.8617, but produced higher-quality answers across 208 matched judged comparisons: it won 149, while the agent-orchestrator won 44 and 15 were ties. Mean composite judge score improved by +0.51 points on the 1-5 scale, with the strongest gains in completeness and actionability. The results indicate that agent-orchestrator execution is preferable for narrow, precise retrieval tasks, whereas multi-agent execution is more robust when the task requires exploration, synthesis, and action planning across several marketing data sources.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2026.
Series
IT ; mDA 26 038
Keywords [en]
large language models; multi-agent systems; agent orchestration; marketing automation; AI agents
National Category
Computer Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-596460OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-596460DiVA, id: diva2:2095119
External cooperation
Epiminds
Educational program
Master's Programme in Data Science
Supervisors
Examiners
Available from: 2026-08-25 Created: 2026-08-25 Last updated: 2026-08-25Bibliographically approved

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CiteExportLink to record
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Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
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Output format
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