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Textile muscle fibres innervated by ionofibres: connecting doped conducting polymers and ionogels via a plain weave
Univ Borås, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Sensor and Actuator Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6490-8603
Univ Borås, Sweden.
CY Cergy Paris Univ, France.
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2026 (English)In: Smart materials and structures, ISSN 0964-1726, E-ISSN 1361-665X, Vol. 35, no 7, article id 075021Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Advances in combining soft electromechanically active polymers with textiles at the fibre and yarn levels of the textile hierarchy contribute to the development of textile actuators or, by borrowing terms from physiology, of textile muscles. Textile muscle fibres, made by continuous electropolymerisation of pyrrole (Py) onto polyamide 6/6 multifilaments coated with poly(3-4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), are able to perform shortening, isometric, and lengthening contractions in liquid electrolytes and withstand the fabric manufacturing processes. To date, the contractile performance in liquid electrolytes of these textile muscle fibres, dependent on electrochemically driven volume change, has yet to be translated to in air as part of a fabric. Therefore, textile muscle fibres are explored as a fundamental unit of textile muscles together with ionofibres for their innervation. Ionofibres, continuously produced by UV polymerisation of ionogel precursors onto the surface of polyamide 6/6 multifilaments, are used to interlace closely with the textile muscle fibres and act as ion source/sink during the electrochemical processes. Their close contacts in a fabric enable the textile muscle fibres to contract in air under electrical stimuli. Regarding the ionofibres, two ionogels based on either 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EMIm+OTf-) entrapped in a polythioether network or choline acetate (Chol+OAc-) entrapped in a poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) network are explored. All the different produced fibres are evaluated individually in terms of electrical conductivity, tensile properties, and, for the textile muscle fibres, contractile properties. The investigation of the contractile properties includes repeated stimuli of yarn samples in individual warp rib structures with multiple signal frequencies and shapes. This contribution evaluates textile muscle fibres during contractions in air within a weave, representing for such fibres the first demonstration of actuation in ambient air. Beyond this milestone, the study seeks to identify critical manufacturing bottlenecks that limit realistic applications, establishing a foundation for developing practical textile muscles through standardised characterisation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IOP Publishing Ltd , 2026. Vol. 35, no 7, article id 075021
Keywords [en]
textile fibres; continuous production; UV coating; weaving; i-textiles
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-226833DOI: 10.1088/1361-665X/ae8349ISI: 001817145400001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105044533209OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-226833DiVA, id: diva2:2093566
Note

Funding Agencies|H2020 Industrial Leadership [825232]; HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions [101072920]; Erling-Perssons Stiftelse [2023-0092]; Marie Curie Actions (MSCA) [101072920] Funding Source: Marie Curie Actions (MSCA); H2020 - Industrial Leadership [825232] Funding Source: H2020 - Industrial Leadership

Available from: 2026-08-19 Created: 2026-08-19 Last updated: 2026-08-19

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Martinez Gil, Jose GabrielJager, Edwin
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