Facing climate change, today’s young people need to balance the challenges of being active and maintaining mental health. This study investigated climate resilience: patterns of climate engagement and mental health among adolescents. Using latent profile analysis, we identified three profiles in a sample of N = 603 Swedish adolescents: climate-resilient (17%, active and not impaired), climate-vulnerable (10%, active but slightly impaired), and climate-disengaged (73%, neither active nor impaired). Hierarchical multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that climate emotions predicted belonging to those profiles, with the climate-resilient profile characterized by strong climate sadness and anger and low climate indifference. Relative to the climate-resilient profile, adolescents in the climate-vulnerable profile felt more anxious about climate change, while adolescents in the climate-disengaged profile felt more indifferent and less anxious, sad, and angry. Relative to the climate-resilient group, reporting less empathic concern predicted membership in the climate-vulnerable profile, suggesting a potentially protective role of empathic concern. Furthermore, reporting less nature connectedness predicted belonging to the climate-disengaged profile. However, interaction analyses revealed that stronger nature connectedness might be a vulnerability factor for belonging to the climate-vulnerable profile. These findings provide tentative support that fostering empathy may contribute to resilience in the face of climate change. This seems more important than ever to understand, given the severity of the progressing climate crisis and seemingly lower climate engagement among youth.