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Reciprocal Beyond-Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (BD-RIS): Scattering Matrix Design via Manifold Optimization
Constructor University (previously Jacobs University Bremen), Campus Ring 1, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bremen, Sweden, 28759, Germany.ORCID iD: 0009-0005-2926-1604
Constructor University (previously Jacobs University Bremen), Campus Ring 1, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bremen, Sweden, 28759, Germany.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8601-5451
Constructor University (previously Jacobs University Bremen), Campus Ring 1, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bremen, Sweden, 28759, Germany.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3483-7629
Constructor University (previously Jacobs University Bremen), Campus Ring 1, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bremen, Sweden, 28759, Germany.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5018-8174
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2026 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, ISSN 1536-1276, E-ISSN 1558-2248, Vol. 25, p. 20463-20477Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) are emerging as a transformative technology in wireless communications, enabling enhanced performance and quality of service (QoS) of wireless systems in harsh urban environments due to their relatively low cost and advanced signal processing capabilities. Generally, BD-RIS systems are employed to improve robustness, increase achievable rates, and enhance energy efficiency of wireless systems in both direct and indirect ways. The direct way is to produce a favorable propagation environment via the design of optimized scattering matrices, while the indirect way is to reap additional improvements via the design of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) beamformers that further exploit the latter “engineered” medium. In this article, the problem of sum-rate maximization via BD-RIS is examined, with a focus on feasibility, namely low-complexity physical implementation, by enforcing reciprocity in the BD-RIS design in a manner that adheres to the geometry of the manifold of symmetric matrices. To that end, the sum-rate objective is transformed into a quadratic function via fractional programming (FP), augmented via the also quadratic reciprocity constraint in the form of a regularization term, while the unitary constraint is dealt with via a manifold optimization framework. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in outperforming current state-of-the-art (SotA) approaches in terms of sum-rate maximization.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2026. Vol. 25, p. 20463-20477
Keywords [en]
Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), manifold optimization, reciprocal scattering matrix, sum-rate maximization
National Category
Telecommunications Design Communication Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-386807DOI: 10.1109/TWC.2026.3713807ISI: 001835557600001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105045765230OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-386807DiVA, id: diva2:2090926
Note

QC 20260810

Available from: 2026-08-10 Created: 2026-08-10 Last updated: 2026-08-10Bibliographically approved

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