Economic Estimation of Vehicle-to-Grid Potential for a Solar Prosumer office Building: Optimization on Day-Ahead and Manual Restoration Reserve MarketsShow others and affiliations
2026 (English)In: International Conference on the European Energy Market, EEM, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2026Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]
Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming an important part of the power system, offering flexibility for grid support through frequency regulation services. Frequency regulation markets rely on resources to balance supply and demand in real time, making EVs a promising asset for grid support services. This study examines the most profitable way to operate EV chargers in a parking lot of an electrified office building powered by a building-integrated photovoltaics (PV) system. The model schedules the charging and discharging of 22 EVs, assuming a single building operator participates in both the dayahead electricity market and the manual frequency restoration reserve (mFRR) balancing market. The model inputs are the EV mobility patterns, historical PV generation, building load profiles, and market price data for 2024. The results show that mFRR energy activation market (mFRR-EAM) prices are irregularly concentrated in a small number of high-value activation hours, whereas mFRR capacity market (mFRR-CM) prices follow a more stable and predictable seasonal pattern. Furthermore, smart charging reduces annual costs by up to 1.40 k € compared to uncontrolled charging, and V2G operation improves local PV utilization and reduces network peak demand. Participation in the mFRR market yields additional savings of 0.17k€, with limited impact on battery degradation. The study provides practical insight into the economic value of smart EV charging at commercial workplaces with co-located PV generation.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2026.
Keywords [en]
ancillary services, Electric vehicle smart charging, frequency regulation market, Photovoltaic systems, Vehicle-to-Grid, workplace charging, Charging time, Costs, Electric industry, Electric vehicles, Marketing, Power markets, Restoration, Secondary batteries, Solar power generation, Ancillary service, Frequency regulations, Frequency restorations, Regulation markets, Smart charging, Vehicle to grids, Office buildings
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-78668DOI: 10.1109/EEM68581.2026.11589925Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105045055588ISBN: 9798319535542 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mdh-78668DiVA, id: diva2:2088800
Conference
22nd International Conference on the European Energy Market, EEM 2026, Trondheim, 22 June 2026 - 24 June 2026
2026-07-292026-07-292026-07-29Bibliographically approved