STUDY QUESTION: Can cryopreserved primary testicular somatic cells from childhood cancer survivors with severely decreased fertility potential be reprogrammed into human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) competent for efficient specification into early human germ cells?

SUMMARY ANSWER: Primary testicular somatic cells from cryopreserved testicular samples with severely compromised spermatogonial pools can be reprogrammed into hiPSCs using a non-genome-integrating, feeder-free approach and subsequently differentiated into human primordial germ cell-like cells (hPGCLCs) with high efficiency.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Infertility is one of the most concerning long-term side effects of cancer therapy in prepubertal boys, yet it remains largely unaddressed. Worldwide, biobanks storing cryopreserved immature testicular tissue are expanding to support the development of fertility preservation strategies, including future tissue and cell transplantation approaches. However, whether these samples can also serve as starting material to generate hiPSCs and subsequently differentiate into in vitro-derived germ cells remains largely unexplored. Currently, there are established protocols for non-genome-integrating reprogramming of somatic cells into hiPSCs and for hPGCLC specification that could be applied to cryopreserved testicular tissue, with special relevance for patient samples severely depleted of germ cells.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Two biological replicates of cryopreserved prepubertal testicular tissue were used to obtain primary somatic cells, which were reprogrammed into hiPSCs and subsequently differentiated into hPGCLCs. This experimental pipeline had a duration of approximately four months.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Cryopreserved testicular tissue samples were obtained from two prepubertal cancer patients (6.2 and 6.3 years old) with depleted spermatogonial pools (spermatogonia count per round tubular cross-section of 0.04 and 0.02, and age-standardized Z-scores of −17.62 and −20.48). These samples were subsequently used to derive primary testicular somatic cell cultures, which were then reprogrammed into hiPSCs using a clinically compatible, non-genome-integrating mRNA-based method under feeder-free conditions. The resulting hiPSC lines were validated and subsequently differentiated into hPGCLCs using two different specification protocols. The transcriptomic profiles of the hiPSCs and their derived hPGCLCs were verified using bulk RNA sequencing.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Here, we present the first successful generation of hiPSCs from cryopreserved testicular somatic cells of childhood cancer patients with a severely depleted germ cell pool. We accomplished this using a non-genome-integrating mRNA-based reprogramming approach. We further demonstrated the specification of hPGCLCs from these patient-derived hiPSCs, effectively regenerating their germline. This provides proof-of-concept for a stem cell-based fertility regeneration strategy in childhood cancer survivors with non-functional or absent germ cells.

LARGE SCALE DATA: N/A

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: This proof-of-concept study was limited by a small sample size due to the restricted access to cryopreserved human prepubertal testicular tissues. Although multiple hiPSC clones were generated per individual, only one clone per patient was used for downstream analyses, precluding systematic assessment of intra-individual clonal variability, which remains an important aspect for future studies. While G-banding karyotyping was sufficient to validate genomic integrity in this proof-of-concept study, more comprehensive genetic and epigenetic analyses should be prioritized in future hiPSC and hPGCLC validation before any clinical application is considered.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Childhood cancer patient-derived hiPSCs represent a powerful platform to investigate and address a broad range of long-term, cancer therapy-related complications. These hiPSCs and their derived germ cells may be used not only to develop in vitro gametogenesis protocols, but also to investigate mechanisms of cancer therapy toxicity and resistance among different patients, to identify early biomarkers of adverse outcomes, and to screen for germ cell protective agents. Importantly, cancer patient-specific hiPSCs have applications that extend well beyond germline, enabling regenerative strategies targeting other treatment-related sequelae through the generation of relevant somatic cell types.