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Toward a Circular Economy in Space: The Role of Satellite Reuse
Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Humans and Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4608-9501
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Mot cirkulär ekonomi för rymd: Satellitåteranvändningens roll (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Driven by innovation and cost reductions, the space industry is experiencing rapid growth. The proliferation of human-made objects launched into Earth orbits presents significant environmental challenges. If not properly addressed, continued growth at the current rate could lead to negative impacts both in space and on Earth.

The space industry has begun exploring sustainable practices, though most efforts focus on addressing issues that are related to the space environment. This neglects the impact on Earth and its atmosphere. Progress has been made in reuse of rocket bodies, however the benefits of satellite reuse remain largely disregarded. For example, the environmental impact of satellite constellations that are currently designed with large amounts of single use satellites, is still underexplored.

This underscores the critical research gap in understanding the fast-growing space industry’s impact on the environment and advancing knowledge related to satellite reuse. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to explore satellite reuse and its contribution to space sustainability. The research starts by exploring how the fast-growing space industry impacts the environment and then examines if satellite reuse could help mitigate this impact. It ends with asking why satellite reuse is not yet widespread.

The research in this thesis employs a mixed-method approach, starting with industry expert interviews to gain insight into the current state of practice for satellite reuse. Building upon these interviews, two scoping studies were conducted to further the understanding on how satellite reuse could be achieved.

The findings emphasize the importance for the space industry to initiate an industrial transformation and develop sustainability-driven innovation rather than having a focus on mostly commercial gains. The absence of necessary practices and technologies for satellite reuse have been identified in three critical building blocks: (1) reverse logistics systems to retrieve and process satellites for reuse, (2) design practices that enable reuse, and (3) business models that ensure financial viability. Focusing on these three areas can advance sustainable practices in the space industry and could contribute to the mitigation of its negative environmental impact. The presented findings can provide valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders, to rethink practices and to prioritize sustainability in space activities.

Abstract [sv]

Drivet av innovation och minskade kostnader upplever rymdindustrin en snabb tillväxt. Den ökande spridningen av mänskligt skapade objekt i omloppsbanor runt jorden medför betydande miljöutmaningar. Om detta inte hanteras kan den fortsatta tillväxten medföra betydande negativ miljöpåverkan, både i rymden och på jorden.

Rymdindustrin har börjat arbeta med hållbarhet, men mestadels fokuseras frågor kopplade till rymdmiljön. Det innebär att miljömässig påverkan på jorden och atmosfären i stort sett bortses ifrån. Framsteg har gjorts inom återanvändning av raketdelar, men fördelarna med att återanvända satelliter har till stor del ignorerats. Exempelvis är miljöpåverkan från satellitkonstellationer, som idag ofta designas med stora mängder engångssatelliter, fortfarande ett relativt outforskat område.

Detta framhäver ett kritiskt forskningsgap: en brist på förståelse för hur den snabbt växande rymdindustrin påverkar miljön och ett behov av fördjupad kunskap om återanvändning av satelliter. Syftet med denna avhandling är att utforska hur satellitåteranvändning kan bidra till rymdhållbarhet. Forskningen inleds med en undersökning av hur rymdindustrins tillväxt påverkar miljön och huruvida satellitåteranvändning kan mildra denna påverkan. Den avslutas med att undersöka varför återanvändning av satelliter ännu inte är utbrett.Studien använder en blandad forskningsmetodik, och inleddes med intervjuer av industriexperter för att få inblick om nuläget för satellitåteranvändning. Baserat på dessa intervjuer genomfördes två förstudier för att ytterligare förstå hur återanvändning av satelliter kan möjliggöras.

Resultaten betonar vikten av att rymdindustrin genomgår en industriell omvandling och utvecklar hållbarhetsdriven innovation, i stället för att enbart fokusera på kommersiella mål. Tre viktiga områden identifierades som avgörande för att möjliggöra återanvändning av satelliter: (1) returlogistiksystem för att samla in och bearbeta satelliter för återanvändning, (2) designpraktik som möjliggör återanvändning, och (3) affärsmodeller som säkerställer ekonomisk bärkraft. Genom att prioritera dessa områden kan rymdindustrin främja hållbara metoder och minska sin miljöpåverkan. Resultaten kan ge värdefulla insikter för beslutsfattare och industrins aktörer, med möjlighet att förändra praxis och prioritera hållbarhet i rymdaktiviteter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2025.
Series
Licentiate thesis / Luleå University of Technology, ISSN 1402-1757
Keywords [en]
space sustainability, industrial transformation, sustainable innovation, space industry environmental impact, circular space economy
Keywords [sv]
rymdhållbarhet, industriell omvandling, hållbar innovation, rymdindustrins miljöpåverkan, cirkulär rymdekonomi
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering Design
Research subject
Product Innovation; Area of Future Importance - CREATERNITY
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-111058ISBN: 978-91-8048-720-7 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8048-721-4 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-111058DiVA, id: diva2:1921157
Presentation
2025-02-06, A3024, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-12-13 Created: 2024-12-13 Last updated: 2026-05-21Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Design for X: Enabling the reuse of Space Hardware?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Design for X: Enabling the reuse of Space Hardware?
2023 (English)In: Proceedings of the Design Society, ICED 2023, Cambridge University Press , 2023, Vol. 3, p. 1257-1266Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

With a growing number of objects in space, the pressure to be sustainable and more efficient with resources is increasing. Driven by technological advancements, the reuse of space hardware becomes feasible and viable as alternative to spacecraft end-of-life disposal. Reuse of space hardware promises benefits in areas like mitigating space debris risks, cost reductions, and environmental sustainability on Earth and in space. However, challenges related to the space environment, like micro gravity, unknown changes due to radiation, and the energy requirements to perform maneuvers in space must be addressed in order to enable spacecraft reusability. Nonetheless, reuse of space hardware is an important objective related to long-term space exploration with implications on the human expansion into space. This paper investigates the requirements for reusability of spacecraft and if circular economy strategies can support implementing reusability for spacecraft. Based on the finding of expert interviews, it argues for design as a key enabler. It introduces design for X, design for circularity, and design for reusability, and explores how reusability of space hardware implies the need to include the space environment in design decisions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge University Press, 2023
Series
Proceedings of the Design Society, E-ISSN 2732-527X
Keywords
Circular economy, Design for X (DfX), Spacecraft Design, Spacecraft Reusability, Sustainability
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Product Innovation; Space Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-100645 (URN)10.1017/pds.2023.126 (DOI)2-s2.0-85165463903 (Scopus ID)
Conference
24th International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED 2023, Bordeaux, France, July 24-28, 2023
Note

Licens fulltext: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

Available from: 2023-08-17 Created: 2023-08-17 Last updated: 2026-07-07Bibliographically approved
2. On Regulations and Their Impact on Innovation: Can Regulatory Actions Guide or Dictate Sustainability in Space?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On Regulations and Their Impact on Innovation: Can Regulatory Actions Guide or Dictate Sustainability in Space?
Show others...
2023 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Product Innovation; Space Systems; Area of Future Importance - CREATERNITY
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-111060 (URN)
Conference
Aerospace Europe Conference 2023, Joint 10th EUCASS - 9th CEAS Conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, July 9-13, 2023
Available from: 2024-12-13 Created: 2024-12-13 Last updated: 2026-07-07Bibliographically approved
3. Circular Transformation Pathways: Managing Change and Fostering Innovation for a Circular Economy in Space
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Circular Transformation Pathways: Managing Change and Fostering Innovation for a Circular Economy in Space
2023 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Environmental Management Business Administration
Research subject
Product Innovation; Space Systems; Area of Future Importance - CREATERNITY
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-111059 (URN)
Conference
Ascension - Advancing Space Access Capabilities-Reusability and Multiple Satellite Injection, Dresden, Germany, 12-14 June, 2023
Available from: 2024-12-13 Created: 2024-12-13 Last updated: 2026-07-07Bibliographically approved

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