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Mapping of the carbide precipitation sequence and the in-situ transformation of cementite in medium carbon low alloyed tool steel with Scanning Precession Electron Diffraction
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Properties.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1172-615X
Swerim AB.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Properties.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1102-4342
(English)In: Article in journal (Other academic) Submitted
Abstract [en]

Precipitation of carbides after tempering at 600 °C of a medium carbon low alloyed tool steel was studied with scanning precession electron diffraction (SPED). The precipitation sequence was evaluated by mapping the carbide distribution on carbon extraction replicas. This gave detailed information about formed precipitates which could be identified based on electron diffraction. The experimental work was compared to equilibrium calculations and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). It was found that precipitates ε-Fe2C within laths during quenching via auto-tempering. During reheating to tempering temperature ε-Fe2C was dissolved and replaced by cementite, θ-M3C, which predominately form on martensitic lath boundaries. Vanadium and molybdenum are known from literature to form cubic MC or hexagonal M2C carbides, respectively. In this work it was found that the small carbides in the early stage of tempering have predominantly a cubic MC structure, even if the V/Mo-ratio the studied steel was only 0.12. Later during tempering more stable carbides, such as M7C3 and M23C6, also form, and it was concluded that the M7C3 form both by separate nucleation and in-situ transformation on cementite. The latter phenomenon was seen as particles with a core of cementite and shell of M7C3 after 24 h at 600 °C of tempering. 

National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324440OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-324440DiVA, id: diva2:1741884
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, FID15-0043
Note

QC 20230308

Available from: 2023-03-07 Created: 2023-03-07 Last updated: 2023-12-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Carbides in martensitic medium carbon low alloyed tool steels studied with small angle scattering techniques, electron microscopy and atom probe tomography
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Carbides in martensitic medium carbon low alloyed tool steels studied with small angle scattering techniques, electron microscopy and atom probe tomography
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Medium carbon low alloyed tool steels are used today in various areas to shape plastics, nonferrous metals, and steels, and they are crucial in the manufacturing industry. To be effective, tool steels must be strong and tough, and have high wear resistance and temperature stability. To achievethe desired properties, materials are alloyed so that secondary phaseparticles precipitate during processing, especially during the tempering of martensitic steels. However, the hardening contribution relates to the size,volume fraction and number density of precipitates, controlled by alloy composition and heat-treating parameters. It is therefore essential to understand how, where, and when the particles nucleate and how the precipitation sequence and kinetics are affected by alloying additions,tempering temperature, and time.

This work is aimed to study carbide precipitation in two commercial low-alloy tool steel using small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering. To support these methods, samples were characterized with transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT). With a combination of high-resolution techniques, it was possible to establish the precipitation sequence in these steels. It was also possible with various small angle scattering techniques to determine the evolution of volume fraction and number density of precipitates as a function of tempering parameters.

First, small angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used, which is an excellent method for bulk quantification of small precipitates in steel. It was possible with SANS to broadly study the precipitation process depending on annealing temperature and time. However, it is difficult with regular small angle scattering (SAS) to distinguish particle types with overlapping size distributions. To possibly separate the scattering signal from different carbide types, measurements were carried out with polarized small angle neutron scattering (SANSPOL) and anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering(ASAXS). With ASAXS it was possible to isolate the signal from molybdenum-rich carbides from other types of carbides.

With SANSPOL, it was possible to follow the enrichment of alloy elements in cementite. The appearance of cementite can be described as an iron-richcore with a chromium-enriched shell. The partitioning of substitutional elements affects the stability of cementite and the alloy carbides. It was also possible with SANSPOL, during heating, to follow the initial precipitation of particles.

Results from different experimental methods have been compared with precipitation simulations using thermodynamics-based precipitationmodeling. Equilibrium calculations indicates the possible stability ofdifferent precipitates, and the kinetics are captured with tools such as TCPRISMA to simulate structure evolution during tempering. Hardness measurements were made to correlate structure evolution to mechanical properties.

Abstract [sv]

Verktygsstål används idag inom en mängd olika områden för att förädla plaster, metaller och stål, och är således viktiga inom tillverkningsindustrin. Utmärkande egenskaper för verktygsstål är kombinationen av styrka,seghet, nötningsbeständighet och värmebeständighet vid applikationen. För att nå dessa egenskaper legeras materialen så att partiklar av sekundära faser skiljs ut under tillverkningen, framför allt under anlöpning av martensitiska stål. Vid anlöpning genomgår materialet en isotermvärmebehandling vid500–600°C under ca 1–4 timmar. Detta är oftast tillräckligt för att nå den optimala kombinationen av små partiklar (1–10 nm) med hög nummertäthet som effektivt härdar materialet. Det optimala härdningsbidraget varierar dock beroende på legeringssammansättning och anlöpningsparametrar. Det är således viktigt att förstå hur, var och när partiklarna kärnbildas, och hur partikelutskiljningen påverkas av legeringstillsatser och anlöpningstemperatur och tid. Detta är viktig information som kan användasför en mer effektiv legeringsutveckling.

Målet med detta projekt har varit att studera partikelutskiljning i två kommersiella låglegerade verktygsstål med hjälp av lågvinkelspridning av neutroner (SANS) och röntgenstrålar (SAXS). För att underlätta utvärderingen av spridningsdata har prover även utvärderats i transmissionselektronmikroskop och med atomsondstomografi. Olika varianter av lågvinkelspridning har använts, både ex-situ och in-situ, för att utvärdera möjligheten studera utskiljning i kommersiella verkstygstål. Till en början utvärderades prover med lågvinkelspridning av neutroner(SANS), med vilka det var möjligt att i stora drag studera utskiljningsförloppet beroende på anlöpningstemperatur och tid. Dock fanns det osäkerheter kring resultaten kopplat till överlappande storleksfördelningar av olika karbidtyper. För att bättre kunna separera spridningssignalen från olika karbidvarianter genomfördes mätningar med ”anomal lågvinkel röntgenspridning” (ASAXS). Med vilket det var möjligtatt isolera signalen från molybdenrika karbider från övriga typer av karbider.Med lågvinkelspridning av polariserade neutroner (SANSPOL) var det möjligt att följa anrikningen av legeringselement i cementit karbider, vars utseende kan beskrivas som en järnrik kärna med ett kromanrikat skal, vilket tros påverka både stabiliteten av cementit och utskiljningsförloppet av legeringskarbider. Det var även möjligt att med SANSPOL, under uppvärmning, följa den initiala utskiljningen av partiklar. Resultaten jämfördes med jämvikts- och utskiljningsberäkningar med Thermo-Calcoch TC-PRISMA. Mekaniska egenskaper korrelerades med hjälp avhårdhetsmätningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2023. p. 101
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2023:7
Keywords
Low alloyed tool steel, Martensite, Small angle scattering, Scanning transmission electron microscopy, Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy; atom probe tomography; Scanning precession electron diffraction; Precipitation; carbides; Tempering.
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324600 (URN)978-91-8040-513-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-03-29, F3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67236950608, Lindstedtsvägn 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, FID15-0043
Available from: 2023-03-08 Created: 2023-03-07 Last updated: 2023-12-07Bibliographically approved

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