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The Global Fashion System: On its social-ecological intertwinedness
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Stockholm Resilience Centre.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3590-0466
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The fashion industry contributes to shaping the state of the planet: impacts of production and consumption of textile fast-fashion are rising, and the growing number of sustainability-oriented actions have not slowed current trends. The industry’s (un)sustainability is mainly researched within two epistemic communities: fashion studies concerned with social sustainability, and circular economy focused on material biophysical and technological aspects of material cycles along the value chain. I argue that this split of social and ecological aspects is the problématique of sustainable fashion, and that the epistemic community of sustainability sciences should turn its attention to fashion.

My aim has been to develop a theoretically informed way of thinking critically about the intertwinedness of social-ecological systems, using fashion as a case study. I combine a social-ecological systems approach with critical realism as a metatheory of transdisciplinarity. My four mixed-methods research papers draw from data and information synthesis, ‘Keystone actor’ and business ecosystem analysis, literature review, analysis and critique of texts that shape theory and praxis in social-ecological systems approaches, and metatheoretic integration.

Paper I investigates the business ecosystem of the fashion industry´s keystone actors, revealing roles and alliances in sustainability efforts operationalized through wide-ranging industry collaborations. It finds the current focus on internal operations of fashion businesses fails to recognize the potential of other types of actors to influence the pace and direction of the industry’s sustainability efforts. This indicates the importance for policymakers within global sustainability to think beyond value chain boundaries and understand fashion as an intertwined system. Paper II explores why sustainability interventions by the industry and policymakers have not been successful. It demonstrates that deepening the systemic treatment of the widely used driver-state-response framework reveals social-ecological dynamics and supports proactive, rather than reactive sustainability efforts. It argues that reducing the fashion industry's planetary pressures requires explicit recognition of the system’s social drivers and shows the need for real-world adaptive actions that include social activities beyond the value chain. Paper III examines and critically reflects on disciplinary perspectives on fashion, showing ways to deepen the treatment of culture and diversity in social-ecological systems research at global levels. It provides systemic approaches for transdisciplinary actors to find more common ground on a ‘fashion system’ approach towards sustainability. It outlines challenges facing scientific research to contribute with knowledge useful for actions. Paper IV explores diverse perceptions and interests in the ‘sustainable fashion’ discourse, and points to ways that a systemic approach can harmonise existing efforts. It shows that academic papers rarely define sustainable fashion, and provided definitions are partial and not always consistent. Ultimately, it argues that a definition would rather impede than be helpful for work towards sustainable fashion. Its critical reflections contribute to interpretive approaches in social-ecological systems research, recognizing that meanings and intentions shape the effectiveness and significance of actions.

Together, this provides a better understanding that the depth of fashion’s social-ecological intertwinedness is more than what is observed, studied and experienced. It contributes to a theoretical framework showing why sustainability of fashion needs to be thought of in terms of systems that reflect real connectivity and diversity, supporting fashion industry engagement with intrinsically intertwined material and social dimensions. Bringing attention to this intertwinedness opens up for possibilities and creative thinking for sustainable fashions.

Abstract [sv]

Modeindustrin bidrar till att forma planetens tillstånd: negativa effekter från produktion och konsumtion av fast-fashion ökar, och det ökande antalet hållbarhetsinriktade åtgärder har inte bromsat aktuella trender. Vetenskaplig forskning om modeindustrins (o)hållbarhet ökar inom två epistemiska gemenskaper, studier av mode och dess sociala hållbarhet och cirkulär ekonomi, dessa fokuserar på sociala aspekter eller betonar materiella biofysiska och tekniska aspekter utmed industrins värdekedja. Uppdelning av sociala och ekologiska aspekter bidrar till hållbart modets problématique, varför jag hävdar att det är dags för den epistemiska gemenskapen, hållbarhetsvetenskap att uppmärksamma mode. Mitt mål har varit att, med mode som fallstudie, utveckla ett teoretiskt informerat sätt att tänka kritiskt kring sammanflätningen av social-ekologiska system. Jag förenar en social-ekologisk systemansats med kritisk realism som transdisciplinär metateori. Mina fyra forskningsartiklar använder flera, ofta blandade metoder hämtade från data- och informationssyntes, 'Keystone-aktör' och affärsekosystemanalys, litteraturgranskning, analys och kritik av texter som formar teori och praktik i social-ekologiska systemtillvägagångssätt och metateoretisk integration. Artikel I undersöker affärsekosystemet för modeindustrins ’keystone’-aktörer, och avslöjar roller och allianser i hållbarhetsarbetet som operationaliseras genom branschsamarbeten. Den visar att nuvarande fokus på modeföretagens interna verksamhet fallerar att inse potentialen andra typer av aktörer har gällande påverkan av takt och riktning för hållbarhetsinsatserna. Detta visar vikten av att beslutsfattare inom global hållbarhet, tänker bortom värdekedjans gränser och förstår mode som ett sammanflätat system. Artikel II analyserar varför hållbarhetsinsatser från industrin och beslutsfattare inte har varit framgångsrika. Genom en fördjupad systemisk användning av ramverket Driver-State-Response visar den på en social-ekologisk dynamik som stödjer proaktiva, snarare än reaktiva hållbarhetsansträngningar. Den hävdar att en minskning av modeindustrins planetära påverkan kräver explicit erkännande av systemets sociala drivkrafter och visar på behovet för adaptiva åtgärder att inkludera sociala aktiviteter utanför värdekedjan. Artikel III undersöker och reflekterar kritiskt kring disciplinära perspektiv på mode, och visar sätt att fördjupa analysen av kultur och mångfald i social-ekologisk systemforskning på global nivå. Den presenterar systemiska tillvägagångssätt transdisciplinära aktörer kan använda för att hitta en gemensam grund för en ’hållbart modesystem’-strategi. Den beskriver utmaningar som vetenskaplig forskning står inför beträffande hur kunskap ska göras användbar för konkreta åtgärder. Artikel IV utforskar uppfattningar och intressen i diskursen om ’hållbart mode’, och visar hur ett systemiskt tillvägagångssätt kan harmonisera nuvarande arbeten. Den visar att akademiska studier sällan definierar hållbart mode, och att tillhandahållna definitioner i regel är partiella och inte alltid konsekventa. Den gör gällande att en definition snarare skulle hindra än hjälpa arbete för hållbart mode. Dess kritiska reflektioner bidrar med ett tolkande tillvägagångssätt inom social-ekologisk systemforskning, samt med insikten att betydelser och avsikter formar effektiviteten samt betydelsen av olika åtgärder. Denna avhandling bidrar till en bättre förståelse för att modets social-ekologiska sammanflätning går djupare än det som observeras, studeras och upplevs, samt varför sociala och miljömässiga aspekter inte kan behandlas separat i något hållbarhetsarbete. Avhandlingen bidrar till teoretiskt ramverk som visar varför hållbart mode behöver förstås i termer av system som speglar verklig mångfald. Att understryka modesystemets sammanflätning och diversitet öppnar upp för möjligheter och kreativt tänkande för flera hållbara modesystem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm university , 2023. , p. 64
Keywords [en]
Sustainability, Fashion, Social-ecological system, Transdisciplinarity, Critical realism, Positionality
Keywords [sv]
Hållbarhet, Mode, Social-ekologiska system, Tvärvetenskap, Kritisk realism, Positionalitet
National Category
Other Natural Sciences Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Research subject
Sustainability Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-212571ISBN: 978-91-8014-136-9 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8014-137-6 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-212571DiVA, id: diva2:1717837
Public defence
2023-02-01, Hörsal 4, Albano, Albanovägen 18, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-01-09 Created: 2022-12-09 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Keystone actors do not act alone: A business ecosystem perspective on sustainability in the global clothing industry
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Keystone actors do not act alone: A business ecosystem perspective on sustainability in the global clothing industry
Show others...
2020 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 15, no 10, article id e0241453Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Global industries are typically dominated by a few disproportionately large and influential transnational corporations, or keystone actors. While concentration of economic production is not a new phenomenon, in an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, the scale of the impacts of keystone actors on diverse social-ecological systems continues to grow. In this article, we investigate how keystone actors in the global clothing industry engage in collaboration with a variety of other organizations to address nine interrelated biophysical and socioeconomic sustainability challenges. We expand on previous theoretical and empirical research by focusing on the larger business ecosystem in which keystone actors are embedded, and use network analysis to assess the contributions of different actor types to the architecture of the ecosystem. This systemic approach to the study of keystone actors and sustainability challenges highlights an important source of influence largely not addressed in previous research: the presence of organizations that occupy strategic positions around keystone actors. Such knowledge can help identify governance strategies for advancing industry-wide transformation towards sustainability.

National Category
Economics and Business
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-188205 (URN)10.1371/journal.pone.0241453 (DOI)000588368900030 ()33125411 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2020-12-29 Created: 2020-12-29 Last updated: 2022-12-09Bibliographically approved
2. Making Resilient Decisions for Sustainable Circularity of Fashion
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Making Resilient Decisions for Sustainable Circularity of Fashion
2021 (English)In: Circular Economy and Sustainability, ISSN 2730-597X, E-ISSN 2730-5988, Vol. 1, no 2, p. 651-670Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The fashion and textiles industry, and policymakers at all levels, are showing an increased interest in the concept of circular economy as a way to decrease business risks and negative environmental impacts. However, focus is placed mainly on the material ‘stuff’ of textile fashion and its biophysical harms. The current material focus has several shortcomings, because fashion is a social-ecological system and cannot be understood merely by addressing its environmental dimensions. In this paper, we rethink the fashion system from a critical social-ecological perspective. The driver-state-response framework shows social drivers and ecological impacts as an adaptive social-ecological system, exposing how these interacting aspects need to be addressed for sustainable and resilient implementation of circular economy. We show how current responses to global sustainability challenges have so far fallen short. Our overall aim is to expand possibilities for reframing responses that better reflect the complex links between the global fashion system, culture and creativity and the dynamics of the living planet. We argue that reducing planetary pressure from the global fashion and textiles industry requires greater recognition of the system’s social drivers with more emphasis on the many cross-scale links between social and ecological dimensions. Resilient decisions aiming for sustainable circularity of the fashion industry must therefore pay attention to social activities beyond the industry value chain, not just material flows within it.

Keywords
Circular economy, Fashion, Driver-state-response, DPSIR, Resilience, Social-ecological system
National Category
Environmental Sciences Other Social Sciences
Research subject
Sustainability Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-193581 (URN)10.1007/s43615-021-00040-1 (DOI)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2017-00214Swedish Research Council, 2019-02241
Note

Funding: Open access funding provided by Stockholm University. The work presented here was part of a consortium research project between Stockholm Resilience Centre and the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, initiated and funded by H&M Group, the Swedish public limited company. Celinda Palm, Sarah Cornell and Tiina Häyhä’s employment was part-funded through this project. 

Available from: 2021-06-01 Created: 2021-06-01 Last updated: 2023-08-17Bibliographically approved
3. Making sense of fashion: a critical social-ecological approach
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Making sense of fashion: a critical social-ecological approach
(English)In: Journal of Sustainable PracticeArticle in journal (Refereed) Accepted
Abstract [en]

Transdisciplinary studies and sustainability transformations of fashion are hindered by the gaps between social and biophysical conceptualizations of fashion. Using a critical realist metatheoretic approach we examine fashion as a social-ecological system and we show how big and deep these gaps are. In our indicative review of key contributory fields of study of fashion and the textiles industry, we find stark absences in current conceptualizations of social and biophysical issues, and we discuss how these missing links affect understanding of the global fashion system’s unsustainable dynamics.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Huddersfield: Huddersfield University Press
Keywords
Fashion, Social-ecological system, Critical realism, Sustainability, Transdisciplinarity
National Category
Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Research subject
Sustainability Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-212570 (URN)
Note

Preprint available on; http://ssrn.com/abstract=4043520

Available from: 2022-12-09 Created: 2022-12-09 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
4. Sustainable fashion: To define, or not to define, that is the question
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sustainable fashion: To define, or not to define, that is the question
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Fashion’s unsustainability is increasingly getting attention from policymakers, researchers, fashion stakeholders and individual users, with consensus that it is a problem that needs addressing, but there is still disagreement on what sustainable fashion is. Claims are made that the lack of a clear definition of sustainable fashion is a major reason behind fashion’s increasing unsustainability. To understand the correctness of that claim, I use a social-ecological system perspective expanded by a feminist critical realist understanding of being (ontology) and knowledge of being (epistemology) to examine and critique the growing body of literature published over the past two decades that mentions the concept ‘sustainable fashion’. I find that a definition is indeed lacking in various academic discourses and approaches related to sustainable fashion. This is problematic because it means that the fashion industry can talk preposterously without making useful progress on decreasing its negative impacts on people and the living planet. It is also not problematic because the patterns and contexts of fashion are constantly changing so a definition would soon be outdated and rather useless. Rather than arguing about a single definition and to prevent businesses from exploiting the slipperiness of inconsistent definitions, policy and academic discourses on sustainable fashion would benefit from collaborations using a systems approach that includes fashion’s social [non-material] and ecological [material] aspects. The conclusion is that discourses concerned with sustainability of fashion need to think in plural of sustainable fashions.

Keywords
Sustainability, Fashion, Social-ecological system, Transdisciplinarity, Critical realism, Feminist perspective
National Category
Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Other Earth Sciences
Research subject
Sustainability Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-212568 (URN)
Available from: 2022-12-09 Created: 2022-12-09 Last updated: 2025-02-20

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