In the past twenty to thirty years, organizations have extremely changed and these changes in addition to technological changes such as use of augmented reality (AR) introduce new system risks. Post normal accidents theory describes that organizations are more globalized and digitalized and are formed as networks of organizations, which would lead to post normal accidents such as network failure accident. In addition, it states that strategies and organizational structures are more financialised and networked respectively and technology and task are more digitalized and standardized. These organizational factors affect also on human performance. Organization and human are considered as the socio parts of socio-technical systems. Metamodels should provide the modeling elements required for modeling human and organizational factors in new AR-equipped socio-technical systems. Current metamodels do not consider factors that would lead to post normal accidents. In this paper, we elaborate the theory of post normal accidents and we extract the influencing factors leading to post normal accidents. We also consider global distance including geographical, temporal and cultural distances, as an influencing factor on human performance. Then, we use the extracted influencing factors for extending modeling elements in our previously proposed conceptual metamodel for modeling AR-equipped socio-technical systems. Our proposed extended metalmodel can be used by analysis techniques in order to perform risk assessment for AR-equipped socio-technical systems. © ESREL 2021. Published by Research Publishing, Singapore.

Augmented Reality (AR) technologies are used as human-machine interface within various types of safety critical systems. Several studies have shown that AR improves human performance. However, the introduction of AR might introduce risks due to new types of dependability threats. In order to avoid unreasonable risk, it is required to detect new types of dependability threats (faults, errors, failures). In our previous work, we have designed extensions for the SafeConcert metamodel (a metamodel for modeling socio-technical systems) to capture AR-related dependability threats (focusing on faults and failures). Despite the availability of various modeling techniques, there has been no detailed investigation of providing an integrated framework for risk assessment in AR-equipped socio-technical systems. Hence, in this paper, we provide an integrated framework based on our previously proposed extensions. In addition, in cooperation with our industrial partners, active in the automotive domain, we design and execute a case study. We aim at verifying the modeling and analysis capabilities of our framework and finding out if the proposed extensions are helpful in capturing system risks caused by new AR-related dependability threats. Our conducted qualitative analysis is based on the Concerto-FLA analysis technique, which is included in the CHESS toolset and targets socio-technical systems.

Augmented Reality technologies are becoming essential components in various socio-technical systems. New kinds of risks, however, may emerge if the concertation between AR, other technical components and socio-components is not properly designed. To do that, it is necessary to extend techniques for risk assessment to capture such new risks. This may require the extension of modelling languages and analysis techniques. In the literature, modeling languages have been already extended by including specific language constructs for socio aspects in relation to the AR-impact. No satisfying contribution is available regarding analysis techniques. Hence, to contribute to filling the gap, in this paper, we propose an extension of previously existing analysis techniques. Specifically, we build on top of the synergy of qualitative and quantitative dependability analysis techniques and we extend it with the capability of benefiting from AR-related modelled aspects. In addition, we apply our proposed extension to an illustrative example. Finally, we provide discussion and sketch future work.