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A quantitative analysis of cell-specific contributions and the role of anesthetics to the neurovascular coupling
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurobiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9125-5583
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9386-0568
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2167-2450
2020 (English)In: NeuroImage, ISSN 1053-8119, E-ISSN 1095-9572, Vol. 215, article id 116827Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The neurovascular coupling (NVC) connects neuronal activity to hemodynamic responses in the brain. This connection is the basis for the interpretation of functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Despite the central role of this coupling, we lack detailed knowledge about cell-specific contributions and our knowledge about NVC is mainly based on animal experiments performed during anesthesia. Anesthetics are known to affect neuronal excitability, but how this affects the vessel diameters is not known. Due to the high complexity of NVC data, mathematical modeling is needed for a meaningful analysis. However, neither the relevant neuronal subtypes nor the effects of anesthetics are covered by current models. Here, we present a mathematical model including GABAergic interneurons and pyramidal neurons, as well as the effect of an anesthetic agent. The model is consistent with data from optogenetic experiments from both awake and anesthetized animals, and it correctly predicts data from experiments with different pharmacological modulators. The analysis suggests that no downstream anesthetic effects are necessary if one of the GABAergic interneuron signaling pathways include a Michaelis-Menten expression. This is the first example of a quantitative model that includes both the cell-specific contributions and the effect of an anesthetic agent on the NVC.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE , 2020. Vol. 215, article id 116827
National Category
Basic Medicine Medical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-167279DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116827ISI: 000539990200007PubMedID: 32289456OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-167279DiVA, id: diva2:1451702
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council [2018-05418, 2018-03319, 2014-6249]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW)Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation [2013.0076]; CENIIT [15.09]; Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research [ITM170245]; H2020 [PRECISE4Q 777107]

Available from: 2020-07-03 Created: 2020-07-03 Last updated: 2020-08-21
In thesis
1. Mathematical modeling of neurovascular coupling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mathematical modeling of neurovascular coupling
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The brain is critically dependent on the continuous supply of oxygen and glucose, which is carried and delivered by blood. When a brain region is activated, metabolism of these substrates increases rapidly, but is quickly offset by a substantially higher increase in blood flow to that region, resulting in a brief oversupply of these substrates. This phenomenon is referred to as functional hyperemia, and forms the foundation of functional neuroimaging techniques such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), which captures a Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal. fMRI exploits these BOLD signals to infer brain activity, an approach that has revolutionized the research of brain function over the last 30 years. Due to the indirect nature of this measure, a deeper understanding of the connection between brain activity and hemodynamic changes — a neurovascular coupling (NVC) — is essential in order to fully interpret such functional imaging data. NVC connects the synaptic activity of neurons with local changes in cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and cerebral metabolism of oxygen, through a complex signaling network, consisting of multiple different brain cells which release a myriad of distinct vasoactive messengers with specific vascular targets. To aid with this complexity, mathematical modeling can provide vital help using methods and tools from the field of Systems Biology. Previous models of the NVC exist, conventionally describing quasi-phenomenological steps translating neuronal activity into hemodynamic changes. However, no mechanistic mathematical model that describe the known intracellular mechanisms or hypotheses underlying the NVC, and which can account for a wide variety of NVC related measurements, currently exists. Therefore, in this thesis, we apply a Systems Biology approach to develop such intracellular mechanisms based models using in vivo experimental data consisting of different NVC related measures in rodents, primates, and humans.

Paper I investigates two widely discussed hypotheses describing the NVC: the metabolic feedback hypothesis, and the vasoactive feed-forward hypothesis. We illustrate through multiple model rejections that only a model describing a combination of the two hypotheses can capture the qualitative features of the BOLD signal, as measured in humans. This combined model can describe data used for training, as well as predict independent validation data not previously seen by the model before.

Paper II extends this model to describe the negative BOLD response, where the blood oxygenation drops below basal levels, which is commonly observed in clinical and cognitive studies. The model explains the negative BOLD response as the result of neuronal inhibition, describing and adequately predicting experimental data from two different experiments.

In Paper III, we develop a first model including the cell-specific contributions of GABAergic interneurons and pyramidal neurons to functional hyperemia, using data of optogenetic and sensory stimuli in rodents for both awake and anesthesia conditions. The model captures the effect of the anesthetic as purely acting on the neuronal level if a Michaelis-Menten expression is included, and it also correctly predicts data from experiments with different pharmacological inhibitors.

Finally, in Paper IV, we extend the model in Paper III to describe and predict a majority of the relevant hemodynamic NVC measures using data from rodents, primates, and humans. The model suggests an explanation for observed bi-modal behaviors, and can be used to generate new insights regarding the underpinnings of other complicated observed behaviors. This model constitutes the most complete mechanistic model of the NVC to date.

This new model-based understanding opens the door for a more integrative approach to the analysis of neuroimaging data, with potential applications in both basic science and in the clinic.

Abstract [sv]

Hjärnan kräver, för att bevara sin normala funktion, en kontinuerlig tillströmning av metaboliter så som syre och glukos, som bärs och levereras av blodomloppet. När ett hjärnområde aktiveras ökar förbrukningen av dessa metaboliter kvickt. Detta kompenseras snabbt för igenom att blodtillförseln till hjärnområdet ökar, vilket temporärt ökar syresättningen av blodet i det aktiverade hjärnområdet under flera sekunder, långt efter att aktiviteten avtagit. Detta fenomen utgör grunden för flera av de icke-invasiva tekniker som idag används för att kartlägga hjärnans funktion i både människor och djur. Ett exempel är funktionell magnetresonanstomografi (fMRI) som mäter lokala förändringar av syrehalten i hjärnan och använder detta som en markör för att lokalisera aktiverade hjärnområden. Användningen av fMRI har revolutionerat hjärnforskningen sedan den introducerades för 30 år sedan, men då tekniken indirekt mäter hjärnaktivitet genom syrehalten i blodet är det viktigt att förstå den serie av händelser som sker mellan ökad hjärnaktivitet och ökad blodtillförsel till hjärnområdet: den neurovaskulära kopplingen.

Den neurovaskulära kopplingen förbinder den elektriska aktiviteten i nervceller med lokala förändringar i blodflöde, blodvolym och metabolism av syre, genom ett komplext biokemiskt system av olika typer av hjärnceller som utsöndrar substanser som påverkar blodkärlen. För att uppnå en ökad förståelse för hur sådana komplexa biologiska system fungerar kan man använda sig av matematisk modellering och skapa en datormodell över systemet, som är en huvudgren inom forskningsområdet Systembiologi. I denna avhandling har vi utvecklat en serie av matematiska modeller som beskriver och undersöker de intracellulära biokemiska signalvägar som den neurovaskulära kopplingen består av, genom att använda oss av olika typer av experimentell data insamlat i flera olika arter: möss, apor och människor.

Artikel 1 undersöker två av de vanligast förekommande hypoteserna som beskriver den neurovaskulära kopplingen. Vi visar med hjälp av modellerna att varje hypotes var för sig inte kan förklara fMRI-data insamlad i människa, men en kombination av de två hypoteserna kan. Denna kombinerade modell kan även korrekt förutsäga hur mätdata bör se ut för olika fall den aldrig tidigare fått se.

Artikel 2 utökar denna modell till att även beskriva scenarion där syrehalten i blodet minskar på grund av att aktiviteten i hjärnområdet hämmas. Denna hämning fyller en viktig funktion då den reglerar aktiviteten i olika hjärnområden så att andra hjärnområden inte hindras från att utföra olika uppgifter.

Artikel 3 beskriver en ny typ av matematisk modell för den neurovaskulära kopplingen, som kan särskilja olika nervcellers bidrag till regleringen av blodkärlen. Detta är möjligt igenom experimentell data som genererats med hjälp av optogenetik, där en ljuskänslig jonkanal uttrycks i specifika typer av nervceller i möss. Med hjälp av en ljuspuls kan man då aktivera olika typer av nervceller var för sig. Modellen kan även beskriva hur narkosmedel förändrar den funktionella kärlregleringen, samt förutsäga effekten av olika typer av biokemiska hämmare.

I Artikel 4 utökas denna modell till att kunna beskriva och förutsäga experimentell data från de allra flesta tillgängliga mätmetoder som används för att undersöka den neurovaskulära kopplingen. Denna modell bidrar med insikter om hur olika typer av observerade fenomen uppstår på olika nivåer av signaleringskedjan.

Denna nya modellbaserade förståelse kring den neurovaskulära kopplingen ger möjlighet till en djupare analys av experimentell data relaterad till hjärnans funktion, med både kliniska och forskningsrelaterade tillämpningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2020. p. 108
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1742
National Category
Neurosciences Physiology and Anatomy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-167806 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-167806 (DOI)9789179298388 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-09-11, Online through YouTube (contact malin.sundberg@liu.se) and Hasselquistsalen, Building 511, Campus US, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-08-19 Created: 2020-08-09 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved

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