En felaktig sprängkapsel utgör en riskfaktor som, tillsammans med andra faktorer, kan orsaka en sprängningsolycka. För elsprängkapslar, d v s de sprängkapslar som används mest, är därför officiell kontroll föreskriven. Denna måste emellertid av praktiska och ekonomiska skäl inskränkas till stickprov som utgör en mycket liten andel av den i landet förbrukade mängden. Det är därför av intresse för användaren att veta, vilken säkerhet som ligger i att de sprängkapslar han använder är typgodkända. I föreliggande arbete beräknas kvantitativt för varje provad egenskap sambandet mellan andelen felaktiga enheter i ett stort parti och partiets sannolikhet för godkännande vid officiell provning. Den officiella provningen, typprovning och fortlöpande kontroll, utförs enligt SEN 990701. Resultaten av beräkningarna är i första hand avsedda som underlag för en revidering av denna norm.

Based on polarization curves of pure iron recorded with the aid of a computer-controlled potentiostat and rotating disc electrodes, the following reaction scheme for the dissolution of iron in acid solutions has been suggested. The dissolution of iron follows two paths, a catalyzed and an uncatalyzed. A minor part of the surface known as defects catalyzes the reaction. The blocking of the catalyzing defects takes place through the adsorption of Fe(II)(OH)2 and Fe(II)(OH)3, which are both present in the double layer close to the defects. In parallel with the catalyzed dissolution mechanism occurring on the defects, iron is also dissolved on the regular part of the surface through an uncatalyzed reaction. A mechanism for the cathode reaction is also proposed. Equations corresponding to the suggested mechanisms have been formulated. The calculations of theoretical curves show good agreement with the observed results. The proposed mechanisms are hoped to be a fruitful basis for the explanation of the influence of solution and alloy composition on the corrosion rate of steel.

Den internationella sjöfartsorganisationen (International Maritime Organization, IMO), som bland annat reglerar åtgärder för att minska sjöfartens utsläpp, har återigen haft svårt att enas om konkreta styrmedel. Under 2025 har införandet av ett så kallat net-zero framework för sjöfarten ännu en gång skjutits upp. De internationella svårigheterna att enas om ett gemensamt ramverk skapar osäkerhet för aktörer inom branschen. Osäkerheten gäller vilka investeringar som är strategiskt rimliga, vilket i sin tur riskerar att leda till ett avvaktande beteende (wait-and-see-effekt). Samtidigt är utrymmet för att avvakta begränsat, eftersom konsekvenserna av otillräckliga miljöåtgärder blir allt mer påtagliga. Detta ökar betydelsen av åtgärder som kan genomföras på kort sikt och som ofta beskrivs som low-hanging fruit. En sådan åtgärd är Just-in-Time (JIT) ankomst inom sjöfart. JIT innebär att fartygens hastighet anpassas efter resurs- och kapacitetsförutsättningarna i destinationshamnen, vilket skapar möjligheter att minska hastighet, bränsleförbrukning och därmed utsläpp.

Den befintliga forskningen har i huvudsak fokuserat på JIT:s potential i form av minskad bränsleförbrukning och lägre utsläpp. Studier som behandlar hur JIT kan införas i praktiken för att realisera denna potential är däremot mer begränsade. Detta projekt undersöker därför hur JIT kan implementeras i praktiken för att uppnå den förväntade effekten.

Projektet utgår från att först identifiera de beroenden som finns mellan olika aktörer vid implementering av JIT. Därefter analyseras samordningsmekanismer som kan möjliggöra en effektiv hantering av dessa beroenden. De mekanismer som studeras är digitala plattformar, policy för ankomsttider (slot-tider), kontraktuella klausuler, lotsdispens, samt system för övervakning och uppföljning av fartygsprestanda (vessel performance systems). Projektet argumenterar för att det är den samordnade och synkroniserade användningen av dessa mekanismer som skapar förutsättningar för att realisera effekten av JIT-anlöp i praktiken.

Ports are seeking greater operational efficiency to effectively manage the growing global flow of goods. At the same time, they are striving to improve energy efficiency to comply with new environmental regulations. Innovative ports are increasingly realizing the potential of digital twins to monitor, coordinate and optimize port processes. Digital twins have gained tremendous momentum in recent years due to advances in their enabling technologies and their potential to improve the efficiency of their respective systems, leading to cost and energy savings. While digital twins have been widely adopted in domains such as smart manufacturing and aerospace, their integration into port operations has been relatively slow. This is partly due to the complex multi-stakeholder dynamics inherent in ports and the high complexity of interconnected port processes.  Consequently, the objective of MODIG-TEK is to contribute to the adoption of digital twins in the port context. More specifically, it deals with the characterization of port digital twins, proposes criteria for assessing the maturity of existing digital twins, and presents and evaluates mathematical models to support key port processes whose optimization leads to energy savings. These models can serve as integral components of a port digital twin.

Autoimmune diseases start years before clinical onset. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins (ACPA) and to modified IgG (rheumatoid factors, RF) can be detected many years before the inflammatory attack on cartilaginous joints. It has been assumed that these antibodies are pathogenic. We show here that many of the antibodies produced before disease onset are protective although there are likely also pathogenic clones directed to cartilaginous joints. To determine the function of these antibodies, it is crucial to analyze them in vivo, which is only possible in mouse models. To ease the translation, we have genetically humanized models which will now allow a more accurate analysis of autoimmune mechanisms in human disease. In this review, we will also discuss what we know today regarding the targeted epitopes and the role of pathogenic and protective antibodies. With this knowledge as the basis, we have developed new types of serologic tests for RA.

Cycling can broaden individuals’ mobility options and reduce the economic burdens associated with more expensive modes of transport. Active mobility offers clear health benefits, but access to and engagement in such activities are not equally distributed across socio-economic groups. This study contributes to the ongoing debate on how socio-economic factors shape active mobility by examining cycling through a social lens. Drawing on in-depth interviews with cyclists and non-cyclists, the study analyses the mobility biographies of Swedish individuals in low-income occupations. The findings explain why individuals in low-income occupations cycle less than more affluent groups. While research participants often view cycling positively, actual engagement is influenced by life circumstances and how individuals interpret these changing conditions. Key barriers include rigid work schedules (particularly early or late shifts), safety concerns in low-income neighbourhoods, and physical exhaustion from demanding jobs. Experiences of bicycle theft and vandalism also play a role in shaping cycling practices. These issues are seldom highlighted in research or policy discussions on how to support cycling. The study contributes to mobility research by showing that cycling practices are shaped not only by access to infrastructure and individual preferences but also by broader social, economic, and cultural factors. It emphasizes the need to consider life-course dynamics and working conditions when promoting cycling among low-income populations.

Bridges and transport infrastructure form the backbone of modern societies, enabling mobility, trade, and social connection; their construction constitutes on of society’s most significant investments. Therefore, it is essential that design and construction can be performed with high productivity and that bridges and other resource-demanding structures are constructed with the least amount of material. The research conducted in this thesis is interdisciplinary, and therefore, a wide range of subfields and methods have been explored. The following fields have been approached in this thesis: bridge engineering, climate impact, productivity, optimisation and probabilistic risk analysis. To gain a comprehensive understanding of both the research field and the studied industry, a literature review and a quantitative study were conducted. First, this thesis focuses on hindrances to productivity in the Swedish bridge-building industry. A quantitative study, using a self-completed questionnaire for data collection was conducted to identify the main obstacles. The results show that the contractor, client and design engineer have diverging long-term productivity incentives. The contractor and design engineer have a profit driven, private-oriented business model that focuses on project-oriented short-term goals, which may hinder long-term productivity. Second, this thesis focuses on optimising the amount of material by using a set-based design (SBD) method. With this method, it has been shown that cross-sections in the bridges could be optimised, resulting in minimising the amount of material, which then also reduces cost and climate impact. SBD has also been used to compare different bridge types, making it possible to choose the most material-effective alternative. In addition to minimising the amount of material for a single bridge, SBD has been explored to optimise groups of bridges. The results shows that there is a gain cost and construction time due to the repetition effects. Last, this thesis has studied load models and design loads for soil-steel composite bridges in Sweden. A probabilistic risk analysis was conducted, and the method consisted of three steps: (1) statistical extrapolations of measured loads, (2) finding the number of critical events, and (3) performing Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The results show that a less conservative implementation is possible and has the potential to reduce the amount of material in the structure, thereby decreasing cost and climate impact. This thesis has shown and demonstrated the potential to increase the sustainability of common infrastructure projects in Sweden.

This exploratory study investigates a primary science teacher?s reasoning when assessing students? multimodal knowledge representations in Biology. Findings reveal tensions between multimodal teaching and assessment practices, highlighting the teacher?s emphasis on written and oral components despite encouraging multimodal expression. Drawing on a multi-layered data set including a reflective conversation with the focal teacher, video observations and student-created posters, this study examines how her assessment of multimodal knowledge representation unfolded in teaching practice. Building on multimodal theory, the analysis identifies four key themes relative to the assessment of multimodal knowledge representations: exploring and searching for central concepts, challenges in assessing single multimodal representations, the influence of task design and the emergence of implicit assessment criteria. The study underscores the need for assessment approaches that recognise and support the use of diverse representational modes and related formative assessment strategies. By foregrounding the teacher?s lived experiences, this research contributes to science education by offering insights into the complexities of assessing multimodal knowledge representations, and by advocating for inclusive practices that better reflect students? varied ways of meaning-making.

Background

Pitt–Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder with pronounced impacts on physical health and everyday functioning, including severe intellectual disability, impaired communication, epilepsy, and breathing dysregulation. Despite significant clinical challenges, there is limited evidence to guide interventions for individuals with PTHS. This scoping review aimed to examine the available literature on interventions targeting challenges experienced by individuals with PTHS and to identify gaps in the current knowledge base.

Results

Sixteen peer-reviewed publications, published between 2012 and 2024, met the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies focused on medical management, predominantly addressing epilepsy and breathing abnormalities, and were pharmacological in nature. Most studies employed case report or small case series designs, and systematic outcome measurement approaches were rare. Epilepsy interventions largely reflected clinical practices in broader epilepsy populations, with common use of conventional antiseizure medications and evidence of potential benefit from newer agents in treatment-resistant cases. Non-pharmacological treatments, including vagus nerve stimulation, corpus callosotomy, ketogenic diet, and a walking-based mobility intervention, were described in only a few studies, with heterogeneous outcomes. Interventions for respiratory dysfunction, gastrointestinal symptoms, pain management, immune dysfunction, psychiatric or behavioral difficulties were limited and typically reported in individual cases. Research addressing psychosocial, behavioral, and participation-focused interventions was notably scarce, despite the broad functional impairments associated with PTHS.

Conclusions

This scoping review shows that intervention research in PTHS remains at an early stage, with an evidence base dominated by descriptive case studies and few systematic evaluations. This limits the ability to formulate robust, evidence-based treatment recommendations. There is a need for more rigorous research designs in future research, that enable causal inference and systematic outcome measurement. Moreover, future studies should broaden the scope of intervention research to include communication, behavior, participation, physical activity and quality of life, alongside medical management, to better support the complex needs of individuals with PTHS. Increased focus on family impact and long-term outcomes may further enhance understanding and care strategies for this population.

T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domains (TIGIT) emerged as one of the most promising next-generation immune checkpoint targets following the success of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) blockade. TIGIT suppresses antitumor immunity through interaction with cluster of differentiation 155 (CD155), inhibition of CD226-mediated co-stimulation, and promotion of immunosuppressive regulatory T-cell (Treg) activity within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Strong preclinical evidence demonstrated that TIGIT blockade, particularly in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition, restored T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell function and produced durable antitumor responses in multiple tumor models, leading to rapid clinical development. Despite this compelling biological rationale, most late-stage clinical programs failed to reproduce early success. Although the phase II CITYSCAPE trial showed encouraging activity in PD-L1-high non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), subsequent phase III trials, including SKYSCRAPER-01, SKYSCRAPER-02, SKYSCRAPER-03, SKYSCRAPER-14, AdvanTIG-302, KEYVIBE, and STAR-221, failed to improve survival outcomes or meet primary endpoints. The notable exception was SKYSCRAPER-08 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting that TIGIT blockade may be effective only in selected biological contexts. This review critically examines the molecular biology of the TIGIT-CD155-CD226 axis, its role in immune regulation and tumor immune evasion, and the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting TIGIT-targeted therapy. Particular emphasis is placed on understanding the causes of clinical failure, including CD226 loss during T-cell exhaustion, checkpoint network redundancy, Fc-engineering uncertainty, immunosuppressive TMEs, inadequate biomarker-guided patient selection, and tumor-type-specific dependence on the TIGIT pathway. We also present original bioinformatics analyses demonstrating that broader checkpoint network signatures outperform TIGIT expression alone for patient stratification. Finally, we evaluate emerging solutions including biomarker-guided precision immunotherapy, Fc-optimized antibodies, bispecific checkpoint inhibitors, TIGIT-engineered chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) cells, radiotherapy combinations, and multi-checkpoint blockade. Collectively, current evidence suggests that the future of TIGIT-directed therapy lies not in universal checkpoint inhibition but in biologically informed, precision-guided immunotherapy strategies.

BACKGROUND: Lumbar spinal stenosis commonly affects walking ability and balance in older adults. Physical capacity tests provide valuable objective measures beyond patient-reported outcomes, but time and travel barriers hinder access to in-person testing. Remote video-based testing could improve accessibility, although evidence of its validity and reliability in this patient group remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of three commonly used tests administered remotely via video calls, compared with in-person assessments in a clinical setting.

METHODS: Thirty-four patients scheduled for decompression surgery were enrolled from a Swedish spine clinic, of whom 28 completed at least one test session. Participants performed the one-leg stand, timed up and go, and 30-second sit-to-stand tests. Two consecutive trials of the full test battery were performed in two settings: remotely via video call from patients' homes and in person at the clinic. Participants were randomised to the order of test settings. Remote sessions were recorded and independently rated. Criterion validity (comparison between remote and in-person assessments) and intra- and inter-rater reliability were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients, with values ≥ 0.70 considered sufficient for both criterion validity and reliability. Bland-Altman limits of agreement, standard error of measurement, and smallest detectable change were also calculated.

RESULTS: Intraclass correlation coefficients for criterion validity ranged from 0.83 to 0.88. Intra-rater reliability ranged from 0.95 to 0.97 in person and 0.80 to 0.98 remotely. Inter-rater reliability was 0.98 for all three tests. For the one-leg stand, confidence intervals were wider and measurement errors were greater than for the other tests. The median interval between sessions was three days. No adverse events occurred during testing.

CONCLUSIONS: Remote video-based assessments of the one-leg stand, timed up and go, and 30-second sit-to-stand tests demonstrated sufficient criterion validity and intra- and inter-rater reliability in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis awaiting decompression surgery. However, the one-leg stand showed greater measurement variability and should be interpreted with caution. Taken together, these findings suggest that remote assessment of these tests may serve as a valid and reliable complement to in-person evaluation. Larger studies are needed to assess measurement error and responsiveness.

Western European Metrology Club (WEMC) appointed a working group for Calibration Service to organize circulation of audit devices between laboratories in participating countries in order to increase mutual confidence in national calibration services. This report presents the results of the thermal audit circulation Th 3 conducted between September 1979 and April 1980. The audit pack consisted of a type S platinum-rhodium/platinum thermocouple whose thermoelectric voltage was measured at 600°C and 1000°C with reference junctions at 0°C. Participating laboratories in Sweden, Norway and Denmark compared calibration results and reported uncertainties. The overall agreement between laboratories was found to be very satisfactory, with measurements at 600°C agreeing within approximately ±0.5°C and measurements at 1000°C within approximately ±0.8°C.

Albuminuria and proteinuria are key biomarkers for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring of chronic kidney disease. Both are also strongly associated with renal and cardiovascular risk. Given their important diagnostic role, reliable measurement of urinary albumin and protein is essential for clinical practice and trials. However, variability in the methodology presently used to collect, store, and prepare urine samples may influence assay performance and contribute to inconsistent results. In response to a call for harmonization, the United States of America National Kidney Foundation organized a workshop in April 2025 to define optimal methods and practices for measuring albuminuria and proteinuria. As part of this initiative, the available evidence on pre-analytical factors affecting urinary albumin and protein measurements was discussed.

For this purpose, a narrative literature review was conducted to identify relevant studies focusing on urine collection strategies, including 24-h versus single-void samples, timing of sample collection, the need for repeated measurements, clinical conditions that may cause false-positive results, and the effects of sample storage and handling under various temperature conditions. Given heterogeneity in study designs and outcome measures, findings were synthesized qualitatively.

This consensus report summarizes the findings of this literature review and the resulting discussion. It highlights the importance of standardized urine collection and handling procedures to minimize biological and analytical variability. In addition, it provides practical recommendations.

Byggnadsmaterial och inredningsdetaljer som tillverkats med urea-formaldehydbaserat lim (UF-lim) kan avspalta formaldehyd till luften. Formaldehyd i för höga halter i bostäder kan i vissa fall betecknas som sanitär olägenhet. Det finns därför ett behov av att fastställa UF-limmade produkters benägenhet att emittera formaldehyd. Rapporten redovisar en undersökning av hur formaldehyd emitteras från UF-limmade spånskivor, ett vanligt inrednings- och byggnadsmaterial. Emissionen har mätts genom att spånskivor placerats i en sluten kammare där luftprover tagits ut och analyserats. Halten formaldehyd i kammaren närmar sig ett jämviktsvärde efter ungefär ett dygn. Studien visar att redan efter tre timmar uppnås en formaldehydhalt som motsvarar cirka 60–90 % av det beräknade jämviktsvärdet. Undersökningen visar även att det finns ett visst samband mellan formaldehydhalten i kammarluften och skivans perforatorvärde.

Rapporten redovisar behovet av provningsmetoder inom området energihushållning och byggnadsfysik. Arbetet har utförts som ett nordiskt samarbete mellan representanter från Danmark, Finland, Norge och Sverige inom ramen för Nordtest-projekt 131-78. Behovsanalysen omfattar befintliga nordiska och internationella provningsmetoder för värmeisolering, lufttäthet, värmemotstånd, byggnadsdelars energiegenskaper, fönster, dörrar, ventilationsmätningar, radon, formaldehyd, termiskt inneklimat och energibesiktning. Rapporten sammanfattar pågående utvecklingsarbete, identifierar metodluckor och föreslår prioriteringar för framtida nordiska metodutvecklingsprojekt.

BACKGROUND: Women experiencing homelessness have complex needs. Although participation and shared decision-making are legal rights, meaningful involvement remains challenging. The study was conducted with a Women Advisory Board (WAB).

AIM: To investigate professionals' perceptions of prerequisites and opportunities for participation and shared decision-making for women with comorbidities experiencing homelessness, regarding collaboration to provide care and support - and to ascertain the Women's Advisory Board's reasoning about the professionals' perceptions.

METHODS: Twelve interviews with professionals in social services, healthcare and non-governmental organisations in Sweden were conducted and analysed with content analysis.

RESULTS: Professionals reported that collaboration for women with comorbidities experiencing homelessness often fails. Organisations work in isolation, lack a holistic perspective, and avoid responsibility. Women are seldom heard, while bureaucratic language and professional control dominate. Meetings overlook lived experiences of illness, substance use disorder, and homelessness, hindering participation. These women are vulnerable, ashamed, and exposed to violence. Effective collaboration requires a woman-centred approach, adaptation, preparation, and follow-up. The WAB's reasoning confirmed these perceptions.

CONCLUSION: Professionals and the WAB agree that collaboration requires committed and flexible professionals, who work together acknowledging the individual woman's circumstances-not their own organisational framework. It is questionable whether user participation is possible under the prevailing conditions.

BACKGROUND: Reversal treatment is used to counterbalance effects of oral anticoagulation in intracranial hemorrhages. Despite effects on reducing hematoma expansion, the impact on mortality remains uncertain. Our aim was to assess the effects of reversal treatment on mortality in various forms of oral anticoagulant-associated intracranial hemorrhage.

METHODS: Systematic searches were performed in the electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science from database inception to March 2025. We included studies that compared mortality between patients receiving reversal treatment vs. non-reversal in oral-anticoagulant-associated intracranial hemorrhages. Only studies with appropriate statistical controlling for significant confounding variables were included. Data extraction and synthesis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. Data were summarized and pooled effect estimates were presented. Outcome was mortality, and primarily with a follow-up limited to 3 months.

RESULTS: A total of 8217 studies were screened; 8 were ultimately included, all observational, and including 8777 participants with documented reversal treatment. For the overall analysis, when all types of intracranial hemorrhage and all types of anticoagulants were included, reversal was associated with reduced mortality (RR 0.78 (95% CI 0.67-0.91); p = 0.002). This association was also seen in the subgroup analysis of 8639 participants with nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage on any oral anticoagulant (RR 0.77 (95% CI 0.64-0.94); p = 0.009), but not among the 3059 participants with intracerebral hemorrhage treated with only direct oral anticoagulants (RR 0.91 (95% CI 0.80-1.03); p = 0.15).

CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence for reduced mortality following anticoagulant reversal in intracranial hemorrhage is limited and primarily derived from observational studies. Although pooled data suggest a potential treatment benefit across various types of intracranial hemorrhages and anticoagulants, most hemorrhage subtypes remain insufficiently studied. Going forward, there is a critical need for randomized clinical trials and additional well-controlled observational studies to determine which patients truly benefit from reversal treatment.

This report describes the background to the Nordtest project "Fire: Full scale tests". A fire test room and its instrumentation are described, and results from some introductory tests are briefly reported. Temperature, gas velocity and heat flux were measured and the heat balance of the test room is discussed. Comparison between the total measured heat flux through the opening and the rate of heat release of carefully controlled gas burners shows that the accuracy of the measurements are good. Some tests with furniture are presented and results from tests with wall surface finishes and an ignition source placed in a corner (Corner Test) are reported in terms of time intervals to flash-over. Finally future plans and activities within the project are presented.

Rapporten beskriver utvecklingen av en provningsutrustning för bestämning av värmeledningsförmåga och värmemotstånd hos isolermaterial med stor struktur eller med fogar. Utrustningen bygger på den så kallade guarded hot plate-metoden och har utvecklats inom NORDTEST-projekt 41-76. Storstrukturapparaten möjliggör mätningar på material där traditionella provytor är för små, exempelvis träullsskivor, isolermaterial med grov struktur eller konstruktioner med fogar. Rapporten behandlar konstruktion, givare, reglerutrustning, temperaturjämnhet, repeterbarhet och jämförelser med etablerade mätmetoder. Avslutningsvis presenteras en NORDTEST-metod för bestämning av värmeledningsförmåga och värmemotstånd hos isoleringar med stor struktur genom användning av guarded hot plate.

Denna rapport redovisar en undersökning av hur och inom vilka områden man använder filtertapeutrustning för arbetsmiljömätningar. I Sverige används filtertapeinstrument nästan uteslutande för registrering av halten toluendiisocyanat (TDI). Instrumenten används både för övervakning av hantering av TDI och för exponeringsmätningar vid tillverkning av polyuretanskum. Användarna är över lag nöjda med sina instrument. Visserligen finns det problem i samband med användningen av filtertapeinstrument, men dessa är inte oöverkomliga. Rapporten redovisar användningsområden och erfarenheter för både stationär och personburen utrustning.

Introduction: Human-drone interaction is an emerging field investigating ways to extend the conventionally passive role of drones with autonomous, socially interactive functionalities. Drones offer unique opportunities for applications, such as exercise support, due to their mobility and flexibility. While previous research has studied drones for, e.g., pacing, gait analysis, and accessibility in running contexts, we propose that an equally crucial part of such applications is the socially interactive role of the drone.

Methods: We present a study in two phases. In the first phase, we conducted a preliminary study that informed the design of a co-design workshop through eight semi-structured interviews exploring drone support for runners. In the second phase, we designed and conducted a co-design workshop with five experienced recreational runners to reflect on the practical and ethical challenges of using drones and to envision ways in which drones could support and interact with runners in future scenarios. The collected materials were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis and annotated visual analysis.

Results: The results present five low-fidelity social drone prototypes, including participants’ reflections tied to each prototype. Furthermore, we present analytical themes that demonstrate the necessity of extending and re-framing approaches to designing social drones.

Discussion: The paper makes three key contributions. First, we offer an approach to co-designing social drones that focus on eliciting the experiences of participants and manifesting those in concrete, embodied design concepts. Second, we validate the existing Design Space for Social Drones framework through a concrete application domain. Our validation shows that the dimensions can be further detailed, and that non-user perspectives are a potentially crucial extension. Third, we present three recommendations that encapsulate concerns for further designs of social drones.

Denna rapport beskriver bakgrunden till NORDTEST-projektet "Fire: Full scale tests". Ett brandprovningsrum, dess instrumentering och resultaten från några inledande försök redovisas översiktligt. Temperatur, gashastighet och värmestrålning mäts och brandrummets energibalans diskuteras. Jämförelser mellan totalt uppmätt värmeflöde genom öppningen och värmeavgivningen från noggrant kontrollerade gasbrännare visar att mätnoggrannheten är tillfredsställande. Resultat från försök med verkliga material och en antändningskälla placerad i ett hörn (Corner Test) redovisas som tider till övertändning. Slutligen presenteras framtida planer och aktiviteter inom projektet.

I detta arbete studeras en ny metod för samtidig kontroll av elsprängkapslars tändpuls och serietändström. Metoden bygger på registrering av ändringar i glödtrådens resistans, dels då tändpärlan tänder, dels då glödtråden brister, och möjliggör bestämning av tändpuls och så kallad brottpuls för varje enskild sprängkapsel. Detta ger bättre statistisk information än den hittills använda metoden. Här rekommenderas införande av den nya metoden vad gäller tändpuls vid officiell provning, medan ytterligare studium föreslås av dess användbarhet vad gäller serietändström. Arbetet är avsett som underlag för pågående revidering av den svenska standarden för elsprängkapslar, SEN 99 07 01.

Under 1979 påbörjades nationella auditmätningar avseende elektriska storheter inom den svenska mätplatsorganisationen. Under detta första år cirkulerades mätobjekt som berörde storheterna elektrisk spänning (DC), resistans, kapacitans och induktans mellan de auktoriserade mätplatserna. Resultatet av de genomförda mätningarna är tillfredsställande. I några fall har dock mätplatserna angett alltför snäva felgränser. I dessa fall har diskussioner påbörjats för att utröna orsakerna.

Metodbeskrivning för typprovning av transportkärl av plast för farliga varor enligt rekommendationer i IMDG-koden och FN:s rekommendationer för transport av farligt gods. Metoden omfattar plastdunkar och plastfat och utgör underlag för typgodkännande för sjö-, järnvägs- och viss landtransport av farliga varor.

Det finns ett ökat intresse för stationära batterilagringssystem i kombination med solcellsapplikationer i bostäder i Sverige. Volatila energipriser gör att bostadsägare intresserat sig för egen elproduktion, självförsörjning och att leverera stödtjänster för nätresiliens. Idag är det svårt för privatpersoner och installatörer att jämföra teknisk prestanda för olika system, hur bra de fungerar och vilka möjligheter de erbjuder. I denna rapport presenteras olika testsekvenser för att utvärdera den tekniska prestandan hos stationära batterisystem samt hur en dynamisk testsekvens – anpassad för en svensk kontext – skulle kunna se ut. Syftet med den dynamiska testsekvensen är att erbjuda ett sätt för att jämföra olika system under mer verkliga förhållanden.

Denna rapport går igenom följande testsekvenser:

• Tillgänglig energikapacitet

• Nominell effekt för i- och urladdning

• Verkningsgrader för omvandling

• Standby-förbrukning

• Förkvalificering för stödtjänster

• Provning under dynamiska (last- och solel-) förhållanden

De statiska provpunkterna (tillgänglig energikapacitet, nominell effekt, verkningsgrader och standby-förbrukning) finns redan tillgängligt i andra standarder och vetenskapliga artiklar. De dynamiska provpunkterna har föreslagits i forskningsstudier och ger en bättre bild av hur batteriet presterar under normal användning. Förkvalificeringstest för stödtjänster är intressant i en svensk kontext, där det finns möjligheter för privatpersoner att erbjuda detta med sitt batteri.

An ISO draft proposal for measuring the transmission loss of ducted silencers has been tested. Measurements have been carried out with different sound sources, with and without terminating transmission element, with and without vibration isolation, with different duct lengths and with different transition elements at different positions.

This pre-study investigated the possibility of replacing all or parts of the concrete structural frame in a standardized barracks building (typkasern) developed by the Swedish Fortifications Agency (Fortifikationsverket) with prefabricated timber elements. The study was carried out by RISE in collaboration with Derome and Södra and was based on the technical requirements, floor plans, and structural design conditions specified by the Swedish Fortifications Agency. The results show that it is possible to construct a standardized barracks building with a predominantly timber-based hybrid structural system that meets all functional and durability requirements placed on the building. The solution offers several advantages, including shorter construction time, fewer transports, lower climate impact, and the possibility of using locally sourced raw materials throughout Sweden. The proposed solution consists of load-bearing timber-framed walls, cross-laminated timber (CLT) walls, and CLT floor slabs in combination with a limited number of concrete and steel components in areas where specific requirements make timber less suitable. Once the concrete elements are in place, the timber structure can be assembled, and the building is estimated to reach a weather-tight condition within approximately 12 to 23 days, depending on production rates and the number of work shifts. At the same time, the study identified that the Swedish Fortifications Agency’s current standardized barracks designs are optimized for concrete structural systems, which limits the opportunities to fully utilize the advantages of timber construction. The results indicate that further efficiencies could be achieved if future standardized barracks are designed with the requirements and characteristics of timber structural systems as a starting point from an early stage. Overall, timber-based standardized barracks are considered a technically feasible and promising approach for meeting the requirements placed on standardized barracks.

Prenatal alcohol exposure is a major preventable cause of adverse pregnancy and offspring outcomes. While the effects of heavy alcohol exposure on fetal development are well established, less is known about the biological mechanisms linking alcohol exposure before and during pregnancy to maternal, placental, and inflammatory processes. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate how alcohol exposure before and during pregnancy affects placenta- and inflammation-mediated pregnancy outcomes.

This thesis comprises four studies based on complementary study designs. Papers I and II used nationwide Swedish register data. Paper III was based on placental tissue from the South African Safe Passage Study, and Paper IV on maternal blood samples from the Swedish Biology, Affect, Stress, Imaging and Cognition (BASIC) cohort. Together, the studies combined epidemiological analyses with placental histopathology, transcriptomics, and proteomic analyses of inflammatory markers.

Hazardous alcohol consumption before pregnancy, assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), was associated with an increased risk of maternal and neonatal infections, whereas associations with other obstetric outcomes were largely explained by maternal and socioeconomic factors. AUDIT showed high specificity but low sensitivity for identifying women with alcohol-related disorders, indicating that many women with documented alcohol-related disorders were not identified through routine antenatal screening. Prenatal alcohol exposure showed no consistent association with placental inflammatory lesions or altered placental gene expression. Likewise, alcohol consumption before pregnancy showed some associations with inflammatory marker levels in late pregnancy, but the findings were inconsistent and none remained significant after correction for multiple testing.

In conclusion, this thesis provides limited support for persistent placental or systemic inflammation as a major pathway linking alcohol exposure to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Instead, the findings suggest that alcohol-related immune dysfunction may contribute to increased susceptibility to maternal and neonatal infections. The results also highlight limitations of routine AUDIT screening and the need for improved methods to identify women with hazardous alcohol use in antenatal care.

Värmelagring och yttemperatur hos väggar och bjälklag bestående av ett eller flera materialskikt har undersökts, huvudsakligen vid sinusformade temperatursvängningar. Ett för ändamålet utfört datorprogram har använts, som arbetar enligt finit differensmetod med en modell av en vägg uppbyggd av planparallella materialskikt.

Behaviour-oriented concurrency (BoC) is a recently established programming model in which programmers define concurrent operations that execute atomically across multiple isolated resources. This allows for expressive interactions but introduces complex causal dependencies determined by dynamic resource overlap. Previous work defines the causal guarantees of BoC operationally, but mixes intended design constraints with incidental implementation details, leading to unintended causal orders. BoC is now being implemented across multiple languages and runtimes, all relying on the operational descriptions of causality. This paper develops an axiomatic model of BoC executions that makes the intrinsic orders explicit and derives the intended causal relation from their interaction. Using a set of representative programs and candidate executions, we motivate the design of this causal relation. We then prove that a representative minimal core calculus for BoC is sound with respect to this axiomatic model. Together, these results provide an implementation-independent foundation for reasoning about BoC causality across runtimes, schedulers and optimisation decisions.

Sedan 1977 ställs krav på tätheten hos fönster, vilket föranlett ett stort antal provningar av fönster under de senaste åren. Provningsanstalten liksom flera tillverkare och andra institutioner har skaffat provningsanläggningar för fönster. Fönstren indelas och typgodkännes av statens planverk i tre olika klasser, A, B och C, med olika stränga krav beroende på fönstrets användningsområde.

University teaching and learning spaces are saturated with signage that signals how we understand academic classroom activity, yet these artefacts remain unexamined within learning environments research. This paper positions such signage not as neutral directives but as artefacts that work to actively shape and narrate how teaching, learning, and bodies are governed in contemporary higher education. Drawing on photomapping, categorisation, and critical semiotic analysis of signage across teaching and learning spaces in an English and a Swedish university, the study demonstrates how these messages can construct classrooms as depersonalised, tightly controlled environments in which technological systems are privileged and embodied presence is framed as a potential disruption. By foregrounding signage as consequential, the paper advances theoretical understandings of how material-semiotic arrangements shape pedagogical discourse and practice. Suggestively, we need to reimagine campus environments that narrate and discursively support more relational, humane, and innovative forms of teaching and learning.

An increase in productivity is necessary to reduce economic costs in bridge projects. Previous research indicates that construction productivity has decreased since the 1960s. A quantitative study was performed to find out how the incentives of the three major actors (client, contractor, and design engineer) could be obstacles to long-term productivity in the Swedish bridge construction industry. The study was performed as a self-completed questionnaire and received 151 responses. The results show that the contractors’ employees find profit in a single project more important than the company’s profit over time. Thus, the project´s incentives obstruct innovation and standardization, which could benefit future projects and thereby increase long-term productivity and the company’s profit over time. In contrast to contractors, design engineers and clients value company profit more than profit in a single project, and they value the quality of delivered products as the most important factor for increased long-term productivity.

Resultat av provning på uppdrag av Konsumentverket. Rapporten redovisar provning av plana solfångare för varmvattenberedning med avseende på termisk prestanda, klimatiska hållbarhetsegenskaper samt åldrings- och korrosionsegenskaper. Provningarna utfördes av Statens Provningsanstalt på uppdrag av Konsumentverket under 1980.

Effekten av böjdragspänningar vinkelrätt mot expanderande fästdon infästa i betong har studerats. De expanderande fästdonen var av sådan typ att de expanderade vid utdragning och tillverkade av stål samt av så kallad instickstyp. Reduktionen av utdragslasten vid böjdragspänningar var upp till cirka 35% medan styvheten i det initiella skedet reducerades med upp till 50%. Undersökningen bekräftar att expanderande fästdon som expanderar vid utdragningen fungerar bra även i dragen betong.

Understanding the coastal zone of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS), where it interacts with the Southern Ocean and warmer air masses, is crucial for predicting Antarctica's influence on the global climate and sea level. This region has multiple tipping mechanisms that could trigger large, rapid, and potentially irreversible changes in the AIS, the Southern Ocean and their global connections in the coming centuries. The AIS remains the largest source of uncertainty in future sea-level projections. Bed topography beneath the ice shelves and the coastal ice sheet is not yet well documented, and is a major source of this uncertainty. This review assesses current knowledge of the coastal zone and highlights methods to investigate it, including aerogeophysical surveys, ground- and ship-based measurements, satellite observations, and computer modeling. An ensemble analysis of published bed topography data sets identifies significant data gaps and their regional distribution, framed in the context of current ice-sheet behavior and potential instability. We propose scientific priorities and guidelines for future aerogeophysical surveys, advocating for a comprehensive, coordinated international effort to build a next-generation data set of Antarctic bed properties. Such an initiative would significantly advance understanding of the role of coastal processes in ice-sheet dynamics, reducing uncertainties in sea-level rise projections and improving predictions of future ocean and climate changes. © 2026 Commonwealth of Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, The Government of Norway and The Author(s). Reviews of Geophysics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Geophysical Union. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

This article investigates linguistic and multimodal aspects of epistemic inclusion in the Seychelles Primary 4 national examinations in English and Science, the first high-stakes assessments undertaken after learners transition to English as the medium of instruction and assessment. Drawing on examination papers, marking schemes, and examination reports from 2022–2024, the study explores how language complexity, question types, and cultural and visual references influence learner performance and access to knowledge demonstration.

The analysis combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative findings reveal a consistent pattern across both subjects: learners perform substantially better on closed-response items such as multiple-choice, true/false, and fill-in-the-blank questions than on free-text responses requiring written explanations, reasoning, or extended writing. Questions demanding greater linguistic production consistently show lower success rates, despite often carrying a disproportionately large share of total marks. Qualitative analyses of outlier items demonstrate that many poorly performing questions contain dense academic vocabulary, abstract or ambiguous syntax, unclear instructions, and culturally unfamiliar references. By contrast, items supported by illustrations, familiar local contexts, or simplified language tend to produce higher success rates.

The study also identifies tensions between inclusive multilingual policy aspirations and the predominantly English-only orientation of assessment practices. Analysis of marking schemes and examination reports suggests a strong structural approach to language, emphasizing grammatical accuracy, spelling, punctuation, and rigid formats, while offering limited recognition of multilingual meaning-making practices or the challenges faced by second-language learners.

Overall, the findings suggest that examination performance is shaped as much by learners’ English proficiency and familiarity with culturally embedded references as by their subject knowledge. The article argues that current assessment practices risk functioning as forms of linguistic gatekeeping and calls for more inclusive examination design through simplified language, contextual scaffolding, communicative marking approaches, and multilingual support measures to enhance epistemic equity in multilingual education systems.

This study investigates the effects of overburden stress on the physical and mechanical properties of stabilized fine-grained soil. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted to evaluate the influence of overburden stress on stabilized soil specimens cured for 7, 14, 28, 60, and 90 days. The soil was treated with various binder contents of 1%, 2%, 4%, and 7% by soil dry weight. Two sets of stabilized soil specimens were prepared: one cured under atmospheric pressure and the other cured under stress of 10.5 kPa. The results indicate that the specimen density increased with both binder content and curing stress. The applied stress had the effect of increasing the unconfined compressive strength and stiffness, while a reduction in failure strain was observed compared to stabilized soil specimens cured without stress. The failure behavior is more brittle in stabilized soil with 7% binder content compared to soils with lower binder contents and natural soil, which exhibit more ductile behavior.

Tissue engineering aims to develop materials that help the body repair damaged tissues. Collagen is attractive for this purpose because it is a major component of the extracellular matrix, but conventional collagen hydrogels are mechanically weak, while dense collagen is more difficult to process and shape. This thesis investigated how collagen could be engineered into stable, printable and biologically accessible scaffolds.

Study I examined three-dimensional printing of conventional collagen using a support-bath technique. The method enabled controlled scaffold architecture, but the resulting collagen remained mechanically soft. The study showed that geometry could be imposed on collagen, while also revealing the need for greater structural function within the material itself.

Study II therefore focused on developing a dense collagen–silica hybrid, DCSi. A concentrated acidic collagen precursor containing hydrolyzed silanes remained processable before fabrication and was subsequently matured in alkaline borate. The maturation environment strongly influenced collagen organization, silica distribution and mechanical behavior. Borate produced a dense fibrillar collagen structure with finely distributed silica and substantially improved structural stability. DCSi could also be printed into multilayer structures when extrusion and stabilization were controlled together. Importantly, cells colonized the material in vitro, while host cells and blood vessels entered the scaffold after implantation.

Study III adapted DCSi for bone repair by introducing a calcium-phosphate mineral phase. Mineralized DCSi retained its collagen-rich structure and flexibility while providing a bone-specific inorganic component. After implantation in a rat femoral defect, mineralized DCSi produced more new bone than non-mineralized DCSi after six weeks.

Study IV examined DCSi as a printed patch for uterine tissue repair. The patches were designed as thin and flexible structures and were evaluated with or without mesenchymal stromal cells. Both supported tissue ingrowth and vascularization, while the cell-free patches showed more consistent structural regeneration under the conditions tested.

Together, these studies show that dense collagen can be engineered into a versatile scaffold platform by controlling how structure develops during processing. This provides a route towards collagen-based materials that are not only biologically relevant, but also structurally functional, manufacturable and adaptable to different regenerative applications.

Short-time work (STW) is a widely used policy instrument that assists firms intimes of crisis. It has been used in many OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperationand Development) countries in the 2007–2009 Great Recession and recentlyas a response to the financial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. It allowsemployees to reduce their working hours with a slight salary reduction. This makesit possible for firms not to lay off workers during economic downshifts. However,there are few evaluation studies of the effectiveness of STW to meet the economicshock due to COVID-19. The present study contributes to filling this research gapby presenting the estimated effects of STW on several important outcome variables.Swedish firm-level data are used to evaluate the impact of the subsidy using differentmatching methods. The results suggest that firms that received STW supporthad fewer employees than those that did not receive STW support. This reductionin working hours was, on average, the equivalent of 0.6 full-time employees comparedto firms that did not receive STW. Nevertheless, the results imply that thecompanies that received STW are more productive, as measured by turnover peremployee, than those that did not. The main policy recommendations are that publicfunds should be spent carefully and that support initiatives such as STW must beevaluated.Short-time work (STW) is a widely used policy instrument that assists firms intimes of crisis. It has been used in many OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperationand Development) countries in the 2007–2009 Great Recession and recentlyas a response to the financial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. It allowsemployees to reduce their working hours with a slight salary reduction. This makesit possible for firms not to lay off workers during economic downshifts. However,there are few evaluation studies of the effectiveness of STW to meet the economicshock due to COVID-19. The present study contributes to filling this research gapby presenting the estimated effects of STW on several important outcome variables.Swedish firm-level data are used to evaluate the impact of the subsidy using differentmatching methods. The results suggest that firms that received STW supporthad fewer employees than those that did not receive STW support. This reductionin working hours was, on average, the equivalent of 0.6 full-time employees comparedto firms that did not receive STW. Nevertheless, the results imply that thecompanies that received STW are more productive, as measured by turnover peremployee, than those that did not. The main policy recommendations are that publicfunds should be spent carefully and that support initiatives such as STW must beevaluated.

Rapporten lyfter fram aspekter av det omvandlingsinitiativ som Trafikverket har genomfört som svar på ökande krav på förbättrad styrning och effektivitet. Rapporten gör en granskning av detta transformationsarbete och belyser behovet av en sammanhängande styrning, kulturell förändring och effektivt ledarskap för att navigera en ökad komplexitet och organisatoriska utmaningar. Resultaten identifierar kritiska utvecklingsområden, inklusive behovet av tydligare roller och ansvar, starkare ledarskap och förbättrat samarbete över organisationsgränser och understryker vikten av mätbara mål och ansvarsskyldighet för att driva förändring.

There are increasing calls for culture change in aesthetic activities such as ballet, gymnastics, and figure skating. To date, however, the term culture is used in numerous different ways and has rarely been the main focus of an investigation in these activities. The aim of this study was, therefore, to explore perceptions and experiences of culture among elite female aesthetic performers. Eight professional ballet dancers and international-level aesthetic athletes aged 22-46 and active in seven European countries participated. In-depth semistructured interviews were followed by reflexive thematic analysis, member reflection interviews, and an expert consultation. Results are presented as four themes: (a) We have some problems here: on traditional culture, (b) there is a way forward: on culture change, (c) who can say? on the subjective nature of experience, and (d) what does it take? on facilitators of progress. Overall, it is clear that the performers perceive their culture as traditional in many ways: Specifically, it is described as hierarchical, selective, and as valuing performance above all else. When such traditional aspects are pronounced, abuse appears more likely; indeed, all interviewees give examples of abuse. Notably, they also describe several aspects of progress regarding culture change and give a range of recommendations for how greater progress can be made. These recommendations focus on leadership and include real commitment to change, stronger education requirements for leaders, and better support for basic psychological needs. Overall, our findings may provide helpful considerations and suggestions for culture change in aesthetic activities.

Background: WHO's Global Oral Health Action Plan (GOHAP) targets include a 10% relative reduction in the combined prevalence of main oral conditions by 2030. The first GOHAP evaluation was planned for 2023, with subsequent evaluations scheduled for 2026 and 2030. The aim of this systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 was to evaluate global and regional progress (2019–23) towards this target and related complementary indicators.

Methods: Using modelled estimates from epidemiological surveys and registries in 204 countries and territories, we estimated the age-standardised prevalence of untreated caries in deciduous and permanent teeth, severe periodontitis, edentulism, other oral disorders and orofacial clefts, and the age-standardised incidence of lip and oral cavity cancer. Progress towards GOHAP targets was measured by comparing the percentage change from 2019 to 2023 in the above indicators against the stated GOHAP target of a 10% relative reduction.

Findings: Globally, the age-standardised prevalence of main oral conditions declined (−1·55% [95% uncertainty interval −2·32 to −0·82]) between 2019 and 2023, but global cases increased by 3·07% (2·32 to 3·75), from 3·62 billion (3·35 to 3·95) to 3·73 billion (3·45 to 4·06). Among complementary indicators, reductions in age-standardised prevalence were observed for untreated caries in permanent teeth (−1·99% [−2·49 to −1·40]) whereas the age-standardised incidence of lip and oral cavity cancer increased (8·35% [0·13 to 16·32]), as did the age-standardised prevalence of orofacial clefts (2·25% [0·77 to 3·83]). Progress was heterogeneous across GBD super-regions, with south Asia having the largest reductions in the age-standardised prevalence of main oral conditions (−3·34% [−4·95 to −1·80]) and untreated caries in deciduous teeth (−9·09% [−17·62 to −0·08]). Sub-Saharan Africa showed the largest increase in prevalent cases of main oral conditions (9·51% [8·09–10·94]) and age-standardised incidence of lip and oral cavity cancer (14·86% [1·19–32·45]). The high-income super-region had an increase in the age-standardised prevalence of main oral conditions (1·24% [0·56–1·96]) and untreated caries in deciduous teeth (9·21% [6·60–11·89]).

Interpretation: Our modelled estimates of global trends in the prevalence of oral conditions from 2019 to 2023 suggest that early progress is modest and, at the current pace, insufficient to meet the 2030 GOHAP targets. Accelerated, equity-focused prevention and integration of essential oral health-care services within primary care and universal health coverage are needed, alongside strengthened oral cancer control and congenital anomaly care.

Commercial ferroalloys offer a resource-efficient alternative to high-purity elemental feedstocks for high-entropy alloy production, but impurity-derived inclusions require the systematic evaluation. Two CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys were produced by high-frequency induction melting using high-purity elemental metals (Cantor-P) and commercial FeMn, FeCr, and FeNi ferroalloys supplemented with Ni and Co (Cantor-F). Inclusion chemistry, formation, and evolution were investigated using equilibrium and Scheil-Gulliver solidification calculations, scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), automated inclusion analysis, electrolytic extraction, and high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy (HT-CLSM). FeMn mainly contained MnO and MnO-SiO2 inclusions, FeCr contained Cr2O3 and Cr2O3-MnO inclusions, and FeNi contained abundant MnS, providing the potential precursors for complex inclusions in Cantor-F. The higher Si content in Cantor-F promoted SiO2-MnO-rich outer layers around Cr2O3-MnO based inclusions and increased the spheroidization of Cr2O3-MnO-Mn(S, Se)-SiO2 inclusions. The initial inclusion number densities were 617.1 and 673.4 mm-2, and the mean inclusion sizes were 1.73 and 1.81 μm in Cantor-P and Cantor-F alloys, and the sizes of most inclusions in both alloys were smaller than 2 μm. During HT-CLSM measurements, small Si-bearing inclusions in Cantor-F began to agglomerate at a separation of approximately 10 μm and exhibited a slightly higher apparent migration velocity. After remelting, the mean retained inclusion number densities were 45.3 mm−2 in Cantor-P and 32.4 mm−2 in Cantor-F. These results indicate a stronger apparent agglomeration and flotation tendency in Cantor-F, although the decrease cannot represent directly the measured inclusion removal efficiencies.

DDoS attacks continue to threaten Internet of Things (IoT) and Software Defined Networking (SDN) systems, where network traffic is highly dynamic and changes rapidly over time. Most machine learning and deep learning-based detection models assume stable traffic distributions and therefore struggle when attackers vary packet rates, flow intervals, and traffic intensities to avoid detection. Liquid Neural Networks (LNNs) offer a more suitable approach because they operate in continuous time and can adjust their internal states in response to time varying inputs. This study explores the use of LNNs for adaptive DDoS detection in IoT and SDN environments and evaluates their ability to model evolving and adversarial traffic patterns. The proposed framework uses three stacked liquid time constant layers combined with a multi head attention mechanism to learn both short term and long-term temporal dependencies in network flows. Three recent datasets, CICIoT2023, SNT SDN2025, and IoT23, were preprocessed through cleaning, normalization, and consistent feature scaling. The model was trained with the Adam optimizer and evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, false positive rate, and false negative rate. Robustness was assessed using a multiple input multiple output adversarial testing approach based on the Momentum Iterative Method, which generates subtle perturbations to simulate real evasion attempts. The results show that the LNN based model achieves high performance on all datasets, with a maximum accuracy of 99.96% and significantly lower false positive and false negative rates compared with all baseline models including multilayer perceptron (MLP), LSTM, GRU, and CNN-LSTM. Under adversarial conditions, the LNN model retains more than 90% accuracy, while the strongest baseline CNN-LSTM drops to a maximum of 84.95%. These findings indicate that LNNs effectively capture the temporal variability present in DDoS traffic and generalize well across diverse attack scenarios. Overall, the results demonstrate that continuous time adaptive computation enables LNNs to provide robust, efficient, and temporally aware DDoS detection suitable for practical deployment in IoT and SDN environments.

Background: The workplace should be seen as an arena for health and well-being and return to work has been defined as an important strategy to promote participation and sense of belonging in society for people with disabilities. For stroke survivors of working age, return to work can also be considered as an indicator of successful rehabilitation, recovery and normality. However, research has shown difficulties in maintaining employment after a stroke, and relatively few studies have investigated factors influencing sustainable (long-time) return to work. The aim of this study was to increase knowledge about sustainable return to work following a stroke by exploring how it is experienced by stroke survivors and manifested in the work context.

Methods: Five participants, three women and two men, with a mean age of 49 years and lived experience of remaining at work more than 5 years after suffering a stroke, were recruited. All the participants had residual impairments, three of them physical and two of them cognitive. Initially, individual interviews were performed with all the participants. Secondly, three of the participants were observed during a typical workday. Finally, the observed participants were interviewed once more. The collected data were analyzed thematically.

Results: The results show that person-job fit, individual and flexible work arrangements, understanding and supportive relationships, and personal adjustments are important aspects för a sustainable work after a stroke. These aspects lead to inclusion, motivation, job satisfaction, and work-life balance, which in turn are important factors for the willingness and ability to remain in work. The analysis also illustrates a tension between being dependent on individual adaptations at the workplace and a desire not to be treated differently.

Conclusion: Sustainable return to work is a complex process where both individual and contextual factors are crucial to the outcome. Adjustments, flexibility, support, and receptivity to changed work and life priorities emerged as key factors for a sustainable work situation for stroke survivors, where remote work was mentioned as one of the most important measures. The results create a basis for employers to enable a sustainable return to work for people with various forms of disabilities.