This paper presents a time-dependent reliability assessment that integrates experimental data with Bayesian updates and is applied to a 66-year-old prestressed concrete box-girder bridge. Non-destructive and destructive tests were performed to evaluate its actual serviceability condition. The tests included on-site prestress measurements, material evaluations, a serviceability-proof load test, and refining structural response and boundary conditions using monitoring system data. These tests offered crucial updates to assumptions based on the as-built drawings. The bridge’s structural reliability for serviceability is studied by comparing two approaches: (1) a prior reliability analysis based on traditional Eurocode methods to estimate prestress losses; and (2) a posterior reliability analysis incorporating on-site measurement for residual prestress and material properties. A Bayesian update was performed to refine the estimates of concrete strength and prestress losses and improve the accuracy of the reliability assessment. The results showed that updating material properties doubled the reliability index relative to the initial analysis. Similarly, updating residual prestress measurements via strand cutting and saw cut methods increased the reliability index from 1.75 to 2.84 and 2.35, respectively. These findings highlight the need for on-site prestress measurements and time-dependent reliability analyses to accurately assess the serviceability performance of ageing bridges accounting for long-term degradation.

This policy brief summarizes key findings from a research project which examined how women peacebuilders navigate their position between international peacebuilding agendas and state governance, and how the tensions they encounter shape their work. Findings highlight the delicate balancing act that women’s organizations and activists must undertake to navigate state attempts to control and limit their work. International partnerships can provide protection and resources but can also expose women to increased state surveillance and risk. In response, women activists strategically adapt how they organize; how they represent their activities and goals; and how they build protective networks with powerful allies to carve out space for peace work. The strategies of women peacebuilders in Sri Lanka and Myanmar illustrate both the precarity and resilience of women’s activism in unpredictable and repressive political contexts, offering lessons for civil society under shrinking civic space globally.

Reliability analysis is crucial for evaluating structural performance, andadvancements in computational technologies have enhanced the application ofFinite Element Modeling (FEM) in this field. However, existing reliabilitymethods face challenges, particularly with approximation methods that strugglewith implicit limit state functions and simulation methods with cost. Metamodel-based approaches have gained popularity for their balance of efficiency andaccuracy, yet most algorithms focus on independent variables. This paperpresents an improved metamodel-based algorithm designed to assess structuralreliability while considering variable dependency and FEM. The algorithmprovides a methodology that ensures a rapid convergence of the iterative processwhen building the metamodel in the region of interest, i.e. where the MostProbable Point (MPP) is located. It uses a modified Design of Experiments(DoE) and integrates copula theory to model the joint probability distributionfunction (PDF). The algorithm enriches the experimental points matrix byfinding points close to the Limit State Function (LSF) at 0 with high predictionvariance using learning functions and with high joint PDF values using copulatheory. Validation through various examples and an application example of areinforced concrete bridge indicates that the proposed methodology is moreefficient than most recent algorithms without reducing accuracy.

The increasing cost and environmental impact of last-mile home delivery have intensified interest in alternative urban logistics configurations. Mobile warehouses (MWs), which act as temporary urban micro-depots enabling two-echelon delivery, offer potential reductions in last-mile travel distance and support the use of low-emission vehicles. However, their economic viability remains insufficiently understood. This study evaluates the cost efficiency of MW-based last-mile delivery systems under alternative vehicle technologies and facility location strategies. A unified analytical framework integrating facility location optimization, network-based routing, and cost-per-parcel modeling is developed. Two classical location models such as k-center and p-median, used to solve distance- and time-based objectives, are applied to determine optimal MW placements. The resulting configurations are evaluated for three secondary delivery vehicle technologies: electric cargo bikes, electric vans, and diesel vans. The analysis is conducted using real-world delivery demand data from two mid-sized Swedish cities. Results show that MW deployment reduces delivery distances and times but increases cost per parcel under low-demand conditions due to additional operational overhead. Electric vans achieve the lowest cost in low MW-density configurations, while electric cargo bikes become competitive only at higher MW densities and under efficiency-oriented location strategies. Sensitivity analysis reveals that demand density and MW utilization are the dominant drivers of cost competitiveness, whereas energy price variation has a limited effect. The findings indicate that MW-based delivery systems are economically viable primarily in high-density, spatially clustered demand environments, offering practical guidance for logistics operators and urban freight planners. The results support evidence-based decisions on when MW deployment, vehicle electrification, and multi-stop consolidation strategies are economically justified in urban logistics planning.

This study explores the development of sustainable composite materials based on phosphogypsum (PG), an abundant industrial by-product, reinforced with olive and eucalyptus wood chips. The objective is to valorize waste streams while enhancing the mechanical, thermal, and acoustic performance of the base material for eco-efficient construction applications. Composites were prepared with fiber contents of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% and evaluated through standardized experimental tests. Mechanical behavior was assessed via three-point bending tests, revealing a 26% improvement in flexural strength at 15% eucalyptus content. Water absorption increased with fiber content but remained lower in eucalyptus-reinforced composites due to better fiber–matrix cohesion. Thermal conductivity decreased significantly from 5% to 20% fiber content, reaching 0.60 W/m·K at 20% eucalyptus content, indicating enhanced insulation potential. Acoustic tests, performed using an impedance tube in accordance with ISO 10534-2, showed strong frequency-dependent absorption. The 20% olive composite achieved a peak absorption coefficient of 0.78 and an NRC of 0.68, demonstrating excellent sound-damping characteristics. This work introduces a novel integration of two underutilized Mediterranean biomasses into PG matrices and highlights their multifunctional benefits. The resulting composites offer a low-cost, low-carbon solution for thermally and acoustically optimized building components, advancing circular economy principles in the construction sector.

RISE, on behalf of the Swedish Energy Agency’s Testlab, has developed and applied a method for dynamic testing of photovoltaic (PV) and battery systems in Swedish single-family houses. The background is the rapidly growing market for battery storage connected to PV systems, where the need for clear, comparable, and realistic information on system performance and benefits has increased. Existing test methods are largely based on static test points, which do not always reflect real-world operation. The main purpose of this report is therefore to develop and verify a standardized method that better describes system performance under realistic, dynamic conditions, and to provide a basis for consumer guidance, industry development, and policy work. The method consists of several steps. First, four typical use cases are defined based on Swedish detached houses with different heating systems (district heating or air-to-air heat pumps) and with or without electric vehicle (EV) charging. For these cases, detailed high-resolution time series for electricity consumption and PV generation are developed, based on measurement data, simulations, and weather data for a typical year. These are then used to create so-called “Frankenstein time series,” where four representative days are selected and combined to mimic a full year of operation. These are applied in dynamic laboratory testing, where real PV and battery systems from multiple manufacturers are tested under controlled yet realistic conditions. In parallel, a full-year simulation model is developed and calibrated against measurement data from the tests, and used to analyse technical and economic performance over longer periods. Systems from three suppliers (Ferroamp, Solis, and Huawei) are included in the study, with variations in battery capacity, PV capacity, and control strategies. The tested strategies include self-consumption optimization and peak power shaving. The systems are evaluated using several key performance indicators, such as system efficiency, self-consumption, self-sufficiency, energy flows to and from the grid, and battery efficiency. The results show that the dynamic testing method provides a realistic and relevant representation of system performance compared to full-year data. Battery storage generally increases both self-consumption and self-sufficiency, but the actual benefit is strongly influenced by system sizing and the chosen control strategy. From an economic perspective, the analysis shows that the PV system accounts for the largest share of savings when the battery is controlled to increase self-consumption or reduce peak demand. In many cases, the battery investment extends the payback period—often to more than 15 years without investment subsidies. Grid tariffs and electricity price variations play an important role in profitability, but to fully utilize the battery’s potential, combinations of control strategies should be applied. The report also analyses the systems’ ability to provide backup power (islanding operation). All studied systems can contribute to this to some extent, although additional equipment and/or installation measures are required. The results show that battery storage can increase household energy resilience, but the duration of supply during longer outages varies significantly between systems. Integration of the EV battery (vehicle-to-home, V2H) can significantly enhance this potential, but also introduces trade-offs in terms of reduced self-consumption and more complex system control. In conclusion, the study shows that dynamic and standardized testing is a relevant approach for fairly evaluating and comparing PV and battery systems. The actual value of the systems depends strongly on how they are sized and controlled based on household needs. The report highlights the importance of further development of testing methods, control strategies, and market models to better harness the potential of local energy systems in the energy transition.

The main scientific purpose of JT-60SA is to complement ITER in the preparation of the operation of a DEMOnstration fusion reactor, in particular investigating the conditions for a controllable high-beta steady-state regime able to optimise the fusion gain. In order to accomplish this task, a sequence of operation and machine enhancement periods in the next few years are planned to reach the target performance of the machine before a transition to a full tungsten wall. EUROfusion and Fusion for Energy are jointly contributing to the enhancement plan of JT-60SA, in particular, with regard to the present contribution, to provide JT-60SA with state-of-the-art diagnostics in support of its scientific and technical objectives. This paper reports the status of the projects being implemented in view of the next scientific campaigns or under consideration through the various stages from feasibility to detailed design.

During photosynthetic water oxidation, the Mn4Ca cluster in Photosystem II progresses through five intermediate S-i (i = 0-4) states. X-ray crystallography studies have reported the insertion of one new O ligand during the formation of the S-3 state, but recent studies question the presence of this additional ligand based on cryo-EM and earlier room-temperature crystallography data. There is also controversy about whether the O-O bond interaction already occurs in the S-3 state or in the subsequent S-3 to S-0 transition. Here we report conventional high-resolution data for the S-1, S-2, and S-3 states to a resolution of similar to 1.9 & Aring;, and anomalous diffraction data at two energies (9.5 keV and 7 keV), that was used to model the Mn positions, followed by determination of oxygen positions using the high-resolution maps. We show that the new oxygen atom, O-X (or O6), in the S-3 state is observable as a distinct peak without any restraints, confirming its ligation to Mn1 and Ca. The O-X-O5 distance is similar to 2.1 & Aring;, supporting no strong interaction between them in the S-3 state, suggesting that if this is the O-O bond formation site, it is formed during the S-3 to S-0 transition initiated by the final oxidation of the cluster.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is more commonly diagnosed among boys, children with lower socio-economic status (SES), and native-born compared with immigrant children. ADHD can strongly impair academic achievement, and impaired academic functioning can also trigger diagnostic referral. The aim of this paper was to investigate how socio-demographic differences in ADHD diagnosis change when differences in academic achievement are taken into account.

Methods: Population-based cross-sectional study using linked national registers, comprising 296,380 pupils graduating from Swedish compulsory school (grade 9, age 16) between 2015 and 2017. ADHD was defined using specialist diagnoses and dispensed ADHD medication. Academic achievement was measured by compulsory school-leaving grades. Logistic regression models were estimated with and without adjustment for achievement, and estimates were transformed into marginal effects and predicted probabilities.

Results: Before adjustment for achievement, boys had a higher probability of ADHD diagnosis than girls, pupils with tertiary-educated parents had a lower probability than those with compulsory-educated parents, and immigrant pupils had substantially lower probability than native pupils. Adjustment for achievement reduced the gender gap by approximately two thirds, reversed the SES gradient such that pupils with tertiary-educated parents had the highest probability, and slightly widened the native-immigrant gap. When accounting for differential timing of diagnosis, the gender gap even reversed, with a higher probability among girls than among boys.

Conclusions: The findings underscore the need to consider academic achievement when interpreting socio-demographic patterns in ADHD diagnosis, and suggest that some groups may face barriers to diagnosis even when their level of academic impairment is comparable to that of more frequently diagnosed groups. 

Is it possible that something—say, an alien, an angel, or an artificial system—thinks without having or ever having had any sensory capacity? If so, what could such a thing think? An extreme nativist view on this issue is that it's possible to think every thought—alternatively, every thinkable thought—without having or having had any sensory capacity. An extreme empiricist view is that no thought is thinkable unless one has or has had some sensory capacity. In between the extremes lies a range of intermediate views. This article argues for the conditional claim that, if some thought is thinkable without having or having had any sensory capacity, then a very large range of thoughts is thinkable in this circumstance. Thus, the truth lies either at the empiricist extreme or at or near the nativist extreme.

Introduction: Traumatic thoracic injuries constitute a major global health burden, associated with high mortality, severe complications, and complex care needs. The acute and unpredictable nature of trauma care often limits early patient involvement despite the importance of person-centred care for safety and recovery. Although nurses provide crucial technical and holistic support, organisational pressures may hinder psychosocial care.

Aim: This study aimed to explore how patients with traumatic thoracic injuries experience nursing care and participation in a trauma care unit.

Methods: Sixteen semi-structured individual interviews with patients who had sustained a traumatic thoracic injury were conducted in a level 1 trauma centre. The data were analysed using thematic analysis and an inductive approach.

Results: The main findings revealed that organisational factors and relational aspects directly influenced the delivery and continuity of nursing care. Organisational factors affected the delivery and continuity of care. Relational aspects, such as attention to individual preferences and basic care needs, and recognition of the patient's capability, influenced perceptions of dignity, participation, trust, and safety.

Conclusion: Organisational factors and relational aspects shape the quality of trauma nursing, relying not only on adequate resources and professional competence, but equally on the relational integrity of everyday clinical encounters.

This dissertation examines how management control systems (MCS) packages are configured and, when required, reconfigured in global supply chains, with particular attention to offshoring performance and sustainability compliance. Drawing on transaction cost, social exchange, contingency, and institutional theories, it argues that control in cross-border inter-organizational relationships is better understood through the configuration and reconfiguration of MCS packages than through isolated control mechanisms or a universally applicable control design. The dissertation consists of four articles and applies a multi-method research design. A structured synthesis of prior research develops a lifecycle-based conceptual framework explaining how MCS packages may be configured and reconfigured in relation to contextual factors such as goodwill trust, cultural understanding, and relationship continuity. A fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) study of Swedish client firms identifies two configurations associated with offshoring success and four with offshoring failure, demonstrating conjunctural causation, equifinality, and causal asymmetry. A partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) study of Dutch client firms distinguishes between two types of governance costs—control costs and coordination costs—and shows that formal controls, task complexity, and task interdependence are significantly associated with governance costs, while aggregate cultural distance is not robustly associated with either type. A qualitative study of German multinational corporations subject to binding supply chain due diligence regulation shows that sustainability compliance prompts firms to reconfigure MCS packages. The dissertation contributes to management control research by developing a configurational and adaptive understanding of MCS packages in global supply chains.

This study explores Grade 9 boys’ attitudes toward science in a school in Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates, a context undergoing significant educational reform. The study aims to examine how students experience science teaching, what motivates them to learn science, and how they perceive its ability to address realworld problems. A qualitative design was employed, using a focus group conducted in Arabic and analyzed through inductive thematic analysis. Three main themes emerged. First, student engagement was strongly shaped by teaching methods: rote memorization and repetitive instruction led to disengagement, whereas practical, hands-on activities fostered interest and curiosity. Second, students’ motivations reflected both personal ambitions (e.g., career and financial stability) and societal goals (e.g., helping others and contributing to national development), with many students viewing these motivations as interconnected rather than opposing. Third, students expressed an optimistic yet realistic trust in science, recognizing its successes while acknowledging its limitations and its reliance on human application. These findings have important implications for science education policy and practice in the UAE and the wider Gulf region. They highlight the need to promote inquiry-based and student-centered teaching approaches, to connect science learning more explicitly to real-world and national development contexts, and to support students in developing an informed and critical understanding of the nature of science. Including student perspectives in educational planning can help align teaching practices with the aspirations and expectations of young people in rapidly developing education systems.

Acquisition of essential nutrients through diet is crucial for the survival of animals. Dietary odors might enable animals to forage for nutrient-rich diets. We asked if Caenorhabditis elegans, a bacterivorous nematode, uses olfactory cues to forage for essential amino acid-rich (EAA) diets. Using the native microbiota of C. elegans, we show that worms rely on olfaction to select leucine (EAA)-supplemented bacteria. Using gas chromatography, we find that leucine-supplemented bacteria produce isoamyl alcohol (IAA) odor in the highest abundance. Prior adaptation of worms to IAA diminishes the diet preference of worms. Several wild isolates of C. elegans display robust responses to IAA, emphasizing its ecological relevance. We find that foraging for a leucine-supplemented diet is mediated via the AWC olfactory neurons. Finally, we identify SNIF-1 G protein-coupled receptor in AWC neurons as a receptor for IAA and a mediator of dietary decisions in worms. Our study identifies a receptor-ligand module underpinning foraging behavior in C. elegans.

This study explores ninth-grade students’ attitudes toward school science in one Swedish lower secondary school, focusing on the factors shaping their interest and engagement. Using a convergent mixed-methods case study design, 63 students completed the Relevance of Science Education (ROSES) questionnaire, and 30 of these students also wrote argumentative texts taking a stance on whether school science is interesting or boring. The ROSES questionnaire is part of an international research programme that examines how young people perceive the relevance of science and science education in their lives. Thematic analysis of the texts identified three central themes: perceived difficulty of school science, perceived relevance to everyday life and future aspirations, and the role of teaching practices. Survey data from selected ROSES items supported and contextualised these themes. In this sample, 55% of the students perceived school science as difficult, 54% did not find it particularly interesting, and 59% did not expect what they learn in science to be useful in their daily lives. At the same time, some students reported a strong interest when science was connected to topics such as health, exercise, or space, and when teachers used varied, interactive approaches. By integrating qualitative and quantitative evidence within a single school context, the study illustrates how perceived difficulty, relevance, and teaching practices interact in shaping students’ attitudes toward school science. The findings suggest the importance of strengthening perceived relevance, supporting students’ expectations of success, and diversifying classroom practices to foster more positive attitudes and engagement with school science.

Bridges must be designed to ensure safety for all users. At the same time, the design should be performed with an appropriate risk level. In Sweden, Soil-Steel Composite bridges (SSCB) are the most common bridge type. For SSCB, local verification of Load Model 1 in Eurocode is most often governing the design. The objective of this study was to investigate whether local verification of LM1 load case could be modified without decreasing the agreed risk level in Eurocode. Weight in motion measurements from real traffic were extrapolated with Rice formula. Monte Carlo simulations were used to simulate the 1000-year return period event to obtain the acceptable risk level as prescribed in Eurocode. The results show that the local verification of LM1 is conservative, considering the acceptable risk level in Eurocode. With a modified implementation of local verification, this paper shows that a potential saving of up to 14% in terms of economic cost and CO2-equivalents is possible. A modified implementation of local verification of LM1 in Eurocode for SSCB is proposed, which could reduce the climate impact by up to 14% associated to the construction of new SSCB in Sweden.

Energy-focusing blasting has increasingly been applied to generate directional fractures in underground rock engineering, but the mechanistic link between the energy-focusing principle, directional fracture evolution, and practical charge design remains insufficiently resolved. This study integrates mechanics-based analytical modeling, coupled SPH–FEM simulation, and field testing to investigate the energy-focusing mechanism and its engineering application. The analytical framework identifies three localized actions governing guiding-crack initiation: focused compressive stress, circumferential tensile stress, and misaligned radial shear stress. It further distinguishes transient guiding-crack initiation from subsequent directional propagation driven by tensile opening and gas-wedge loading. The SPH–FEM reproduces the predicted sequence of stress localization, guiding-crack development, preferential detonation-product migration, and continued crack propagation. Under the modeled conditions, the directional mean peak particle velocity and effective stress in the focusing direction are 1.97 and 2.21 times those in the non-focusing direction. Five progressively charged single-borehole tests reveal a non-monotonic charge response: bilateral directional crack coverage initially increased and subsequently decreased as charging entered the overcharging regime. Furthermore, a staged three-threshold criterion is proposed to translate the mechanistic understanding into practical charge-design guidance. The criterion distinguishes guiding-crack initiation, sustained directional propagation, and the onset of non-focusing damage within a bounded operational charge window. The integrated findings advance the mechanistic understanding of energy-focusing blasting and provide a mechanism-based framework for site-calibrated charge selection under varying rock-engineering conditions.

Pulsed wave propagation in temporally discontinuous media is described with the aid of standard state-variable theory of piecewise time-invariant systems. A novel recursive analytical procedure for analyzing the pulsed wave propagation in temporally discontinuous media is introduced. An illustrative analytical description is provided for (1+1)-D space-time waves along an equivalent transmission line whose electromagnetic parameters change abruptly, thus representing a temporally layered slab.

Background/Objectives: Psychiatric inpatient care is characterised by power asymmetries between care providers and care receivers. Despite international guidelines and policies promoting autonomy, involvement, and empowerment, these ideals remain challenging to implement in clinical practice. Psychiatric self-admission has been developed to strengthen autonomy; however, its implementation may challenge established power structures, professional roles, and responsibilities within mental healthcare settings. This study aimed to explore stakeholder perspectives on power transfer during the implementation of psychiatric self-admission in Scandinavia. Methods: A qualitative multi-source study was conducted using semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews, and document collection. Interviews were conducted with 36 participants involved in the development and implementation of self-admission in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Additionally, approximately 250 documents were gathered. The documentary material was analysed alongside the interviews and focus groups to provide an understanding of the implementation of self-admission models and how power transfer was represented within these processes. The analyses were inspired by methods in qualitative content analysis and document analysis. Results: Findings on stakeholder perspectives on power transfer during implementation revealed a tension reflected in two subthemes: ‘Responsive and Responsible’, where self-admission was viewed as a necessary response to needs that the healthcare system was unable to address, and ‘Unsafe and Unsound’, where self-admission was associated with uncertainties and risks related to losing control. Conclusions: Implementing psychiatric self-admission, which involved challenging traditional power relations in healthcare, was permeated by trust, distrust, and fear. The findings highlight the need to address stakeholders’ concerns related to safety and professional responsibility.

Young people use different thinking strategies to deal with conflicts related to climate engagement. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dialectical thinking, i.e. being able to transcend conflicting thoughts, and black-and-white thinking, i.e. either-or-thinking, are associated with climate engagement, and whether these possible connections remain significant when controlling for well-known predictors of climate engagement (gender, parental descriptive norms, attitudes, perceived knowledge, outcome expectancy and trust in science). Additionally, we investigate if these thinking strategies moderate the relationships between perceived knowledge and climate engagement as well as attitudes and climate engagement. Using survey data from two cohorts of late adolescents, Study 1 focuses on climate-friendly food choices (N = 470) and Study 2 on climate-friendly behavior in general (N = 559). Dialectical thinking was positively, and black-and-white thinking negatively, associated with climate engagement, in most cases also when including control variables. Higher levels of dialectical thinking strengthened the relationship between knowledge and engagement, implying that it might narrow the gap between knowledge and engagement among adolescents. We conclude that considering these thinking strategies in climate education could be important for climate engagement.

IntroductionActivity-based work (ABW) is a workplace concept that offers different work environments, letting employees choose settings that best support their specific tasks. Although research on ABW is growing, there is limited knowledge about how employees experience opportunities in these environments, particularly from a salutogenic health-promoting perspective.MethodsA qualitative design was applied using a survey with open-ended questions, completed by 448 employees in administrative roles in one public sector organization in Sweden. A combined deductive and inductive content analysis was conducted. The socio-ecological model was used as a deductive categorization matrix to organize the data into three levels, while subcategories were developed inductively within each level based on recurring patterns in the material.ResultsThe analysis identified six subcategories within the three levels of the socio-ecological model: intrapersonal (autonomy, well-being), interpersonal (social support, collaboration), and organizational (adapted facilities, an attractive work environment).ConclusionsThe findings indicate that employees' perceived opportunities in ABW can be understood across intrapersonal, interpersonal, and organizational levels, and that these levels are closely connected. The study suggests that the socio-ecological model can be useful for understanding employee experiences in organizational settings and highlights the importance of considering factors at different levels when designing ABW environments.

Accessibility is increasingly framed as a rights and justice issue, yet many organizations still treat it as compliance rather than learning. This study examines how accessibility professionals conceptualize and operationalize accessibility across organizational contexts. Drawing on semi-structured interviews (n = 14) and one dyadic group discussion (n = 2), analyzed through reflexive thematic analysis, we identify four themes: empathy as organizational competence; policy, governance, and change management; technology, digital transformation, and collaboration; and capacity building for inclusive education and workplaces. The findings show that accessibility is operationalized not solely through technical standards but also through organizational learning, shared responsibility, and role-specific competence development. We contribute an empirically grounded, cross-sector account of how accessibility is translated from strategy into everyday practice, while delimiting the study to professional perspectives rather than compliance outcomes.

 This study examines interactions between students and a social robot in an experiment designed to explore students' trust in educational robots. In the experiment, 16 out of 22 students come to accept an erroneous solution to a mathematical task presented by the robot, even though the vast majority of students initially suggest the correct solution. While the experiment initially yields two outcomes—acceptance (16 students) and rejection (six students)—our analyses demonstrate that there is significant variation among students in how they approach the interaction and the robot's advice, even within each outcome. Drawing on an ethnomethodological and conversation-analytic (EMCA) perspective on trust, we argue that the precise ways in which students accept or reject the robot's solution must be seen in terms of their understanding of the educational and experimental context; that is, their definition of the situation in terms of what kind of activity is going on, and the role of the robot within it. The findings highlight the need for an interactionally sensitive approach to interpreting experimental studies of trust in human–robot interaction.

This article discusses perceptions of various forms of suburb-indexed Swedish, ranging from informal slang to a more formal, but nonetheless «suburban-sounding» Swedish. Particular attention is given to the question of how these ways of speaking are labelled – and whether they should be labelled at all. Empirical data from our studies show that participants with a suburban background perceive, label, and/or describe nuances within suburb-indexed speech, whereas participants without such a background do not. For the latter group (including gatekeepers in the education and labour market sectors), all they hear is «suburb» – that is, a place they associate with negative connotations. This highlights the need for a terminological distinction between informal slang and formal suburban speech. Such a distinction is essential for accurately describing speakers’ linguistic practices and for making visible the variation in formality levels. Ultimately, this concerns the fair evaluation of speakers’ language use based on accurate identification rather than on incorrect assumptions.

A new first-person pronoun has emerged in the vernacular of Stockholm

Swedish. A loan from Turkish, benim is indexically self-aggrandizing and a

feature of the male genderlect of Stockholm’s racialized proletariat. It is also

typologically unusual by virtue of being a loanword in an abstract functional

role, namely, a pronoun. I detail several factors that, in concert, allowed benim to

enter into Swedish first as a naked prototype, then as a reanalysis of dissociative

third-person constructions, and finally, as a productive first-person personal

pronoun. I conclude further that the actuation of these factors was the unique

social ecology of class and racial exclusion, which are generally known to drive

symbolic status-moves among the subordinated.

Vid provning enligt Nordtest metod NT FIRE 004 användes ursprungligen asbestsilikatskivor för kalibrering och som obrännbart underlagsmaterial. Laboratoriet för brandteknik utförde 1976 en undersökning vilken gav till resultat att asbestsilikatskivorna kunde ersättas av Navilite N (SP-Rapport 1976:31). Tillverkningen av Navilite N har upphört under 1979, varför ett ersättningsmaterial måste utprovas. I de nordiska brandlaboratoriernas samarbetskommitté bestämdes att SP skulle utföra denna undersökning. Undersökningen visar att Monolux 40 i tjocklek 9,5 mm kan ersätta Navilite N både som kalibreringsskivor och som underlagsskivor i Nordtest metod NT FIRE 004, eftersom de termiska egenskaperna är tillräckligt likartade och de mekaniska egenskaperna såsom hållfasthet och vidhäftning är acceptabla.

Sheathless particle focusing offers a route toward simpler and more compact flow-cytometry systems by eliminating the need for hydrodynamic sheath flow. Viscoelastic focusing provides such an approach, but particle migration becomes increasingly challenging as particle size decreases because elastic migration depends strongly on particle size and confinement. Here, we investigate capillary tapering as a strategy to locally increase confinement and enhance sheathless viscoelastic focusing in a fiber-based flow-cytometry platform. Using polyethylene oxide (PEO) as elasticity enhancer, we first quantified the effect of propagation length using 1.1 μm fluorescent particles in straight capillaries with a 25 μm inner diameter. The normalized lateral full width at half maximum (FWHM) decreased from 0.403 after 5mm to 0.049 after 90mm, showing progressive migration towards the centerline with increasing focusing length. We then investigated local confinement using a heat-drawn 45 μm inner diameter to a 10 μm tapered capillary. Flowing through the tapered section reduced the normalized FWHM from 0.687 to 0.058 for 1.1 μm particles and from 0.774 to 0.176 for 200 nm particles. For 1.1 μm particles, decreasing the flow rate further narrowed the downstream distribution, consistent with increased migration at longer residence times. Toward implementation in a compact fiber-based cytometer, we further demonstrated event-resolved fluorescence detection of individual 1.1 μm particles at a perpendicular fiber-capillary interrogation junction. Together, these results establish capillary tapering as a strategy for localizing the strong confinement for viscoelastic focusing while retaining a wider capillary diameter elsewhere in the device. Combined with fiber-optical detection, this approach provides a basis for the development of compact micro- and nanoflow cytometry platform.

På begäran av Nordtests fackgrupp elektronik har fackgrupp akustik och buller tillsatt en projektgrupp som undersökt möjligheterna att få fram en Nordtest-metod för mätning av akustiska egenskaper hos högtalare i TV- och radiomottagare. Projektgruppens slutsats är att det för närvarande inte är lämpligt att föreslå en Nordtest-metod. Det intensivt pågående arbetet inom IEC bör först avvaktas. Först därefter kan ställning tas. Befintliga eller föreliggande IEC-standarder täcker tänkbara behov även om vissa ytterligare preciseringar kan bli aktuella i en eventuell Nordtestmetod.

This study shows that two distinct social models predict speech rhythm variation – measured by the normalized pairwise variability index of vowels (nPVI-V) – for Stockholm’s two working classes. The non-white working-class variety (multiethnolect) has less intervocalic durational contrast than the speech of elites (41–51 vs. 49–57) and correlates with the speaker’s neighborhood diversity. Incremental increases in neighborhood diversity correlate with incremental decreases in nPVI-V. The white working-class variety has more intervocalic durational contrast than the speech of elites (53–61 vs. 49–57) and correlates to occupational status. Incremental decreases in occupational status correlate with incremental increases in nPVI-V. The data comes from 31 male Stockholmers, ages 24–49, who read aloud a passage with 285 vocalic elements. Thirteen self-identify as white ‘Swedes’: five working class, eight uppermiddle class (‘elites’). Eighteen self-identify as non-white ‘immigrants’: five working class, seven lower-middle class, six upper-middle class (‘elites’). Twenty-eight were born in Sweden; three arrived before age four. They hail from five neighborhood types that are representative of Stockholm’s geographic ethnic distributions. The findings add Swedish multiethnolect to a growing list of contact varieties with less intervocalic durational contrast than their heritage counterparts. The findings also nudge our field’s discussion of rhythm away from second-language acquisition to the social domain of race and class. At the same time, a new research question emerges whether intervocalic durational contrast is a sociolinguistic variable in its own right or a byproduct of segment-level variation.

Fiber-optic probes offer a compact approach to fluorescence-based cell detection, but evaluating their detection performance and spatial accuracy requires a controlled reference. We present a microscope-referenced platform for evaluating fiber-optic fluorescence detection, counting, and two-dimensional spatial mapping. Using continuous serpentine raster scanning, a stationary multimode fiber excited and collected fluorescence from labelled MiaPaCa-2 cells in a well plate, mapping 2mm °ø 2mm regions in approximately 160 s. Across nine regions, 181 corrected fiber detections were obtained compared with 266 microscope-identified cells, corresponding to a fiber-to-microscope count ratio of approximately 68%, with five false-positive detections. Spatial registration of 65 fluorescence features gave a median residual distance of 15.1 μm between modalities. Weakly fluorescent cells and closely spaced cells were the main sources of under-detection, with neighbouring cells frequently producing overlapping fiber responses.The direct association of fiber signals with stage coordinates retained spatial information that can provide a basis for future return-to-target measurements. The platform therefore provides a framework for comparing alternative fiber-optic probe geometries and for developing subsequent targeted interventions such as optical ablation, stimulation, or selective cell retrieval.

A prosodic phenomenon often found in contact varieties is a minimized durational contrast between vowels in successive syllables. This study demonstrates that this may also be the case in Stockholm’s urban multiethnolect (also known as Rinkeby Swedish). The study consists of a sociophonetic analysis of eight speech stimuli that were assessed by listeners (n=27) who expressed their inferences about the speakers’ home neighborhood (“Swedish” or ”multiethnic” neighborhood) and status-related affective qualities (“rough”, ”neutral”, or ”refined”) via Likert scales and written comments. The experimental stimuli were assembled from recordings of eight men from Stockholm’s multiethnic working class while they made a reservation at an exclusive restaurant by telephone. Of all the linguistic variables in the stimuli, intervocalic durational contrast between successive syllables emerged as the most statistically significant predictor of the listener assessments. It is therefore concluded that speech rhythm, measured by the normalized pairwise variability index of vowels (nPVI-V; Low, Grabe & Nolan, 2000), is a feature with rich social meaning within the domains of ethnicity and status (at least for male speakers). The study’s primary contribution is pinpointing the specific feature that probably lies behind the attributes ”jerky” and ”staccato”, which researchers have ascribed to the variety of study for over 25 years. Moreso, the results point toward a potential ongoing change in Stockholm Swedish when examined within the framework of Eckert’s (2008) proposal that ”ideological connections” can contribute to language change.

Fire tests on decks and bulkheads are normally performed according to IMCO's Resolution A 163. Tests on these elements can be performed at almost all official fire-technical laboratories. During recent years oil rigs and similar constructions have been built. In case of fire, constructions can be exposed to a more severe fire attack compared to the time-temperature curve in IMCO's Resolution A 163. At the division of fire technology at Statens Provningsanstalt an investigation has been made aiming at settling if fire tests according to the Mobil hydrocarbon time-temperature curve (HC-curve) can be performed. The project has been financed by Statens Provningsanstalt and Curt Kristiansson has been leader of the project.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has traditionally been understood through executive and frontostriatal models, but increasing evidence suggests that metabolic, inflammatory, circadian, and neuroendocrine mechanisms may also contribute to clinical heterogeneity. The hypothalamus is a central regulatory hub for appetite, sleep–wake organization, stress responsivity, autonomic function, and endocrine signalling.

Objective: This review evaluated evidence linking ADHD with hypothalamic inflammation and related metabolic, inflammatory, circadian, and neuroendocrine dysregulation, with particular emphasis on appetite regulation, sleep and circadian function, stress reactivity, and pharmacological treatment response and tolerability.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection from database inception to 31 May 2026. Human observational and intervention studies formed the primary evidence base. Evidence was synthesized narratively. Where available, quantitative findings from previously published meta-analyses were summarized to provide an overview of the strength and consistency of the evidence.

Results: The reviewed evidence indicates that ADHD is associated with increased obesity risk, altered appetite-related hormones, immune-inflammatory changes, delayed circadian timing, atypical cortisol responsivity, and treatment-related effects on appetite, sleep, cardiovascular physiology, and tolerability. The strongest quantitative evidence concerned obesity, inflammatory markers, appetite hormones, and type 2 diabetes risk. Direct evidence for hypothalamic inflammation in ADHD remains limited, but converging indirect findings support hypothalamic and neuroendocrine mechanisms as biologically plausible contributors in a subgroup of individuals with ADHD.

Conclusions: ADHD appears to be associated with broader metabolic, inflammatory, circadian, and neuroendocrine vulnerabilities beyond its core attentional and behavioural symptoms. Hypothalamic pathways should be interpreted as a mechanistic hypothesis rather than an established causal mechanism. Future longitudinal and multimodal studies are needed to clarify causality and identify biologically defined ADHD subgroups.

En marknadsundersökning av personburna pumpar redovisas. Tillverkarnas data presenteras och en lista på de viktigaste parametrarna för bedömning av pumpar ges. Vidare presenteras vilka specifikationer som är nödvändiga respektive önskvärda för personburna pumpar. Återförsäljares utbud av service och reservdelshållning redovisas.

In the contact scenarios of late-modern urban Europe, a complex interplay of predictors determine each output in the variety. They include substrate inputs, superstrate structure, social conditions, diachrony, and more; they are elusive and hard to isolate. However, if one was to attempt to isolate them, the Nordic multiethnolects would be a befitting start point because their languages, social structures, and origins of their migrants are similar. Diachrony is where they differ most: Swedish represents a later-stage muliethnolect; Danish, earlier. In this study, I compare lexical replications in Danish and Swedish hip hop because it features multiethnolect in its most flamboyant style. Hip hop is a de facto empirical isolation of the upper limits of community-accepted replication. I analyzed a corpus of 22 Danish (13,086 words) and 34 (15,668) Swedish 'hit' rap songs and found that the Swedish artists use nearly double the number of foreign lexical replications than the Danish artists. Furthermore, a higher number of Swedish replications (32) were used by >10% of the artists than Danish replications (14). High-use Danish replications were solely nouns and exclamations/tags. High-use Swedish replications included nouns, exclamations/tags, adjectives, verbs, and the first-person pronoun 'benim.' After closer analysis, I define 'benim' as a first-person 'egohonorific' pronoun and offer an explanation on its origin and social-indexical function. I argue that Swedish multiethnolect is 'richer' than Danish multiethnolect both in terms of level of replication as well as types of replications. The study provides fresh insight on two neighboring multiethnolects that have formed under similar conditions save for diachrony.

Denna rapport redovisar en undersökning av på marknaden förekommande instrument under beteckningen filtertapeutrustning. Då projektet planerades var endast ett instrument för H₂S känt på marknaden. Idag marknadsförs instrument för följande gaser: toluendiisocyanat, metylendiisocyanat, organiska isocyanater, svavelväte, dinitrotoluen, fosgen, klorväte, klor, svaveldioxid, ammoniak, kvävedioxid, vinylklorid, hydrazin och toluendiamin. Inom kort beräknas instrument för alifatiska aminer, formaldehyd och cyanväte finnas kommersiellt tillgängliga. Filtertapeutrustning finns i både transportabelt och bärbart utförande. För expositionsmätningar med bärbar utrustning finns för närvarande tape för toluendiisocyanat, fosgen och hydrazin. Man kan dock räkna med att bärbar utrustning för övriga gaser kommer med tiden. De av tillverkarna i broschyrmaterialet redovisade specifikationerna för instrumenten är mycket knapphändiga och svåra att överblicka. Ett fortsatt arbete med kartläggning och utredning av instrumentens prestanda krävs för att man skall få ett bättre grepp om instrumentens för- och nackdelar. Då ett bättre underlag för bedömningen av intressanta parametrar föreligger, bör en opartisk jämförande test genomföras på de mest intressanta instrumenten.

I denna rapport redovisas en marknadsundersökning av portabla kolmonoxidmätare och kolmonoxiddosimetrar. Rapporten ger specifikationer för totalt 25 direktvisande kolmonoxidmätare. De tre instrument av typen dosimetrar som finns på marknaden har också redovisats. De direktvisande instrumenten är uppbyggda kring fyra olika detektortyper. Dessa är elektrokemisk detektor, halvledardetektor, detektion genom katalytisk oxidation och infraröd spektroskopi. Detektorernas arbetssätt beskrivs i rapporten. De flesta svenska återförsäljare har kontaktats för att bl a få uppgifter om service och reservdelshållning samt kostnader för t ex byte av detektor och genomgång av instrumentet. Den information och det broschyrmaterial som kan erhållas från tillverkare utgör vid en sammanställning inte något bra material som underlag för en jämförande bedömning av de olika instrumentens prestanda vid en inköpssituation. Skyddsingenjörer och andra användare har därför en svår valsituation. En enhetligare uppläggning av informationen och en jämförande provning av instrumentens viktigare prestanda skulle kraftigt förbättra den situationen. Det fortsatta projektarbetet är inriktat på att utarbeta objektiva kriterier för bedömning av instrumentens prestanda och därefter testa ett antal instrument efter dessa kriterier.

Detta FOU arbete avsåg utveckla en provningsmetod och även en lämplig utrustning för bestämning av funktionell hållbarhet mot slitage hos plastisoleringen av elsprängkapseltråd. Vid praktiska utformningen av apparaten medverkade Bo Stage och Ingvar Eliasson. De redogjorda mätresultaten erhölls genom praktiska provningsuppdrag som utfördes av Ingvar Eliasson.

I denna rapport undersöks hur grönskan i befintliga urbana miljöer kan ökas genom att komplettera träd med en bredare palett av vegetation. Många bebyggda områden i staden har svårt att nå mål kopplade till urban grönska, särskilt vad gäller krontäckning, eftersom träd kräver stora utrymmen ovan och under mark. Genom att inkludera buskar, perenner, fältskikt, vertikal grönska och gröna tak kan staden ändå uppnå viktiga klimatreglerande, ekologiska och sociala nyttor.

Rapporten beskriver hur olika vegetationsskikt tillsammans kan bidra till bland annat svalare lokalklimat, förbättrad luftkvalitet, ökad biologisk mångfald och bättre dagvattenhantering. I rapporten redovisas tre fallstudieområden i Malmö, som analyseras i fyra scenarier vardera, där både dagens praxis och mer flexibla lösningar testas. Resultaten visar att potentialen för att öka andelen grönska är större när skyddsavstånd omprövas, ledningar samordnas och mobilitetsytor omdisponeras. De alternativa scenarierna möjliggör både fler träd och mer varierad vegetation, vilket skapar mer robusta och funktionella gaturum. Sammantaget visar rapporten att målsättningar som inkluderar fler typer av stadsgrönska är avgörande för att skapa resilienta och attraktiva stadsmiljöer.

Elsprängkapslar kan oavsiktligt utsättas för mekanisk åverkan genom ovarsam hantering, fallande sten, klämning i lådlock o s v. Åverkan kan resultera i att sprängkapseln detonerar omedelbart eller tar skada till sin funktion, med dola eller felaktig tändföljd som resultat. I föreliggande rapport diskuteras förekommande provningsmetoder i relation till olika typer av åverkan och dess följder. Den officiella provningen av elsprängkapslar utförs enligt SEN 990701. Rapporten är i första hand avsedd som underlag för en revidering av denna norm.

Western European Metrology Club (WEMC) has appointed a working group for Calibration Service. One of the activities of this group is to organize circulation of audit devices between laboratories in the participating countries, the aim being to gain further mutual confidence in the calibration services operating in these countries. The present report describes the result of one such audit circulation in the field of geometrical measurements, M 4, carried through between April 1978 and March 1979.

Tuberculosis remains one of the leading causes of death as infection disease. Pharmacometric modelling is used in drug development to describe drug exposure, variability, and treatment response, while machine learning (ML) provides data-driven approaches for prediction. This thesis aimed to investigate how pharmacometric and ML approaches can be applied separately and in combination to support prediction in tuberculosis drug development.

To assess the ability of ML to predict pharmacokinetics, ML algorithms were applied to simulated rifampicin data generated from an established population pharmacokinetic model. ML provided fast prediction of concentration profiles and exposure, but performance was limited when only patient characteristics were available and improved substantially when at least two observed concentrations per sampling occasion were included. In contrast, the population pharmacokinetic model explicitly separated inter-individual, inter-occasion, and residual variability.

A standardised pharmacometric model-based early bactericidal activity analysis (EBA) was applied to a Phase 2a clinical trial. The results showed no clear additional bactericidal activity from adding rifampicin to meropenem plus amoxicillin/clavulanate in patients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis.

The EBA approach and ML were subsequently combined to predict later treatment response from early time-to-positivity (TTP) data. Pharmacometrically derived measures of baseline TTP and early response improved ML prediction of culture conversion at Week 8 and extending the observation window from two to four weeks further improved discrimination. TTP trajectory forecasting was then used to retain the longitudinal information in the biomarker. A neural network-based model provided the strongest forecasts, with Day 14 observations already containing substantial information about the subsequent trajectory. Extending the observation window beyond Day 14 provided little additional improvement in point-prediction accuracy for the leading models.

In conclusion, this thesis demonstrated standalone applications of pharmacometric modelling and ML as well as combined applications to clinical data. ML was successfully combined with pharmacometric modelling, accelerating data analysis and model predictions, and subsequently highlighting the role of ML within drug development.

This paper presents a role-adaptive Leader–Follower-based formation planning and control framework for teams of quadruped robots operating in cluttered environments. Unlike conventional methods with fixed leaders or rigid formation roles, the proposed approach integrates dynamic role assignment and partial goal planning, enabling flexible, collision-free navigation in complex scenarios. Formation stability and inter-robot safety are ensured through a virtual spring–damper system coupled with a novel obstacle avoidance layer that adaptively adjusts each agent’s velocity. A dynamic look-ahead reference generator further enhances flexibility, allowing temporary formation deformation to maneuver around obstacles while maintaining goal-directed motion. The Fast Marching Square (FM2) algorithm provides the global path for the leader and local paths for the followers as the planning backbone. The framework is validated through extensive simulations and real-world experiments with teams of quadruped robots. Results demonstrate smooth coordination, adaptive role switching, and robust formation maintenance in complex, unstructured environments. A video featuring the simulation and physical experiments along with their associated visualizations can be found at https://youtu.be/YFuAaYaGqd0.

En enkel matematisk modell härleds enligt vilken sprängkapslars initierförmåga är ungefär proportionell mot sekundärsatsens volym, densitet och kvadraten på detonationshastigheten. Olika provningsmetoder testas mot den matematiska modellen. Arbetet är avsett som underlag för pågående revidering av den svenska standarden för elsprängkapslar, SEN 990701.

Laboratoriet har utvecklat en metod för bestämning av motståndsförmåga mot brand hos anslutningsdon mellan imkanal och spisfläkt. Metoden innebär att anslutningsdon provas med montage och brandpåkänning som överensstämmer med förhållanden i normala kök. Resultaten från försöken visar anslutningsdonets förmåga att fungera som rökkanal vid höga temperaturer och att förhindra brandspridning.