The integration of biological catalysts with organic light-harvesting materials represents a rapidly advancing strategy for sustainable solar-to-chemical energy conversion. Recent advances demonstrate that photoexcited organic materials can effectively activate redox enzymes and whole-cell systems to catalyze fuel-forming reactions such as H₂ evolution and CO₂ fixation as well as selective oxidations and chiral transformations under mild conditions. This review summarizes recent advances in semiartificial photosynthesis driven by organic materials and presents a systematic overview of the major classes involved. In particular, it focuses on a) organic photosensitizers including molecular organic photosensitizers, carbon dots, graphene, carbon nitride, and organic aggregation nanoparticles (e.g., polymer dots/Pdots, molecule nanoparticles) as well as b) organic redox mediators. These materials are evaluated in terms of their photophysical properties, compatibility with biocatalysts, and their roles in photoinduced charge generation, charge separation, and interfacial electron transfer between abiotic and biotic components. Emerging trends toward mediator-free and water-driven systems, challenges related to photostability, biocompatibility, as well as paired redox catalysis generating value-added products are also discussed. Additionally, the effects of the sacrificial electron donor on biohybrid performance and development of biohybrid photoelectrochemical catalysis have been evaluated. Finally, this review aims to highlight the key scientific and technological questions that must be addressed to advance the field toward efficient, scalable, and environmentally benign biohybrid photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical platforms.

Addressing small-molecule chromophores with bioactive properties has been established as an effective means of controlling biological systems for several decades. However, the complexity of in vitro and especially in vivo systems cannot be matched by a single wavelength of light (de)activating one kind of chromophore. Consequently, developing methods to combine and individually control multiple chromophores within the same system is of high importance. An increasing number of strategies have become available relying on the chromoselective transformation of small molecules. This article features the chromoselective control of photoswitches, photoclick chemistry, and photocages, and highlights perspectives and future challenges to be overcome in the context of biological systems.

Ethical Christianity as Education for Democracy: Swedish Teachers’ Pedagogical Adaptation of Christian Education, 1920–1940

Based on primary school teachers’ accounts of whether and how they applied progressive methods in Christian education, the aim of this article is to broaden and deepen our understanding of the relationship between Christian education and the secularisation of the Swedish primary school from the 1920s to the 1940s. The overarching question guiding this investigation is: how, and for what purposes, did primary school teachers adapt Christian education to new pedagogical ideals? To analyze teachers’ perspectives on Christian education, I draw on a survey conducted by the 1946 School Inquiry Commission, in which teachers were asked to describe how they had implemented progressive methods in their teaching. Drawing on perspectives from the history of education and church history, I argue that the application of progressive methods was not necessarily a sign of secularisation. Rather, it could serve as a strategy to defend teaching in Christianity within a changing educational landscape.

Background: A global myocardial flow reserve (MFR) threshold of 2.5 is clinically used to define normal vasodilatory capacity with ¹⁵O-water positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion imaging but lacks prognostic validation. Since mean global MFR exceeds 3.5 in healthy individuals, the 2.5-3.5 range may represent an intermediate-risk "gray zone." We aimed to evaluate a 4-tiered global MFR categorization for risk stratification.

Methods: We retrospectively included patients with known or suspected chronic coronary syndromes who underwent clinically indicated ¹⁵O-water PET. Patients were stratified into four groups by global MFR: >3.5, 2.5-3.5, 1.5-<2.5, and <1.5. Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were defined as all-cause death or hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or acute heart failure. Prognostic value was evaluated using Cox hazard ratios (HRs; [95% confidence interval]).

Results: Among 783 consecutive patients (median age: 68; 45% female), 129 MACEs occurred over a median follow-up of 3.5 years. Patients with an MFR >3.5 (n = 204) exhibited an annualized MACE rate of 0.6 per 100 person-years, with no MACE occurring during the first 2.5 years. An MFR of 2.5-3.5 (n = 310) had a 5-fold higher annualized MACE rate (3.1 per 100 person-years; HR: 5.4 [2.3-13]), increasing to 6.8 for an MFR measuring 1.5-<2.5 (n = 201; HR: 12 [5.1-28]) and 13.7 for an MFR <1.5 (n = 68; HR: 24 [10-59]). Group differences remained significant after multivariable adjustment (P <= 0.029).

Conclusions: Risk of MACE increases progressively with declining global MFR. We propose a 4-tiered categorization of MFR for reporting risk, using an MFR >3.5 to indicate a low-risk profile.

The social housing project Ishøj-Planen and the surrounding suburban municipality Ishøj, south of the Danish capital, became from the 1970s a site for de facto production of policy about immigrants at a time when central policy was scarce. This included a double knowledge transmission and production process: municipal authorities and housing associations educated immigrants about welfare-state procedures such as school attendance, the tax system, the labour market, and housing rules. Simultaneously, data about immigrants were collected, policies and practices from other states were studied, and knowledge-seeking students and scholars were received and facilitated. Based on this case, and combining history of education and knowledge perspectives with frontline theory, the article explores suburban social housing 1970s–1980s as a hub for knowledge production on “immigrants” and how to “educate them” to the welfare state and discusses how this possibly fed into establishing problem definitions and policy.

Data-driven methods for electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation are rapidly progressing. Large datasets have enabled advances in artificial intelligence (AI) based ECG analysis, yet limitations in annotation quality, size, and scope remain major challenges. Here we present CODE-II, a large-scale real-world dataset of 2,735,269 12-lead ECGs from 2,093,807 adult patients collected by the Telehealth Network of Minas Gerais (TNMG), Brazil. Each exam was annotated using standardized diagnostic criteria and reviewed by cardiologists. A defining feature of CODE-II is a set of 66 clinically meaningful diagnostic classes, developed with cardiologist input and routinely used in telehealth practice. We additionally provide an openly available subset: CODE-II-open, a public subset of 15,000 patients, and the CODE-II-test, a non-overlapping set of 8,475 exams reviewed by multiple cardiologists for blinded evaluation. A neural network pre-trained on CODE-II achieved superior transfer performance on external benchmarks (PTB-XL and CPSC 2018) and outperformed alternatives trained on larger datasets.

This article explores the development of educational knowledge on integrating refugees to the Danish welfare state, conceptualised as “educational integration knowledge”. The topic is studied by analysing the Danish Refugee Council’s (DRC) educational social integration and language education for refugees ca. 1968–85, a period of increasing immigration and welfare state expansion, with which DRC’s development intertwined. The article examines how DRC developed educational integration knowledge in relation to its encounters with refugee groups, as well as changing circumstances in the welfare state. It was a two-way process entailing education both for and about refugees. Initially, DRC had pioneering autonomy to implement and develop its educational integration knowledge in the welfare state’s margins. However, the expanding and consolidating welfare state brought about increasingly rigid regulatory structures and efficiency requirements, respectively diminishing DRC’s autonomy.

This report analyses the potential for electrofuels for maritime transport in Norrbotten County, Sweden. The analysis assesses regional conditions for the production, distribution and use of renewable fuels for shipping, considering energy resources, industrial capabilities, infrastructure, market development and stakeholder perspectives.

The findings indicate that Norrbotten has strong potential to become an important regional hub for electrofuels, supported by abundant renewable electricity, access to biogenic carbon dioxide and water, established industrial expertise, and a growing interest in fossil-free logistics. The region’s ports, particularly the Port of Luleå, could play an important role in future fuel supply chains by enabling the handling, storage and bunkering of renewable fuels.

However, several barriers may limit the pace of market development. These include insufficient port and distribution infrastructure, constraints in the regional electricity grid, lengthy permitting processes, competition for land, and uncertainty regarding future fuel demand and vessel uptake. A key challenge is the need to coordinate the development of fuel production and infrastructure with the deployment of vessels capable of using electrofuels.

The report concludes that unlocking Norrbotten’s potential will require long-term and predictable policy frameworks, financial support and risk-sharing mechanisms to reduce the cost gap between fossil and renewable fuels. Accelerated development of renewable electricity generation, strengthened electricity and distribution infrastructure, and more efficient planning and permitting processes will also be essential. Above all, coordinated development across the entire value chain—from energy and fuel production to port infrastructure, shipping and transport demand—is needed to enable the large-scale deployment of electrofuels and support the transition towards fossil-free maritime transport.

This dissertation proposes designing with discomfort as a feminist approach for interaction design research on intimate care technologies. Contemporary healthcare technologies increasingly promise empowerment through seamless tracking and monitoring of diverse biomarkers. While new data-driven insights may be unlocked, their interactive experience often instigates users to attribute epistemic authority to the technology over the felt and lived knowing of their body. Furthermore, (re)productivity-oriented inclinations and ableist assumptions embedded in these technologies implicitly promote curative, disembodied, individualistic, and disciplinary relations towards the body. Against this backdrop, uncomfortable bodies that are norm-misfitting, in pain, and disabled become further marginalised. Through four design projects on reproductive and menstrual health, I explore discomfort, pain, and misfitting as generative design sites rather than treating them as noise, pathology, or usability problems. I show how such an approach can engender new design repertoires of intimate care technologies that diversify the kinds of relations we can have towards our own and others’ bodies. 

This work explores what it means to design care technologies with “discomfort” and how we may harness situated knowledge of pain/discomfort. First, I contribute with a feminist somaesthetic notion of discomfort. Grounding in critical disability studies and feminist epistemology, this work conceptualises discomfort both (1) as a situated, everyday, embodied experience that care technologies should better account for and (2) as a feminist epistemic standpoint. The analysis of design projects surfaces four modes of discomfort, namely affective, sociocultural, lived, and evocative, that can be taken by designers and researchers to see, unpack, and design with the complexities and multiplicities of the human body. The second contribution is designing with discomfort as a feminist research and design praxis. Building on the principles of Research-through-Design (RtD) and soma design methodology, I articulate four tactics—narrative, discursive, multi-temporal, and emergent—and methods for designing with different modes of discomfort, generatively and ethically. The third contribution is a feminist crip design space for intimate care technologies vii constituted by design strategies of ambivalence, pain-centred design provocations, and two design exemplars, Touchware and Kuddi. They showcase alternative interactions of technology-facilitated care that promote practices of reparation, rest, and compassion towards imperfect and uncomfortable menstruating bodies. I conclude by discussing the theoretical and material implications of designing with discomfort for the intimate care context and beyond. 

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the emerging market for hydrogen derivatives for maritime applications in the Baltic Sea Region, conducted within the Interreg H2Deri@BSP project. Based on an extensive literature review, policy analysis, mapping of nearly 300 hydrogen-related projects, and broad stakeholder engagement, it assesses current and future demand, production potential, infrastructure readiness, and regulatory conditions across eight Baltic Sea countries.

The analysis shows that while momentum toward renewable maritime fuels is increasing, hydrogen derivatives, such as electroammonia, electromethanol, and renewable hydrogen, remain in an early stage of development. If all announced projects were realised, regional production could exceed 330 TWh beyond 2030. However, with expected realisation rates of 7–25%, only 14–50 TWh is likely to be available by 2030. Production is concentrated in Denmark, Germany, Finland, and Sweden, while several ports are beginning to plan for bunkering and storage of renewable fuels.

Both established bunkering hubs and ports located near planned production sites may play key roles in the future bunkering landscape. Stakeholders across the region view electrofuels as essential for long-term decarbonisation but identify high costs, investment risks, weak regulatory signals, and uncertain offtake markets as major barriers. Achieving large-scale deployment will require stronger global, EU and national policy frameworks, streamlined permitting, and risk-sharing mechanisms such as contracts for difference and long-term offtake guarantees. Enhanced cross-border cooperation, including hydrogen corridors and shared port infrastructure, will also be crucial for efficient scale-up.

The increasing volume of plastic and tire wastes creates environmental and energy challenges, and their utilization as feedstock for hydrogen production is being promoted under a circular economy. This systematic review critically summarizes and compares developments in waste-to-hydrogen conversion pathways using Process Systems Engineering concepts that combine thermochemical modeling with techno-economic analysis and LCA. The literature was obtained through a comprehensive search of the Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases and selected according to PRISMA criteria. The results show that the reported energy efficiencies (first-law) range between 7.3% and 48.67% (LHV basis), the exergy efficiencies range between 5.2% and 45.0%, and the sustainability indices range between 1.055 and 2.76, demonstrating high sensitivity of the results to process configuration, heat integration, and feedstock composition. Among the technologies reviewed, plasma gasification reported the highest simulated hydrogen production rate (up to 1.2 kg/s at a 5 kg/s plastic-waste throughput) with a levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) of USD 3.3 per kg H₂ in Aspen Plus studies, comparable to steam methane reforming; microwave-assisted pyrolysis reported hydrogen concentrations up to 45.2 vol% in the product gas under optimized catalyst loading. Life cycle assessments have estimated a 38–80% reduction in CO2 emissions, with the hybrid solar-biomass system achieving a carbon avoidance of up to 55,777 t of CO2/year. The techno-economic calculations suggest that industrial-scale (20,000 kg h−1) (equivalent to approximately 160,000 tons of plastic waste per year at 8000 operating hours) plants would have reported annual revenue from hydrogen sales in the range USD 271–358 million. Overall, as highlighted in the review, a combination of thermochemical conversion, carbon capture, and digital simulation tools can facilitate efficient, low-emission, and cost-effective hydrogen production. The results make waste-to-hydrogen systems an important direction to a sustainable, circular, and low-carbon hydrogen economy. 

This study delves into the language ideologies that are embedded in and shape Greek heritage language education (HLE) in Sweden. More specifically, it examines the role and value assigned to language variation in HLE policies and practices. It is based on a linguistic ethnographic study of the teaching of Greek in two different forms of HLE: (1) publicly funded 'mother tongue instruction' (MTI), an elective school subject offered within the Swedish national education system, and (2) a Greek complementary school (CS), which is run and organized by a group of parents of Greek origin, outside the national education system. We examine the ideologies that are present in educational policies and teaching materials, explicitly expressed in interviews, and visible or invisibilized in observed teaching practices. We also explore the similarities and differences that exist between the two HLE contexts with respect to language variation. The data was collected intermittently over two years and include policy documents, teaching materials, interviews with teachers, parents, and students, as well as fieldnotes and audio recordings from classroom observations and observations of meetings with teachers, parents, and the CS's board. The results are discussed in relation to broader ideological frameworks surrounding Greek and HLE.

As memory-intensive applications, particularly language models, continue to grow, processing-in-memory (PIM) has emerged as a promising architecture to alleviate memory bandwidth limitations. We find that PIM systems need to support both spatio and temporal sharing between domains to extract the maximal performance. However, current PIM systems lack the necessary protection to securely support such sharing. To address these issues, we introduce SecPIMlet, a trusted multi-domain PIM that enables efficient spatio-temporal sharing. For fast and confidential spatio-temporal sharing, SecPIMlet protects both PIM-resident data and execution contexts, while also securing in-transit data between the CPU and PIM. Our evaluation shows that SecPIMlet achieves at least 175.4% higher throughput than state-of-the-art approaches that support only spatial or temporal sharing, while providing stronger security protection.

Denna delrapport ingår i forskningsprojektet Vänd på tänket för ökad tillgänglighet och syftar till att genom en utblick mot Finland och Norge fördjupa kunskapen om lösningar som ökar tillgängligheten genom att föra service närmare människor, snarare än att utgå från att människor ska resa till servicen. Studien bygger på en genomgång av landsbygdspolitiken i Sverige, Finland och Norge, samt intervjuer med nationella, regionala och lokala aktörer i Finland och Norge. Utgångspunkten är att tillgänglighet kan skapas på flera sätt. Förutom genom fysisk mobilitet kan den möjliggöras genom närhet och digital uppkoppling. Detta är särskilt relevant i nordiska landsbygder där långa avstånd och demografiska förändringar skapar liknande utmaningar. Samtidigt ger digitalisering, samverkan och mer platsbaserade arbetssätt nya möjligheter att organisera och tillhandahålla service. Utvecklingen i Sverige, Finland och Norge har många gemensamma drag.

I samtliga länder minskar närvaron av både offentliga och privata tjänster i delar av landsbygderna. Digitalisering framhålls som en viktig möjlighet, men medför samtidigt nya utmaningar. Bristande digital infrastruktur och låg digital kompetens riskerar att skapa nya former av utanförskap. En gemensam inriktning i ländernas landsbygdspolitik är också att i högre grad utgå från platsens förutsättningar och att kombinera olika former av service och olika aktörers resurser. Finlands landsbygdspolitik kännetecknas av en tydlig koppling mellan nationell politik, EU:s struktur- och landsbygdsmedel och lokalt utvecklingsarbete. En central del är byaverksamheten, där lokala föreningar och nätverk ges en betydande roll i att utveckla och upprätthålla service. Ett återkommande arbetssätt är att samla flera funktioner i lokala mångservicecenter eller allaktivitetshus. Den lokala organiseringen gör det möjligt att utgå från platsens behov och kombinera offentliga resurser, privat verksamhet och ideellt engagemang.

I Norge är Merkurprogrammet ett tydligt exempel på ett mer strukturerat statligt stöd till lokal service. Programmet stödjer dagligvarubutiker och bokhandlar i distriktsområden genom en kombination av ekonomiskt stöd, kompetensutveckling och nära rådgivning. Genom pilotprojekt utvecklas också mer formaliserade serviceavtal mellan kommuner och butiker. Tanken är både att stärka butikernas ekonomiska förutsättningar och att använda dem som lokala nav för service och sociala möten. Utblicken visar sammantaget att lösningarna inte främst handlar om en enskild teknik eller tjänst, utan om sätt att organisera service utifrån lokala förutsättningar. Lösningarna bygger ofta på att flera funktioner samlas, att offentliga, privata och ideella aktörer samverkar och att lokal kunskap och lokalt engagemang tas till vara. Erfarenheterna från Norge och Finland visar samtidigt betydelsen av långsiktiga stödstrukturer. Det norska Merkurprogrammet visar värdet av att kombinera finansiering med kontinuerligt kunskapsstöd, medan den finländska byverksamheten visar hur lokala initiativ kan stödjas mer strategiskt och kopplas till den nationella landsbygdspolitiken. Båda exemplen ger uppslag till hur arbetet med tillgänglig service och livskraftiga mindre orter kan utvecklas även i Sverige.

Cardiometabolic diseases often cluster as multimorbidity, yet current risk prediction models typically focus on a single disease and rarely incorporate social determinants. This study aims to develop a Bayesian risk prediction model for cardiometabolic multimorbidity in middle-aged Swedish adults. This prospective cohort included 11,964 adults without prior cardiometabolic disease from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS; enrolment 2013-2016). Cardiometabolic disease was defined as incident type 2 diabetes (T2D), ischaemic heart disease/heart failure, or stroke. Regularised Bayesian logistic regression models were developed to predict any cardiometabolic disease (>= 1 condition) and cardiometabolic multimorbidity (>= 2 conditions) within 2-5 years. Twenty-two social and cardiometabolic risk predictors were considered. During follow-up, 6.0% of participants developed cardiometabolic disease(s) (5.7% with a single cardiometabolic disease and 0.3% with multimorbidity). The prediction model showed fair discrimination for any cardiometabolic disease (AUC 0.76, 95% CI 0.74-0.78) and good discrimination for multimorbidity (AUC 0.89, 95% CI 0.86-0.93). The highest predicted risks were observed among older foreign-born males with hypertension, low HDL-C, high waist circumference, and current/ex-smoker, with predicted risks of 34.7% (95% CrI 30.3%-39.5%) for any cardiometabolic disease and 4.4% (95% CrI 2.0%-7.9%) for multimorbidity. These findings suggest that social determinants and uncertainty estimates may provide useful information for cardiometabolic disease prediction, though further validation is needed before use in clinical practice.

Until 2026, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive is implemented in the European Union member states, requiring all member states to have National Building Renovation Plans. In Sweden, there is no comprehensive national register of buildings with heritage values. The purpose of this research was to assist Swedish authorities in developing comprehensive information on heritage values. Buildings in street view images from all over Sweden (N = 154,710) have been analysed using multimodal Large Language Models (LLM) to assess visible aspects indicative of heritage value. Zero-shot predictions by LLMs were used for identifying buildings with potential heritage values for 5.0 million square meters of heated floor area. The results of the predictions and lessons learned are related to the development of the Swedish Building Renovation Plan as part of governance. Risks with authorities' use of LLM-based data are addressed, with a focus on issues of transparency, error detection and sycophancy.

Problem: Access to labour wards remains a challenge for women in rural Sweden due to closures, raising concerns regarding accessibility, safety, and equity. While midwifery continuity of care (MCoC) offers a promising solution, it is largely unavailable in rural areas.

Background: MCoC have been shown to improve perinatal outcomes and birth experience. Existing research has primarily focused on urban women, making it essential to explore the perspectives of rural women to capture diverse needs.

Aim: To explore women's views on MCoC when residing far from a labour ward in Sweden.

Methods: This qualitative descriptive study used inductive content analysis of semi-structured interviews with 17 women in Sweden who each lived at least 60 min from a labour ward.

Findings: The analysis generated the overarching theme 'Striving for empowered choices in contexts of constraint', highlighting how rural women navigate Sweden's limited maternity care system and demand more womancentred options. Women valued MCoC for fostering trust, autonomy, and individualised support, but noted significant gaps and indicated that MCoC would have been chosen if available. Distance shaped both access and expectations, prompting some to seek alternatives such as doulas or home births. These actions reflected both a critique of standard care and a commitment to maintaining control over childbirth.

Discussion and conclusions: Findings underscore the need for more flexible and responsive maternity care models for women residing far from labour wards. Expanding MCoC access and supporting women's autonomy in navigating limited services are key to ensuring equitable, woman-centred care across geographical contexts.

Purpose In Sweden, thousands of older adults undergo radiotherapy each year with either curative or palliative intent. Palliative radiotherapy aims to relieve symptoms while minimising treatment burden and maintaining quality of life. Treatment decision-making can be challenging, as symptom relief, treatment burden, and personal priorities must be balanced. Older cancer patients may face barriers, including frailty, emotional distress, and limited medical literacy, which may affect participation in decision-making. This study explored older cancer patients’ experiences of treatment decision-making regarding palliative radiotherapy. Methods An inductive qualitative descriptive design was employed. Seventeen cancer patients aged 70 years or older receiving palliative radiotherapy at three radiotherapy units in Sweden participated in individual semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results Participants’ experiences were shaped by acceptance of mortality, hope, trust in healthcare professionals, and perceived opportunities for participation. While some described communication and professional guidance that facilitated involvement, others viewed treatment decisions as largely predetermined. Trust in healthcare professionals was often experienced as a valued form of delegated decision-making but could coexist with limited autonomy. Continuity of care, clear communication, and being recognised as a whole person were central to feeling supported throughout the decision-making process. Conclusions Participation depended not only on being offered choices but also on communication, shared understanding, timing, continuity of care, and relational support. Strengthening these aspects of care may facilitate more meaningful involvement in decisions regarding palliative radiotherapy.

This article discusses the academic literacy challenges faced by international postgraduate students at a South Australian university and evaluates the effectiveness of existing institutional support mechanisms. Drawing on survey data, the study highlights significant difficulties in academic reading, writing, and spoken communication, with disciplinary variations in student experiences at the institution. Non-STEM students (such as the humanities and social sciences) reported greater difficulties with reading and writing, while students in STEM areas (such as science and engineering) expressed challenges with technical documentation. Despite high engagement with student support services, most students felt their academic communication skills remained inadequate to benefit from their university education at the university. Another important insight from this study is the growing reliance students expressed with reference to AI tools as a support mechanism for learning assistance. The study concludes with discipline-specific recommendations for improving academic literacy programs, emphasizing integrated literacy supports at the discipline level.

This article examines the evolving relationship between world Englishes (WE) and applied linguistics (AL), tracing AL's historical development from its Anglo-American origins in the mid-20th century, grounded in “linguistics applied” to its contemporary status as a multidisciplinary field concerned with social justice and equity. It highlights the influential “world Englishes turn” initiated by Braj Kachru, which challenged monomodel views of English, critiqued traditional second language acquisition theories, and emphasized sociolinguistic realities and social responsibility. It concludes by highlighting world Englishes lasting impact on applied linguistics while advocating a balanced approach to debates and discussions which accommodate both negative and positive views on “the agony and ecstasy” of world Englishes.

Increasing travel demand and urbanization lead to road congestion. This results in lost productivity, reduced accessibility, and negative effects on the environment. An already congested transportation system is sensitive to disturbances, and even minor incidents can have major consequences in terms of queues and societal costs. Solutions to reduce congestion in the transport network include urban traffic management. Traffic management measures include regulating signal control, variable speed limits, and ramp metering, as well as distributing traveller information about travel times, congestion, and incidents through radio broadcasting, variable message signs, or navigation apps. A multimodal traffic management system utilizes several transportation modes within an integrated system to improve network performance and robustness. Large-scale mobility data from the public transport network and private vehicles enable a better understanding of travel patterns in multimodal networks. Traffic data can also be used to estimate traffic models that support the evaluation and prioritization of traffic management measures. For example, a route choice model can be used to identify travellers that are most impacted by an incident, and therefore need information about alternative routes or transportation modes.

The aim of the thesis is to utilize mobility data to improve the understanding and support of multimodal traffic management. The aim includes analysing incident impact on multimodal transportation networks, and developing and evaluating route choice models to use as a component in multimodal traffic management decision support systems. In the thesis, recent trends are explored in the transition towards more efficient road transport, emphasizing the role of monitoring and modelling traffic. Second, related literature is surveyed to identify the potential synergies and challenges of multimodal traffic management. Requirements of data and models in a decision support systems for multimodal traffic management are also identified. Based on these requirements, route choice behaviour in the road network is analysed using GPS trajectory data. Last, travel patterns during incidents are analysed to identify the impact of incidents on delay, demand, route choice and mode share. The thesis contributes to a better understanding of multimodal traffic management by integrating largescale passive mobility data into incident impact analysis and route choice modelling.

Engineering students increasingly engage in collaborative open-ended problem solving, which involves navigating uncertainty and ambiguity, and which sometimes triggers emotional responses. Existing models of self-regulated learning offer limited explanatory power for such contexts because they under-theorise regulation through collaborative scaffolding, prioritise cognitive regulation over emotional and behavioural regulation, and conflate objects and mechanisms of regulation. This paper introduces a multi-dimensional framework of students’ regulation of learning that integrates four types of regulation – self-regulated learning, co-regulatedlearning, socially shared regulation of learning, and a newly proposed form, shared co-regulated learning – with three dimensions of regulation (cognitive, emotional, behavioral) at two levels. We illustrate the frame-work using empirical data (interviews and video-recorded group work) from two studies of engineering students in Sweden and the United States. We conclude that the framework can support research and educa-tional design aimed at developing students’ capacity to collaboratively navigate complexity and uncertainty in engineering education.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Treatment responses remain highly variable due to the complex interactions between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME), including chronic inflammation, fibrosis, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and cellular stress responses. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of anthracyclines and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress modulation in HCC, while developing advanced in vitro models to reflect the influence of the TME on drug response.

In Study I, the therapeutic effects of doxorubicin (DOX) and idarubicin (IDA) were compared in a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced murine HCC model. Although neither treatment significantly reduced tumor burden, both decreased collagen deposition. Distinct effects on fibrosis, inflammation, and ER stress associated markes were observed, with IDA promoting a more pro-fibrotic and inflammatory microenvironment. 

Study II evaluated the selective PERK inhibitor AMG PERK 44 as a strategy to target ER stress adaptation in HCC. AMG PERK 44 showed limited anti-tumor efficacy and did not enhance the effect of IDA. However, it modulated the expression of stress-response, fibrosis-related, and immune-associated genes, indicating context-dependent effects on the TME. 

In Study III, in vitro models of increasing complexity were used to assess how microenvironmental factors influence anthracycline response. Drug sensitivity differed between two-dimensional cultures, spheroids, and hydrogel-based models. ECM composition and matrix stiffness modulated treatment response. Additionally, anthracyclines differentially affected hepatic stellate cell behavior, highlighting the role of stromal components in therapeutic efficacy. 

Study IV describes the development of CombiCTx, a diffusion-based in vitro assay for studying spatial drug distribution and combination therapies. Visualization and quantification of drug gradients revealed that diffusion behavior and drug interactions were strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the compounds and the surrounding matrix. Moreover, it demonstrated location-dependent treatment responses and identified spatially restricted synergistic and antagonistic drug interactions.

Collectively, these studies demonstrate that therapeutic responses in HCC are strongly influenced by TME. The findings highlight the importance of incorporating microenvironmental complexity into preclinical research and provide new insights into anthracycline therapy, PERK signaling, and advanced in vitro modeling approaches for HCC. 

Co-design endeavors with representatives from the public sector, NGOs, and other societal value stakeholders are common in social innovation projects. Value considerations are crucial for ensuring that such projects succeed and avoid breakdowns. Yet there is limited HCI research on how societal values are mediated in these collaborations. This thesis investigates this within the domain of designing cultural interventions in public settings.  

The thesis adopts a Research through Design (RtD) approach, with three main design projects as empirical cases. The projects were followed over several years, from initiation through to implementation, and are analyzed through the lens of how societal values are mediated in design processes. The analysis is structured around three sensitizing constructs: Value Elicitation, Value Translation, and Value Manifestation.  

The findings show that societal value stakeholders possess high value competence and a strong aptitude for engaging in value conversations, but were unfamiliar with interaction design practices. The study demonstrates that a relational approach, characterized by sustained informal conversations and creative, playful, and reflective methods, lowered prestige, built trust, and enabled complex value discussions. As values became manifested in sketches and prototypes, the value conversations gained increasing granularity. New societal value considerations also emerged throughout the design process and beyond implementation. Designing for societal value mediation was found to require continuous deliberation and interpretative work, rather than relying on fixed design requirements. 

The thesis contributes insights into co-design with societal value stakeholders in social innovation projects. It positions designers as societal value mediators, both by conceptualizing this role theoretically and by proposing concrete methods for eliciting, translating, and manifesting societal values in the design of cultural interventions in public settings. 

The fate and transport of pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic and terrestrial environments are a growing challenge for water quality and ecosystem health. Unlike traditional pollutants, pharmaceuticals stay biologically active even at the low concentrations found in the environment, where they can drive effects ranging from antimicrobial resistance to shifts in aquatic community structure and biodiversity loss. After entering soils and sediments through many interconnected pathways, their onward mobility is largely set by how strongly they bind to clay minerals, one of the dominant sorbents in these settings. Understanding how a pharmaceutical partitions between water and the clay surface is therefore essential for predicting its environmental mobility, persistence, and bioavailability.

Paper I examines how the pH-dependent s peciation of the antibioticciprofloxacin (CIP) affects its adsorption on sodium-montmorillonite (Na-MMT) clay. All three forms adsorb favourably, but binding strength rises steeply fromanionic to cationic (CIP− < CIP+/− < CIP+). The weakly bound CIP− thereforel eaches readily, whereas the more strongly bound CIP+/− and CIP+ stay fixed to the clay. The two weaker forms sampled several orientations, favouring the poses that minimise electrostatic repulsion from the surface.

Manuscripts II and III form a two-part companion series that extends PaperI. Both extend the Paper I system beyond its idealised single-species picture in two directions, adding background electrolytes and resolving the surface-charge heterogeneity created by clustered octahedral Al3+/Mg2+ substitutions. Manuscript II builds the structural picture of how cation valency (M+ and M2+) and substitution-site clustering steer CIP adsorption. Cations bind strongly at theAl3+/Mg2+ sites and draw coordination water with them, leaving low-density surface patches that offset the cost of displacing water during adsorption. These cations bind in two modes: K+ partially dehydrates into the ditrigonal cavities as inner-sphere complexes, whereas Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ stay outer-sphere, with divalent cations bridging CIP− through its carboxylate group. The surface also orders the innermost water layer into a quasi-hexagonal dipole pattern mirroring the ditrigonal siloxane network. Manuscript III quantifies these consequences for the three charge states across the four salts. Raising ionic strength enhances CIP− adsorption by screening the surface charge, with divalent cations (M2+) more effective than monovalent ones (M+), whereas CIP+ adsorption stays largely electrolyte-insensitive. The deepest wells coincide with the highest substitution density, echoing Manuscript II’s structural finding in the free-energy landscape. To handle the many interacting factors, we developed a neural network (NN) framework that learns smooth, differentiable 3D PMF surfaces from the MD trajectories and 1D PMFs, coupling three influences on adsorption:

the location r, the ring tilt of CIP θ, and the type and number of coordinating cations (ncat). It reproduced the 1D PMFs and helped explain features within them. Manuscript V returns to the CIP-Na-MMT system of Paper I, and Manuscripts II and III, but shifts the focus to method, asking how strongly the computed adsorption energy depends on the force-fields used to model it. The MMT force-field set the depth of the PMF global minimum and, more subtly, its shape, while the water model shifted the minimum’s location relative to the surface. The computed adsorption energy is thus as much a property of the chosen models as of the CIP-clay system itself.

Manuscript IV broadens the free-energy methodology from a single antibiotic to 20 pharmaceuticals (15 neutral and 5 charged), testing whether the octanol water partition coefficient (logPo/w) predicts adsorption to Na-MMT. Across the 15 neutral compounds, the correlation challenges the view that “morehydrophobic = stronger adsorption”. We therefore introduce a clay-specific descriptor from free-energy perturbation (FEP): a partition coefficient logPw/c,ads between bulk water and the clay-adsorbed state. Of all descriptors tested, only logPw/c, ads correlated with adsorption free energy, whereas neither logPo/w nor a clay-pore descriptor without surface contact did.

Bringing these findings together, this Ph.D. project builds a molecular-scale picture of how pharmaceuticals partition between water and clay in soils. Paper I established that pH-dependent speciation sets the adsorption strength on Namontmorillonite. Manuscripts II and III showed that pore-water cations and surface-charge heterogeneity reshape that binding both structurally and thermodynamically, and Manuscript IV found that clay adsorption across diverse pharmaceuticals is governed by clay-specific interactions rather than general hydrophobicity. Manuscript V then showed that the computed energies themselves depend strongly on the chosen force-fields. The project therefore demonstrates the power of MD simulation for predicting contaminant retentionand mobility, while making clear that quantitative, standard-state conclusions must be read in light of the sensitivity of the underlying models.

High-resolution synchrotron X-ray tomography combined with digital volume correlation (DVC) enables characterization of three-dimensional strain fields. When local tomography is used to investigate specimens larger than the field of view (FOV), the resulting subvolumes must be stitched together to form a single volume, thereby introducing strain uncertainties in DVC analyses. The present work quantifies such strain uncertainties obtained from extended-FOV synchrotron X-ray tomography of an Al99.5 metal matrix syntactic foam. To achieve this, zero-strain repeated scans were performed on the specimen. Two local DVC strategies, regular-grid DVC and discrete DVC, were applied to the stitched volumes to quantify the spatial distribution and magnitude of strain uncertainties. Both approaches confirm a consistent spatial hierarchy of strain uncertainties. Non-overlapping regions exhibit uncertainties of approximately 0.06%, while overlapping regions show uncertainties of approximately 0.17% (Frobenius norm of the Green-Lagrangian strain tensor). The spatial distribution of strain uncertainty in the stitched volume indicates that uncertainties in overlapping regions are two to four times higher compared to non-overlapping regions. The zero-strain stitching uncertainty quantification method demonstrated here is recommended as a standard pre-characterization step for any DVC study involving stitched tomographic volumes.

This article challenges a predominant assumption in previous research: That anti-immigrant attitudes are primarily related to ethnic, not cultural – and certainly not civic – nationalism. Using data from two large-scale surveys conducted in 2021 and 2023 in Sweden, we investigate the extent to which COVID-19-related problems were blamed on immigrants, as well as the potential roots of these attitudes in the three conceptions of national boundaries. Despite Swedes' reputation as the least ethno-nationalist Europeans, our descriptive analyses reveal a significant tendency to attribute the general spread of the virus in society, as well as the deaths in elderly care, to immigrants and their actions, as opposed to structural conditions. Our regression analyses also show that civic – and above all cultural – nationalism are both positively related to this blame attribution. This sheds new light on the burgeoning debate suggesting that even seemingly inclusive conceptions of national boundaries can fuel immigrant scapegoating. Swedes score high on pride in the country’s institutions, and when faced with harsh international critique and threatening death numbers in the pandemic, it is possible that one way of holding on to this national pride was to blame any resulting problems on the behaviour of 'un-Swedish' minorities – rather than admitting any fault with the national institutions.

Background: Working conditions in hospital settings are challenging, suggesting a need for workplace health promotion. Existing workplace health promotion measures rely heavily on individual-focused interventions such as diet and exercise and show significant, but small effects. This suggests that workplace health promotion measures in hospital settings should be complemented by system-level health promotion measures focusing on working conditions. Health promotion measures, focusing on working conditions in hospital settings, should use the Occupational Health Service (OHS) as a support function. OHS support in proactive/preventive work is limited, suggesting the need to complementing OHS services. The approach should include risk assessment, adequate measures and follow-ups in order to cope with the complexity of the work environment. Knowledge about measurement methods, workplace interventions and intervention strategies, crucial for complementing OHS services, were explored. Limitations and knowledge gaps were identified. The knowledge gaps reveal a need for a method for the OHS to complement its services, focusing on the working conditions in hospital settings. The general aim of this thesis was to develop an OHS method and evaluate its applicability in hospital settings.

Methods: Paper I was a psychometric evaluation of the Structured Multidisciplinary Work Evaluation Tool (SMET) questionnaire using both classical test theory and Rasch analysis. Paper II was a systematic review evaluating health outcomes from workplace interventions aiming to identify workplace interventions or intervention strategies related to successful outcomes. Paper III was an observational study of a systems approach to quality improvement project (OHS support with the SMET method) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Paper IV was a qualitative exploration of the content in the open-ended items in the SMET questionnaire. A model based on the pragmatist complexity theory was used to create useful knowledge and improvements in practice through increased understanding of OHS methods for the assessment and promotion of a healthy work environment in a hospital setting.

Findings and conclusion: Papers I and IV have further explored how the SMET questionnaire identifies workplace challenges in hospital settings. The findings show that the SMET questionnaire is multifactorial and appropriate to the hospital setting and hospital workers, suggesting that it can be used in a systems approach. The findings support the use of mixed methods in practical OHS work since the open-ended items in the SMET questionnaire provide both deeper and broader knowledge about working conditions. In addition, the SMET questionnaire was shown to produce stable metrics, which is important when conducting follow-up evaluations. Taken together, the findings have contributed to reducing the measurement knowledge gap in hospital settings.

The thesis was not able to provide knowledge about generalizable outcomes from specific workplace interventions, due to large heterogeneity of the included studies in paper II. However, almost all the included studies in paper II provided positive outcomes on health and/or working conditions, suggesting that the effects of workplace interventions might be broader than stress, distress and burnout. Specific intervention strategies were identified in the included studies, and incorporated in the SMET method. Testing the applicability of the SMET method suggests that OHS support with the SMET method might have protected hospital workers during extreme working conditions, as shown in paper III. This suggests that the use of intervention strategies might be useful to the hospital setting and hospital workers. Taken together, these insights have contributed to reducing the intervention knowledge gap in hospital settings.

The pragmatist complexity theory contributed to insights to the different knowledge gaps. The results of this thesis suggest that the OHS can complement its services with the SMET method, providing preventive/proactive services. The thesis has contributed to reducing the practical knowledge gap in hospital settings.

Denna studie utvärderade en AI-baserad metod för automatisk färgmärkning av slaktgrisar vid vattennippeln som ett led i utvecklingen av mer automatiserade system för identifiering och urval av slaktmogna djur. Syftet var att undersöka om tekniken kan användas under praktiska produktionsförhållanden utan att negativt påverka grisarnas beteende och välfärd.

Resultaten visade att majoriteten av färgmarkeringarna inte gav upphov till någon observerbar beteendereaktion och att grisarnas drickbeteende i huvudsak förblev oförändrat efter märkning. När reaktioner förekom var de vanligtvis kortvariga och främst kopplade till markeringar som träffade känsliga områden i huvudregionen, såsom ögon, öron och ansikte. Studien identifierade samtidigt ett behov av förbättrad träffsäkerhet för att minska risken för markeringar på känsliga kroppsdelar. Sammantaget indikerar resultaten att automatisk färgmärkning har potential att bidra till en mer effektiv, standardiserad och datadriven grisproduktion genom minskad manuell hantering och förbättrade möjligheter till selektion av slaktmogna djur. Ytterligare studier krävs dock för att verifiera resultaten i större skala och under kommersiella produktionsförhållanden.

This roundtable, held as part of an online workshop in September 2025, explores the renewed literary and cultural interest in rural and peripheral France as well as the new forms of representing place and territory that have emerged in the twenty-first century. Discussing writers, filmmakers and photographers ranging from Raymond Depardon to Jean Rolin and Maylis de Kerangal, the participants examine the relationships among regionalism, globalisation, infrastructure, environmental change and contemporary forms of place-based writing. They argue that recent representations of French territory are shaped by a heightened awareness of the fragility of places, landscapes and ways of life.

Background: 

Digital mental health tools hold potential to bridge barriers to services, and efficient screening could facilitate access and assessment. An internet-based tiered assessment procedure (i-TAP) screening for common psychiatric symptoms among refugees has been developed and validated in previous work. Further validation requires investigation of acceptability and content validity, which in turn can inform potential implementation.

Aim: 

This study aimed to explore the user experience with the i-TAP among individuals with a refugee background in Sweden, with a particular focus on acceptability and content validity.

Methods: 

In conjunction with a psychometric validation study of the i-TAP, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 71 adult participants with a refugee background living in Sweden. Interviews were conducted in Arabic, Dari, Farsi and Swedish, and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results: 

Four themes were generated. Two themes addressed the content and usability of the i-TAP: Capturing what matters – but not everything that matters and A user-friendly and accessible tool - provided sufficient (health) literacy. A third theme: Digital mental health screening could facilitate care, but can not replace a care visit, highlighted perspectives on prospective implementation. The fourth theme, Sharing can be difficult, but opens the door to support, reflected emotional and cultural aspects of addressing mental health issues.

Conclusion: 

Participants mainly found the i-TAP to be relevant and easy to use, and the digital format familiar. Items were comprehensible and relevant topics were covered, supporting content validity. Concurrent and prospective acceptability was high; however, with the prerequisite that screening must lead to action. The results highlighted the importance of trust and language when addressing mental health. We suggest developments to increase usability and comprehensiveness, and discuss considerations important for implementation.

Railway noise barriers are frequently subjected to train-induced aerodynamic loads during long-term service, which may lead to fatigue problems at the welded base of steel posts. Conventional fatigue assessment methods often fail to account for the complex operational and environmental conditions experienced by real structures. To address this issue, this study proposes a fatigue evaluation framework that integrates long-term field monitoring data with machine learning (ML) and numerical simulation. Based on a field test database, a data-driven calculation model was developed to predict the stress responses of barrier steel posts under actual operational and environmental conditions. A finite element (FE) model validated by field data was further used to establish a quantitative relationship between the monitored stress responses and the maximum stress at the steel post base. Fatigue life for weld toe and weld root failure modes was evaluated using Palmgren-Miner linear damage rule and the nominal stress method in the Eurocode. Results show that weld root failure governs the fatigue performance of the steel post base, with significantly shorter fatigue lives than weld toe failure. Nose waves dominate fatigue damage, while tail waves still contribute about 14–23%. The fatigue life is also strongly influenced by train operating speeds and train type distribution, highlighting the importance of considering realistic train operating conditions in fatigue assessment and design. The proposed framework provides a practical and scalable tool for fatigue assessment and lifecycle maintenance planning of railway noise barrier systems.

This article investigates Warhammer books and the Black Library (BL), the publishing division of Games Workshop, which owns the Warhammer IP, from a publishing studies perspective. BL exemplifies fan-driven transmedia tie-in publishing, situated between gaming and literature, and between fanfiction and trade publishing. Using literary-sociological bibliometrics, the study maps BL's publishing activity from 1997 to 2025, supplemented by analyses of official advertising materials, paratexts, and economic reports. The results show that BL has grown rapidly, publishing nearly 2,000 titles by 154 authors during the studied period, including print books, ebooks, and audiobooks. A smaller group of authors dominates the BL publication list, with the 20 most prolific writing roughly two-thirds of the single-authored books. The top group of authors is entirely male and predominantly British, with many closely affiliated with Games Workshop. BL book distribution combines conventional book trade channels with Games Workshop's global infrastructure, including 570 company stores, 8,100 independent retailers, and digital platforms such as the BL website and the BL Audio app. The analyses highlight BL's divergence from regular publishing practices, some of which are shared with most media tie-in book publishing (strict editorial control, rapid production, investment in fandom rather than books), while others are shared only with a few (circumvention of established publishing houses) or are unique to the Warhammer case (fluid boundaries between authors and publishers, vertical integration taken to extreme levels). The study demonstrates that fan-driven IPs can bypass regular trade publishing while still thriving commercially.

This dissertation investigates the emulation of complex wave dynamics, topologicalphases, and non-Hermitian systems using integrated photonic circuits,addressing the limitations of traditional static and energy-conservingoptical systems through passive and reconfigurable architectures.The experimental foundation relies on two complementary platforms: passivesilicon nitride circuits for simulating static spatial propagation, and programmablesilicon-on-insulator Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) meshes.Utilizing singular value decomposition, the active meshes synthesize discretetimeevolution operators to dynamically tune coupling amplitudes and onsitepotentials.Within the Hermitian framework, the passive circuits provide observationalevidence of the Topological Anderson Phase and a reentrant metal-insulatortransition driven by spatially correlated disorder. Additionally, the activeMZI mesh is employed to emulate the Bloch-Siegert shift. By mapping thediscrete time evolution of a driven two-level system onto spatial propagation,the system demonstrates resonance jumps and the conversion of bidirectionalRabi oscillations into unidirectional transport.The experimental scope is subsequently expanded into the non-Hermitianregime. Employing the unitary dilation method, ancillary modes on the programmablemesh introduce controlled dissipation to synthesize non-unitaryoperators. This approach enables the realization of a non-Hermitian Hamiltonianon a Klein bottle parameter space, yielding experimental signaturesconsistent with paired exceptional points. Furthermore, implementing rowstochasticMarkov matrices demonstrates dissipation-induced multimode phasesynchronization, with synchronization rates governed by the spectral gapand operating independently of absolute optical attenuation.In summary, this thesis explores Hamiltonian engineering on integrated photonicplatforms as a method to simulate topological and non-Hermitian phenomena.The investigated architectures and dissipative mechanisms offera framework for studying fundamental wave physics, suggesting potential pathways for future applications in exceptional-point-enhanced optical neuralnetworks and high-bandwidth optical interconnects.

Noise barriers (also referred to as noise screens or noise fences) along railways are intended to reduce noise from passing trains. At the same time, however, they are subjected to short-duration, high-intensity aerodynamic loads generated by high-speed trains. These loads can cause vibrations and fatigue, affecting the durability and, to some extent, the safety of the railway environment, as the barriers often also serve as intrusion protection in place of fencing. This project, carried out by the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) and researchers from Luleå University of Technology (LTU), combines simulations with short- and long-term field measurements. The results contribute to improved and more reliable design of railway noise barriers.

Non-invasive radionuclide molecular imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression can guide patient stratification for EGFR-targeted therapies. The designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) E01, which binds EGFR ectodomain III with sub-nanomolar affinity, is a promising scaffold for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging probes. In the present study, we compared site-specific radioiodination of DARPin E01 using the bifunctional prosthetic group (4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl maleimide (HPEM) with site-unspecific radioiodination via [I-123]I-para-iodobenzoate (PIB). [I-123]I-HPEM was conjugated to the C-terminus of DARPin E01 via Glu-Glu-Glu-Cys ([I-123]I-E01-E3C-HPEM) or Gly-Gly-Gly-Cys ([I-123]I-E01-G(3)C-HPEM) linkers. Radiolabelling yields were 6 +/- 2% and 13 +/- 5%, respectively. Size-exclusion purification provided radiochemical purity > 98%. Both HPEM conjugates retained nanomolar EGFR-binding affinity (K-D: 3.2 +/- 0.6 and 4.8 +/- 0.9 nM) and demonstrated EGFR-specific tumour accumulation in A-431 xenografts. Cellular processing was characterised by rapid binding, slow internalisation, and non-residualising behaviour of all variants. Kidney uptake was lower for the site-specifically labelled variants. However, site-specific labelling evidently elevated hepatobiliary excretion and uptake in Na/I-symporter-expressing organs compared to [I-123]I-(HE)(3)-E01-PIB, while linker composition (E3C vs. G(3)C) did not significantly alter biodistribution. Site-unspecific radioiodination with [I-123]I-PIB remains the preferred approach for clinical SPECT imaging of EGFR expression with DARPin E01.

Comparatively little is known about the associations between loneliness and anger and aggression in adolescence. This study examined whether anger and aggression are elevated in lonely adolescents. Data were analyzed from 2838 Russian school students (mean age 14.89). Loneliness was assessed with a single-item measure. Information was collected on physical and verbal aggression, relational aggression, anger rumination and trait anger using scale measures. In a full path analysis, higher loneliness was positively associated with all forms of anger and aggression. After adjustment for depressive symptoms and peer victimization, the associations became either non-significant (trait anger, relational aggression) or negative (physical and verbal aggression). In contrast, although the strength of the association was reduced, anger rumination remained significantly associated with loneliness. These findings indicate that the relationships between loneliness, anger, and aggression are complex in Russian adolescents, with depressive symptoms and peer victimization influencing these associations.

Social work is often presented with new concepts and methods that are taken to heart without much consideration. This study discusses one such new concept – research-minded practitioners – with the aim of investigating its possibilities. This has been done through a critical reading of three texts where the founders describe its building blocks and definition. It is concluded that it may be a viable concept, but it is still in its early days and more studies are needed. The connection between research-minded practitioners and the implied positive link to evidence-based practice is characterized as lacking a foundation. Suggestions are offered for further developing the concept.

Background: Therapeutic relationships are central to psychiatric and mental health nursing, yet patients in psychiatric inpatient care (PIC) and forensic inpatient care (FIC) commonly describe nursing professionals (NPs) as unavailable and report limited interaction, boredom, and a lack of meaningful activities. Joint activities may provide opportunities for interaction and relationship building and thereby address some of these challenges. Time Together (TT) is a nursing intervention designed to create dedicated time for patients and NPs to engage in joint activities. Previous research has reported positive experiences of TT among both patients and NPs, but knowledge about its implementation, sustained engagement, and participation in everyday practice remains limited.

Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to increase understanding of TT in PIC and FIC, with a particular focus on its relational foundations, implementation, and participation in everyday practice.

Methods: The thesis comprises four studies using qualitative and mixed methods approaches. Study I explored the meaning of participating in joint activities with patients through narrative interviews with NPs (n=14) in PIC. Data were analysed using phenomenological hermeneutics. Study II explored perspectives on implementing TT through individual, dyadic, and group interviews with mid-level leaders and implementation leads (n=11) in PIC. Data were analysed using deductive qualitative content analysis guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Study III used a mixed methods design to investigate innovation deliverers’ perspectives on factors affecting implementation of TT in FIC. A CFIR-based questionnaire completed by NPs (n=23) was analysed descriptively, followed by interviews with NPs (n=9) analysed using directed content analysis. The quantitative and qualitative findings were subsequently integrated. Study IV explored how participation was negotiated and shaped within TT in FIC through participant observations and informal interviews involving NPs (n=21) and patients (n=6). Observations were conducted on 21 occasions for a total of 63 hours, and data were analysed using inductive qualitative content analysis.

Findings: Joint activities held relational meaning for NPs and were understood as a process of learning that involved navigating uncertainty, discovering aspects of the other, finding opportunities for personal growth, and meeting one another as persons beyond the formal roles of patient and NP. Findings related to TT as a structured intervention showed that its perceived advantage, adaptability, design, and the knowledge and understanding of those involved influenced its implementation. Across PIC and FIC, implementation was further shaped by organisational conditions, leadership, culture, resources, engagement among NPs, and the implementation process. Planning, follow-up, and opportunities for reflection were important, while the perceived importance of implementation determinants did not always correspond to their presence in practice. Participation in TT was negotiated between autonomy and control and shaped through relational engagement, everyday circumstances, and spatial conditions. Across the studies, the findings point to an interplay between structure and relational practice. TT can create and protect opportunities for joint activities, but structure alone does not ensure that its core component of active NP-patient interaction is realised in practice.

Conclusion: Joint activities can provide opportunities for patients and NPs to meet beyond their formal roles and develop relationships through shared everyday experiences. TT can provide a structure for creating and protecting such opportunities, but whether its core component is realised in practice depends on how the intervention is implemented and how patients and NPs engage with one another in everyday practice. The implementation and use of TT in PIC and FIC therefore require attention both to organisational conditions and to the relational practices through which opportunities for active NP-patient interaction are realised.

Soil is one of the most diverse systems on Earth, containing up to ~59% of all terrestrial living species and an important natural resource. Unfortunately, soil and its biotic processes are often overlooked in large monitoring schemes because monitoring is very labour-intensive and expensive. Moreover, traditional soil monitoring methods can be highly invasive and destructive to the ecosystem. In recent years, a potential new method has been developed: soil ecoacoustics. Soil ecoacoustics is a non-invasive method that uses passive acoustic monitoring to record sounds that can provide information about the fauna living in the soil. 

In this thesis, I developed a prototype of a passive acoustic monitoring system designed to monitor soil macrofauna. I performed multiple experiments in the laboratory and in the field to explore the advantages and limitations of this method. The system was tested on two species groups: red wood ants (Formica rufa) and earthworms (Oligochaeta). I also evaluated the potential impact on system performance as a result of soil texture (mineral soil and organic soil). The sound recordings were analysed using multiple different acoustic indices and variables. 

The results showed that it was possible to detect both ants and earthworms using my passive acoustic monitoring system. Sounds from the ants can be used to understand their diurnal shifts in activity, while also detecting increased activity inside the mound caused by a common pesticide. Earthworm activity was detected in both mineral and organic soil; however, at a varying degree depending on the soil and the applied acoustic variable. These results imply that the system is likely not universal, but may have to be fine-tuned for each soil type to get the best results. I also identified challenges hampering continuous monitoring related to the power supply and the large amount of data generated. So, while this outlined method is an extremely promising tool to monitor soil fauna activity in different soils, the system needs to be developed further to combat technological challenges.

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) solutions become increasingly embedded in society and across industries, demands for explainability and transparency of AI decision-making have intensified.Much progress has been made in developing the technical aspects of eXplainable AI (XAI) solutions, but the social and interactive aspects remain underexplored.This thesis aims to identify and investigate ways forward for XAI as a sociotechnical system—where the social and technical components are recognised as tightly coupled. We propose tools for navigating the sociotechnical gap that arises when technical XAI solutions do not meet the social requirements in demand. Through a combination of empirical (user-centred design, focus groups), computational (argumentation-based reasoning), and critical methods, we examine how explainability can (or cannot) be operationalised depending on contextual and social needs.

In our structured review of the Variable Autonomy Robotics literature—an AI subfield where interactivity is key—we find that approaches to explainability and transparency require consideration for the overall human-AI teaming mission as an entry point. The distinct challenges around control and trust in each human-AI teaming effort revealed the importance of operationalising how to explain by breaking down contextual information: who is in need of an explanation, what do they need explained and why? These are design decisions of interactive solutions that can benefit greatly from interdisciplinary efforts, especially as XAI moves towards a more human-centric discipline.

Our interdisciplinary work shows how counterfactual explanations can support the explainability needs of operators in the process industries through the development of an interactive dashboard.While contextual inquiry proved to be valuable in our synthesis of explainee requirements and explainer selection, we also propose a way to formalise explainer choice with computational argumentation.We find that the transparency afforded by computational argumentation techniques supports navigation of the sociotechnical gap by ensuring XAI is also designed with visible seams as per seamful design.

Clarifying boundaries (seams) of these systems for relevant stakeholders involves crafting relevant metrics for evaluating XAI as a sociotechnical discipline.Comparisons between common quantitative metrics for evaluating counterfactuals and Grice’s maxims of conversation—a popular conversational model from the study of pragmatics in linguistics—reveal a loose relationship, but one that fails to capture contextual and social complexities.This is a gap that we frame as a broader technosolutionist tendency in our critique of an adjacent topic: AI safety and the technocentric view of how to achieve alignment.This thesis argues that issues of AI safety, alignment, explainability, and transparency require sustained sociotechnical inquiry rather than pure technical fixes.

This country report presents the space technology ecosystems of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Each chapter combines desk research, national strategy and policy material, available ecosystem mappings, patent analysis and interviews with national actors. The purpose is to identify the main structures, strengths, bottlenecks and opportunities that shape each national ecosystem and its role in a potential Nordic space agenda.

The school subject Swedish in twentieth century linguistic and literary research

This article explores the largely overlooked research on L1 education in Sweden conducted before L1 research became an established field in the early 2000s. It examines how Sweden’s educational reforms of the 1960s and 1970s and shifts in academia shaped the development of L1 research. A review of 28 doctoral theses from 1955 to 1998, primarily within Scandinavian Languages and Literature, reveals distinct divergences in research questions, materials, methods, and theoretical frameworks compared to the disciplinary mainstream. These differences are linked to specific academic environments and supervisors. Drawing on Abbott’s fractal theory and Bernstein’s concepts of singularities and regions, the study highlights how a field’s evolution is dependent on both external and internal factors.

In Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, the Holocaust has a special place in history education today. In the national curricula of all Scandinavian countries, it is treated differently from other historical events. In particular, the Holocaust is framed as an event that students should not only learn about but also take moral lessons from. This article aims to discuss how the Holocaust emerged as a significant event with immense importance in history education across Scandinavia, and how Scandinavian Holocaust education has gained such a striking moral framing. While this process was part of a transnational development, it has certain local variations that are important for the nature of Holocaust education in Scandinavia. Our key finding is that the idea of students gaining added moral virtues from Holocaust education only partially originates in historical and education research, instead, it is the result of various political interventions and cultural shifts affecting Holocaust education.

Welfare-state education politics concerning migrants have mainly been studied inside the formal education system in historical and social science research. The special theme that this article introduces takes a broader view on “education” by directing attention to what we term “educational integration policies and practices” in the context of the Danish welfare state. Thereby we also suggest a broader scope for the history of education beyond the formal education system. The overall term Welfare state refers to a variety of welfare-state arrangements which have served an important role in educating newcomers about the welfare state, namely asylum centres, language teaching of adult newcomers, and social housing. The special theme directs attention to organisational frontline practices of these welfare-state arrangements, focusing on how educational integration practices were formed and shaped and became knowledge drivers for broader policy making in the formative years of Danish integration policy, beginning with the guest worker era in the late 1960s and continuing in the following decades. This introduction article presents the analytical and methodological background of the articles.

Background: The market penetration of pre-packaged foods, particularly less healthy and ultra-processed products such as instant noodles, sugar-sweetened beverages, snacks, and confectionery, has increased substantially in developing countries, including Nigeria. Growing consumption of these products has been associated with an increased burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which account for approximately one-third of all deaths in Nigeria. Nevertheless, comprehensive evidence on their nutrient profiles remains scarce. Hence, our study aims to assess the nutritional quality of pre-packaged foods in Nigeria.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to compile the nutritional information of 883 popular pre-packaged foods in the Nigerian market. These nutrients were profiled using the WHO Nutrient Profile Model for the African Region. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 28.

Results: Energy, fat, and protein contents were disclosed in majority (70.8-100%) of pre-packaged products, while the disclosure of cholesterol and sub-components of fat and sugar was considerably lower. Edible oil products contained the most energy (722.88 kcal), fat (84.5 g), saturated fat (27.2 g), monounsaturated fat (37.8 g), and polyunsaturated fat (28.5 g) values. Processed fish (54.17 g) and dairy (6.92 g) products had the highest cholesterol and trans-fat contents. Processed tuber (73.48 g), meat products (25 g), and snack food (6,448.78 mg) contained the highest carbohydrate, protein, and sodium, respectively. While a similar pattern was reported in the median values. However, notable differences between mean and median values were observed for selected nutrients and food categories, indicating skewed nutrient distributions.

Conclusion: Marketing thresholds for one or more critical nutrients were exceeded by the majority of products, highlighting regulatory gaps and challenges in industry compliance. Stronger regulatory measures and support for improved nutrient disclosure and reformulation is needed to reduce the levels of these critical nutrients.

The central aim of this article is to shed light on how frontline organisations, in addition to serving an essential role on behalf of the state in responding to the individual needs of vulnerable groups, can also be understood as sites for knowledge production and political learning: as producers of so-called “tacit frontline knowledge” downwards and influencers upwards on learning processes within the state bureaucracy. The article accentuates these analytical notions based on an empirical case study of a humanitarian organisation, Red Cross Asylum, which has served as a central operator of asylum centres in Denmark since 1984. It reveals how, during the 1980s – in addition to managing the daily operations of local asylum centres – Red Cross Asylum generated tacit frontline knowledge as attempts to mitigate social and mental health issues resulting from prolonged waiting times (e.g., by initiating various social and educational activities). The article also demonstrates how some of the tacit knowledge produced in the asylum centers ended up influencing central policymaking during the 1980s and, ultimately, the contemporary asylum system.

Aims: To capture nurse anaesthetists' opinions on the use of depth of anaesthesia assessment methods and describe when and how nurse anaesthetists find such technical devices useful in their clinical practice.

Design: Cross-sectional.

Methods: Exploratory web-based survey among (n = 79) nurse anaesthetists who were members of the Swedish National Association for Anaesthesia and Intensive Care.

Results: In total, 25 nurse anaesthetists estimated that they used anaesthesia depth monitoring in up to every fourth case, whereas 20 reported applying monitoring in up to every second patient. Situations in which nurse anaesthetists would use depth of anaesthesia monitoring were during total intravenous anaesthesia, and in previous instances of awareness. There was a divergence of opinion among the nurse anaesthetists regarding whether judgement of clinical signs was equivalent or superior to the use of anaesthesia depth monitoring.

Conclusion: Based on the survey results, there are indications that knowledge regarding depth of anaesthesia assessment methods needs to be enhanced.

Implications for the profession: Anaesthesia depth monitoring is regarded as important in specific clinical situations, rather than as a routine component of all general anaesthesia. Variations in nurse anaesthetists' opinions on the value of clinical signs compared with technological monitoring indicate that these approaches may be best understood as complementary rather than mutually exclusive methods of assessing anaesthetic depth. Furthermore, the findings highlight the need for ongoing professional education and discussion regarding the appropriate indications, interpretation, and application of anaesthesia depth monitoring in nurse anaesthesia practice.

Impact: The findings suggest that anaesthesia depth monitoring is not routinely used by responding nurse anaesthetists. The results further indicate that nurse anaesthetists' opinion and experiences toward this technology vary, highlighting the importance of considering these factors when developing structured guidelines for clinical practice.

Reporting method: Strobe guidelines were followed.

Patient or public contribution: No patient or public contribution.

Adolescent substance use frequently co-occurs with mental-health difficulties and social adversity. Existing research highlights heterogeneous risk profiles and a paucity of integrated service models that bridge health- and social-care sectors. A qualitative case study was undertaken at the newly established MiniMaria treatment centre in Sweden. Data were gathered through participant observation of 18 steering-, project- and operative-group meetings, four workplace meetings, and semi-structured interviews with five staff members. Reflexive thematic analysis was applied iteratively, guided by a conceptual framework of collaborative advantage (power, trust, organizational culture, leadership, goal management). This study adheres to the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) checklist. Four overarching themes emerged: (1) divergent organizational cultures and power; (2) fragmented goal management; (3) fluctuating trust and leadership; and (4) operational-level impact on staff. Middle-management pragmatism compensated for strategic indecision, sustaining service delivery despite resource constraints (for instance absence of a dedicated physician). The MiniMaria project demonstrates that clear, enforceable governance structures are vital for integrated youth services. When senior-level alignment falters, empowered front-line managers can preserve continuity of care, but the sustainability of such models hinges on explicit memoranda, shared information systems and ongoing cultural monitoring.