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  • 1.
    Abdel Aziz Saad, Olivia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology, History of Religions.
    Islamism och antirasism: En jämförelse av Sayyid Qutbs rassyn på 1940- och 60-talen2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
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  • 2.
    Abdel Aziz Saad, Olivia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology.
    Tyranny or Divine Sovereignty: A content analysis on Sayyid Qutb´s concept of sovereignty in Milestones2021Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This text examines the sovereignty concept in Sayyid Qutb´s final book Milelstones, with a focus on the political and non-political aspects of the concept. The analysis also examines potentially radical and extreme aspects in the concept. The findings show that Qutb´s sovereignty concept is a practical theology focused on what God´s sovereignty means for Muslims in belief and practice. God´s sovereignty is an encompassing concept to Qutb, which means that His exclusive right to sovereignty should permeate through the souls of Muslims and guide their actions in all spheres of life, including in politics. In a concrete form, this means that God´s law and principles should be implemented. Qutb´s sovereignty concept is not extreme, but radical because it challenges established secular orders and the hegemonic assumption in modern discourses that human beings have a right to sovereignty. 

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  • 3.
    Abdullahi Elmi, Salma
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology.
    Konsten att dö: Kunskapens transformativa funktion i den antika egyptiska gravlitteraturen.2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
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  • 4.
    Abenius, Ninni
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology.
    “Jag ser edra själar ofta lysa mig till mötes i varma, djupa kvinnoögon” : En tematisk analys av Fem år i Kina av Ingeborg Wikander2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In this essay, Ingeborg Wikander's book Fem år i Kina has been examined through a thematic analysis method. The result showed three distinct categories, each with their own subcategories, which are: Wikander and the women, Wikander’s piety and Wikander, homesickness and national romanticism. When the theoretical framework was applicated onto the study it showed that Wikander generalised and grouped all Chinese women into one category. A category Chandra Talpade Mohanty refers to as “third world woman”, which was a way for Western women to distance themselves from women of another ethnicity, which also can be referred as “othering” a group, creating an Us and Them. Drawing on Malin Gregersen’s reasoning about paternalism and social motherhood, one can see how Wikander took on a nurturing role in the relationships she engaged in while in China. Shirley S. Garrett’s liberation ideology in relation to missionary work is also visible in the letters and works from Wikander.

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  • 5.
    Acheamong, Fredrick
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Culture Studies, Religious Studies and Educational Sciences.
    Decoupling Church-State Relation in Sweden: A Brief Post-Mortem2010Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Five decades’ process of breaking more than four centuries of Church-State ties saw a major break-through at the stroke of the new millennium (the year 2000), with the implementation of legislative reforms aimed at giving the Church of Sweden a greater degree of liberty, while extending greater freedom to other religious communities in Sweden. Almost a decade after this historic legislation most stakeholders claim the impact of the reform has been significant. Indeed the decision to server Church-State ties for whatever purpose or reason, after such a long standing relation between the two, will by all means have implications for the Church that is separated, the State and the so called free churches and other religions in Sweden. Thus, this field study seeks to investigate the resultant impact of delimiting governmental power in the religious domain on the now autonomous church and the implications the separation has had for other “non-state churches” as well as the secularized state government in Sweden almost ten years after the reforms.

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  • 6.
    Adams, Jonathan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    Charisma and Religious Authority: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Preaching 1200–1500. Edited by Katherine L. Jansen and Miri Rubin. Europa sacra, 4. Pp. xi + 260. Turnhout: Brepols. 2010. ISBN: 978-2-503-52859-52012In: Medieval Sermon Studies, ISSN 1366-0691, Vol. 56, p. 66-69Article, book review (Refereed)
  • 7.
    Adams, Jonathan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    Ferocious lions and menstruating men: The portrayal of Jews in medieval Danish manuscripts2013Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 8.
    Adams, Jonathan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    Fremstillingen af jøder i tekster fra den danske senmiddelalder: Et skifte i antijødisk polemisk litteratur i den tidlige reformatoriske periode?2013Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 9.
    Adams, Jonathan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    Grumme løver og menstruerende mænd2012In: RAMBAM: tidsskrift for jødisk kultur og forskning, ISSN 0907-2160, Vol. 21, p. 78-93Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The article examines the portrayal of Jews in medieval texts written in Danish before 1515. It begins by describing the theological basis for and creation of a ‘fantasy Jew’. The perception of Jews was fundamentally shaped by the idea that they had tortured and killed the Christian messiah. Devotional texts, sermons and Passion stories which describe the Jews as Christ killers are therefore discussed in detail, and the image of the deicide Jew in vernacular texts is shown to be malleable and changing. The image of the violent Jew who tortured and killed Jesus was used to arouse empathy among readers and to chastise them for being too like the Jews by behaving sinfully. Other Jewish ‘types’ that occur in the material are also investigated: effeminate, Satanic and usurious Jews as well as comparisons with animals. The preliminary results of an investigation into the type of language that was used to shape the image of Jews show that certain ‘negative’ words were used disproportionately more frequently in descriptions of Jews than of non-Jews. This suggests a powerful association between such words and the perception of Jews — a connection that was supported and further enhanced through religious art and theatre. The article concludes by noting what is missing in the extant material and what this might tell us about medieval Danish attitudes towards Jews.

  • 10.
    Adams, Jonathan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    Idolaters, Warriors, and Lovers: Muslims in Medieval Swedish and Danish Texts2016Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Between the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, there was a noticeable change in relations between Scandinavia and the Islamic world – the sources point to a shift from travel and trade to hostility and war. Muslims did not settle in the North until the eighteenth century, and during the Middle Ages there was little contact between Scandinavians and ‘real’ Muslims. So how did Danes and Swedes imagine and describe this Other? Is there anything unusual or unexpected about the portrayal of Muslims? How does this image compare to that of the other great religious opponent, the Jew? By investigating East Norse devotional texts, travel literature, saints’ lives, romances and accounts of Ottoman warfare, this paper aims to draw out some of the major themes in medieval Scandinavian descriptions of Muslims and Islam.

  • 11.
    Adams, Jonathan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    Images of Jews and Saracens in Old Danish and Old Swedish sermons and wall paintings: Sources for an investigation of the spread of images and ideas from “continental” Europe and the Mediterranean to medieval Denmark and Sweden2016Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Jews were not permitted to settle in Scandinavia until the modern era (Denmark 1622, Sweden 1718) and Muslims did not arrive in significant numbers until the late twentieth century. Yet despite the fact that there was no resident population, Muslims and, in particular, Jews can be found in many different literary genres (including sermons) and works of art (including wall-paintings, altar pieces and sculptures). These two non-Christian groups in medieval Scandinavia are thus an example of what Gloria Cigman with regard to England has called “absent-presence”, although in Denmark and Sweden they were not a memory or continuation from a pre-expulsion era but rather manifestations of the imagination that drew upon pre-existing classical and foreign traditions.

    This paper surveys the extant vernacular sermon material from medieval Denmark and Sweden that mentions Muslims and Jews and attempts to categorise the different types and uses of the representations. As the extant corpus of sermon material from medieval Denmark and Sweden is rather small, I shall look briefly at the saints’ lives and legends that were often used to fashion exempla in sermons. The paper will also consider the rich treasury of wall paintings and how these pictures reinforced the ideas about Jews propagated in sermons. (There are no unequivocal images of Muslims, Saracens or Turks in medieval Danish and Swedish wall paintings.)

    Finally, the paper will attempt to trace the Scandinavian imagery and influences back to ‘continental’ Europe and uncover what sorts of ideas about Muslims and Jews were useful enough to Scandinavians to survive the long journey north.

  • 12.
    Adams, Jonathan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    Inside and Outside. The Role of the “Others” in Medieval Societies around the Baltic Coast: Preaching about Jews in Medieval Denmark2014Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 13.
    Adams, Jonathan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    Lessons in Contempt: Poul Ræff’s Translation and Publication in 1516 of Johannes Pfefferkorn’s The Confession of the Jews2013Book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Published in 1516, Poul Ræff's Iudeorum Secreta, a translation of Johannes Pfefferkorn's The Conlession of the Jews, was a landmark in the development of anti-Jewish polemics in Denmark.

    For the first time, Danes were presented with descriptions of Jewish ceremonies that aimed to portray these practices as dangerously anti-Christian, superstitious and deviating from 'real' Biblical Judaism. Contemporary Judaism is described as a rabbinical construction that is worthy of nothing but ridicule and mockery.  Lessons in Contempt explores this key text that comprises a valuable source for a range of academic disciplines: the history of antisemitism, the study of Jewish-Christian relations, social history, the history of religious culture, and medieval and early modern Danish language and literature.

    This book includes an outline of how Jews were portrayed in medieval Danish vernacular literature; a description of Pfefferkorn's life and works; a discussion of Ræff's translation and publication of Iudeorum Secreta; a presentation of the language and style of the Danish version, as well as an edition of the text together with the Latin original, an English translation and an extensive commentary.

  • 14.
    Adams, Jonathan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    Muhammad’s Miracles: Science, Faith, and the Prophet’s Tricks in Medieval East Norse Texts2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, I talk about the lives of the Prophet Muhammad found in vernacular saints’ lives (Old Swedish Legendary), devotional works (Consolation of the Soul), and travel descriptions (John Mandeville) from fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Denmark and Sweden. The paper focuses on stories about how Muhammad deceived people into believing that he was a Prophet using tricks, natural phenomena, and his alleged medical condition: trained animals to appear to worship him, used magnets to create a floating coffin, and epilepsy to give the impression of divine ecstasy.

    These lives of Muhammad are adaptations of works in Latin and German, while their presentation of Muhammad as a false prophet is traceable to Byzantine polemical authors, such as John of Damascus. The East Norse portrayal of Muhammad as a trickster owes a debt of gratitude to Gautier de Compiègne’s Otia de Machometi (before 1150). However, rather than the East Norse lives of Muhammad being free-standing works, they are found as integrated sections in collections of devotional and didactic works aimed at teaching and nurturing Christian piety in their readers. This is perhaps an unexpected textual context: why, for example, would a false Prophet be found in a collection of Christian saints’ lives? When the Qur’ān attributes no miracles to the Muhammad whatsoever, what is the reason for these Christian writers to do so and then to set about exposing them as false? Hermeneutical argumentation and strawman-polemics are key to understanding the purpose of “Muhammad’s miracles” among a readership that had little, if any, chance of ever coming into contact with Islam.

  • 15.
    Adams, Jonathan
    Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab.
    Preaching about Jews without Jews2011Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 16.
    Adams, Jonathan
    Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab.
    Roger Andersson, De birgittinska ordensprästerna som traditionsförmedlare och folkfostrare. En studie i svensk medeltidspredikan på den 8:e söndagen efter trefaldighet, Runica et Mediævalia, Scripta minora, 4 (Stockholm: Sällskapet Runica et Mediævalia, 2001); and Roger Andersson, Sermones sacri Svecice. The Sermon Collection in Cod. AM 787 4°, SFSS 1, 86 (Uppsala: Svenska fornskriftsällskapet, 2006)2008In: Medieval Sermon Studies, no 52, p. 85-90Article, book review (Refereed)
  • 17.
    Adams, Jonathan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    The Image of Muslims, Islam and Muḥammad in East Norse Texts2013Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 18.
    Adams, Jonathan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    The Life of the Prophet Muḥammad in East Norse2015In: Fear and Loathing in the North: Jews and Muslims in Medieval Scandinavia / [ed] Jonathan Adams & Cordelia Heß, Berlin: De Gruyter , 2015, p. 203-237Chapter in book (Refereed)
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  • 19.
    Adams, Jonathan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    Lützelschwab, RalfFreie Universität Berlin.
    Medieval Sermon Studies2015Collection (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Medieval Sermon Studies (MSS) is published annually under the auspices of the International Medieval Sermon Studies Society. This refereed journal features insightful articles on sermon studies and related areas; reviews; sermon transcriptions; and information about work in progress are also included. MSS is an essential resource not only for sermon specialists but also for researchers working in the field of religious culture, history, and literature. It has a world-wide circulation among eminent academics and institutional subscribers.

    Editors: Jonathan Adams and Ralf Lützelschwab

    CONTENTS 

    Editorial

    Society News

    Conference News

    Articles:

    Rêves et visions dans le Liber de exemplis et similitudinibus rerum de Jean de San Gimignano; Franco Morenzoni

    Girolamo Savonarola’s Critique of Astrology through the De doctrina Aristotelis; Lorenza Tromboni

    Robert Rypon and the Creation of London, British Library, MS Harley 4894: A Master Preacher and his Sermon Collection; Holly Johnson

    The Elephant In and Out of the Room: Remigio dei Girolami’s Responses to Charles de Valois; Teresa Rupp

    The Critical Edition of the Medieval Waldensian Sermons; Andrea Giraudo

    Reviews:

    Jonathan Adams and Jussi Hanska, eds, The Jewish-Christian Encounter in Medieval Preaching (Cordelia Heß); Nirit Ben-Aryeh Debby, The Cult of St Clare of Assisi in Early Modern Italy (Pietro Delcorno); Pietro Delcorno, Lazzaro e il ricco epulone. Metamorfosi di una parabola fra Quattro e Cinquecento (Jussi Hanska); Jean Longère, Iacobi de Vitriaco sermones vulgares vel ad status. Prologus, I–XXXVI (Marjorie Burghart); Maria Giuseppina Muzzarelli, From Words to Deeds. The Effectiveness of Preaching in the Late Middle Ages (Ralf Lützelschwab); Daniele Solvi, L’agiografia su Bernardino santo (1450–1460) (Pietro Delcorno).

  • 20.
    Adams, Jonathan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    Lützelschwab, RalfFreie Universität Berlin.
    Medieval Sermon Studies2014Collection (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Medieval Sermon Studies (MSS) is published annually under the auspices of the International Medieval Sermon Studies Society. This refereed journal features insightful articles on sermon studies and related areas; reviews; sermon transcriptions; and information about work in progress are also included. MSS is an essential resource not only for sermon specialists but also for researchers working in the field of religious culture, history, and literature. It has a world-wide circulation among eminent academics and institutional subscribers.

     

    CONTENTS

    Editorial

    Society News

    Conference News

    Articles:

    Medieval Sermon Studies since The Sermon: A Deepening and Broadening Field; Anne Thayer

    A Witness to the Early Reception of Bonaventure’s Collationes in Hexaemeron: Nicholas of Ockham’s Leccio at Oxford (c. 1286) — Introduction and Text; Joshua Benson

    The Bildungsroman of an Anonymous Franciscan Preacher in Late Medieval Italy (Biblioteca Comunale di Foligno, MS C. 85); Yoko Kimura

    Legal Frameworks in the Sermons of Caesarius of Arles; Igor Filippov

    Reviews:

    Alexander Andrée, ed. and trans., Christopherus Laurentii de Holmis, Sermones, Disputatio in vesperiis et Recommendatio in aula. Academic Sermons and Exercises from the University of Leipzig, 1435–1438 (Georg Strack); Claes Gejrot and Erika Kihlman, ed. and trans., Bero Magni de Ludosia, Sermones et Collationes. Sermons from the University of Vienna in the Mid-Fifteenth Century (Georg Strack); Timothy J. Johnson, Franciscans and Preaching: Every Miracle from the Beginning of the World Came about through Words (Neslihan Şenocak); Thom Mertens and others, eds, The Last Judgement in Medieval Preaching (Virginia Langum); Stephen Morrison, ed., A Late Fifteenth-Century Dominical Sermon Cycle Edited from Bodleian Library MS E Musaeo 180 and Other Manuscripts (Matti Peikola); Martha W. Driver and Veronica O’Mara, eds, Preaching the Word in Manuscript and Print in Late Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Susan Powell (Phyllis B. Roberts); Lorenza Tromboni, ed., Inter omnes Plato et Aristoteles: gli appunti filosofici di Girolamo Savonarola (Eleonora Lombardo)

  • 21.
    Adams, Jonathan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    Lützelschwab, RalfQuinto, Riccardo
    Medieval Sermon Studies2013Collection (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Medieval Sermon Studies (MSS) is published annually under the auspices of the International Medieval Sermon Studies Society. This refereed journal features insightful articles on sermon studies and related areas; reviews; sermon transcriptions; and information about work in progress are also included. MSS is an essential resource not only for sermon specialists but also for researchers working in the field of religious culture, history, and literature. It has a world-wide circulation among eminent academics and institutional subscribers.

  • 22.
    Adams, Jonathan
    et al.
    Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab.
    Lützelschwab, RalfQuinto, Riccardo
    Medieval Sermon Studies2011Collection (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Medieval Sermon Studies (MSS) is published annually under the auspices of the International Medieval Sermon Studies Society. This refereed journal features insightful articles on sermon studies and related areas; reviews; sermon transcriptions; and information about work in progress are also included. MSS is an essential resource not only for sermon specialists but also for researchers working in the field of religious culture, history, and literature. It has a world-wide circulation among eminent academics and institutional subscribers.

  • 23.
    Adams, Jonathan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Languages, Department of Scandinavian Languages.
    Lützelschwab, RalfQuinto, Riccardo
    Medieval Sermon Studies2012Collection (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Medieval Sermon Studies (MSS) is published annually under the auspices of the International Medieval Sermon Studies Society. This refereed journal features insightful articles on sermon studies and related areas; reviews; sermon transcriptions; and information about work in progress are also included. MSS is an essential resource not only for sermon specialists but also for researchers working in the field of religious culture, history, and literature. It has a world-wide circulation among eminent academics and institutional subscribers.

  • 24.
    Adetorp, Johan
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Department of Cultural Sciences.
    Celt and Germans in Iron Age Europe: Imagined Communities and strategies among scholars2015In: Concurrences in postcolonial research - perspectives, methodologies, engagements, 20-23 aug, Kalmar, 2015Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 25.
    Adetorp, Johan
    Lunds Universitet.
    De guldglänsande ryttarna : C-brakteaternas ikonografi i ny belysning2008Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
  • 26.
    Adetorp, Johan
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Cultural Sciences.
    Förhistoriska bilder som religionsvetenskaplig källa: Några kriterier att beakta vid tolkningar av religionsikonografiskt material2011In: Chaos: skandinavisk tidsskrift for religionshistoriske studier, ISSN 0108-4453, E-ISSN 1901-9106, Vol. 56, no 2, p. 65-79Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A challenge when interpreting prehistoric art is that we often lack written source material, a contemporary text written by people who lived in the cultural context that is studied. It is therefore not uncommon to use texts that are younger than the material that we want to interpret. This could lead to misinterpretations and circular arguments. Images are cultural products formed by their contemporaries and influenced by older idea traditions. This article presents four criteria that might be worth taking into consideration when interpreting prehistoric religious iconography. The article discusses how one might proceed to study prehistoric religious art and what could be helpful to keep in mind when analyzing religions by means of pictures and material culture. 

  • 27.
    Adetorp, Johan
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Department of Cultural Sciences.
    Identitet och verksamhet: Hjulbärande gudinnor och attribut i mellaneuropeisk järnåldersikonografi2015In: Chaos: skandinavisk tidsskrift for religionshistoriske studier, ISSN 0108-4453, E-ISSN 1901-9106, Vol. 64, no 2, p. 53-76Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article discusses the difference between identifying and classifying attributes and analyzes the problematic implications if we confuse the two. The empirical material consists of Gallic stone reliefs depicting goddesses with a wheel as attribute. Male deities depicted with wheels have mainly been identified as a Celtic Jupiter or a male sky god sometimes called Taranis. The Gallic goddesses show that the wheel attribute was not an identifying attribute exclusive to this god, but that it rather served as a marker for an activity shared by several deities, both male and female. The articles argument that we need to distinguish between identifying and classifying attributes in order to make a source critical and methodological correct iconographical interpretation, especially when we interpret iconographical representation without the aid of any written sources.

  • 28.
    Adetorp, Johan
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Department of Cultural Sciences.
    Names of swords in Icelandic sagas2017In: EASR Annual Conference : Communicating Religion: University of Leuven 18-21 September 2017, 2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Named weapons of different origin and purpose occur in the Old Norse mythology, and some of them are better known than others: Thor's hammer Mjolnir and Odin's spear Gungnir, just to name a few. But named weapons are also present in the more mundane Icelandic sagas, and it suggests that the practice of giving individual names to objects was something that occurred among real people in the Viking society. The named swords, spears and axes, which we can read about in the Icelandic sagas, are not portrayed as especially supernatural. They are, however, sometimes talked about in a special way and considered to be extraordinary in one way or another.What kind of name did people give to weapons, and what might have been the purposes for doing so? It is possible that some weapons told a story through their names and that they because of that also brought fame and glory to their owners. It is also conceivable, considered how some of the swords and spears are described in the Icelandic sagas, that named weapons were seen as almost life-like. This paper discusses some thoughts regarding named weapons in the sagas, the purposes for giving names, and if this practise might tell us something about how people in the Viking age viewed these named, possibly presumed life-like, objects.

  • 29.
    af Edholm, Klas
    Stockholms universitet.
    Att rista blodörn: Blodörnsriten sedd som offer och ritualiserad våldspraktik i samband med maktskiften  i fornnordisk tradition2018In: Scripta Islandica: Isländska Sällskapets Årsbok, ISSN 0582-3234, E-ISSN 2001-9416, Vol. 69, p. 5-40Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Discussion of the ritual known as the ‘blood-eagle’ in Old Norse religion has a long tradition behind it. In the disciplines of philology and literary history there has been much scepticism as to whether such a ritual ever actually existed. Orkneyinga saga, ch. 8, describes the carving of a blood-eagle on the back of an enemy, presenting this as a sacrifice to Óðinn following the celebrant’s victory in battle. The description has parallels in other sources, including a skaldic verse by Sigvatr Þórðarson, but the question of their authenticity is problematic. The Orkneyinga saga episode shows several important similarities to other accounts of human sacrifices in Old Norse sources. The overall picture seems to stengthen the supposition that the ritual known as the blood-eagle was a genuine Old Norse religious practice, albeit an exceptional one, and was perhaps bound up with the overthrowing of a ruling personage.

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  • 30.
    af Edholm, Klas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Ethnology, History of Religions and Gender Studies, History of Religions.
    Människooffer i fornnordisk religion: En diskussion utifrån arkeologiskt material och källtexter2016In: Chaos: skandinavisk tidsskrift for religionshistoriske studier, ISSN 0108-4453, E-ISSN 1901-9106, no 65, p. 125-148Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The discussion of ritual killing and sacrifice of humans in Old Norse religion has a long tradition. In the more text oriented discipline of history of religions, the opinion has sometimes been very critical to the theories that human sacrifices were performed, while the discipline of archaeology has been more inclined to interpret some finds as the traces of sacrifice, although sometimes due to a too wide definition of the word ‘sacrifice’. Since the two disciplines use different sources, the research needs an analysis of the religious phenomenon with a consideration of the archaeological material, and with respect to how the two disciplines may contribute to the analysis. The written sources mention and describe human sacrifices, but the question of their authenticity is problematic. Some new archaeological surveys have revealed finds that has raised the question of human sacrifices during Late Iron Age in the northern countries anew. The new archaeological material may provide an altered interpretation of the written texts. But then we need to discuss the definition of ‘human sacrifice’ from the perspectives of both disciplines.

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  • 31.
    af Edholm, Klas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Ethnology, History of Religions and Gender Studies, History of Religions.
    Tyr: En vetenskapshistorisk och komparativ studie av föreställningar och gestaltningar kopplade till den fornnordiske guden Tyr2014Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis has two aims. One is a discussion of the history of the study of Old Norse religion and related aspects, centered on how general tendencies within the area of research have affected the interpretations of the god *Tīwaz/Tyr. Thereby, it treats a selection of influential trends of interpretation, and a selection of prominent scholars of the field. The second aim is an empirical and comparative analysis of the Old Norse source material and, to some degree, the continental Germanic, the Baltic, and the other Indo-European material. Tyr has been interpreted according to trends of research in the field; the mythological character has been used as a projection screen of the theories. Already from the beginning, Tyr was interpreted as a sky god; connected to this was the conception of an original high god. The interpretations of Tyr as a sun god, sky god, and/or law god are close related to this high god conception. These interpretations of the god Tyr has built their arguments upon the etymological connection to Indo-European words for ‘heaven, celestial’ and ‘god’, but they have not taken enough consideration of the Old Norse sources. Georges Dumézil interpreted Tyr, according to his système tripartite, as a law god. This understanding of the god has been widely adopted, but cannot be confirmed; the Old Norse material only speaks of Tyr as a war god. The comparative Indo-European etymological material indicates that his function as sky god is archaic, while the martial traits shared with the continental Germanic and Celtic counterparts prove that this characteristic must have evolved early. Tyr (or rather his predecessor *Tīwaz) lost his celestial traits and became an unmitigated war god, and as such we perceive him in the Old Norse religion. 

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  • 32.
    af Edholm, Kristoffer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Ethnology, History of Religions and Gender Studies.
    Ascetic poetry in ancient India: The ideal renouncer and the path to liberation, according to independent verses in early Brahmanic, Buddhist, and Jaina literature2024Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The dissertation identifies the ideal renouncer and the path to liberation on the basis of nearly 3500 “independent verses”, i.e. one-strophe stanzas (gāthās, ślokas), in early Brahmanic, Buddhist, and Jaina literature, including Mahābhārata, Suttanipāta, Dhammapada, Saṃyuttanikāya, Uttarajjhayaṇa, Sūyagaḍa, Isibhāsiyāiṃ, and other texts. It is argued that this genre of poetry is important for our knowledge about the ascetic milieu in Northern India around the 5th century BCE.

    Verses from the three traditions are compared with one another, the verse-material is compared with selected texts belonging to other genres, and the literature is placed in its historical context. Attention is given to vocabulary, formulas, similes, and recurrent themes. Hypotheses about the early history of the renouncer-traditions are tested against the verse-material.

    Part 1 discusses aim, theory, method, terminology, previous studies, earliness and authenticity of the verses, origins and characteristics of the genre, and relevant texts. Part 2 treats the debated origins of emancipatory askesis, brāhmaṇa and śramaṇa, authority and founder-figures, and female ascetics. Part 3 proceeds along an ideal path to liberation: from reasons for giving up mundane pursuits, to going forth into homelessness, practise of austerity, itinerancy, solitude, seclusion, mendicancy, purification, non-harm, restraint, heroic overcoming of obstacles, and meditation, to attainment of gnosis and awakening, and finally liberation from saṃsāra. Part 4 is the conclusion. The Appendices contain the entire verse-material, as well as defining sentences in final pādas, shared whole verses, and key-terms.

    It is concluded that in the three verse-corpora one can identify a shared outlook, which is world-rejecting, autocentric, and telos-oriented, and a shared renouncer-ideal, which is male, heroic, and austere. The same outlook and ideal are found in narrative accounts about Śākyamuni, Mahāvīra, and others who attain the highest goal. Differences between the three traditions concern mainly the use of certain terms, formulas, and similes, less so doctrine, but the differences are not reducible to a divide between Brahmanic and Buddhist/Jaina.

    Generally speaking, each tradition has composed its own verses that promote a renouncer-ideal and a path to liberation, rather than having borrowed verses from another tradition or from a common source. The many similarities between the three traditions are primarily due to their common origin in the ascetic milieu, in which the one-strophe gāthā was an established literary medium for making authoritative statements.

    It is argued that the shared outlook and ideal were established before the introduction of two-step ordination, nuns’ order, fourfold community, devotion to an exalted founder-figure, and the building of monasteries. The verse-content points to a rural environment and a stratified society rooted in late Vedic culture. The renunciant movement of the 5th century BCE can be seen as the culmination of a centuries-old ascetic tradition in ancient India.

     

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  • 33.
    af Edholm, Kristoffer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Ethnology, History of Religions and Gender Studies.
    Crossing the River of Battle: A Heroic Motif in Ancient Indian and Old Norse Texts2021In: Journal of Indo-European Studies, ISSN 0092-2323, Vol. 49, no 1-2, p. 231-250Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article looks at the motif of "the river of battle" - the battlefield as a river/stream/sea, which the warrior attempts to cross - in the ancient Indian Mahābhārata and Old Norse texts. It is argued that this motif should be seen in context of three shared ideas, which we also find in ancient Hellenic texts: 1) Poetic similes of battle/army as river/sea or waves. 2) Mythical-cosmological conceptions of rivers as boundary-markers between the worlds of the living and the dead. 3) Glorification of heroism and granting of special status to warriors in the afterlife. Indian texts typically use terms derived from the verbal root √TṜ (Proto-Indo-European √*terh2), which has the double meaning of 'to cross over' and 'to overcome'. Indian ascetic texts apply similar heroic imagery and terminology to the renouncer who crosses over the saṃsāric river/sea. In absence of lexical cognates, similarities in ancient Indian and Old Norse text-passages can be explained by a shared warrior-ideology.

  • 34.
    af Edholm, Kristoffer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Ethnology, History of Religions and Gender Studies, History of Religions.
    Rajyasri: Royal Splendour in the Vedas and the Epics2014Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis analyses the late-Vedic goddess Śrī and her non-personified precedent śrī ‘splendour, glory, excellence, fortune’. Śrī has not before been studied in the light of the Avestan royal splendour, xᵛarənah, and is often interpreted one-sidedly as a pre-Aryan goddess of prosperity. In contrast, this thesis locates the genealogy of Śrī’s characteristics in the Vedic goddess of dawn. The meaning of light in Vedic poetic and sacrificial terminology is highlighted, especially in the relation between royal patron and priest-poet. Śrī’s relation to terms like varcas and tejas, the “shining fame” of the hero, and epic descriptions of blazing warriors, are discussed. The nimbus in early Indian iconography is compared to descriptions of royal splendour in the texts. A subsistent theme in epics, myths and Vedic rituals is identified: the splendour won, lost and recovered by the king. This paradigm is showed to be dependent on the truthfulness, sacrificial status and asceticism of the king. A new understanding of central events in the royal consecration ritual, in the Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata are thereby offered. It is argued that a continuous and richly varied concept of royal splendour can be identified, from the Ṛgveda to the great epics, and that it is of considerable importance in the ancient Indian rulership ideology.

    Key words:  Royal splendour, śrī, goddess Śrī, Avestan xᵛarənah, tejas, varcas, svayaṃvara, ascetic, legitimation of power, fire, sun, dawn, Indra, Viṣṇu, rājasūya, king and priest-poet, Vedic ritual, Vedas, Mahābhārata, Rāmāyaṇa, Indo-European.

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  • 35.
    af Edholm, Kristoffer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Ethnology, History of Religions and Gender Studies, History of Religions.
    Recent Studies on the Ancient Indian Vrātya2017In: Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, E-ISSN 1084-7561, Vol. 24, no 1Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The ”vrātya problem” has been discussed for more than a century. It is not clear who the vrātya is, as some Vedic passages describe him in a cryptic manner. That the vrātya continues to engage scholars is demonstrated by two recent publications, both with T. Pontillo as one of the editors: The Volatile World of Sovereignty: The Vrātya Problem and Kingship in South Asia (2015), and Vrātya Culture in Vedic Sources (2016). In this review article I look at the two volumes in context of previous reseach and discuss a handful of the contributions. I also refer to a number of vrātya-related articles published elsewhere.

  • 36.
    af Edholm, Kristoffer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Ethnology, History of Religions and Gender Studies.
    Rudra Mahāvīra: Vrātya-Elements in the Vedic Pravargya-Complex2021In: Studia Orientalia Electronica, E-ISSN 2323-5209, Vol. 9, no 1, p. 1-30Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study reviews the arguments of previous publications, and adds new ones, for establishing connections between the Vedic pravargya-complex (the rituals, stanzas, and mythology of the pravargya), the vrātya, and the deity Rudra. These connections include Rudra as Mahāvīra (the epithet given to a deity and a vessel in the pravargya), the sattra setting of the pravargya's paradigm-myth, the motif of the unstrung bow, the theme of exclusion, and the divinisation of man as a goal of the ritual. It is argued that the superhuman status attributed to Mahāvīra is comparable with that of characters celebrated in the Ṛgveda and Atharvaveda, such as the ekavrātya, brahmacārin, and keśin. The affinity between these figures may be derived from a common ideology, with the roots of some of them to be sought in the Indo-European warrior-society and male rites de passage. 

  • 37.
    af Edholm, Kristoffer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Ethnology, History of Religions and Gender Studies.
    'Wander Alone Like the Rhinoceros!': The Solitary, Itinerant Renouncer in Ancient Indian Gāthā-Poetry2021In: Songs on the Road: Wandering Religious Poets in India, Tibet, and Japan / [ed] Stefan Larsson, Kristoffer af Edholm, Stockholm: Stockholm University Press, 2021, p. 35-66Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The ancient Indian gāthā - a proverbial, succinct type of single-stanza poetry, often collected in thematic sets - became a favoured form of expression among groups of ascetics from the middle to the end of the first millennium BCE. This poetry - contrasting with the magico-ritual chant or mantra of the priest and the artistic poem of the aesthete - functions as (self-)instruction for the ascetic/renouncer. Examples include gāthās that exhort him to be as untiring as the Sun in its daily course, or to "wander alone like the rhinoceros". This chapter delineates the figure of the solitary, wandering renouncer in a selection of Brahmanic, Jaina, and Buddhist ascetic gāthā-verses from that period. Particular attention is given to the use of solar and heroic imagery for describing the ideal renouncer, and how this relates to the real-life conditions of wandering renouncers.

  • 38.
    af Edholm, Kristoffer
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Ethnology, History of Religions and Gender Studies.
    Śrī-Lakṣmī and Religious Ruler Ideology in the Purāṇic Amṛtamanthana Myth2019In: Zeitschrift für Indologie und Südasienstudien, ISSN 2193-9144, Vol. 36, p. 60-82Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The churning of the ocean for nectar (amṛtamanthana) is one of the most well-known Hindu myths. This article analyses the role of the devī Śrī-Lakṣmī, symbolic of royal splendor and fortune, in Purāṇic versions of the myth. It is shown that the notion that Śrī-Lakṣmī was born from the churned ocean, and that she was united with Viṣṇu immediately after, developed gradually over time. Particular attention is given to versions of the myth in which Śrī-Lakṣmī is presented as the bride in a svayaṃvara (kṣatriya maiden’s self-choice of husband), at which she chooses Viṣṇu. It is argued that this should be seen in the context of ancient Indian religious ruler ideology, according to which Śrī-Lakṣmī attaches herself to the most worthy male. In most versions of the myth Indra and Viṣṇu represent contrasting types of sovereignty: Viṣṇu the constant and detached ruler; Indra the temporary ruler, who loses his śrī due to bad behavior and then regains it through the process and consequences of amṛtamanthana. The inferiority of Indra is seen in his dependence on Viṣṇu’s assistance and in the unanimous notion that it is Viṣṇu who unites with Śrī-Lakṣmī.

  • 39.
    af Klint, Johan
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Ethnology, History of Religions and Gender Studies.
    The Barabudur: A Synopsis of Buddhism2021Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this PhD-dissertation is – on the one hand – to present in a critical and comprehensive manner an update of recent findings among Western scholars regarding the Barabudur monument and its illustrations of various Buddhist traditions, and – on the other hand – to throw some light on some of the outstanding issues regarding this monument. Focus has been laid on the religious aspects with a view of ascertaining which forms of Buddhism are most prominently represented on the monument.

    The Barabudur is the largest Buddhist monument in the world – being built on Central Java during the late eighth century CE. The Barabudur is constructed in four successively higher galleries with an area on top with three round terraces. The terraces encompass 72 latticed stupas, each containing Buddha Vairocana in dharmacakramudra large stupa is in the center. Each side of the squarely built monument is at the ground level around 123 meters. The height of the monument is believed to originally have been 41.81 meters. The walls and the balustrades of the galleries encompass 1,460 bas-reliefs representing various sutras, such as the Mahakarmavibhanga Sutra, the Lalitavistara, the Gandavyuha Sutra, the Dasabhumika Sutra and the Bhadracari. In addition, the Barabudur seems also to have been influenced by ideas from the ensuing Indonesian esoteric text the Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan, as well as by the esoteric Buddhist texts of the Mahavairocana Sutra, the Tattvasamgraha and the Prajnaparamita in 150 verses. The Barabudur thus presents aspects from the main three Buddhist traditions – the Sravakayana, the Mahayana and an early esoteric form of the Vajrayana.

    The main problem in studying the Barabudur is the lack of historical information. No dedicatory inscription has yet been found. The Barabudur was built during the Sailendra interregnum on Java. Their contacts with the Abhayagirivihara on Sri Lanka and with the Pala dynasty in Bengal, indicate that some early form of Vajrayana Buddhism existed on Java during the eighth century CE. In addition, some concepts from the esoteric Buddhism developed by the Three Monks in China during this period could well also have been introduced on Java.

    The Barabudur, together with the Candi Mendut, are supposed to represent the Twin-mandala – thus representing the “non-duality” between “Truth” and “Wisdom”. Dharmakaya Mahavairocana is in the center of both these Twin-mandalas symbolizing the amalavijnana.

    In conclusion, the Barabudur may be regarded as a holy monument, where the Buddha is present, and where the devotee may be taught directly by the Buddha.

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  • 40.
    Ahlberg, Susann
    Kristianstad University, School of Education and Environment.
    Munkarna på heden: Cistercienserna i Herrevad2011Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    År 1144 anlände abbot Robert, elva konverser och nio lekmän från cisterciensklostret i Citeaux till Herrevad, där ärkebiskop Eskil upplåtit mark till dem för att bygga upp ett cistercienserkloster på då dansk mark. I 400 år tronade klostret på heden och blev ett maktcentrum i regionen. Klostermedlemmarna som vigt sitt liv åt att hedra och tjäna Gud blev därmed ett inslag i bygden som satt spår långt in i vår tid. Hantverk som klosterorden tog med sig och sedermera utvecklade blev också en del av bygdens. En bygd som med sin placering gav mycket tillbaka till dem som brukade den, det var perfekta förhållanden att driva ett självhushållande kloster i.

    Syftet med uppsatsen är att klargöra vilken denna klosterorden var för att på så vis kunna väcka ett nytt intresse för något som fallit i glömska inte bara på lokal nivå utan också som en del av Skånes historia. Fortsatt är intentionen med uppsatsen att peka på det som levt kvar i bygden och därmed blivit en del av dagens samhälle som vi kan tacka dessa medeltida munkar för.

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  • 41.
    Ahlenius, Brita
    Karlstad University, Division for Social Sciences.
    Hinduisk religiös utövning i vardagen: En studie av brahminska kvinnors puja i Benares2006Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Magister), 10 points / 15 hpStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Uppsatsen bygger på en fältstudie utförd bland 10 gifta, brahminska kvinnor i området Assi i Benares (Varanasi)i Indien. Avsikten med fältstudien var att ta reda på om och i sådana fall vad, hur och varför kvinnorna i undersökningsgruppen utför några dagliga religiösa handlingar. Varje kvinna har intervjuats vid två tillfällen. Intervjuerna har skett med hjälp av tolk som översatt från engelska till hindi och hindi till engelska.

    Uppsatsen besvarar tre inledande frågeställningar:

    1. Utför kvinnorna i undersökningsgruppen några dagliga religiösa handlingar?

    2. (I sådana fall) Vilka religiösa handlingar utför de dagligen? (Tillvägagångssätt? Finns det några likheter/olikheter?)

    3. Varför utför kvinnorna dessa handlingar? (Hur förklarar de ritualerna de utför?)

    Resultatet av undersökningen visar att alla kvinnor i gruppen varje dag utför en puja ("gudstjänst") på morgonen och att en majoritet även utför en puja varje kväll. Fokus kom därmed att hamna på just pujan och dess utförande.

    Vissa små skillnader finns i de olika kvinnornas tillvägagångssätt när de utför sina pujor, men det finns också en tydlig stomme, eller kärna, som återfinns hos alla. När det gäller morgonens puja består denna stomme av sex steg, upacaras, och hos kvällens puja, som

    oftast är mindre, hittas en stomme av två steg. Stegen redovisas och diskuteras utförligt i uppsatsen.

    Kvinnorna förklarar sitt tillvägagångssätt med att de olika stegen utförs för att ta hand om gud och göra gud nöjd. För att förstå detta resonemang bör man ha kunskap om det hinduiska gudsbegreppet, synen på gud som personlig och närvarande. Synen på gud diskuteras ingående i uppsatsen. Kvinnornas tillvägagångssätt är också ett resultat av traditionsförmedling. Ingen i undersökningsgruppen har läst sig till hur hon ska göra utan har lärt sig av sina föräldrar och svärföräldrar och ibland har hon också lagt till egna inslag.

    För kvinnorna i undersökningsgruppen är det viktigt att varje dag utföra sina pujor. Den vanligaste förklaringen till detta är att pujorna skänker dem frid i sinnet, "mann ki shanti".

    Uppsatsen är beskrivande och den är fokuserad på den empiriska undersökningen. Resultatet av fältstudien diskuteras och fördjupas av litteratur med anknytning till innehållet.

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  • 42.
    Ahlstrand, Kajsa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology, Church and Mission studies, Science of Mission.
    Boundaries of Religious Identity: Baptised Buddhists in Enköping2007In: Converging Ways?: Conversion and Belonging in Buddhism and Christianity, Sankt Ottilien: EOS , 2007, p. 155-164Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 43.
    Ahlstrand, Kajsa
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology.
    Det heliga rummet i hinduiska traditioner1999In: Vår Lösen: Ekumenisk kulturtidskrift, ISSN 0346-4679, no 6, p. 441-444Article in journal (Other (popular scientific, debate etc.))
  • 44.
    Ahlstrand, Kajsa
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology.
    Handledning för en blivande Buddha1991In: Årsbok för kristen humanism: Solidaritet och konfrontation, ISSN 0281-2800, Vol. 53, p. 92-94Article, book review (Other (popular scientific, debate etc.))
  • 45.
    Ahlstrand, Kajsa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology, Church and Mission studies, Science of Mission.
    Protestant views on Hinduism2020In: Handbook of Hinduism in Europe: Volume 1 / [ed] Knut A, Jacobsen; Fernando Sardella, Leiden; Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2020, p. 78-89Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 46.
    Ahlstrand, Kajsa
    Uppsala University, Humanistisk-samhällsvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology.
    "Sati" - testpunkt för förhållandet modernitet - tradition i Indien1998In: Vår Lösen: Ekumenisk kulturtidskrift, ISSN 0346-4679, no 4, p. 276-283Article in journal (Other (popular scientific, debate etc.))
  • 47.
    Ahlsén, Nils
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology, History of Religions.
    BEATA MARIA/DEA VULTS!: En studie i bruket av Maria som symbol för heligt krig från korstågen till belägringen av Wien.2019Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Beata Maria/Dea Vults is a thesis for the degree of master (one year) in theology.

     

    The thesis explores the role of the Virgin Mary as a martial saint in catholic combat with Islam and muslims between the years 1119 AD to 1648 AD with a focus on symbolism. The paper is focusing on symbolism in war banners, patron saints and semiotic symbols on arms and armour.

    There are three different events or phenomenons in the study, separated in time as well as space.

     

    Firstly the war banner used at the battle of Las Navas (1212 AD) during the reconquista of Spain. The banner of Mary with child is the prime subjekt as well as the myths appearing in the aftermath of the battle, and the ceremony that was devised from it.

     

    The second phenomenon is the knights templars use of Mary as patron saint, and the ceremony that followed this relationship. There is also discussion of the belts worn that were related to Mary, the use of wich is attested in documents from the trials of the templars between 1307 and 1312 AD.

    Lastly the paper focuses on the armours of the polish winged husars of 1648 AD and the seige of Vienna. The thesis explores the relationship between the symbols of the armour of the husars and the religious views of King John III Sobieski of Poland.

     

    The main question of the study is:

     

    • What were the meaning of the symbols of Mary as she was carried as a ritualistic symbol for war?

     

    The subsequent questions are:

     

    • How do you trace a progression in the useage of Mary as a symbol from the templars all the way to the use of Mary as a symbol for the winged husars?

     

    • Which types of worship of Mary as a symbol were used primarliy in wars with muslims?

     

    The paper is researched by qualitative methods including text analysis as well as semiotic symbolism reading. There are two theories used in the analysis. Smarts dimensions and Andersons and Hulls Warrior elites, with Smarts dimensions as the dominant theory.

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  • 48.
    Ahlsén, Nils
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology, History of Religions.
    Erik de Magog och Johan av fotfolket: Haute couture och religiös propaganda i stål och sten2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study examines four suits of armour that belonged to two Swedish kings, one protestant and one catholic, during the renaissance. The study tries to determine if it is possible to extract the religious identity of these kings based upon the decorations or other connotations of the suits of armour. Since the two kings, Erik the XIV:th and John the III, where half brothers and they succeeded each other, the suits of armour are closley matched in time and style.

     

    The study also examines the grave effigy of one of the kings, John the III of Sweden, to examine if there is a connection between crossed legs on effigys and the perception of religion during the period.

     

    The study is conducted through a archeological and historiological method and uses a combination theory of Smarts seven dimensions and the pictoral turn.

     

    The main question of the study is:

    -          What does it take to track religious bias through armour?

    The subsequent questions are:

    -          Is it possible to find the religious identity in the suits of armour?

    -          Was the Gothicism movement a religious movement?

    -          The effigy of John the III was sculpted in a style popular in the eleventh century, created in the 16:th century and placed in the 18:th century. What conclusions can be drawn from this while also tracking the discourse of effigys in the same time expance.

     

    The study concludes that if the identity of the owner of a suit of armour is known, the symbols that adorne the suit can be interpreted fairly well. It also conludes that the gothic movement in Sweden where an extremely aggressive catholic movement. Finally it concludes that the creation and placement of the tomb in Uppsala cathedral closely follows the different discourses about the meaning of crossed legs on effigys in Europe and that the makers most likely gave the position a devout religious connotation.

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  • 49. Ahmed, Maaheen
    et al.
    Lund, Martin
    Lunds universitet.
    Apocalypse Why? The Neutralisation of the Antichrist in Three Comics Adaptations2012In: Scan: Journal of Media Arts Culture, E-ISSN 1449-1818, Vol. 9, no 1Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 50.
    Ahnlund, Astrid
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Theology, Department of Theology, History of Religions.
    En lysande fyrbåk i hednaverlden: Om förändringar i synen på de religiösa praktikerna, grupperna och subjekten i Helgelseförbundets missionsbrev från Kina 1891-1950.2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    From the middle of the 19th century onwards the number of protestant missionaries in China increased tremendously. The evangelical revival movement played an important role in this development with pioneers like J. Hudson Taylor and his China Inland Mission (CIM) on the frontlines. The Swedish Holiness Union (SHU) decided to join CIM in the northern parts of China were the union established its missionary field in 1890. This essay aims to explore changes in how other religious practices, groups and subjects are constructed within SHU missionary letters from China published 1891-1950. The source material consists of missionary letters published in the Unions own periodical Trons Segrar 1891, 1928 and 1950. By basing the analysis on Laclau’s and Mouffe’s discourse theory the study will explore how different discursive formations change, affirm or undermine each other and how different religious practices, groups and subjects are constructed and characterized within a discursive framework.

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