Olika våldsamma uttryck i trafiken, exempelvis att föraren skriker på andra trafikanter, gör obscena gester, tutar, ligger för nära en annan bil, blinkar med lamporna, kör på, jagar eller till och med fysiskt överfaller andra väganvändare. Den emotionella kopplingen i relationen människa-maskin är relevant för att förstå vägvreden. Det kan handla om att en omkörning görs för nära eller att någon lägger sig tätt bakom en bil, vilket kan upplevas som kränkande för bilisten och kan upplevas motivera våldsamma handlingar och risktagande i trafiken.

Att en eller flera personer avsiktligt tillfogar någon smärta eller skada genom att fysiskt slå någon. Våld kan också förstås i termer av kränkning, som är bredare än regelrätt fysiskt våld. Våld definieras då som de händelser, strukturer och upplevelser som uppfattas som kränkande i en social kontext och i sociala relationer. I trafiken kan våld förstås som både avsiktligt våld, där fordon används med uppsåt att skada, skrämma eller kränka andra trafikanter, och som oavsiktligt våld, där effekten av hur fordon används kan vara skrämmande och/eller våldsamt ur andra trafikanters perspektiv.

When cyclists begin to take up more traffic space than before, conflicts appear. In Sweden, the media has reported on hatred against cyclists when describing the antagonism between (male) cyclists and (male) car drivers, as well as between cyclists and pedestrians, in traffic-dense environments. Despite the current political renaissance of cycling in Sweden, the proportion of personal trips in which the bike is the main mode of transport has remained largely unchanged over the past fifteen years. This has in part been linked to cyclists’ experiences of insecurity in traffic space. Therefore, conflicts between more or less vulnerable road users are becoming increasingly important to investigate in a society where car normativity needs to be challenged in favour of more sustainable travel. The aim of this article is to, based on media material, policy reports, interviews and cyclists’ online discussion-forums, study the situation of cyclists to discuss their situation in a car-normative environment from a gender and violence perspective. What forms of conflicts do cyclists negotiate in their everyday traffic environment? How can this be understood in relation to gender and violence? It is argued that cyclists are being positioned in contradictory ways: as vulnerable and exposed on the one hand, and as particularly dangerous road users in need of disciplining and interventions on the other. Not only do cyclists negotiate their situation by viewing themselves as drivers would, namely as more or less invisible. They are also subjected to what has been called ‘hatred’: discursive and even physical violence directed towards cyclists for taking up too much traffic space from motorists. Examples of (violent) resistance against and negotiation with the self-evident nature of (male) motorists’ entitlement to traffic space are given. In the final part of the paper I suggest that the violence needs to be understood as deeply embedded within larger gendered structural formations of mass motorism and traffic space.

Att fler ska välja cykeln som huvudsakligt vardagstransportmedel är en stor transportpolitisk utmaning. I den mediala rapporteringen om trafiken i storstäderna har det dock under senare år talats om hot, våld och aggressivitet mellan bilister och cyklister. Samtidigt som undersökningar visar att upplevd osäkerhet minskar andelen cyklister så har transportforskningen sällan intresserat sig för hot och våld i trafiken. Fokus har i transportsammanhang snarare riktats mot säkerhet och att undvika olyckor, skador och dödsfall orsakade av kollisioner mellan människor och fordon. Mot bakgrund av den numera utbredda ambitionen att öka cyklingen och minska bilismen är det relevant att ställa frågor om cyklisters situation i bilsamhället och hur kränkningar av cyklisters säkerhet kan förstås.

Med utgångspunkt i medie- och policymaterial, intervjuer med cyklister samt cyklisters diskussioner i nätbaserade cykelgemenskaper presenteras här resultat av en studie om cyklisters riskförhandlingar och upplevelser av kränkningar, hot och våld i trafiken ur ett könsperspektiv. Våld i trafiken diskuterats dels i termer av latenta hot mot cyklisters säkerhet (upplevd osynlighet i trafiken, tutningar och hat riktat mot cyklister), dels som kränkningar riktade specifikt mot cyklister som trafikantkategori (täta omkörningar, riskfyllda maktdemonstrationer och prejningar). Trots skillnader inom cyklistkategorin – vilken kan diversifieras utifrån många fler intersektioner än kön – så framstår dock våld i trafiken som en viktig fråga i det fortsatta arbetet för jämställda och hållbara transporter.

This paper focuses gender and gender equality in contemporary and future haulage business, arguing for a need for norm-critical approaches to build more gender equal transport futures. Currently, there is a general demand for more drivers internationally and in Sweden. Following the current driver shortage in occupational road freight, transport companies in Europe and Sweden recognise the need to recruit more women chauffeurs. Part of the problem is how transport is gendered, strongly intertwined with masculine norms that prevents nonnormative bodies to identify themselves as drivers. In Sweden, a country with a world reputation as champions in gender equality, men still make up more than 90 % of the work force in the Swedish transport business. While recruiting more women would contribute to solve the urgent problem of driver shortage, women drivers typically face gendered problems, concerning their personal safety, harassments, hygiene, and work/life (im)balance. From the perspective of the haulage business, addressing these gendered problems can increase the ability hire more women drivers, but would also need to develop transport innovations that suit not only today’s male users but also those of tomorrow.

Future road freight and transport innovations such as more autonomous vehicles are often imagined to ‘solve’ some of the current problems that transport companies struggle with, including driver shortage. With the advent of autonomous, electrified and connected mobilities, we may anticipate both a gendered re-segregation and that fewer drivers would be needed (Balkmar and Mellström 2018). Nevertheless, problems of road transportation and the lack of gender equality in the haulage business can’t be solved following the “old logics of a technological fix”, gendered social and cultural issues need to be part of the solution (Kröger and Weber, 2018). Against this background, the aim of this paper is to explore how normcritical perspectives can offer ways forward with regards to gender and (lack of) gender equality in the haulage business. This includes to consider how technological innovations may change what it entails to be a truck driver and open new opportunities for the profession with regards to gender equality.

My Better Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: A Workshop on How to Promote an Inclusive Entrepreneurship Ecosystem (Tool 3). A workshop instruction (part of a three-part tool-kit developed). The main aim of the workshop is threefold; to spur collaboration and exchange among ecosystem actors; to enhance knowledge and learning, and finally; to co-create solutions to inspire change in individual actors as well as joint efforts to promote an inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem. Target audience: main facilitator and organizer of workshop.

The Gendered Nature of Tech Entrepreneurship: Understanding the Gender-Divide in Tech Entrepreneurship. (Tool 2) This publication provides insights - some basic facts and findings - on the complex ways that tech entrepreneurship is gendered (part of a three-part tool-kit developed) Target audience: equality strategists, other actors with the ambition, mandate and responsibility to promote inclusion in their organisation or towards ecosystem actors.

Levelling the field: A guide to an inclusive entrepreneurship ecosystem. (Tool 1) A practical guidebook on how to promote inclusive entrepreneurship (part of a three-part tool-kit developed) Intended target audience: equality strategists, other actors with the ambition, mandate and responsibility to promote inclusion in their organisation or towards ecosystem actors. It includes basic facts, findings, challenges’ and suggestion for strategies and approaches, hands-on sections are followed by short summaries and key points.

Syftet med rapporten är att utveckla och presentera ett ramverk för hur sociala hållbarhetsfrågor kan integreras inom ett framtida genomförande av elväg. Målet är att tillhandahålla ett ramverk med förhållningssätt, utgångspunkter och en modell för hur sociala perspektiv kan integreras av infrastrukturägare och andra aktörer i transportsystemet. Ramverket visar på vad som behöver fokuseras när elvägar införs, och i viss mån hur, men själva analysen (och därmed svaren) ges av infrastrukturägare och relevanta aktörer som implementerar elvägar. Ramverket visar således vad som kan vara relevant att belysa, hur det kan till samt av vilka. Ramverket ger därmed förutsättningar för att definiera konkreta målsättningar och indikatorer för social hållbarhet i ett (framtida) genomförande av elvägar. Den tilltänkta läsaren är exempelvis projektdeltagare i ett elvägsprojekt, intressenter inom systemet, eller infrastrukturägare. Ramverket kan även användas av andra aktörer som arbetar med sociala hållbarhetsfrågor i utvecklingsprojekt. 

The place of ecological and environmental concerns have not usually been at the centre of debates and analyses of men, masculinities, and global and transnational processes of power, even though men and masculinities have played a key role in environmental damage. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for more research, analysis and action on ecological and environmental questions, ‘green’ issues, sustainability, and climate change, and how these link to men and masculinities. Against this background, this chapter addresses sustainability in relation to intersections of men and the environment, and with emphasis on movements and transport futures. The current transport system not only supports and enacts the predominant global form of ‘quasi-private’ mobility that subordinates other less resource intense means of movement, it also causes damaging effects on the environment locally and globally. Central actors are to an overwhelmingly degree men of power, and men that dominate andcontrol its interlinked centres, such as the auto-, oil-and road industry. However, while the automobile and automobility have changed the world, self-driving cars and related automations are imagined as the next major transportation technology revolution. In the context of automated transport futures, the balance of power between state bodies, the auto-industry and power enactments by individual men, are likely to change.

De senaste årens jämställdhetspolitiska målsättningar inom transportområdet har väckt frågor om mobilitet och makt. Utgångspunkten är att alla människor, oavsett kön, ska ha samma möjlighet att påverka sin egen mobilitet. Frågan är dock vilka maktdimensioner som inte ryms inom ramen för dessa jämställdhetspolitiska målsättningar. På vilka sätt möjliggör och begränsar jämställdhetspolitiken att tillvarata olika resenärers intressen och erfarenheter? På vilka sätt rymmer olika mobilitetsformer också maktdimensioner kopplat till klass, ålder och/eller etnicitet? Vilka implikationer får det för vad som satsas på politiskt och i samhällsplaneringen? Under presentation diskuterar vi dessa frågor i relation till exempel från pågående forskning om cykling, mobilitet, planering och makt.

This article compares the situation in Denmark and Sweden regarding research and policy making around the issue of men-s violence to women and children. It does so by drawing on two comprehensive reviews of academic and policy data in those countries that were part of a broader European Union-funded project. Although the picture emerging from this comparison is complex, the overall conclusion is that in Sweden over recent years many more examples can be found of a critical, power-oriented approach than is the case in Denmark.    

De kulturer som formas av grupper som samlas kring ett gemensamt motorintresse, exempelvis Volvobilar, bilstyling eller folkrace. Bilkulturer är ett resultat av föränderliga och dynamiska kulturella processer och är produkter av sina kulturella sammanhang. Bilkulturer omfattar därmed en mångfald av (o)lika uttryck, vilka skiftar över tid och plats.

“The bionic man goes autoerotic – theoretic keys towards a refined understanding of men’s risk taking in public space”

Gender construction in relation to mobility and movement gives rise to intriguing questions regarding the interfaces between men, masculinity, technology, “danger” and risk-taking, especially when discussing issues of traffic safety. How can we conceptualize men’s risk taking practices within the traffic realm? By drawing on research from feminist science and technology studies, the authors suggest and develop the figuration the bionic man for how to understand cars and other mobile vehicles such as mopeds as extensions of the (male) body. The construction of masculinity is seen to be interlinked with the use and mastering of motor vehicles. This theoretical frame work is further analysed by introducing the concept of autoeroticism as a meaningful way for understanding the profound embodied and emotional relation between men, technologies of movement and risk taking. The authors argue that the emotional aspects of driving cars and riding mopeds need to be regarded as both vital and crucial aspects when studying men’s risk taking in traffic space.

“The bionic man goes autoerotic – theoretic keys towards a refined understanding of men’s risk taking in public space”

Gender construction in relation to mobility and movement gives rise to intriguing questions regarding the interfaces between men, masculinity, technology, “danger” and risk-taking, especially when discussing issues of traffic safety. How can we conceptualize men’s risk taking practices within the traffic realm? By drawing on research from feminist science and technology studies, the authors suggest and develop the figuration the bionic man for how to understand cars and other mobile vehicles such as mopeds as extensions of the (male) body. The construction of masculinity is seen to be interlinked with the use and mastering of motor vehicles. This theoretical frame work is further analysed by introducing the concept of autoeroticism as a meaningful way for understanding the profound embodied and emotional relation between men, technologies of movement and risk taking. The authors argue that the emotional aspects of driving cars and riding mopeds need to be regarded as both vital and crucial aspects when studying men’s risk taking in traffic space.

Research on gender aims to contribute towards a better society with the help of scientific tools. Change is therefore a key concept in gender studies. With a wide range of theoretical frameworks, methodological approaches and empirical materials from Sweden, Norway and Iceland, this book investigates how gender relations are shaped, reproduced, and challenged. Collectively, the papers in this volume point to where we are heading in terms of gender relations. Where are the seeds to change, and how does power make possible or impede on change?

Research on gender aims to contribute towards a better society with the help of scientific tools. Change is therefore a key concept in gender studies. With a wide range of theoretical frameworks, methodological approaches and empirical materials from Sweden, Norway and Iceland, this book investigates how gender relations are shaped, reproduced, and challenged. Collectively, the papers in this volume point to where we are heading in terms of gender relations. Where are the seeds to change, and how does power make possible or impede on change?

Kroppen är central för att förstå hur mänsklig mobilitet är formad, formas och omformas. Att ta sig från a till b kan upplevas väldigt olika beroende på hur kroppen rör sig (på cykel, skateboard, med bil, rullstol, buss eller båt), och hur den är situerad i det sociala rummet och i förhållande till vidare maktrelationer. Exempelvis kan klass, genus, etniciteter, ras, ålder, sexualitet, nationalitet och andra sociala maktdimensioner påverka vilka kroppar som rör sig hur, var och med vilka hastigheter och med vilken grad av självständighet. Kroppars rörlighet är starkt sammanflätade med köns- och åldersbundna normer och kulturella föreställningar. Vissa kroppar kan uppleva tröghet och begränsningar i transportsystemet, medan andra upplever att dess mobilitet underlättas och förenklas.

Att förstå hur genus görs i relation till mobilitet ställer spännande frågor om gränssnitten mellan män, maskuliniteter, ålder, teknik, -farlighet- och risktagande, inte minst i förhållande till trafiksäkerhet, våld och kroppslig integritet. Feministisk teknologiforskning (FTS) och transportforskning med genusperspektiv uppmärksammar hur bilar eller mopeder kan förstås som en förlängning av (mans)kroppen där kopplingen till görande av maskulinitet är sammanvävt med användandet och bemästrandet av motorfordon. Mot bakgrund av nollvisionen är det dock uppseendeväckande hur lite trafiksäkerhetsarbetet uppmärksammat överrepresentationen av män som -vållande- av dödsolyckor (90 %) eller uppmärksammat (auto)mobilitet som ett sätt att göra kön. Texten tar upp mäns kroppslighet i trafiken med utgångspunkt i feministiska teorier om våld och teknologi, och knyts samman med en diskussion kring (auto)mobilitet. Bidraget öppnar upp för en kritisk diskussion kring bilismens normativa ställning, inte minst hur bilnormativiteten formar och skapar subjektiva upplevelser och identitet, samt hur praktiker knutna till dessa möjliggör och producerar våldsam mobilitet.

Over recent decades criminological research has changed from a gender-blind discipline which equated crime with men and thus ignored questions about gender, to an approach that studied gender by showing statistical differences between men and women, and then finally to a more inclusive and elaborate gender-theoretical approach to crime and crime control. However, despite this development, research on gender - and in particular research on gendered norms and the construction and enactment of masculinities - within the criminological field has been unable to keep up with developments in gender research. Since 1990, only a few anthologies with a gender-theoretical orientation focusing on masculinities within the criminological research field have been published. Many of the theoretical developments in gender research still have difficulties in reaching into mainstream criminology, partly because such developments are often published in feminist and/or gender theoretical journals. This volume both problematizes and renders visible conceptions and norms regarding male behaviour and masculinities and shows how these affect the criminological field through providing a theoretically sound and clear gender perspective to this field of research. With sections based around the following three themes: negotiations of masculinity in institutional settings, vulnerable masculinities and risk-taking and masculinities, this volume will be of interest to scholars of criminology, sociology, social work and gender studies, as well as policy-makers, and law enforcement professionals.

Purpose: Both entrepreneurship and technology are significantly gendered, and when combined in technology entrepreneurship, they make up a fundamentally masculine field. This article investigates men tech entrepreneurs' negotiations of gender and gender (in)equality. The purpose is to gain knowledge on masculinity in tech entrepreneurship and to explore what role this might play in any change towards more gender-equal entrepreneurship.

Design/methodology/approach: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten Swedish and Norwegian male tech entrepreneurs in tech incubators. The interviews dealt with gender (in)equality and masculinity in tech entrepreneurship. The data were coded in NVivo and inductively analysed using thematic analysis. We apply a social constructivist understanding of gender.

Findings: We categorise the male entrepreneurs' views of gender equality along “privileged”, “paradoxical” and “potential” articulations of gender (in)equality. Building on these articulations, we discuss the potential entrepreneurial men and masculinities could have for changing gender inequality in the Scandinavian tech entrepreneurship context. The findings are applicable to several entrepreneurial contexts.

Originality/value: The study contributes to further the theoretical understanding of tech entrepreneurship as a gendered phenomenon, its dynamics and its potential for change, particularly in promoting gender equality in tech entrepreneurship. Empirically, it investigates the perceptions about gender (in)equality and gender as negotiated concepts amongst male tech entrepreneurs.

Framed by a theoretical understanding based  on key concepts such a preconfigured user and unexpected stakeholders,  the report presents the collaboration between Volvo Group Trucks Technology and Tema Genus, Linköping University,  which have initiated a  pilot project to foster disruptive norm critical innovation at Volvo. The aim has been to 1) further develop existing methods for initiating innovation by bringing in disruptive norm critical innovation methods into already existing ‘tool boxes for innovation’ at Volvo, 2) develop a particular tool box to enhance disruptive norm critical innovation across existing ‘tool boxes’, and 3) develop a disruptive norm critical innovation tool box targeting the leadership program at Volvo Trucks to enable better management and integration of norm critical innovation processes at Volvo. The aims were fulfilled through two workshops, based on radical models for democratic discussion and unfolding of social fantasy: the future workshop and the world café.

Volvo Group Trucks Technology and Tema Genus, Linköping University, have initiated a collaborative project to foster disruptive norm-critical innovation at Volvo. The aim is to 1) further develop existing methods for initiating innovation by bringing disruptive norm-critical innovation methods into already existing “tool boxes for innovation” at Volvo, 2) develop a particular tool box to enhance disruptive norm-critical innovation across existing “tool boxes”, and 3) develop a disruptive norm-critical innovation tool box targeting the leadership programme at Volvo Trucks to enable better management and integration of norm-critical innovation processes at Volvo. The first step was a pilot project, outlined below, the overall aim of which was to develop a detailed application (VINNOVA) which can achieve the above aims.

In this article, we will discuss different entanglements of technology and masculinity with a special focus on (automated) vehicles. Starting from a cyborg- epistemology formulated as 'thesis, anti-thesis, synthesis, prosthesis' (Gray 2001: 189), we will, in three sections, entangle and disentangle different discourses and practices around how masculinity has been constructed around intimacy, technology, and cyborgisation. Historically, this points in both destructive directions and emancipatory hopes of transcendence through cyborgisation. Cyborgs are thus political technologies, and we argue that a history of masculinity as well as the future of masculinity, in a western context and beyond, can be understood in relation to cyborgisation and intimacy with technological artefacts. It is argued that cyborgs are possibly the tricksters of the future posthuman masculinity but they are also a tool to understand the 'leitmotif' of male transcendence in the history of masculinity. To illustrate our point, we will use different forms of technologies of movement and other man-machine relations as our "objects-to-think-with", considering gendered power relations and emancipatory potentials (Haraway 2004: 321).

In the first section we will discuss cyborgs and masculine entanglements in a historical perspective to suggest a cyborg-epistemology. Such approach is apt for understanding masculine desires of transcendence invested in and nurtured through automatons, golems, robots, etcetera. A characteristic feature of these ‘Man plus’ (Gray 2001) artefacts and creatures have been their prosthetic capacity with an inherent destructive/emancipatory Janus face. In the second section, we will apply the cyborg-epistemology to contemporary imaginaries and driving practices of cars. Cars and car driving is one of the arenas where masculinity is clearly constructed around intimacy, technology and cyborgisation, as exemplified in numerous cases of popular culture, and daily practices in and around cars. This section exemplifies emancipatory and destructive aspects of cars and car driving in dominant automobility systems. In the third section we will be more future oriented and speculative, looking at autonomous transport futures. While the interpellative experience of cars and its emotional and gendered dimensions have been discussed in the second section, the third section turns to the question how autonomous vehicles can be imagined and ‘felt’, and perhaps also changing gendered relations with, in and around cars (Berscheid 2016).

In this chapter, we introduce how gender and affect can be co-thought in studies of mobilities and transport, and in particular masculinity and transport practices as this is our main field of expertise. From our perspective, affect in this context implies how people feel and act as a consequence of aroused emotion experienced within an affective economy such as the mobility and transport system (Ahmed 2004; Sheller 2004; Balkmar and Mellström 2020). The affective economy of transport and mobility regulates and channels how travel and mobility patterns organize and include individual, group and societal structures with human and non-human elements. We argue that it is analytically vital to separate affect and emotions with regard to the mobility and transport system in order to outline the systemic dimensions of many ecological and societal challenges of our present time. In the larger land- scape of contemporary challenges, the transport and mobility system is key to halt planetary warming, the endemic traffic congestion of major metropolises and decrease carbon dioxide emissions on a global scale, to mention a few. Our present transport and mobility systems are pressing the planet to a core boundary (Steffen et al. 2011) where the passing of such a limit would drive the planet into a less sustainable level of human life. 

This article addresses the anthropomorphization and interpellative experience of cars and trucks, in order to meet future mobility challenges. Autonomous vehicles offer an emancipatory opportunity within a wider movement of degendering and regendering motor vehicles. We argue that autonomous vehicles can challenge the foundations of a gendered economy founded on masculinity, speed, pleasure, and embodiment. Rather than thinking in terms of a process of demasculinization, this article anticipates a regendering and resegregation through which certain forms of masculine gendered economies of pleasure will lose ground and others will gain. A core question in this article asks who will be in the driver’s seat of future systems of automobility as the control of the vehicle is gradually being transferred from the driver to digital control systems and intelligent roads.

This presentation addresses sustainability in relation to intersections of men, movements and transport futures. As an unsustainable system, transport not only support and enacts the predominant global form of ‘quasi-private’ mobility that subordinates other less resource intense means of movement, it also cause damaging effects on the environment locally and globally (Urry 2004). Central actors are to an overwhelmingly degree men of power, men that dominate and control its interlinked centres, such as the auto-, oil- and road industry. To critically consider how these institutions not only are gendered, but also changing, is therefore important.

The relations between men, movements and transport put focus on the complexity of power and power resources in relation to technology and technical institutions more generally. While the automobile managed to change the world, self-driving vehicles are imagined as the next major transportation technology revolution. This technology is imagined to ‘solve’ many gendered problems associated with the current automobility system, such as congestions, pollution and ‘man-made’ risk taking. Against this background, the phenomenon of autonomous cars is here thought upon as challenging the foundations of a gendered car culture. Even though the automobilic system may be thought of as connecting many transnational centres of power, while also distributing power to individual men as car users, the ‘new’ technology is about to repudiate the power over the vehicles gradually and reassign it to the designers and engineers. In the context of transport, the balance between power enforcements by state bodies, the auto-industry and power enactments by individual men, are likely to change. Scenarios of “re-gendering and re-segregation” (see Balkmar & Mellström forthcoming) are discussed where certain institutions and forms of men’s power will lose ground and others will become more foregrounded.

References:

Balkmar, Dag & Mellström, Ulf (forthcoming), Re-gendering the relation between men, masculinity and cars? On autonomous vehicles and emancipatory challenges, forthcoming in Transfers: Interdisciplinary Journal of Mobility Studies.

Urry, John (2004) The ‘System’ of Automobility, Theory, Culture & Society,

Vol. 21(4/5): 25–39.          

As the Nordic regions move into an era in need of sustainable mobility, there are many pressing concerns to be addressed. One of these is the strong connection between masculinity, power and car cultures. In this paper we take our point of departure in the anthromorphization of cars and trucks, and how this emotional and gendered relation needs to be questioned in order to meet future challenges. The phenomenon of autonomous ‘driverless’ cars can here be thought of as one possible emancipatory opportunity in relation to a wider movement of de-gendering and re-gendering motor vehicles. Based on various materials, including the project Trucks for all-developing norm-critical innovation at Volvo, we argue that autonomous vehicles can challenge the foundations of a gendered economy founded on masculinity, speed, pleasure, and embodiment. The advent of ‘driverless’ cars may point in a direction where the traditional imaginary of the active “male” driver may loose ground, even pointing towards a ‘de-masculinization’ of future transport vehicles. However, rather than thinking in terms of a process of a de-masculinization it seems more appropriate to anticipate a development of re-gendering and re-segregation where certain forms of masculine gendered economies of pleasure will lose ground and others will become more foregrounded.

In this article, we argue for an anthropology of transport affect as a serious scholarly undertaking within mobility and transport studies. This implies how people feel and act as a consequence of aroused emotions experienced within an affective economy (Ahmed 2004), such as the mobility and transport system. From an anthropology of transport affect perspective, we reflect upon historical as well as contemporary cases related to the transport system more generally and in particular future smart mobilities. In the first part of the chapter we map the theoretical background and in the second part we use historical as well as contemporary cases to think through the place of emotions, gender and power in transport and mobility systems, including how future smart mobilities may challenge what Landström (2006) calls “a gendered economy of pleasure”, that to large extent is associated with the current dominant mobility paradigm. Core values in such a gendered economy of pleasure are escapism, risk taking, masculine prowess, and technical dexterity (Balkmar and Mellström 2018).

This is a compilation of three reports that survey - and re-interpret from feminist perspectives - existing material on men-s practices in terms of academic outputs, statistics and legal/governmental policies in Sweden. The period focused upon was primarily the last five to ten years. Although the main focus of the reports was men-s violence, they also survey the material on other areas of men-s lives such as home and work, social exclusion and health - and the connections between these areas and the field of men-s violence. It is important to stress that the analysis underlying the reports was inspired not only by feminist approaches but also, more specifically, by a gender relational perspective. Current debates about socalled -intersectionality- also informed the analysis in the reports - therefore much emphasis was placed on considering the way that gender impacted upon, and was impacted upon by, other social divisions associated with, for instance, age, ethnicity, disability and sexuality.

This is a compilation of three reports that survey - and re-interpret from feminist perspectives - existing material on men-s practices in terms of academic outputs, statistics and legal/governmental policies in Sweden. The period focused upon was primarily the last five to ten years. Although the main focus of the reports was men-s violence, they also survey the material on other areas of men-s lives such as home and work, social exclusion and health - and the connections between these areas and the field of men-s violence. It is important to stress that the analysis underlying the reports was inspired not only by feminist approaches but also, more specifically, by a gender relational perspective. Current debates about socalled -intersectionality- also informed the analysis in the reports - therefore much emphasis was placed on considering the way that gender impacted upon, and was impacted upon by, other social divisions associated with, for instance, age, ethnicity, disability and sexuality.

  This article compares the situation in Denmark and Sweden regarding research and policy making around the issue of men-s violence to women and children. It does so by drawing on two comprehensive reviews of academic and policy data in those countries that were part of a broader European Union-funded project. Although the picture emerging from this comparison is complex, the overall conclusion is that in Sweden over recent years many more examples can be found of a critical, power-oriented approach than is the case in Denmark.    

This paper is part of the session Violence Regimes: Analysing the Multiplicity of Gendered Violence(s). Violence regime is a framework developed for analysing the multiplicity of violence(s) (Hearn et al 2018; Strid et al 2018). The framework concerns direct and indirect violence; across four pillars of comprehensiveness; across macro, meso and micro levels; often with increasing amount of time and space between act and impact; and vary in both manifestation and understanding of violence, extending the continuum of violence (Kelly 1988) across four pillars: Deadly, Damaging, Diffuse and Dispersed violence.

Empirically, this paper explores manifestations of violence in the first and fourth pillar of the violence regime framework:  deadly and direct forms of violence such as homicide, femicide and suicide; and dispersed manifestations not necessarily understood as violence, usually indirect, sometimes directed towards a group but with a less easily identifiable ‘victim’ or ‘object; manifestations not usually recognized as violence; e.g. environmental destruction. Two different cases will be discussed, 1) automobility and 2) killings of animals for food, both associated with negative impact on the environment. First, we examine the violent, damaging and deadly effects of automobility across country comparisons of the EU28. Second, we examine slow violence (Nixon 2011) and the levels of slaughtering of animals in relation to the levels of homicide, femicide and suicide through cross country comparisons of the EU28. The paper contributes to the violence regime framework analyzing how manifestations of violence not usually understood as violence correlate with the most direct and deadly forms of violence. 

This paper is part of the session Violence Regimes: Analysing the Multiplicity of Gendered Violence(s). Violence regime is a framework developed for analysing the multiplicity of violence(s) (Hearn et al 2018; Strid et al 2018).

The framework concerns direct and indirect violence; across four pillars of comprehensiveness; across macro, meso and micro levels; often with increasing amount of time and space between act and impact; and vary in both manifestation and understanding of violence, extending the continuum of violence (Kelly 1988) across four pillars: Deadly, Damaging, Diffuse and Dispersed violence. Empirically, this paper explores manifestations of violence in the first and fourth pillar of the violence regime framework:  deadly and direct forms of violence such as homicide, femicide and suicide; and dispersed manifestations not necessarily understood as violence, usually indirect, sometimes directed towards a group but with a less easily identifiable ‘victim’ or ‘object; manifestations not usually recognized as violence; e.g. environmental destruction. Two different cases will be discussed, 1) automobility and 2) killings of animals for food, both associated with negative impact on the environment.

First, we examine the violent, damaging and deadly effects of automobility across country comparisons of the EU28. Second, we examine slow violence (Nixon 2011) and the levels of slaughtering of animals in relation to the levels of homicide, femicide and suicide through cross country comparisons of the EU28.

The paper contributes to the violence regime framework analysing how manifestations of violence not usually understood as violence correlate with the most direct and deadly forms of violence. 

The purpose of this paper is to critically interrogate the concepts of gender violence regime and violence regime, and how societal welfare state regimes and gender regimes translate, or do not translate, into gender violence regimes or violence regimes. Taking violence as the point of departure, this paper addresses violence as problem with many contested meanings and politics. Welfare state regime research (Esping-Andersen 1990, 1992), including that on gender welfare regimes (e.g. Lewis 1992; Sainsbury 1999), has generated different frames, for understanding the problem of violence. It is argued that some welfare regimes are more women-friendly than others. However, empirical bases for these conclusions often exclude violence; welfare state regime research has thereby overlooked one of the most substantial, deep-rooted causes and consequences of gendered inequalities. The question is, is assumptions of women-friendliness turned upside down when gender-based violence is taken into account? 

The Swedish national government, as transport authorities and many Swedish municipalities, are currently planning and implementing ambitious programs that are designed to promote cycling and increase the share of cycling among everyday travel modes. However, with more ‘pro-cycling’ discourses and in the wake of antagonism and lack of road space for increasing numbers of cyclists, new forms of bicycle activism appears to be on the rise.

The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyse the ways in which bicycle activists in Sweden construct their politics and the role of bicycle activism as a vehicle for contributing to more sustainable cycling futures. What are their concrete approaches and strategies that inform their activism? How do activists and advocates view bicyclists as e.g. vulnerable, angry or marginalized subjects, and how do they view their roles as spokespersons for these groups? What alternative visions for cycling and cyclists are expressed? Empirically the paper focuses on three expressions of contemporary bicycling activism/advocacy; the Swedish national cycling advocacy organization, the ad-hoc “Ghost Bike Sweden” and the on-line based “Bike Maffia”-initiative in Stockholm.

It is argued that all three reflect a “contested terrain” with regard to approaches and strategies to bicycle activism (Vivanco 2013, 103).  Although all three share an ambition to improve conditions for cyclists, they reflect core differences in their strategies and views on bicycling as contested practice: from more pragmatic, policy- and solution-oriented approaches to explicitly political and hands-on street-level activism. All three organisations/initiatives also represents different forms of grassroots organisations with different capacities to participate within formal governance structures. However, the more activist based initiatives seem to create spaces for new forms of political engagement beyond formal institutions – initiatives that also are worth listening to.

Cycling is currently the focus of considerable political and public attention in many urban areas. As more and more cyclists claim space on the roads, new forms of political engagement in cycling issues beyond traditional bicycle advocacy have also emerged. Beyond focusing on cyclists’ perspectives and rights, these expressions of bicycle activism show the ways in which bicycles – as potential vehicles for sociopolitical change – are contested political and cultural symbols. The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyse the ways in which bicycle activists and advocates in Sweden construct their politics and practices. Empirically the paper addresses three expressions of contemporary bicycling activism and advocacy: the well-established Swedish national cycling advocacy organization Cykelfrämjandet (Cycling Sweden), the ad-hoc Ghost Bike Sweden, and the online-based Bike Maffia-initiative. The empirical material of the paper consists of qualitative interviews with the leading representatives from each organization or initiative, as well as written and video materials. As arenas for cultural politics, the organizations or initiatives are diverse, exemplifying highly different views concerning conflicts in urban space, strategies for addressing these conflicts, and views of cyclists as subjects of bicycle politics. The paper addresses these issues in a specific Swedish context, also exploring the implications for understanding how political activism is shaped more generally. It is argued that bicycle activism can be viewed as a way of practising cycling citizenship, a perspective that provides a conceptual linkage between new social movement theory and activism more generally.

Politiker, kommuner och transportmyndigheter arbetar idag på olika sätt för att förbättra förutsättningarna för cykling – inte minst för att skapa mer attraktiva, sunda och tillgängliga städer. Men med en alltmer cykelvänlig diskurs – och i kölvattnet av motsättningar i trafiken relaterat till trängsel för ett ökat antal cyklister i storstäderna – skapas också grogrund för nya former av cykelaktivism. Ofta tar dessa initiativ utgångspunkt i vem och vilka trafikslag som får ta plats på och ha tillgång till stadens gator samt vilka former av motstånd som kan riktas mot bilismen som norm.

Syftet med det här föredraget är att beskriva och analysera de sätt som cykelaktivism i Sverige konstrueras samt cykelaktivismens roll som förändringsaktörer i arbetet för hållbara städer. Vilka konkreta tillvägagångssätt och strategier baseras aktivismen på? Hur förstår aktivister och cykelförespråkare cyklister, exempelvis som sårbara, arga eller marginaliserade grupper. Hur ser de på sina roller som talespersoner för cyklister? Vilka alternativa visioner för cykling och cyklister uttrycker de?

Empiriskt fokuserar presentationen på tre nutida uttryck för cykelaktivism/cykelförespråkare; Cykelfrämjandet, Ghost Bike Sweden och det online-baserade initiativet Cykelmaffian i Stockholm. Metodologiskt baseras presentationen på kvalitativa metoder, främst intervjuer med representanter för respektive organisation/initiativ, samt analyser av deras externa kommunikation. 

Resultaten från studien visar att cykelaktivism är att betrakta som ett omstritt område, särskilt med avseende på initiativens strategier och inriktning. Även om alla tre delar en ambition om att förbättra förutsättningarna för cykel, så ger de uttryck för centrala skillnader i deras respektive strategier och syn på cykling och cykelpolitik: från en mer pragmatisk, policy- och lösningsorienterad inriktning till explicit politiska och direkt-aktions orienterade former av gatuaktivism. Alla tre organisationer/initiativ representerar också olika former av (gräsrots)organisationer, med sinsemellan olika möjligheter att medverka och påverka inom ramen för formella politiska strukturer. Samtidigt så skapar de mer aktivistbaserade initiativen nya former av utrymmen för politiskt engagemang och motstånd bortom formella institutioner. 

Purpose: In order to address the gender divide in technology entrepreneurship, we explore how different national contexts impact policies and policy implementation. We investigate how transnational concerns (macro level) about women's low participation in (technology) entrepreneurship are translated and implemented amongst actors at the meso level (technology incubators) and understood at the micro level (women tech entrepreneurs).

Design/methodology/approach: We adopt gender institutionalism as a theoretical lens to understand what happens in the implementation of gender equality goals in technology entrepreneurship policy. We apply Gains and Lowndes' (2014) conceptual framework to investigate the gendered character and effects of institutional formation. Four countries represent different levels of gender equality: high (Norway and Sweden), medium (Ireland) and low (Israel). An initial policy document analysis provides the macro level understanding (Heilbrunn et al., 2020). At the meso level, managers of technology business incubators (n = 3-5) in each country were interviewed. At the micro level, 10 female technology entrepreneurs in each country were interviewed. We use an inductive research approach, combined with thematic analysis.

Findings: Policies differ across the four countries, ranging from women-centred approaches to gender mainstreaming. Macro level policies are interpreted and implemented in different ways amongst actors at the meso level, who tend to act in line with given national policies. Actors at the micro level often understand gender equality in ways that reflect their national policies. However, women in all four countries share similar struggles with work-life balance and gendered expectations in relation to family responsibilities.

Originality/value: The contribution of our paper is to (1) entrepreneurship theory by applying gendered institutionalism theory to (tech) entrepreneurship, and (2) our findings clearly show that the gendered context matters for policy implementation.

En kartläggning av interventioner, kunskap och utvecklingsbehov Olika insatser görs för att få män att sluta använda våld mot kvinnor och barn. Under våren 2006 har verksamheterna kartlagts och resultatet redovisas i rapporten. Den konstaterar att det många gånger finns stora brister i verksamheter som är riktade till män när det gäller såväl säkerhet för kvinnor och barn som dokumentation av interventionsmodeller, uppföljningsmodeller m.m. Föreslår ett utvecklingsprogram för dokumentation, uppföljning, utvärdering och fortbildning på området interventioner mot mäns våld mot kvinnor och barn.

En kartläggning av interventioner, kunskap och utvecklingsbehov. Olika insatser görs för att få män att sluta använda våld mot kvinnor och barn. Under våren 2006 har verksamheterna kartlagts och resultatet redovisas i rapporten. Den konstaterar att det många gånger finns stora brister i verksamheter som är riktade till män när det gäller såväl säkerhet för kvinnor och barn som dokumentation av interventionsmodeller, uppföljningsmodeller m.m. Föreslår ett utvecklingsprogram för dokumentation, uppföljning, utvärdering och fortbildning på området interventioner mot mäns våld mot kvinnor och barn.