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  • 51.
    Almulla, Youssef
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems.
    Ramirez Gomez, Camilo
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems.
    Joyce, Brian
    Stockholm Environm Inst, SEI US, Boston, MA USA..
    Huber-Lee, Annette
    Stockholm Environm Inst, SEI US, Boston, MA USA..
    Nerini, Francesco Fuso
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems.
    From participatory process to robust decision-making: An Agriculture-water-energy nexus analysis for the Souss-Massa basin in Morocco2022In: Energy for Sustainable Development, ISSN 0973-0826, E-ISSN 2352-4669, Vol. 70, p. 314-338Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Water-Energy-Food (WEF) framework is widely used to address sustainability and resource management questions. However, many WEF methods miss engaging with stakeholders in the process. In this study, we intro-duce a stakeholder-driven and model-supported robust nexus decision-making framework. This methodology is exemplified by a case study in the Souss-Massa basin (SMB) which has significant importance for the agricultural sector in Morocco. However, the water scarcity exacerbated by climate change, overexploitation of groundwater and heavy use of fossil fuels for pumping is threatening the future of this fertile land. An integrated agriculture, water and energy model was developed to explore various potential solutions or scenarios such as desalination, wastewater reuse and improved water productivity. The analysis revealed that engaging with stakeholders and developing common robust nexus decision metrics is essential to establishing a shared and transparent approach to address the complicated nexus challenges. It also showed that no one solution can address all nexus challenges and highlighted the need for an integrated strategy that stimulates the contributions from different sectors. Fi-nally, the transition from fossil fuel groundwater pumping to solar pumping is shown to be economically and en-vironmentally viable.

  • 52.
    Al-Najjar, Nasik
    Växjö University, Faculty of Mathematics/Science/Technology, School of Technology and Design. Byggteknik.
    FRAMTIDA VATTENFÖRSÖRJNING FÖR VÄXJÖ KOMMUN: BEDÖMNING AV OLIKA ALTERNATIV2008In: Vatten, ISSN 0042-2886, Vol. 63, no 4, p. 299-311Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Water supply in Växjö municipality has since 1887 been based on surface water from Helga lake. A water treatment plant was built in 1957 and was extensively reconstructed in 1969 but there are still problems to accomplish with drinking water quality, mainly related to temperature, smell and taste, managanese and aluminum rest. Present water consumption periodically approached the water treatment plant maximum capacity. A performed risk analysis showed that catastrophic consequences for the water supply could occur due to an accident in a nearby traffic route or discharges from an industrial area.

    In 1997 Växjö municipality decided to perform a comprehensive investigation of different alternatives for future water supply. Seven alternatives were evaluated including remedial measures at the present water treatment plant. The chosen alternative was based on supply and conveying ground water from Berga esker at Ljungby municipality. Re-infiltration of ground water will be used to guarantee required water quality and quantity and will be implemented in autumn 2008 with a planned supply of 200 l per second delivered to about 70.000 persons in the municipalities of Växjö and Alvesta. The article describes the different alternatives, motives for the chosen alternative and the evaluation procedure.

  • 53.
    Al-Najjar, Nasik
    School of Technology and Design/Civil Engineering, Växjö University, Sweden.
    The future water supply of Växjö municipality – evaluation of different alternatives2007In: Vatten, ISSN 0042-2886, Vol. 63, no 4, p. 299-312Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The water supply in Växjö municipality has since 1887 been based on surface water from Lake Helgasjön. A water treatment plant was built in 1957 and was extensively reconstructed in 1969 but there are still problems to accomplish with drinking water quality, mainly related to temperature, smell and taste, manganese and aluminium rest. The present water consumption has periodically approached the water treatment plant maximum capacity. A performed risk analysis showed that catastrophic consequences for the water supply could occur due to an accident in a nearby traffic route or discharges from an industrial area. In 1997 Växjö municipality decided to perform a comprehensive investigation of different alternatives for future water supply. Seven alternatives were evaluated including remedial measures at the present water treatment plant. The chosen alternative was based on supply and conveying ground water from the Berga Esker in Ljungby municipality. Re-infiltration of ground water will be used to guarantee the required water quality and quantity and will be implemented in autumn 2008 with a planned supply of 200 l per second delivered to about 70,000 persons in the municipalities of Växjö and Alvesta. The article describes the different alternatives, motives for the chosen alternative and the evaluation procedure.

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  • 54.
    Al-Najjar, Nasik
    et al.
    Växjö University, Faculty of Mathematics/Science/Technology, School of Technology and Design. Byggteknik.
    Hultman, Bengt
    Cost-Effective Water Supply and Sanitation2008In: 2nd-Environmental Conference-Water (KECW007), Dohuk Kurdistan Region in Iraq, 2008Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Water supply and sanitation have about the same goals all over the world. The needs for safe water supply and sanitation are obvious although not generally implemented. This depends often on the economical situation and bad management. Additional factors are effects of war actions and natural disasters as flooding of rivers and tsunamis. The strategies are, however, similar independent of the actual conditions. In this paper the strategies as developed in Sweden are described related to practical implementation of technology and management strategies. The experiences have shown on both mistakes and successful handling. Today, Sweden is involved in both adjusting policies according to European Union rules (as EU Water Framework Directive) and also in sharing experiences to facilitate international implementation of cost-effective methods.

  • 55.
    Al-Najjar, Nasik
    et al.
    School of Technology and Design/Civil Engineering, Växjö University, Sweden.
    Hultman, Bengt
    Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden.
    The water and wastewater situation in Iraq – problems and possibilities for counter-measures2004In: Vatten, ISSN 0042-2886, Vol. 60, no 4, p. 269-274Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A summary is given of the water and wastewater situation in Iraq before the Gulf War 1991, the situation after the Gulf War and the recent effects of the conflict in 2003. The access of safe water was halved in certain governorates after March 2003 and half of the sewage works were out of function with a discharge of untreated wastewater into rivers and channels. The supply of electricity was less than 4 hours per day in January 2004 and caused discharges of untreated sewage on streets etc. The leakage from the water net was estimated at 60%. The wastewater system in 3 out of 5 schools was estimated to be out of function and epidemics have especially affected children and caused increased mortality. Special issues like the illegal openings of water pipes and security have worsened the situation. The Swedish knowledge of water and wastewater handling may have an important role in rebuilding water and wastewater handling in Iraq and different possibilities are exemplified.

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  • 56.
    Al-Najjar, Nasik
    et al.
    Växjö University, Faculty of Mathematics/Science/Technology, School of Technology and Design. Byggteknik.
    Hultman, Bengt
    VA - SITUATIONEN I IRAK: PROBLEM OCH MÖJLIGHETER TILL MOTÅTGÄRDER2004In: VATTEN: Tidskrift för vattenvård, ISSN 0042-2886, Vol. 60, no 4, p. 269-274Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    A summary is given on the water and wastewater situation in Iraq before the Gulf war 1991, the situation after the Gulf war and the recent effects of the conflict 2003. The access of safe water was halved in certain counties after March 2003 and half of the sewage works was out of function with a discharge of untreated wastewater to rivers and channels. The supply of electricity was less than 4 hours per day in January 2004 and caused discharges of untreated sewage on streets etc. Leakage from the water net was estimated to 60%. The wastewater system in 3 out of 5 schools was estimated to be out of function and epidemics have especially affected children and caused an increased mortality. Special issues as illegal openings of water pipes and security have worsened the situation. Swedish knowledge in water and wastewater handling may have an important role in rebuilding water and wastewater handling in Iraq and different possibilities are given.

  • 57.
    Al-Najjar, Nasik
    et al.
    Växjö University, Faculty of Mathematics/Science/Technology, School of Technology and Design.
    Hultman, Bengt
    KTH, Stockholm.
    Water management and technology in Swedish municipalities.: Assessment of possibilities of exchange and transfer of experiences.2009In: An International Perspective on Environmental and Water Resources Conference, 2009Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The water and wastewater infrastructure began to be developed in Sweden more than one hundred years ago. Much attention was given, in the beginning, to fire prevention and hygienic problems with water borne diseases. Somewhat later storm sewers (combined system) were constructed to remove storm water and wastewater and then successively more efficient wastewater treatment plants were developed. Today water and wastewater handling is seen as a multidisciplinary subject where also attention is given to possible effects of climate changes and possibilities for resources recovery.

    Implementation of advanced water and wastewater systems involves not only different technologies but also effective administration and legislation. The implementation may be on national (also involving EU directives), regional and local scale. As a case study, the local implementation will be illustrated for the municipality Växjö in South Sweden with about 80,000 inhabitants.

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  • 58.
    Al-Rubaei, Ahmed
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Long-Term Performance, Operation and Maintenance Needs of Stormwater Control Measures2016Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
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  • 59.
    Al-Rubaei, Ahmed
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Engström, Malin
    Växjö Municipality.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Long-term hydraulic and treatment performance of a 19-year old constructed stormwater wetland: Finally maturated or in need of maintenance?2016In: Ecological Engineering: The Journal of Ecotechnology, ISSN 0925-8574, E-ISSN 1872-6992, Vol. 95, p. 73-82Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Constructed stormwater wetlands (CSWs) are a commonly used measure for stormwater retention and quality treatment. However, although questions have been raised about the long-term performance of CSWs, only a few studies have targeted this issue and none have evaluated the performance of CSWs more than approximately 5–10 years old. Further, most studies have not examined the development of the long-term performance of CSWs but delivered a snapshot at a certain point of time. The present study investigated the performance of a 19-year-old CSW in Växjö, Sweden, treating stormwater from a 320-ha urban catchment. Besides removal of sediment from the CSW’s forebay, no other maintenance had been conducted. However, regular inspections had been performed. The results of the present sampling campaign were compared to two existing datasets collected at the same CSW after three years of operation in 1997 and nine years of operation in 2003. The CSW was found to provide efficient peak flow reduction and, depending on the event characteristics, also volume reduction. It still treated stormwater effectively: removal of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, TSS and TP event mean concentrations were between 89 and 96%, whereas mean concentrations of TN were reduced by 59%. The load removal efficiencies were even higher. Comparative analysis of the three monitoring periods based on the load removal efficiency revealed that the CSW, despite the lack of maintenance, performed more efficiently and stably for most pollutants compared to when newly constructed. This underlines the importance of the establishment and maturation of constructed wetland systems. Overall, the results showed that CSWs are resilient systems, which if designed well and regularly inspected to prevent major issues, can work efficiently for at least two decades.

  • 60.
    Al-Rubaei, Ahmed
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Engström, Malin
    Växjö Municipality.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Long-term hydraulic performance of stormwater infiltration systems: a field survey2013In: NOVATECH 2013: Planning and Technologies for Sustainable Urban Water Management, 23 - 27 June 2013, Lyon, France., 2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper examined the factors influencing the long-term hydraulic performance of some stormwater infiltration systems (swale and two types of permeable pavements) in Växjö, southern Sweden. The infiltration capacities of 9 permeable pavements and 2 swales sites, all with different ages ranging from 1 year to 14 years, were measured using replicate double ring infiltrometers. The sites were either constructed of swale (2), interlocking concrete pavers (ICP) filled with gravel (2), concrete grid pavers (CGP) filled with gravel (3), or concrete grid pavers (CGP) filled with grass (4). The results of this study showed that the long-term behaviour of the infiltration capacity relies largely on the type and age of the system and the type of joint filling (gravel and grass). Furthermore, the study showed that the 11 year old concrete grid pavers filled with grass had the highest infiltration capacity (4.80 + 2.46 mm/min), whilst the 9 and 14 year old swales had the lowest infiltration capacity (0.10 + 0.00 mm/min).

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  • 61.
    Al-Rubaei, Ahmed
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Merriman, Laura S.
    Biological & Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University.
    Hunt, William F.
    Biological & Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Marsalek, Jiri
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Survey of the operational status of 25 Swedish municipal stormwater management ponds2017In: Journal of environmental engineering, ISSN 0733-9372, E-ISSN 1943-7870, Vol. 143, no 6, article id 05017001Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During the past 50 years, wet stormwater ponds have been constructed to reduce negative environmental impacts of urban stormwater discharges on receiving aquatic environments. However, in many jurisdictions there is little information on the current operational status of such ponds and their functioning. This paucity of information prompted a field survey of 25 Swedish municipal stormwater ponds, aged between 3 and 26 years. The pond survey focused on estimating the pond hydraulic loading and efficiency, the state of littoral vegetation, characteristics of bottom sediment in the inlet and outlet zones (sizes and the chemistry), and the overall operational pond status, including the access for maintenance. The hydraulic efficiencies of ponds were estimated for pond footprint shapes and relative locations of the inlets and outlets using literature data. The estimated hydraulic efficiencies correlated well with the pond length-to-width ratios and the ratio of the pond surface area to the impervious area of the runoff contributing catchment (i.e., the hydraulic loading). Littoral vegetation was inspected visually and found to be overgrown at some facilities, which impeded the maintenance access. Benthic sediments in ponds contained silt and clay (&lt;63&#x2009;&#x2009;&#x3BC;m" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><63  μm<63  μm), sand and gravel fractions, and when compared with the literature data, such sediments appeared relatively coarse. Chemical characteristics of sediments reflected anthropogenic (traffic) activities, but without excessive contamination warranting special disposal requirements. Of the 25 ponds surveyed, four were fenced off and inaccessible to machinery. In fact, the design of these four ponds was such that it made inspection and maintenance very difficult, which may pose potential risks to ponds operation. Fifty-four percent of the investigated ponds were in need of minor maintenance, primarily because of sediment and litter accumulation in their inflow and outflow sections. The fact that the inspection survey revealed relatively few minor issues that could be corrected easily demonstrates the importance of relatively simple regular inspections serving to detect minor problems at an early stage before they would seriously impact pond functioning. The above survey methodology should be helpful for developing similar low-cost surveys in other jurisdictions.

  • 62.
    Al-Rubaei, Ahmed Mohammed
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Engström, Malin
    Växjö Municipality.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Effectiveness of a 19-Year Old Combined Pond-Wetland System in Removing Particulate and Dissolved Pollutants2017In: Wetlands (Wilmington, N.C.), ISSN 0277-5212, E-ISSN 1943-6246, Vol. 37, no 3, p. 485-496Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study monitored the stormwater runoff quantity and quality treatment performance of a 6.8 ha 19-year old combined pond-wetland system, located in south Sweden, over one year. The mean volume reductions for 53 storm events for the pond and wetland were 40% and 28%, respectively, while the mean flow reductions were 60% and 76%, respectively. Pollutant concentrations in the influent to the wetland were highly variable. The pond-wetland system could efficiently remove an average of 91%, 80%, 94%, 91%, 83% and 92% of TSS, TP, particulate Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively, whereas the removal of particulate and dissolved Ni was highly variable with an average of 67% ± 62% and −5% ± 41%, respectively. The removal of TN, NH4-N and NO3 + NO2-N was highly variable with an average of 45% ± 27%, 12% ± 96% and 45% ± 43%, respectively. These removal percentages are high in comparison to other studies and underline that relatively old systems can also provide efficient treatment. Although the pond accounted for a substantial reduction of pollutant concentration, the wetland significantly enhanced both the treatment performance and the peak flow reduction. This underlines that a combined pond/wetland system is a more beneficial solution than a pond only. The pollutant removal efficiency was significantly influenced by some factors including Antecedent Dry Days, seasonal variations, air temperature, retention times, rainfall depth and duration, and peak rainfall intensity.

  • 63.
    Al-Rubaei, Ahmed Mohammed
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Engström, Malin
    Växjö Municipality, Växjö, Sweden.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Long-Term Treatment Efficiency of a Constructed Stormwater Wetland: Preliminary Results2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Constructed stormwater wetlands (CSWs) are commonly used in Sweden and worldwide because of their high efficiency in urban stormwater management. However, questions have been raised about the long-term performance of CSWs. This study investigated the performance of a 19-year-old constructed wetland, which was designed to treat the stormwater from a 320-ha catchment located in the city of Växjö, southern Sweden. The system has not been maintained since its construction in 1994. The results of the present study were compared with results obtained from a previous study conducted by Växjö Municipality in 1997. The results showed that the CSW significantly reduced peak flows by 72%. High concentration reductions were found for Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, TSS and TP (90, 89, 91, 90, 96, 96 and 86%, respectively). TN concentrations were reduced by 61%. The results indicated that lack of maintenance had no effect on the performance of wetland system during this long period of operation (19 years). In contrast, especially the removal of Cu and nitrogen was enhanced compared to 1997, which may be due to maturing of the system. The results show that CSWs are resilient systems, which (provided that design is sufficient) can work efficiently for at least two decades.

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  • 64.
    Al-Rubaei, Ahmed
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Stenglein, Anna Lena
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Can vacuum cleaning recover the infiltration capacity of a clogged porous asphalt?2012In: WSUD 2012: Water Sensitve Urban Design - 21 - 23 February 2012, Melbourne Cricket Ground : building the water sensitve community, Barton: Institution of Engineers, Australia , 2012Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: The main threat for the performance of porous asphalt is clogging leading to decreased infiltration capacity. Thus, we investigated the potential of vacuum cleaning to recover the infiltration capacity of clogged permeable asphalts which have been in use for several decades. The influence of road operation and maintenance measures on the results was discussed.Method: We investigated the hydraulic conductivity (HC) of two roads with porous asphalt in Haparanda and Luleå, Sweden, which had been in use for 28 years and 15 years, respectively. A lack of appropriate maintenance during their operating life had lead to significant clogging and thus malfunction. The roads were vacuum cleaned using a vacuum cleaner/sweeping truck combination. This technology is recommended as a maintenance option for porous asphalt. Before and after the vacuum cleaning, replicate HC measurements were conducted using double-ring infiltrometers.Result: Before vacuum cleaning, mean HC was <0.1mm/min in Haparanda and between 0.4 and 0.8 mm/min in Luleå. After vacuum cleaning, HC increased significantly in Luleå (between 1.1 and 7.1mm/min) while no significant increase was detected in Haparanda. Despite the improvement after vacuum cleaning, HC was still far lower than the initial HC after construction. Reasons for the different results in Haparanda and Luleå were identified; the road winter maintenance was of primary importance.Conclusion: Depending on the extent of clogging, vacuum cleaning has the ability to recover HC of porous asphalt. However, long term behaviour of the HC depends largely on the street maintenance, thus regular appropriate maintenance is preferable.

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  • 65.
    Al-Rubaei, Ahmed
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Stenglein, Anna Lena
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Long-term performance of a porous asphalt pavement in Luleå, Sweden: preliminary results2011Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 66.
    Al-Rubaei, Ahmed
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Stenglein, Anna Lena
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Long-term hydraulic performance of porous asphalt pavements in northern Sweden2013In: Journal of irrigation and drainage engineering, ISSN 0733-9437, E-ISSN 1943-4774, Vol. 139, no 6, p. 499-505Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The effect of clogging on the long-term infiltration capacity and porosity of two 18- and 24-year-old porous asphalts was examined by using replicate double-ring infiltrometer tests and analyzing asphalt core samples. Tests were carried out to see if high pressure washing and vacuum cleaning could restore the hydraulic performance. The infiltration capacity of the porous asphalts decreased substantially, primarily due to surficial clogging (0.50 +/- 0.26 in Lulea, Sweden, and 0.22 +/- 0.12 in Haparanda, Sweden, compared to initially > 290 mm min(-1)). In Lulea, washing and vacuum cleaning could partially restore the infiltration capacity (3.48 +/- 3.00 mm min(-1)), but in Haparanda, no effect was measured. The porosity was constantly between 16 and 18%. The difference of the long-term behavior and effect of cleaning in Lulea and Haparanda is primarily attributable to different street maintenance, age, and winter maintenance (application of fine gravel and/or sand). Although the infiltration capacity in Lulea was far below initial values, the asphalt still has the capacity to infiltrate an intense design rainfall (100 year average return interval, 15 min duration), underlining that porous asphalt can be a resilient feature also under nonfavorable conditions

  • 67.
    Al-Rubaei, Ahmed
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Viklander, Maria
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Long-term hydraulic performance of stormwater infiltration systems2015In: Urban Water Journal, ISSN 1573-062X, Vol. 12, no 8, p. 660-671Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Despite the common use of stormwater infiltration systems, there is still only limited data available evaluating the long-term hydraulic function of such systems. The hydraulic performance of twelve stormwater infiltration systems (vegetated and unvegetated concrete grid pavers, unvegetated interlocking concrete pavers and grassed swales) was therefore investigated in field and laboratory environments in Växjö, Sweden. The systems investigated had not been subjected to regular maintenance to sustain infiltration capacity. Due to this, and the fact that, for most systems, an inappropriate joint filling material was used and (at the swales) there was severe compaction, most systems showed a reduced infiltration capacity. Despite this, especially the older vegetated systems, were still capable of infiltrating intense design rainfalls. This study showed the influence of some factors (type and age of the system, the type of joint filling material (grass and macadam) and the distance from the edge of the pavement) on the long-term behaviour of the infiltration capacity. In conclusion, there is a significant risk that existing stormwater infiltration systems are not working adequately in praxis. Proper implementation of construction and regular control by the inspecting authority has to be ensured.

  • 68.
    Al-Sabti, Rita
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science.
    Fransson, Josefin
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science.
    Missfärgat dricksvatten i Sandvikens kommun: En studie med avseende på järn och mangan2021Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Drinking water is a cornerstone to a prosperous society. The quality of drinking water is affected by the type of raw-water sources and how drinking water treatment is carried out in a drinking water treatment plant. If the quality of the drinking water deteriorates, it may indicate that the drinking water treatment is not optimal or that the quality of raw-water sources has changed.The municipality of Sandviken in Sweden has had recurring problems with brown and black discolorations of the drinking water. Brown and black discolorations can be caused by oxidation of iron and manganese in the drinking water distribution system. The oxidation of manganese leads to the formation of manganese dioxide that can accelerate the corrosion processes of cast iron pipes. The Swedish Food Agency has set a limit value for the concentration of iron and manganese in drinking water to prevent the formation of precipitates in the drinking water distribution system. The aim of the study is to investigate whether the discolorations are due to high levels of iron and manganese in the drinking water. Water samples were collected to practically and statistically analyse the concentrations of iron, manganese and the formation of manganese dioxide. The statistical analysis showed that the levels of manganese were at their highest closest to the drinking water treatment plant. No other statistical correlations have been established. The analysis of manganese showed that 20 out of 31 water samples were above the limit value. The limit value for manganese was already exceeded at the drinking water treatment plant. The analysis of iron showed that 2 out of 24 water samples were above the limit value. Results also showed the presence of manganese-oxidizing microorganisms in the drinking water distribution system. Manganese is emitted from the drinking water plant and favors microorganisms as well as increases the formation of manganese dioxide, which may cause corrosion on cast iron pipes. Thus, the composition of the drinking water can affect or accelerate corrosion in the drinking water distribution system.Theoretically, the discolorations that have been experienced by the users may be due to a high concentration of manganese. However, it cannot be excluded that discolorations may be caused by other factors as the result did not provide a statistical relationship between discoloration and the concentration of iron and manganese. Further studies are required to determine all the causes behind discoloured drinking water. The problem of the concentrations of manganese should be solved, whether or not it is the main cause of the water discoloration. The concentrations of iron and manganese are likely to increase in the raw water due to climate change. If the drinking water plant continues to mix surface and groundwater, the problem can be solved by installing a static mixer and introducing a separation step for iron and manganese. When choosing a biological separation method, microorganisms from the drinking water distribution system can be used.

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    Missfärgat dricksvatten i Sandvikens kommun
  • 69.
    Alsultan, Mohammed
    Kristianstad University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Avdelningen för miljö- och biovetenskap.
    Can rural Gaza Strip be both biogas “self-sufficient” and organic waste and wastewater problem free?2013Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The rural areas in the Gaza Strip suffer from the problem of sanitation and organic waste as well as electricity and cooking fuel. In this thesis, the biogas plant was designed to solve those problems based on the fixed dome plant design as shown in Figure 3 and4. Therefore, the efficiency and selectivity was good for biogas plant which is easy for the local people disposal of organic waste and wastewater as well as self-sufficiency of biogas for cooking and electricity for the family. The sediments from the biogas plant are also used as fertilizers in agriculture. Thus it is possible to know the amount of biogas production, the cost of biogas, the amount of fertilizer, the cost of fertilizers and the amount of disposal of organic waste and wastewater. The calculation shows that the size of digester which is equal to 12 cubic meters as shown in figure 4.The construction is cost of $ 930 as shown in Table 2. Through the results will be disposed of organic waste, wastewater and manure are about 48 kilograms per day for the family. The Biogas is produced 0.5 tons of biogas is estimated about $ 100 in rural areas in the Gaza Strip. It is also produced fertilizers equivalent of $ 113 per month. So the results and calculations are clear that the rural family is self-sufficient of biogas, the dispose of organic waste and wastewater and agricultural growth by the fertilizers from the biogas plant. 

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  • 70.
    Altorkmany, Lobna
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering.
    Energy Efficient Eradication of Legionella in Hot Water Systems2018Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Disease related to unsafe water, poor sanitation, and lack of hygiene is some of the most common causes of illness and death all around the world. Since the first detection of Legionella in Philadelphia 1976, Legionella is recognized to cause Legionellosis which is associated with two distinct forms: Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever. The fact that vaccination against Legionella disease is not efficacious enhances the effort towards developing the existence disinfection methods and inventing new technologies. Re-colonization of Legionella in hot water systems may occur within a few days or weeks after disinfection since conventional disinfection methods significantly reduce but do not eliminate pathogens. Understanding the conditions favoring Legionella occurrence in hot and cold systems will aid in developing new treatment technologies that minimize or eliminate human exposure to legionella pathogens. The work introduces the Anti-Bact Heat Exchanger (ABHE) system as a new innovative system inspired by nature. Compared to conventional disinfection methods, the ABHE system proposed to achieve continuous thermal disinfection of bacteria in hot water systems and in simultaneously saving energy and reducing the required costs. Thermodynamic analysis, experimental test and simulation validation of the ABHE by the Engineering Equation Solver (EES)-based model were achieved to define the thermal performance of the ABHE system at given operation conditions. The experimental test shows high potential of recovering heat and thus saving energy by the ABHE system. In addition, pumping power (PP) was relatively small compared to the recovered heat which implies that less energy was required compared to the recovered heat. The effect of working parameters such as temperatures and flow rate on the thermal performance of the ABHE system was furthermore investigated. The study shows that supplied water temperature has similar effects as the disinfection temperature. Namely, increasing supplied water temperature enhances the regeneration ratio (RR) but it requires a large plate heat exchanger (PHE) area and PP. On the contrary, increasing the temperature in use results in a reduced PHE area and PP. Flow rate has the greatest influence on the thermal performance of the ABHE system. Increasing flow rate leads to an increase in the required area of the PHE. The EES-based model investigated the effect of the length and the width of the plates used in the PHE on the RR and the required area of the PHE. Then, the EES-based model was used to optimize the ABHE system in which the PHE area is minimized or the RR of the ABHE system is maximized.

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  • 71.
    Altorkmany, Lobna
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Kharseh, Mohamad
    Civil Environmental Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology.
    Ljung, Anna-Lena
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
    Lundström, Staffan
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Fluid and Experimental Mechanics.
    Experimental and Simulation Validation of ABHE for Disinfection of Legionella in Hot Water Systems2017In: Applied Thermal Engineering, ISSN 1359-4311, E-ISSN 1873-5606, Vol. 116, p. 253-265Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The work refers to an innovative system inspired by nature that mimics the thermoregulation system that exists in animals. This method, which is called Anti Bacteria Heat Exchanger (ABHE), is proposed to achieve continuous thermal disinfection of bacteria in hot water systems with high energy efficiency. In particular, this study aims to demonstrate the opportunity to gain energy by means of recovering heat over a plate heat exchanger. Firstly, the thermodynamics of the ABHE is clarified to define the ABHE specification. Secondly, a first prototype of an ABHE is built with a specific configuration based on simplicity regarding design and construction. Thirdly, an experimental test is carried out. Finally, a computer model is built to simulate the ABHE system and the experimental data is used to validate the model. The experimental results indicate that the performance of the ABHE system is strongly dependent on the flow rate, while the supplied temperature has less effect. Experimental and simulation data show a large potential for saving energy of this thermal disinfection method by recovering heat. To exemplify, when supplying water at a flow rate of 5 kg/min and at a temperature of 50 °C, the heat recovery is about 1.5 kW while the required pumping power is 1 W. This means that the pressure drop is very small compared to the energy recovered and consequently high saving in total cost is promising.

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  • 72.
    Altorkmany, Lobna
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Nordell, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Overview of Legionella Bacteria Infection: Control and Treatment Methods2009Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Since the first recognized outbreak of Legionnaires' disease (LD) in 1976, it has become an increasing problem around the world especially in poor countries. Legionella (L) causes an estimated 15,000 annual cases of pneumonia in USA, and leads to death in about 20% of the cases. L is found worldwide in both natural and artificial environments e.g. spa pools, cooling towers. It infects people by inhaled contaminated aerosols that can transmit several km. The optimal temperature for L growth is 20-45C. Control of L is therefore an important health issue. Many treatment methods are used; biocides, ionisation, ozone, UV-radiation, pressure, and thermal treatment. Only thermal treatment can completely eliminate L, which is killed almost instantly at 70C. Current paper gives an overview of the Legionella problem and treatment methods.

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  • 73. Altorkmany, Lobna
    et al.
    Nordell, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Overview of legionella bacteria infection: control and treatment methods2009Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 74.
    Alzuhairi, Fatin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Associated with Cross-Connections in the Drinking Water Network in Combination with Hydraulic Modeling2022Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Drinking water companies have the technology and responsibility to deliver safe and high-quality drinking water to the water distribution systems network (WDN). However, many events within the WDN, such as cross-connections and backflow, might degrade water quality and pose public health risks to consumers. Cross-connection and backflow events may occur if there is physical contact between the external non-potable water source and the drinking water. When the pressure in the external source is greater than in the WDN, and when there are inadequate cross-connections controls, cross-connections and backflows may occur. This project aimed to investigate the circumstances that influence cross-connection and backflow events and estimate the health risk of infection. The method used for this study included hydraulic and water quality modeling EPANET to simulate the fate and transport of pathogens in the WDN during the outbreak. Besides, the quantitative microbial risk assessment QMRA was used to evaluate the health risks associated with cross-connections and backflow events due to ingestion of contaminated water. The modeled events included four reference pathogens (viruses: Norovirus and Rotavirus, bacteria: Campylobacter, and protozoa: Cryptosporidium) from four water types (wastewater, greywater, treated wastewater, and treated greywater). The simulation considered three potential pathogen load risk levels entering WDN: extreme, evaluated, and endemic. The results indicate that the factors that influence pathogen intrusion and consequently the risk of infection were the duration and intensity of the low-pressure event, the location of the cross-connection, and the pathogen concentration in water sources. The estimated daily risk of infection from cross-connection and backflow events generally exceeded the acceptable target level of 10−6 per person per day for all reference pathogens and modeled events. The exception was for the endemic risk level during the cross-connections with treated wastewater and greywater, where the risk was 10−7 and 10−10. Several measures can be implemented to manage and mitigate the risk of cross-connections, such as demanding plumbing installation procedures and backflow prevention devices and developing an early detection system to predict the cross-connection earlier before the outbreak happens to the system, for instance, by applying a machine learning system. 

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  • 75.
    Amara, S.
    et al.
    Unité de Recherche en Energies Renouvelables en Milieu Saharien (URER/MS).
    Benyoucef, B.
    Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER), Université de Tlemcen.
    Nordell, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Touzi, A.
    Unité de Recherche en Energies Renouvelables en Milieu Saharien (URER/MS).
    Benmoussat, A.
    Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER), Université de Tlemcen.
    Experimental study of a concentration heating system with optical fiber supply2009In: Abstract book and proceedings : Effstock 2009: 11th International conference on Thermal Energy Storage for Energy Efficiency and Sustainability / [ed] Signhild Gehlin, Stockholm: Energi- och Miljötekniska Föreningen / EMTF Förlag , 2009Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The buildings thermal function is important to provide comfort to its tenants. This means to provide cooling during hot seasons and/or heating in cold season. Current study concerns modelling of a new design of thermal photo sensors that results in a more efficient heating for Tlemcen site, Algeria.

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  • 76.
    Amara, S.
    et al.
    Unité de Recherche en Energies Renouvelables en Milieu Saharien (URER/MS).
    Benyoucef, B.
    Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER), Université de Tlemcen.
    Nordell, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Touzi, A.
    Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER).
    Benmoussat, A.
    Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER), Université de Tlemcen.
    Experimental study of a domestic hot water storage tank thermal behaviour2009In: Abstract book and proceedings : Effstock 2009: 11th International conference on Thermal Energy Storage for Energy Efficiency and Sustainability / [ed] Signhild Gehlin, Stockholm: Energi- och Miljötekniska Föreningen / EMTF Förlag , 2009Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Much work has been carried out on hot water storage during the last 20-30 years, particularly on solar heat applications. Theoretical and experimental studies on the internal heat transfer have been made at laboratory scale and at larger scales. Current study, which was conducted in order to understand the stratification phenomena, involved an experimental study on the thermal behaviour in a hot water tank during charging and discharging for domestic hot water storage. Results showed no effect of stratification due to the injection fluid from the bottom of the tank and the effect of mixed convection induced by the temperature difference which created a mixture inside the tank, where the temperature was uniform across the height, and the apparition of stratification due to the fact of discharge from the bottom of the tank.

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  • 77.
    Amara, S.
    et al.
    Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER), Université de Tlemcen, BP 119 Tlemcen 13000.
    Nordell, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Mostefaoui, Z.
    Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER), Université de Tlemcen, BP 119 Tlemcen 13000.
    Biomass Dry Storage for Capture and Storage of CO2 and Energy2018In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Vocational Education and Training (ICOVET 2018) / [ed] Anie Yulistyorini, Aji Prasetya Wibawa, Helianti Utami, Dr. Muladi, Dr. Setiadi Cahyono Putro, Didik Nurhadi, Duwi Laksono Edy, Astri Anindya Sari, Angger Bintary Wulan P., Idelia Trisnaning Tyas, Atlantis Press, 2018, p. 188-192Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHG) are considered the main cause of many environmental issues that lead to climate change and global warming. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a promising sustainable method used for decreasing CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, for the CCS technology to be effectively put into use, some aspects should be taken into account, namely cost, capacity and durability of storage. In this paper, different CCS methods are described and the work proposes an alternative way of storing CO2 (and energy) using large-scale dry storage of biomass. The main advantage of suggested carbon storage system is that has no operation cost, and no need for maintenance and monitoring. By comparing the present project with other advanced and hi-tech projects, it is concluded that the proposed biomass storage is a cost-effective CCS technique. In the future, when the CO2 emissions are not seen as a global problem, this dry storage method enables recovery of stored wood for various purposes.

  • 78.
    Amara, Saidi
    et al.
    Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER), Université de Tlemcen.
    Baghdadli, T.
    Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER), Université de Tlemcen.
    Nordell, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Khimulu, R.
    Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER), Université de Tlemcen.
    Solar System Design for Water Treatment: Antibacterial Heat Exchanger (ABHE)2017In: Innovative Healthcare Systems for the 21st Century / [ed] Hassan Qudrat-Ullah, Peter Tsasis, Springer International Publishing , 2017, p. 167-180Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Current study concerns the fundamental problems to eliminate pathogens that are responsible for waterborne diseases. These illnesses, which have followed man throughout history, are described by occurring symptoms such as diarrhea and nausea. The various organisms identified within this document as waterborne bacterial pathogens are, e.g., Legionella (causes Pontiac fever), Salmonella (typhoid fever), and Yersinia (plague). Several control methods are available for water disinfection: biocide, ultraviolet light sterilization, copper–silver ionization, ozonation, etc., but only thermal treatment can eliminate bacterial pathogens, which are killed almost instantly at 70 °C. The current chapter describes water disinfection by a solar concentrator combined with a heat recovery system that reduces the heat demand. Though this study is made for a small system (160 l of hot water per day), the system can be enlarged (more hot water and more solar collector area), and the results are thus valid also for such larger systems. Here experiments of water treatment by a solar concentrator are summarized and analyzed where the temperature exceeds 80 °C at the outlet of the heat exchanger.

  • 79.
    Amara, Sofiane
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Novel and ancient technologies for heating and cooling buildings2011Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The basic issue of this thesis concerns one of the fundamental problems of the future of our society: How to meet the energy requirements for a large and growing world population while preserving our environment? This question is important for the world and the answers are complex and interwoven.Conventional energy sources, fossil and fissile, are polluting in the present and in the future: they erode the environment and their resources are limited. Renewable energy (hydro, wind, solar, geothermal) constitutes a minimum of pollution in the different energy systems. The technologies for using renewable energy are well known though further development and progress are made. This development also requires behavioural change, adaptation, and above all political will. The transition from an economy based on fossil energy to an economy based on renewable energy appears necessary for the protection of the environment. The cost of renewable energy is often represented as an obstacle but remains competitive in the long run.The development and availability of renewable energy, which varies because of its spatial and temporal distribution, require an adaptation of lifestyle, habits, habitat design (passive bioclimatic houses), urban planning and transportation.The focus of this thesis was to apply renewable energy in an area with hot summers and cold winter, a climate like that in the northwest of Algeria. In order to provide improved comfort in the buildings and also economic development in this area, the energy demand for heating and cooling was analyzed in the ancient city of Tlemcen. To supply domestic hot water and space heating, water must be simultaneously available at two different temperature levels. Cold water temperature, close to that of the atmosphere, and hot water between 50 and 60°C. An interesting feature of the preparation of hot water is the small variation of requirements during the year, unlike that to heating. The preparation of hot water is one of the preferred applications of solar energy in the building for several reasons. For this reason an experimental study of the thermal behaviour of a domestic hot water storage tank was undertaken. The phenomena that affect the thermal behaviour of tank especially the coupling between the solar collector and storage tank was studied. This study included concentrating solar collector in which optical fibers were used to transport the energy to the storage tank. Another technology was introduced and developed for the heating and cooling of buildings in the desert involving an existing ancient irrigation system called Fouggara. The novel idea is to use the Fouggara as an air conditioner by pumping ambient air through this underground system. Then air at a temperature of about 21°C would be supplied to the building for heating in the winter and cooling in the summer. This study shows the feasibility of using this ancient irrigation system of Fouggara and contributes to reducing and eliminating the energy demand for heating and cooling buildings in the Sahara desert.

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  • 80.
    Amara, Sofiane
    et al.
    Université de Tlemcen, BP 119 Tlemcen.
    Baghdadli, Tewfik
    Université de Tlemcen, BP 119 Tlemcen.
    Knapp, Samuel
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Nordell, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Legionella Disinfection by Solar Concentrator System2017In: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews, ISSN 1364-0321, E-ISSN 1879-0690, Vol. 70, p. 786-792Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The current study concerns the fundamental problems of Legionnaires disease. Four decades after Legionnaires' bacteria was first identified there is still a low level of clinical awareness. Humans are infected by inhalation of aerosolized water and/or soil contaminated with the bacteria. Several control methods are available for water disinfection: biocide, ultraviolet light sterilization, copper-silver ionization, ozonation etc. but only thermal treatment can completely eliminate Legionella, which is killed almost instantly at 70 °C. The current paper describes Legionella disinfection by a solar concentrator combined with a heat recovery system that reduces the heat demand. Though this study is made for a small system (160 l of hot water per day) the system can be enlarged (more hot water and more solar collector area) and the results are thus valid also for such larger systems. Here experiments of water treatment by a solar concentrator are summarized and analyzed where the temperature exceeds 80 °C at the outlet of the heat exchanger.

  • 81.
    Amara, Sofiane
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Benmoussat, A.
    Renewable Energy Research Unity in Saharien Middle, ‘URER/MS’.
    Benyoucef, B.
    Renewable Energy & Materials Research Unity, ‘URMER’.
    Nordell, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Requirements energy estimate of heating & cooling for a dwelling in the site of Tlemcen2007In: Revue des Energies Renouvelables: , Rеvuе des Enеrgies Renouvеlablеs, ISSN 1112-2242, no Special Ed.Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 82.
    Amara, Sofiane
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Nordell, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Benyoucef, B.
    Unité de Recherche Matériaux et Energies Renouvelables (URMER), Université de Tlemcen, BP 119 Tlemcen, Algeria.
    Using fouggara for heating and cooling buildings in Sahara2011In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 6, p. 55-64Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to utilise naturally stored heat or cold from the ground, seasonal temperature variations are required. The reason is that the ground temperature is then warmer than the air temperature during winter and colder during summer. The heating and cooling demand in North Africa varies considerably with the greatest cooling demand in the East and the greatest heating demand in the West. In parts of Algeria the mean temperature difference between the coldest and warmest month is greater than 20 °C, which is favourable. In current work it was shown that the ancient Fouggara system, even today would be interesting for heating and cooling of buildings in the Sahara desert.

  • 83.
    Amara, Sofiane
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Nordell, Bo
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Benyoucef, B.
    Université de Tlemcen, BP 119 Tlemcen.
    Benmoussat, A.
    Université de Tlemcen, BP 119 Tlemcen.
    Concentration heating system with optical fiber supply2011In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 6, p. 805-814Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper reports on an experimental realization and field testing of a recently proposed solar fiber optic mini dish light concentrator connected to a hot water accumulator. The prototype dish is 150 cm in diameter. In repeated test the collected and concentrated sunlight was transported in a one millimeter diameter optical fiber to a selective surface in the storage tank. This surface absorbs the radiation which remains trapped inside as it heat exchanges with tank fluid which temperature can reach 70 °C.

  • 84.
    Amiri, Vahab
    et al.
    Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
    Li, Peiyue
    School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi’an, 710054, China Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi’an, 710054, China.
    Bhattacharya, Prosun
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering. KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
    Nakhaei, Mohammad
    Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
    Mercury pollution in the coastal Urmia aquifer in northwestern Iran: potential sources, mobility, and toxicity2021In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, ISSN 0944-1344, E-ISSN 1614-7499, Vol. 28, no 14, p. 17546-17562Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The concentration of total dissolved mercury (HgT) in surface and groundwater resources in the coastal parts of Urmia aquifer (NW of Iran) was investigated to identify the possible sources and sinks of mercury and the geochemical mechanisms controlling its mobilization. The distribution of water samples on the Piper diagram demonstrates that most samples have the Ca-Mg-HCO3 facies. From 62 water samples collected in this area, one sample contained HgT concentrations exceeding the maximum contaminant level recommended by the WHO (6 μg/L). The principal component analysis (PCA) produced five principal components. The positive moderate correlation of HgT with EC, Cl, K, Mg, and Na indicated that the weathering of geological formations was one of the main sources of mercury in groundwater samples. Position of water samples in Eh-pH regions where microorganisms involved in mercury methylation and mineralization were potentially active demonstrated that the aquifer had undergone sulfate reduction and had reached the final stage of the terminal electron accepting process (TEAP) sequence in the methane production processes which are limited to only 37% of the water samples that have anaerobic conditions. Some Hg-bearing species are in nonequilibrium geochemical conditions. The supersaturation of water samples with magnetite and goethite indicated that these Fe-bearing minerals could act as the strong reducing agents for the reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(0).

  • 85.
    Amofah, Lea Rastas
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    A small scale wastewater treatment system adapted to nutrient recovery in cold climate: performance and possible sorbents2007Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Waterbodies are impaired by, among other things, discharge from onsite small- scale wastewater (WW) treatment systems. Hence, these systems need to be updated to improve the effluent quality and the reuse of nutrients within society. The objectives of this thesis were to find suitable sorbents for a small scale WW treatment system, to investigate the performance of a willow bed in cold climate and to evaluate the function of a proposed WW treatment system adapted to sustainable development in cold climate.Column experiments were performed to study the ammonium adsorption and desorption of clinoptilolite. Laboratory scale studies were conducted to estimate the phosphorus (P) retention of blast furnace slag (BF slag). Further, a full-scale WW treatment system was implemented in northern Sweden to evaluate the function of the system and its units over 16 months. The system comprised of a willow bed and two parallel P filters, namely BF slag and Filtralite-P. A stream of primarily treated WW from a village was pumped to the treatment system.The results from the column experiments showed that ammonium adsorption of the studied clinoptilolite and the desorption of previously adsorbed ammonium was too low to be an economically reasonable alternative for WW ammonium retention in small-scale WW treatment systems.The investigated weathered and coarse-grained BF slag had a low WW P retention, with the overall P sorption below 100 mg P/kg. Therefore, the material is not suitable for P retention. Fresh and fine-grained BF slag demonstrated to be an effective P sorbent in laboratory experiments. However, the release of sulphuric compounds from the BF slag was extensive and may hinder its utilisation as P sorbent.Filtralite-P was found to be a promising P sorbent with a WW P sorption of about 370 mg P/kg at the end of the full-scale experimental period, and still with remaining capacity to retain P.The willow bed functioned as a treatment step due the reduction of nutrients, solids and BOD, and there was no significant difference in winter and summer performance. Climatic conditions seemed not to be a hindrance for willow beds in northern Sweden. However, the stemwood produced in the willow bed would replace only a small fraction of a household’s energy need for heating and warm water.In the full-scale study, the treatment system with BF slag filter attained neither of the protection levels given by Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) during the experimental period. The Filtralite-P treatment line fulfilled the requirements of the low protection level by SEPA for the 1 year operating period and the requirements of the high protection level for 2 months. The need of maintanance in the studied treatment system was small and the operation was steady.

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  • 86.
    Amofah, Lea Rastas
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Towards sustainability of environmental protection: recovery of nutrients from wastewater filtration and the washing of arsenic contaminated soils2012Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Conventional methods for wastewater treatment and remediation of the sites withcontaminated soils focus on protection of human health, receiving waters and theenvironment. Towards this end, these methods concentrate on the reduction or removal of polluting substances, and therefore, are not well suited for creating resources through the recovery of nutrients, energy and decontaminated soils. Hence, a new, more sustainable approach is promoted in this thesis and, besides meeting the protection requirements, takes into consideration the resources that can be recovered from the treatment processes, keeping in mind the energy use during such a recovery. To achieve this goal, a better knowledge of wastewater and contaminated soil treatment approaches needs to be developed, from a resource recovery perspective.In this thesis project, laboratory, pilot-scale and full-scale investigations were conducted to study phosphorus (P) sorption in blast furnace slag (BF slag) filters. Further, ammonium adsorption by, and desorption from, clinoptilolite was studied in laboratory columns. A full-scale wastewater treatment system, comprising a willow bed followed by two parallel P–filters with BF slag and Filtralite® P media was examined for the wastewater treatment efficiency, nutrient accumulation in willow biomass, and biomass production. In a similar way, laboratory, pilot-scale and full-scale investigations were conducted to examine arsenic (As) removal from As contaminated soils using physical separation and chemical extraction. Finally, the decontamination of the extraction effluents (contaminated by As) was studied by adjusting pH and adding a coagulant, iron chloride.Pollutant mobilisation and immobilisation were affected by pH, the organic mattercontent, redox potential, time (process duration) and temperature. Results showed that pollutants in the studied media have complex characteristics in terms of charge of species and redox speciation, and therefore, no general conclusions addressing all the conditions studied could be given. The P sorption capacity of BF slag was reduced by outdoor storage and weathering, and the content of organic substances in sewage seemed to have a more negative impact on the sorption process when using weathered BF slag. Arsenic mobilisation from As contaminated soils was affected by pH, the content of organic substances, and redox potential and the nature of these effects depended on the polluting chemicals (i.e. wood preservatives) and the content of calcium in the soil. Extractions at elevated temperatures facilitated high As mobilisation from the contaminated soils for short contact times, assuming that the extraction solution features vital for As mobilisation were not altered, and the fastest As mobilisation was achieved by using an acid oxalate citrate solution rather than reductive or alkaline extraction solutions at room temperatures.In the full-scale treatment system, the willow bed efficiently reduced the content of total suspended solids and biodegradable organic matter in the influent wastewater and prevented the clogging of downstream phosphorus filters during the one year of operation. The Filtralite® P treatment train simultaneously removed over 90 and 70% of BOD and P, respectively, during the experimental period, and therefore, fulfilled the requirements for the low protection level over the period of one year, except for tot-P excesses during the snowmelt period. In the case of tot-N reduction (50%), the high protection level was achieved. On the other hand, the treatment system with BF slag did not fulfil requirements for either low or high protection level, because the coarse-grained BF slag was inefficient in retaining P and the concentrations of oxygen consuming compounds were elevated downstream of the filter.The studied methods for recovering resources through treatment of wastewater and contaminated soils demonstrated a potential for improving environmental sustainability of these processes. Even though the willow bed did not accumulate nutrients from the fed wastewater to a high degree, it facilitated nutrient recovery in other treatment steps located downstream. Fresh, fine-grained BF slag showed capacity to recover P from wastewater, which was comparable to that of other efficient P sorbents. The BF slag material released high amounts of sulphuric compounds during the initial loading phase which consequently increased the concentration of oxygen consuming compounds in the filter effluent. Thus, the use of BF slag for P retention is not recommended when the effluent is discharged to sensitive receiving waters. Natural clinoptilolite studied showed a high capacity for adsorbing ammonium from the pre-treated wastewater, at low operating temperatures. Hence, the clinoptilolite filter has a potential to enhance N retention during the plant dormancy or prior to the maturity of willow beds when N retention is needed. However, the recovery of ammonium was limited by the inefficient desorption process using tap water without recycling the eluate. Fertigated willows grew nearly as well as in the south of Sweden, but in the highly loaded horizontal flow willow bed, the potential to produce biofuel was limited. To recover nutrients, willow clones with lateral growth are preferable. 90% of nutrients accumulated in the above-ground parts of willows could be recovered from the experimental site operated over three growing seasons, particularly when using dense planting and annual harvesting prior to leaf fall.Soil treatment, comprising the exclusion of the fine soil fraction prior to the chemical extraction with strong extraction agents applied at an elevated temperature, was efficient in decontaminating soils, even for short contact times. However, this treatment procedure results in an incomplete soil recovery (i.e. the recovered mass of soil after decontamination is appreciably smaller than the soil mass prior to decontamination), consumes a high amount of energy and lowers the soil quality, which limits the potential end-use of the decontaminated soil. The alkaline extraction effluents could be decontaminated at a pH of 4-5 with the addition of a coagulant. Also, the treatment of alkaline extraction effluents was facilitated by the exclusion of the fine soil fraction from the chemical extraction step. The use of acid oxalate-citrate extraction solution was judged infeasible because the decontamination of such extraction solution is complicated due to the high pH buffering and complexing capacity of the solution.

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  • 87.
    Amofah, Lea Rastas
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Hanaeus, Jörgen
    Nutrient recovery in a smallscale wastewater treatment plant in cold climate2006In: Vatten, ISSN 0042-2886, Vol. 62, no 4, p. 355-368Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    An onsite wastewater treatment plant at Brändön, north of Luleå, receiving primarily treated wastewater from a village, was operated and investigated during one year. The wastewater flow was 0.5 m3/d. The main treatment steps were a prefilter, mainly to distribute the flow, a vegetation filter consisting of two different clones of Salix and two phosphorus filters with Filtralite-P and blast furnace slag (BF slag) operated in parallel. The willow bed reduction of BOD7 was in average about 80% and of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) 20-30%. The main mechanism was believed to be filtration in the bed. The reduction through plant uptake was minor. The Filtralite-P filter reduced BOD7, P and N with 67%, 72% and 20%, respectively. The BF slag filter reduced P and N with 53% and 3%, respectively. The release of sulphuric compounds from the BF slag filter increased the BOD7 content in the effluent. The Filtralite-P system achieved the requirements of the normal protection level given by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency but not all of the requirements of the high protection level. The BF slag system did not fullfil the requirements of the two protection levels.

  • 88.
    Amofah, Lea Rastas
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Architecture and Water.
    Maurice, Christian
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Geosciences and Environmental Engineering.
    Bhattacharya, Prosun
    Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering , Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , Stockholm, Sweden.
    Extraction of arsenic from soils contaminated with wood preservation chemicals2010In: Soil & sediment contamination, ISSN 1532-0383, E-ISSN 1549-7887, Vol. 19, no 2, p. 142-159Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Three soil samples contaminated by chromated zinc arsenate (CZA) or chromated copper arsenate (CCA) were investigated in a laboratory scale to study As mobilization and to identify a chemical agent that could be used in soil washing to extract arsenic. Besides high As extraction, the cost, occupational health issues and technical aspects were considered when selecting the chemical. Arsenic is strongly bound to CZA/CCA soils; only ∼50% of the tot-As was removed from water-washed soils. High Fe or Al mobilization is not necessarily indicative of high As removal from CZA/CCA soils. A high Cu/As-ratio and a large amount of soluble Ca in the soil hampered As extraction. The high ratio can be an indication of stable Cu-arsenates in soil. Calcium can react with the extraction agent or with As during extraction. Sodium hydroxide, dithionite with citrate (and oxalate) (dithionite solutions), and oxalate with citrate were the most efficient chemicals for removing As from the soils. The disadvantages of using these strong chemicals are: a high cost (oxalate with citrate); damage to equipment (dithionite solutions); an adverse impact on occupational health (dithionite solutions); or a deterioration in soil quality after extraction (NaOH and dithionite solutons). Phosphate, solutions based on NH2OH·HCl, or citrate were not efficient in mobilizing As from the soils.

  • 89.
    Anandhi, Aavudai
    et al.
    Florida A&M Univ, Coll Agr & Food Sci, Biol Syst Engn, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA;Florida A&M Univ, Coll Agr & Food Sci, Ctr Water Resources, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA.
    Pierson, Don
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology.
    Frei, Allan
    CUNY, Hunter Coll, Dept Geog, New York, NY 10065 USA;CUNY, CUNY Inst Sustainable Cities, New York, NY 10065 USA.
    Evaluation of Climate Model Performance for Water Supply Studies: Case Study for New York City2019In: Journal of water resources planning and management, ISSN 0733-9496, E-ISSN 1943-5452, Vol. 145, no 8, article id 06019006Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Evaluating the suitability of data from global climate models (GCMs) for use as input in water supply models is an important step in the larger task of evaluating the effects of climate change on water resources management such as that of water supply operations. The purpose of this paper is to present the process by which GCMs were evaluated and incorporated into the New York City (NYC) water supply's planning activities and to provide conclusions regarding the overall effectiveness of the ranking procedure used in the evaluation. A suite of GCMs participating in Phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) were evaluated for use in climate change projections in the watersheds of the NYC water supply that provide 90% of the water consumed by NYC. GCM data were aggregated using the seven land-grid points surrounding NYC watersheds, and these data with a daily timestep were evaluated seasonally using probability-based skill scores for various combinations of five meteorological variables (precipitation, average, maximum and minimum temperatures, and wind speed). These are the key variables for the NYC water supply because they affect the timing and magnitude of water, energy, sediment, and nutrient fluxes into the reservoirs as well as in simulating watershed hydrology and reservoir hydrodynamics. We attempted to choose a subset of GCMs based on the average of several skill metrics that compared baseline (20C3M) GCM results to observations. Skill metrics for the study indicate that the skill in simulating the frequency distributions of measured data is highest for temperature and lowest for wind. However, our attempts to identify the best model or subgroup of models were not successful because we found that no single model performs best when considering all of the variables and seasons.

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  • 90.
    Anaraki, Mahdi Valikhan
    et al.
    Department of Water Engineering and Hydraulic Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan 35131-19111, Iran.
    Achite, Mohammed
    Water and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef, Chlef 02180, Algeria; Construction and Project Management Research Institute, Housing and Building National Research Centre, Giza 12311, Egypt.
    Farzin, Saeed
    Department of Water Engineering and Hydraulic Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan 35131-19111, Iran.
    Elshaboury, Nehal
    Construction and Project Management Research Institute, Housing and Building National Research Centre, Giza 12311, Egypt.
    Al-Ansari, Nadhir
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Mining and Geotechnical Engineering.
    Elkhrachy, Ismail
    Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 66291, Saudi Arabia.
    Modeling of Monthly Rainfall–Runoff Using Various Machine Learning Techniques in Wadi Ouahrane Basin, Algeria2023In: Water, E-ISSN 2073-4441, Vol. 15, no 20, article id 3576Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rainfall–runoff modeling has been the core of hydrological research studies for decades. To comprehend this phenomenon, many machine learning algorithms have been widely used. Nevertheless, a thorough comparison of machine learning algorithms and the effect of pre-processing on their performance is still lacking in the literature. Therefore, the major objective of this research is to simulate rainfall runoff using nine standalone and hybrid machine learning models. The conventional models include artificial neural networks, least squares support vector machines (LSSVMs), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), M5 model trees, random forests, multiple adaptive regression splines, and multivariate nonlinear regression. In contrast, the hybrid models comprise LSSVM and KNN coupled with a gorilla troop optimizer (GTO). Moreover, the present study introduces a new combination of the feature selection method, principal component analysis (PCA), and empirical mode decomposition (EMD). Mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), relative RMSE (RRMSE), person correlation coefficient (R), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and Kling Gupta efficiency (KGE) metrics are used for assessing the performance of the developed models. The proposed models are applied to rainfall and runoff data collected in the Wadi Ouahrane basin, Algeria. According to the results, the KNN–GTO model exhibits the best performance (MAE = 0.1640, RMSE = 0.4741, RRMSE = 0.2979, R = 0.9607, NSE = 0.9088, and KGE = 0.7141). These statistical criteria outperform other developed models by 80%, 70%, 72%, 77%, 112%, and 136%, respectively. The LSSVM model provides the worst results without pre-processing the data. Moreover, the findings indicate that using feature selection, PCA, and EMD significantly improves the accuracy of rainfall–runoff modeling.

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  • 91.
    Anderberg, Hilda
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Olsson, Sofia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Bjerklund, Frida
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Larsson, Therese
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Junegard, Frida
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Risker vid översvämning och åtgärdsförslag för MSB:s skola i Revinge2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    På skolan i Revinge utbildar Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap (MSB) personer inom områdena skydd mot olyckor och krisberedskap. Vid ett flertal tillfällen har Kävlingeån översvämmat skolområdet vilket resulterat i att verksamheten blivit stillastående i flera veckor. Grundvattennivån ligger nära markytan på skolområdet och platsen är därför extra känslig för översvämningar både från ån och extrem nederbörd.

    För att kunna minimera konsekvenserna vid en översvämning identifierades olika objekt, byggnader och områden, som i rapporten är benämnda som skyddsobjekt, som drabbas mest vid översvämning. För att ta hänsyn till att framtida väderförhållanden kan bli mer extrema undersöktes två klimatanpassade scenarier, höga flöden från ån och extrem nederbörd. Olika åtgärder mot översvämningar som potentiellt kan passa skolområdet togs fram och viktades utefter kostnader, lagar och skyddskapacitet.

    Skyddsobjekten som togs fram är skolans övningytor, kontorsbyggnader, hus med källare, spillvattenbrunnar, områden som kan sprida miljöfarliga ämnen, elskåp samt fordonshall/förråd. Skyddsobjekten viktades utefter översvämningskonsekvensernas direkta kostnader, hinder för utbildning samt fara för människor och natur, i relation till hur sannolikt det är att objekten blir översvämmade. Övningsytor, spillvattenbrunnar och områden som kan sprida miljöfarliga ämnen fick högsta prioritet.

    De åtgärder mot översvämning som undersöktes var gröna tak, regnmagasin, regnbäddar, träd, kontrollerad översvämningsyta och permanent vall. De fyra förstnämnda bedömdes billiga och lagligt sett icke komplicerade i relation till permanent vall och kontrollerad översvämningsyta. En summering av vilka skyddsobjekt varje åtgärd skyddar lades till. En effektivitetsfaktor togs fram i relation till vilka scenarier åtgärderna verkar mot och i vilken grad de kan motverka ett scenario på egen hand. Detta gav värderingen, från högst till lägst, permanent vall, träd, översvämningsyta, regnmagasin, regnbäddar och gröna tak.

    Som ytterligare åtgärder rekommenderas det att utesluta användning av källare helt och bestämmelser kring nybyggnation bör tas i relation till var det finns störst risk för översvämning på området. Ett förslag till MSB finns om att ta kontakt med Kävlingeå-projektet som arbetar med att utöka andelen våtmarker utmed Kävlingeån, där ett av målen för projektet är att motverka översvämningar. Arbetet drivs av Kävlingeåns Vattenråd, vilka också kan ha mer information kring hur regleringen av Vombsjön kan påverka risken för översvämning på skolområdet. 

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  • 92.
    Andersson, Amanda
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Utvärdering av prediktion och utfall av inläckage i bergtunnel: Fallstudie E4 Förbifart Stockholm2019Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Groundwater inflow to a rock tunnel is inevitable, but nonetheless important to limit. Otherwise both the surroundings and the tunnel itself risk becoming subject to damage. To prevent this, legal limitations are set for the inflow. Measurements are then made to ensure that the inflow does not exceed these limitations. When constructing a tunnel in hard rock, the limit objectives are hopefully met through the filling of rock fractures through grouting. Inflow predictions are made at an early stage of a tunnel project, both in order to establish the legal requirements but also as basis for grouting design. The aim of the work reported is to understand why these predictions in some cases deviate from the measured inflow. To accomplish this, a case study on two road tunnels in one of Sweden's most comprehensive infrastructure projects of all time, the construction of a motorway bypass around the capital Stockholm, is presented and assessed. Several causes of deviations between inflow predictions and observations in these two tunnels are suggested, most of them related to the hydraulic conductivity of the rock. Overall the rock quality seems to be worse than predicted. In one tunnel segment in particular, one cause of major deviations from inflow predictions is due to a fracture zone which has not been accounted for. These identified causes of increased inflow could have been foreseen in an early stage of the project, either through more extensive investigations or different interpretations of existing data. New inflow predictions have been made based on the suggested corrections. The result is consistently higher than the predictions made earlier and mostly less deviant from observations. This indicates that the real inflow is probably higher than initially predicted.

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  • 93.
    Andersson, Anna
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Harir, Mourad
    Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany.
    Gonsior, Michael
    University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, USA.
    Hertkorn, Norbert
    Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany.
    Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe
    Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany.
    Kylin, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Karlsson, Susanne
    Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Ashiq, Muhammad Jamshaid
    Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Lavonen, Elin
    Norrvatten, Kvalitet och Utveckling.
    Nilsson, Kerstin
    VA SYD.
    Pettersson, Ämma
    Nodra.
    Stavklint, Helena
    Tekniska verken i Linköping.
    Bastviken, David
    Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Waterworks-specific composition of drinking water disinfection by-products2019In: Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, ISSN 2053-1400, E-ISSN 2053-1419, no 5, p. 861-872Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Reactions between chemical disinfectants and natural organic matter (NOM) upon drinking water treatment result in formation of potentially harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs). The diversity of DBPs formed is high and a large portion remains unknown. Previous studies have shown that non-volatile DBPs are important, as much of the total toxicity from DBPs has been related to this fraction. To further understand the composition and variation of DBPs associated with this fraction, non-target analysis with ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was employed to detect DBPs at four Swedish waterworks using different types of raw water and treatments. Samples were collected five times covering a full year. A common group of DBPs formed at all four waterworks was detected, suggesting a similar pool of DBP precursors in all raw waters that might be related to phenolic moieties. However, the largest proportion (64–92%) of the assigned chlorinated and brominated molecular formulae were unique, i.e. were solely found in one of the four waterworks. In contrast, the compositional variations of NOM in the raw waters and samples collected prior to chemical disinfection were rather limited.This indicated that waterworks-specific DBPs presumably originated from matrix effects at the point of disinfection, primarily explained by differences in bromide levels, disinfectants (chlorine versus chloramine) and different relative abundances of isomers among the NOM compositions studied. The large variation of observed DBPs in the toxicologically relevant non-volatile fraction indicates that non-targeted monitoring strategies might be valuable to ensure relevant DBP monitoring in the future.

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    Waterworks-specific composition of drinking water disinfection by-products
  • 94.
    Andersson, Annika
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Kylvatten som värmekälla för begränsing av istryck mot dammluckor till kraftverk: en experimentell studie av fördelningssystem1990Report (Other academic)
  • 95.
    Andersson, Annika
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Andersson, Lars-Olof
    Luleå University of Technology.
    A field study of frazil ice accumulation and adhesion on trash racks1992Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A field experiment to study frazil ice blockage of water intake trash racks in hydropower plants is described. The experiment, conducted during the 1990/1991 winter using a submerged video camera, was designed to investigate ice accumulation on trash racks and compare this with laboratory tests. Differences between ice accumulation and adhesion on steel bars with and without a rubber coating were examined. The submerged video camera functioned well and was found to be an excellent tool to document and evaluate these ice phenomena. Frazil ice problems occured in air temperatures as high as -4°C. Frazil ice accumulation started on the upper section of the trash racks and progressed downwards. Ice was mainly deposited on the upstream face of the racks. The rubber coating material, with its poor adhesion to ice, appeared to mitigate frazil ice problems in the intakes in two ways. Ice was much more easily removed from trash rack elements coated with rubber and frazil did not stick to coated trash racks under small depress of supercoolings.

  • 96.
    Andersson, Annika
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Svensson, Urban
    Luleå University of Technology.
    A numerical model of water droplet trajectories1989In: POAC '89: 10th International conference on port and ocean engineering under arctic conditions / [ed] Kenneth B.E. Axelsson; Lennart Å. Fransson, Luleå: Luleå tekniska universitet, 1989, Vol. 2, p. 671-680Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 97.
    Andersson, Camilla
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Modellering av avrinning från gröna tak: Avrinningskoefficienter och modellparametrar2015Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Larger and denser cities result in increasing amounts of impervious surfaces in urban areas. This generates an increase in storm water runoff, as the rainwater is prevented from infiltrating in natural soils and instead flows along the paved surfaces. The increased amount of storm water runoff is liable to cause problems in areas where the storm water system has been designed to handle the amounts of runoff previously generated in the area. Upsizing the capacity of the pipelines is usually costly, and it is therefore desirable to instead reduce the load on the existing system. One way of achieving this is to cover the rooftops with vegetation, so called green roofs. Green roofs are growing in popularity and have the potential to reduce the rate and volume of runoff, as well as attenuating the peak discharge. There are however uncertainties regarding how their abilities are affected by for example the antecedent weather conditions and the moisture content of the roof, as well as by various storm events.

     

    The purpose of this Master’s Thesis was to study the possibility to simulate the runoff from green roofs using an existing function in the modelling software SWMM by US Environmental Protection Agency, and using Mike Urban by the company DHI. An additional objective was to use on of the designed models to evaluate how green roofs can affect the load on an existing storm water system. Measurements of precipitation, runoff and potential evapotranspiration were obtained from Veg Tech AB and AgroTech A/S. The measurements had been carried out at their demonstration site in Taastrup, Denmark, and included runoff from green roofs of three different thicknesses: 4 cm moss-sedum, 7 cm sedum-herb-grass and 11 cm sedum-herb-grass, as well as an impervious roof used as reference. Initial analyses of the data showed that the storage capacity increased with an increased roof thickness. The thicker roofs were able to completely retain the rainfall from larger storm events than what was the case for the thinnest roof. An analysis of the relationship between precipitation depth and runoff volume showed a stronger correlation for rains with 60 and 120 minutes duration than what was the case for shorter durations.

     

    Comparisons of the two models’ performance showed different strengths and weaknesses, and none of the models were able to simulate runoff in a way that was satisfactory in all aspects. Mike Urban generally gave a higher coefficient of determination but consistently overestimated the discharged volume for extended time periods. SWMM gave a better conformity in observed runoff than Mike Urban during the first months of the simulation period, but generally gave a time lag in the runoff hydrograph. For the 4 cm roof calibration, SWMM also gave a more correct long-time runoff volume, while both models performed similarly for the other roof thicknesses. In an example, one of the models was used to simulate the runoff from the MAX IV laboratory in Lund. The results showed that in order to avoid flooding in the fictitious downstream storm water network, there had to be a four times larger detention pond in the case where conventional roofs where used compared to the scenario using green roofs.

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  • 98.
    Andersson Chan, Anneli
    et al.
    Växjö kommun, Tekniska förvaltningen, Sweden.
    Johansson, Niklas
    Växjö kommun, Tekniska förvaltningen, Sweden.
    Christensson, Magnus
    AnoxKaldnes, Lund, Sweden.
    Increased nitrogen removal in existing volumes at Sundet wastewater treatment plant, Växjö2014In: Water practice and technology, E-ISSN 1751-231X, Vol. 9, no 2, p. 215-224Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Many wastewater treatment plants need to improve their nitrogen removal due to stricter requirements and increasing loads. This often means larger bioreactor volumes, which can be very expensive and is sometimes impossible if space is limited. Therefore, there is a need for compact hybrid solutions that can increase capacity within existing volumes. Two full-scale demonstration projects using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) technology has proven to be an efficient way to treat nitrogen in existing volumes at Sundet wastewater treatment plant in Växjö. Increased nitrification and denitrification capacity in parts of the main stream were demonstrated through the Hybas™ process, a combination of MBBR and activated sludge using the integrated fixed-film activated sludge technology. The ANITA™ Mox process, using autotrophic N-removal through anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), provided high nitrogen removal for the sludge liquor. Data collected on-site for over a year are analyzed and compared with the performance of conventional treatment systems. These two full-scale demonstration projects have been a successful learning experience in identifying and correcting both process and operational issues, which may not have arisen at pilot scale. The set objectives in terms of nitrogen removal were met for both processes and design modifications have been identified that will improve future operation at Sundet WWTP.

  • 99.
    Andersson, Erik
    et al.
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Nilsson, Martin
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, Department of Energy, Environmental and Building Technology.
    Tillskottsvatten i spillvattennät: Underlag för framtida åtgärder i Fengersfors2015Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Wastewater contains elevated levels of nitrogen and phosphorus which the treatment plants are forced to deal with. If the purification in the plant are substandard these substances is emitted in lakes and streams, which can lead to eutrophication. The small village of Fengersfors, in the province of Dalsland, uses two small stabilization pounds to cleanse their wastewater. These stabilization pounds do not meet the authorities’ treatment requirements, which have led the municipality to upgrade the facility. Before expanding the treatment plant, today’s volumes of extraneous water must be reduced to be able to dimension the new pounds, in proportion to the size of Fengersfors. Extraneous water is clean water that reaches the treatment plants in addition to water from baths, showers, washing machines and toilets. Examples of additional water can be storm water and groundwater. It is desired to minimize the percentage of extraneous water in wastewater systems to avoid costly purification processes.

    The purpose of this study is to reduce the flow of extraneous water which transports to the stabilization pounds. What sources to extraneous water is there in Fengersfors and which actions should the municipality take to achieve their goal of reduced flow of extraneous water to the stabilization pounds?

    To identify seepage of extraneous water in wastewater systems is a time consuming job. To address the problem, without being forced to duplicate the system, it is important to first build an image of the area. In this study this is done by four examinations: field inventory of residential areas, field inventory of transfer schemes, investigation of groundwater levels and dye tracing of bad connections. These steps are easy to preform, requires no large financial means and need not to be performed by individuals with special skills. The survey is completed in two overview maps, Fengersfors Norra and Fengersfors Södra. These are then used for basic calculations to point out areas which are contributing large volumes of groundwater, trough foundation drainage, to the treatment plant.

    Several properties in Fengersfors have their roof surfaces connected to the wastewater system. Simple measures, such as switching to drain spouts with dense water deflector, can reduce the volume of rainwater that reaches the stabilization pounds. General for the area is that ditches have been neglected for a long time, resulting in drums and wells clogged. A functioning ditch system is necessary for transport of storm and drainage water to the recipient. During the dye tracing process parts of previously unknown storm water systems were found. Sewer system maps can now be updated and become an important part of future actions. The study provides an indication of which areas need to be addressed or further investigated by the municipality.

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  • 100.
    Andersson, Josefin
    KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE).
    Hållbar Dagvattenhantering på Kvartersmark: En utvärdering av hur väl den planerade dagvattenhanteringen fungerar i verkligheten2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Storm water management in residential areas is facing tough challenges. Climate change, with its altered precipitation patterns, in combination with an increasing development rate, results in higher risk of flooding with its complications. EU-Water Framework Directive (WFD) and its environmental quality standards, set to achieve good chemical and biological status in all waters, got a more strict interpretation after the implementation of the ruling of Weserdomen. This means that no activity is allowed that cannot prove not to endanger prevailing environmental quality standards. This complicates the planning process and infrastructure development since some form of WFD assessment needs to be performed.

     

    This master´s thesis is of importance since it identifies common occurring problems within the planning- and construction process and highlights ways to achieve a more sustainable storm water management, where environmental quality standards are not jeopardized, in the future. An evaluation is performed in terms of interviews, a literature review and by using a storm water model called StormTac applied on two case studies. Results of this thesis show that lack of communication, vague directives, inadequate design and maintenance of storm water facilities are reasons that a sustainable storm water management is not achieved.

     

    Results from modeling the storm water situation prior to construction of the residential areas were set as benchmarks, which were not to be exceeded by results from modeling areas after construction. The purpose of this was to not endanger the current storm water state and thereby not risk violating prevailing environmental quality standards. The result from modeling the storm water situation after construction shows that both case studies exceed the flow and pollution load benchmarks. Because of this, solutions to the current storm water situation was created and modeled to achieve the study aim.

     

    StormTac can be applied as a tool for comparison of flow and pollution load prior to and after construction, given that the same land uses are used in both cases. Land use choices should be evaluated and the degree of uncertainty should be considered when interpreting the results.

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