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  • 351.
    Algvere, Peep
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Ophthalmology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Ophthalmology UHL/MH.
    Gouras, P.
    Dafgård Kopp, E.
    Long-term outcome of RPE allografts in non-immunosuppressed patients with AMD.1999In: European Journal of Ophthalmology, ISSN 1120-6721, E-ISSN 1724-6016, Vol. 9, p. 217-230Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 352.
    Algvere, Peep
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Ophthalmology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Ophthalmology UHL/MH.
    Jahnberg, P.
    Textorius, Ola
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Ophthalmology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Ophthalmology UHL/MH.
    The swedish retinal detachment register. I. A database for epidemiological and clinical studies.1999In: Graefe's Archives for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, ISSN 0721-832X, E-ISSN 1435-702X, Vol. 237, p. 137-144Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 353.
    Ali Khan, Ghazanfar
    et al.
    Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Berglund, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Maqbool Khan, Kashif
    College of Pharmacy, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
    Lindgren, Per-Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Fick, Jerker
    Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Occurrence and Abundance of Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in Rivers, Canal and near Drug Formulation Facilities – A Study in Pakistan2013In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 8, no 6Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global phenomenon that has severe epidemiological ramifications world-wide. It has been suggested that antibiotics that have been discharged into the natural aquatic environments after usage or manufacture can promote the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). These environmental ARGs could serve as a reservoir and be horizontally transferred to human-associated bacteria and thus contribute to AR proliferation. The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropogenic load of antibiotics in Northern Pakistan and study the occurrence of ARGs in selected samples from this region. 19 sampling sites were selected; including six rivers, one dam, one canal, one sewage drain and four drug formulation facilities. Our results show that five of the rivers have antibiotic levels comparable to surface water measurements in unpolluted sites in Europe and the US. However, high levels of antibiotics could be detected in the downstream river in close vicinity of the 10 million city Lahore, 1100, 1700 and 2700 ng L−1 for oxytetracycline, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole respectively. Highest detected levels were at one of the drug formulation facilities, with the measured levels of 1100, 4100, 6200, 7300, 8000, 27000, 28000 and 49000 ng L−1 of erythromycin, lincomycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, oxytetracycline, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole respectively. ARGs were also detected at the sites and the highest levels of ARGs detected, sulI and dfrA1, were directly associated with the antibiotics detected at the highest concentrations, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Highest levels of both antibiotics and ARGs were seen at a drug formulation facility, within an industrial estate with a low number of local residents and no hospitals in the vicinity, which indicates that the levels of ARGs at this site were associated with the environmental levels of antibiotics.

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  • 354.
    Ali, L
    et al.
    Gothenburg University, Sweden Swedish Institute Health Science, Sweden Sahlgrens University Hospital, Sweden .
    Ahlstrom, B H
    Gothenburg University, Sweden Swedish Institute Health Science, Sweden University of West, Sweden .
    Krevers, Barbro
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Physiotherapy. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Skarsater, I
    Gothenburg University, Sweden Swedish Institute Health Science, Sweden Sahlgrens University Hospital, Sweden .
    Daily life for young adults who care for a person with mental illness: a qualitative study2012In: Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, ISSN 1351-0126, E-ISSN 1365-2850, Vol. 19, no 7, p. 610-617Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Accessible summary The burden of caring for a person with mental illness has been transferred to families and close friends. Daily life for young informal carers is unpredictable and they need to stay alert and prepared for events beyond their control. Young informal carers are concerned young adults who support a family member or friend unconditionally. Supporting a friend is related to as a great a sense of individual responsibility as supporting a family member. Abstract This study describes the daily life and management strategies of young informal carers of family members or friends with mental illness. Twelve young adults (three men and nine women; 1625 years old) in Sweden were voluntarily recruited between February and May 2008. Data collected through eight individual semi-structured interviews and one focus group interview were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The findings revealed nine subthemes that were further grouped into three main themes: showing concern, providing support and using management strategies. Participants lived in constant readiness for something unexpected to happen to the person they cared for, and their role in the relationship could change quickly from family member or friend to guardian or supervisor. Supporting a friend was considered as large a personal responsibility as supporting a family member. Their management strategies were based on individual capacities and their ability to step aside should the situation become too demanding. These young informal carers need support in caring for the mentally ill. As the internet becomes increasingly fundamental to daily life, support could be provided most effectively through person-centred web sites.

  • 355.
    Ali, Lilas
    et al.
    Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University.
    Hedman Ahlström, Britt
    Department of Nursing, Health and Culture, University West, Trollhättan.
    Krevers, Barbro
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Health Care Analysis. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Sjöström, Nils
    Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University.
    Skärsäter, Ingela
    School of Social and Health Sciences, Halmstad University.
    Support for young informal carers of persons with mental illness: a mixed-method study.2013In: Issues in mental health nursing, ISSN 1096-4673, Vol. 34, no 8, p. 611-8Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to explore how young (16-25 year old) informal carers of a person with a mental illness experience and use support. In a mixed method approach, we interviewed 12 young carers, and 241 completed a self-administered questionnaire. While the young carers strive to maintain control, their main support seems to be others in their lives, who often define the situation differently. The carers said web-support, counseling, and group counseling might be helpful, yet very few had any professional support. Young carers are greatly in need of support and it should be provided.

  • 356.
    Ali, Lilas
    et al.
    Gothenburg University, Sweden Swedish Institute Health Science, Sweden Sahlgrens University Hospital, Sweden .
    Krevers, Barbro
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Health Care Analysis. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Vårdal Institute, The Swedish Institute for Health Science, Sweden.
    Sjostrom, Nils
    Gothenburg University, Sweden Sahlgrens University Hospital, Sweden .
    Skarsater, Ingela
    Gothenburg University, Sweden Swedish Institute Health Science, Sweden Sahlgrens University Hospital, Sweden Halmstad University, Sweden .
    Effectiveness of web-based versus folder support interventions for young informal carers of persons with mental illness: A randomized controlled trial2014In: Patient Education and Counseling, ISSN 0738-3991, E-ISSN 1873-5134, Vol. 94, no 3, p. 362-371Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: Compare the impact of two interventions, a web-based support and a folder support, for young persons who care for people who suffer from mental illness. Methods: This study was a randomized control trial, following the CONSORT statements, which compared the impact of two interventions. Primary outcome variable was stress, and secondary outcome variables were caring situation, general self-efficacy, well-being, health, and quality of life of young informal carers (N = 241). Data were collected in June 2010 to April 2011, with self-assessment questionnaires, comparing the two interventions and also to detect changes. Results: The stress levels were high in both groups at baseline, but decreased in the folder group. The folder group had improvement in their caring situation (also different from the web group), general self-efficacy, well-being, and quality of life. The web group showed increase in well-being. Conclusion: Young informal carers who take on the responsibility for people close to them; suffer consequences on their own health. They live in a life-situation characterized by high stress and low wellbeing. This signals a need for support. Practice implications: The non-significant differences show that each intervention can be effective, and that it depends upon the individuals preferences. This highlights the importance of adopting person-centered approach, in which young persons can themselves choose support strategy.

  • 357. Alimov, A
    et al.
    Sundelin, B
    Bergerheim, Ulf
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Pavlenko, M
    Pisa, P
    Zetterberg, A
    Larsson, C
    Lagercrantz, S
    Molecular cytogenetic characterization shows higher genetic homogeneity in conventional renal cell carcinoma compared to other kidney cancers2004In: International Journal of Oncology, ISSN 1019-6439, E-ISSN 1791-2423, Vol. 25, p. 955-960Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 358. Alimov, Andrei
    et al.
    Sundelin, Birgitta
    Wang, Naining
    Larsson, Catharina
    Bergerheim, Ulf
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Loss of 14q31-q32.2 in renal cell carcinoma is associated with high malignancy grade and poor survival2004In: International Journal of Oncology, ISSN 1019-6439, E-ISSN 1791-2423, Vol. 25, p. 179-185Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 359.
    Alkaissi, Aidah
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Intensive Care UHL.
    Postoperative Symptoms After Gynaecological Surgery: How They Are Influenced by Prophylactic Antiemetics Sensory Stimulation (P6-Acupressure)2004Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Symptoms after surgery and anaesthesia influence the patient´s ability to resume daily activities. If postoperative symptoms are controlled rehabilitation may be accelerated. The aims of this dissertation were to identify disturbing symptoms reported by patients after gynaecological surgery, to investigate what effect prohylactic treatment with antiemetics has on these symptoms and whether or not sensory simulation of the P6-acupressure has an effect on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and motion sickness.

    Methods: Total 1138 women participated in three clinical trials (Studies I, II, III) and one experimental study (Study IV). A questionnaire investigating postoperative symptoms was constructed and validated. The questionnaire was used in a prospective, consecutive, doubleblind, randomised, multicentre, and controlled study to identify incidence, and intensity of postoperative symptoms and the effect of common antiemetics (droperidol and granisetron) (Study III). The patients were followed for 24 h. In two studies (I, II) P6-acupressure was compared (prospective, double-blind, ransomised, controlled) with placebo acupressure and a reference group where the effect on PONV was followed over 24 h. The effect of P6-acupressure and placebo acupressure on motion sickness induced by a nauseogenic motion challenge was studied (Study III).

    Results: A high incidence and severity of postoperative symptoms were found after gynaecological surgery in a group with a high risk (>30%) for PONV. Sixty-four per cent (107/165) of the patients experienced disturbing symptoms after surgery and 46 % (76/165) scored their symptoms as moderate to very severe. Fourty-eight per cent (79/165) had two or more symptoms. A higher incidence of symptoms were reported in the groups with prophylactic treatment, granisetron 74% (123/165) and droperidol 80% (133/165) compared to the control group 41% (69/165) (P <0.05). The relative risk reduction for PONV with granisetron or droperidol prophylaxis is 27% respective 22%. The relative risk increase for headache is 63% after granisetron, and 44% for difficulty with accommodation after droperidol. Less PONV was seen after P6-acupressure, 33% (44/135) compared to reference group 46% (63/136) (p = 0.019), number needed to treat (NNT) was 7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4- 6]. When comparing laparoscopic and vaginal surgery (subgroup analysis) the main effect was in the vaginal group (day-case surgery), 36% (27/75) in the reference group to 27% (23/86) in the placebo group and to 20% (17/84) in the P6-acupressure group, (P = 0.017), NNT for the vaginal group was 6 [95% CI 3-18]. P6-acupressure increased time to nausea after a laboratory motion challenge and reduced the total number of symptoms reported (p <0.009).

    Conclusions: There is no clinical efficacy in the form of reduced postoperative symptoms after prophylactic antiemetics (droperidol and granisetron) in females with a high risk (>30%) for PONV undergoing gynaecological surgery. P6-acupressure reduces the incidence of PONV after gynaecological surgery in females with a high (>30%) risk for PONV. The effect seems to be most prominent after vaginal surgery. P6-acupressure increased tolerance to experimental nausogenic stimuli and reduced the total number of symptoms reported in females with a history of motion sickness.

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  • 360.
    Alkaissi, Aidah
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Intensive Care UHL.
    Evertsson, Karin
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Intensive Care UHL.
    Johnsson, Vivi-Ann
    Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Västervik Hospital .
    Ofenbartl, Lilli
    Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Eksjö Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    P6 acupressure may relieve nausea and vomiting after gynecological surgery: an effectiveness study in 410 women2002In: Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, ISSN 0832-610X, Vol. 49, no 10, p. 1034-1039Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: To investigate the effect of sensory stimulation of the P6 point on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after gynecological surgery in the everyday clinical setting (effectiveness study).

    Methods: Four hundred and ten women undergoing general anesthesia for elective gynecological surgery were included in a prospective, consecutive, randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial with a reference group. One group was given bilateral P6 acupressure (n = 135), a second group similar pressure on bilateral non-acupressure points (n = 139), and a third group (n = 136) served as reference group. Nausea (scale 0–6), vomiting, pain, and satisfaction with the treatment were recorded. Primary outcome was complete response, i.e., no nausea, vomiting or rescue medication for 24 hr. Results were analyzed by applying logistic regression with indicators of treatments, type of operation and risk score for PONV as explanatory variables.

    Results: Complete response was more frequent in the P6 acupressure group than in the reference group (P = 0.0194) Conversely, the incidence of PONV was 46% in the reference group, 38% after pressure on a non-acupoint and 33% after P6 acupressure. The decrease from 46% to 33% was statistically significant. When considering vaginal cases separately, the decrease in PONV was from 36% to 20% (P = 0.0168). The corresponding decrease from 59% to 55% in the laparoscopic surgery group was not statistically significant.

    Conclusion: P6 acupressure is a non-invasive method that may have a place as prophylactic antiemetic therapy during gynecological surgery.

  • 361.
    Alkaissi, Aidah
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Intensive Care UHL.
    Gunnarsson, H.
    Department of Anesthesiology, Västervik Hospital, Sweden.
    Evertsson, Karin
    Department of Anesthesiology, Västervik Hospital, Sweden.
    Johnsson, V.
    Department of Anesthesiology, Västervik Hospital, Sweden.
    Ofenbartl, L.
    Department of Anesthesiology, Eksjö Hospital, Sweden.
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Disturbing postoperative symptoms are not reduced by prophylactic antiemetric treatment in patients at high risk for post-operative nausea and vomiting2004In: Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-5172, Vol. 48, no 6, p. 761-71Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: To give prophylactics or timely treatment for post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is the question. We compared the intensity and number of disturbing post-operative symptoms (i.e. pain, PONV, headache, fatigue, etc.) after prophylactic antiemetic treatment in a group of patients with >30% risk for post-operative vomiting. METHODS: Four hundred and ninety-five patients, from three hospitals, planned for gynaecological surgery were randomized double blind. They were given granisetron 3 mg, droperidol 1.25 mg or no prophylactic antiemetic. Post-operative symptoms were followed for 24 h using a questionnaire. Symptoms were analyzed both according to their intensity and in a dichotomous fashion. RESULTS: The intensity of different symptoms differed depending on whether droperidol, granisetron or no antiemetic had been given (P = 0.005) but the overall incidence of moderate to very severe symptoms was similar in all groups. No group fared better in general. The total number of symptoms was higher in the groups given prophylactic treatment (P < 0.05). The relative risk reduction for PONV with granisetron or droperidol prophylaxis was 27%[95% confidence interval (CI) 8-43] and 22% (2-38), respectively. The NNT (number needed to treat) for granisetron (0-24 h) was 7 and for droperidol 8. The NNH (number needed to harm) (0-24 h) for headache and visual disturbances was 6 and 13 (NS) for granisteron and, 50 (NS) and 6 for droperidol. CONCLUSION: The intensity of symptoms or the total number of disturbing symptoms did not decrease after prophylactic antiemetic treatment in a group of patients, but the profile of disturbing symptoms changed. The relevance of post-operative symptoms in terms of patients' well-being needs to be addressed.

  • 362.
    Alkaissi, Aidah
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Intensive Care UHL.
    Ledin, Torbjörn
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oto-Rhiono-Laryngology and Head & Neck Surgery . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of ENT - Head and Neck Surgery UHL.
    Ödkvist, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oto-Rhiono-Laryngology and Head & Neck Surgery . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of ENT - Head and Neck Surgery UHL.
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    P6 acupressure increases tolerance to nausogenic motion stimulation in women with high risk for PONV2005In: Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, ISSN 1496-8975, Vol. 52, p. 703-709Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: In a previous study we noticed that P6 acupressure decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) more markedly after discharge. As motion sickness susceptibility is increased by, for example, opioids we hypothesized that P6 acu-pressure decreased PONV by decreasing motion sickness susceptibility. We studied time to nausea by a laboratory motion challenge in a group of volunteers, during P6 and placebo acupressure.

    Methods: 60 women with high and low susceptibilities for motion sickness participated in a randomized and double-blind study with an active P6 acupressure, placebo acupressure, and a control group (n = 20 in each group). The risk score for PONV was over 50%. The motion challenge was by eccentric rotation in a chair, blindfolded and with chin to chest movements of the head. The challenge was stopped when women reported moderate nausea. Symptoms were recorded.

    Results: Mean time to moderate nausea was longer in the P6 acu-pressure group compared to the control group. P6 acupressure = 352 (259–445), mean (95% confidence interval) in seconds, control = 151 (121–181) and placebo acupressure = 280 (161–340); (P = 0.006). No difference was found between P6 and placebo acupressure or placebo acupressure and control groups. Previous severity of motion sickness did not influence time to nausea (P = 0.107). The cumulative number of symptoms differed between the three groups (P < 0.05). Fewer symptoms were reported in the P6 acupressure compared to the control group P < 0.009. Overall, P6 acupressure was only marginally more effective than placebo acupressure on the forearms.

    Conclusion: In females with a history of motion sickness P6 acu-pressure increased tolerance to experimental nauseogenic stimuli, and reduced the total number of symptoms reported.

  • 363.
    Alkaissi, Aidah
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Intensive Care UHL.
    Stålnert, Monica
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nursing Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Effect and placebo effect of acupressure (P6) on nausea and vomiting after outpatientgynaecological surgery1999In: Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-5172, Vol. 43, no 3, p. 270-274Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Acupuncture and acupressure have previously been reported to possess antiemetic effect. We wanted to investigate the "true" and placebo effect of acupressure in prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty women undergoing outpatient minor gynaecological surgery were entered into a double-blind and randomised study. One group received acupressure with bilateral stimulation of P6 (A), a second group received bilateral placebo stimulation (P) and a third group received no acupressure wrist band and served as a reference group (R). PONV was evaluated as number of patients with complete response (no PONV), nausea only or vomiting. In addition, the need for rescue antiemetic medication and nausea after 24 h was registered. RESULTS: Complete response was obtained in 11, 11 and 9 patients in groups, A, P and R, respectively. Nine, 7 and 6 patients had nausea before discharge home, and 1, 1 and 8 patients were nauseated (8 vs 1 patient: P < 0.05) 24 h after operation in A, P and R groups, respectively. When compared to placebo acupressure (2 patients vomited and 5 needed rescue), significantly (P < 0.05) fewer needed rescue antiemetic medication after acupressure at P6 (no vomiting or rescue medication). When compared to the observation group (5 vomited and 4 needed rescue antiemetics), significantly fewer vomited after acupressure (P < 0.05) CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing brief gynaecological surgery, placebo effect of acupressure decreased nausea after 24 h but vomiting and need of rescue antiemetics was reduced only by acupressure with the correct P6 point stimulation.

  • 364.
    Al-Karkhi, Isam
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Al-Rubaiy, Raad
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Rosenqvist, Ulf
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in West Östergötland, Department of Medical Specialist in Motala.
    Falk, Magnus
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Primary Health Care in Central County. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in West Östergötland, Research & Development Unit in Local Health Care.
    Nyström, Fredrik H
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Endocrinology.
    Comparisons of automated blood pressures in a primary health care setting with self-measurements at the office and at home using the Omron i-C10 device2015In: Blood Pressure Monitoring, ISSN 1359-5237, E-ISSN 1473-5725, Vol. 20, no 2, p. 98-103Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare blood pressure (BP) levels recorded using the semiautomatic oscillometric Omron i-C10 BP device in patients with or without hypertension in three different settings: (a) when used by a doctor or a nurse at the office (OBP); (b) when used for self-measurement by the patient at the office (SMOBP); and (c) when used for 7 consecutive days at home (HBP).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 247 individuals were invited to participate, but 78 of these individuals declined and a further seven were excluded, leaving a final cohort of 162 participants.

    RESULTS: The mean OBP was higher than HBP (difference 8.1±14/3.1±8.8 mmHg, P<0.0001) and so was SMOBP compared with HBP (difference 7.0±13/4.2±7.3 mmHg, P<0.0001). Sixteen participants (9.9%) had at least 10 mmHg higher systolic SMOBP than OBP and 28 (17%) participants had at least 10 mmHg lower systolic SMOBP than OBP. Participants who were current smokers had a larger mean difference between systolic OBP and SMOBP than nonsmokers (OBP-SMOBP in smokers: 6.6±9.4 mmHg, OBP-SMOBP in nonsmokers: 0.5±9.2 mmHg, P=0.011 between groups).

    CONCLUSION: Self-measurement of BP in the office does not preclude an increase in BP when levels in the individual patients are compared with HBP using the same equipment. Thus, SMOBP with a semiautomatic device does not lead to a reduction in the white-coat effect in the same manner as fully automatic devices.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License, where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0.

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  • 365.
    Alkass, Kanar
    et al.
    Division of Forensic Medicine, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Saitoh, Hisako
    Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
    Buchholz, Bruce A
    Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA.
    Bernard, Samuel
    Institut Camille Jordan, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
    Holmlund, Gunilla
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden.
    Senn, David R
    Center for Education and Research in Forensics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
    Spalding, Kirsty L
    Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Druid, Henrik
    Division of Forensic Medicine, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Analysis of radiocarbon, stable isotopes and DNA in teeth to facilitate identification of unknown decedents2013In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 8, no 7, p. e69597-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The characterization of unidentified bodies or suspected human remains is a frequent and important task for forensic investigators. However, any identification method requires clues to the person’s identity to allow for comparisons with missing persons. If such clues are lacking, information about the year of birth, sex and geographic origin of the victim, is particularly helpful to aid in the identification casework and limit the search for possible matches. We present here results of stable isotope analysis of 13C and 18O, and bomb-pulse 14C analyses that can help in the casework. The 14C analysis of enamel provided information of the year of birth with an average absolute error of 1.8±1.3 years. We also found that analysis of enamel and root from the same tooth can be used to determine if the 14C values match the rising or falling part of the bomb-curve. Enamel laydown times can be used to estimate the date of birth of individuals, but here we show that this detour is unnecessary when using a large set of crude 14C data of tooth enamel as a reference. The levels of 13C in tooth enamel were higher in North America than in teeth from Europe and Asia, and Mexican teeth showed even higher levels than those from USA. DNA analysis was performed on 28 teeth, and provided individual-specific profiles in most cases and sex determination in all cases. In conclusion, these analyses can dramatically limit the number of possible matches and hence facilitate person identification work.

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  • 366.
    Alkass Yousef, Sabina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Bergström, Hanna
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine.
    Normering av Rösthandikappindex och Halsskalan för personer över 65 år i Sverige.2012Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The population over 65 years of age is increasing and health in elderly has been a subject of research for decades but voice function and vocal health has not been prioritized. The purpose of this study is to obtain reference value for the Swedish version of Voice Handicap Index (RHI) and the Throat Scale among people over 65 years of age and assess voice function and vocal health for this age group. The questions were as followed:

    1) What is the reference value of RHI for people over 65 years of age? 2) What is the reference value of the Throat Scale for people over 65 years of age? 3) Is there a correlation between a self-rated VA-scale on the perceived degree of voice problems, and the self-rated RHI-/Throat Scale result? 4) Does age, gender or previous profession matter for the self-perceived voice?

    In total 100 individuals participated in the study, 50 women and 50 men, between 65 and 92 years old. The reference value of RHI for people over 65 years of age was 13,4 points and the reference value for the Throat Scale was 7,7 points. Both reference values are higher than reference values for younger people. The reference value of RHI is mainly described from the high points of the participants over 85 years of age. There was a correlation between the results of the RHI/the Throat Scale and the VA-scale concerning the perceived degree of voice problems, p < .01. Age is a significant factor for self-perceived voice problems. The older the subject, the higher points scored, both on the RHI, p < .05 and the Throat Scale. The results of the Throat Scale, however, were not significant. Even though most of the participants were active the reference value of RHI and the Throat Scale was higher than the reference value for younger people. The conclusion is that the voice changes in elderly affect voice experience.

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    Normering av Rösthandikappindex och Halsskalan för personer över 65 år i Sverige.
  • 367.
    Alkhori, Liza
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Mechanisms of sensory neuron diversification during development and in the adult Drosophila: How to make a difference2014Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The nervous system contains a vast number of neurons and displays a great diversity in cell types and classes. Even though this has been known for a long time, the exact mechanism of cell specification is still poorly understood. How does a cell know what type of neuron to which it should be specified? It is important to understand cellular specification, not only for our general understanding of biological processes, but also to allow us to develop treatments for patients with destructive diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson, cancer or stroke. To address how neuronal specification and thereby diversification is evolved, we have chosen to study a complex but defined set of neurons, the Drosophila olfactory system. Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) detect an enormous variety of small volatile molecules with extremely high specificity and sensitivity. The adult Drosophila olfactory system contains 34 OSN classes each defined by their expression of a specific odorant receptor (OR). In both insects and vertebrates, each OSN expresses only one OR. In mouse there are approximately 1200 and in Drosophila 60 different OR genes. Despite the range of mechanisms known to determine cell identity and that the olfactory system is remarkably conserved across the phyla, it is still unclear how an OSN chooses to express a particular OR from a large genomic repertoire. In this thesis, the specification and diversification of the final steps establishing an OSN identity is addressed. We find seven transcription factors that are continuously required in different combinations for the expression of all ORs. The TFs can in different gene context both activate and repress OR expression, making the regulation more economical and indicating that repression is crucial for correct gene expression. We further identified a repressor complex that is able to segregate OR expression between OSN classes and propose a mechanism on how one single co-repressor can specify a large number of neuron classes.Exploring the OSN we found the developmental Hh signalling pathway is expressed in the postmitotic neuron. We show several fundamental similarities between the canonical Drosophila Hh pathway and the cilia mediated Hh transduction in component function. Further investigation revealed a function of cilia mediated Hh signalling in sensory neuron modulator. The results generated here will create a greater in vivo understanding of how postmitotic processes generate neurons with different fates and contribute to the maintaining of neuron function.

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    Mechanisms of sensory neuron diversification during development and in the adult Drosophila: How to make a difference
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  • 368.
    Alkhori, Liza
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Sanchez, Gonzalo M.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Schultz, Sebastian W.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Kuzhandaivel, Anujaianthi
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
    Granseth, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Alenius, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Hh signalling regulates odorant receptor cilia localization in Drosophila2014Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is a key regulatory pathway during development. Here, we show that in adult OSNs the Hh pathway regulate 􀁒dorant receptor transport to cilia and put forward a novel non-developmental function of the pathway as a neuromodulator. We demonstrate that the level of Hh signal modulate the OSNs response to odors. We show that knock down of Hh and Smoothened (Smo), a transmembrane protein that transduce the signal, are required for receptor transport. We further show that the coreceptor, Orco, has an Hh independent transport path and that knock down of Smo segregate OR and Orco to different vesicular compartments. Last, we show that the odor response to the second receptor type in Drosophila olfaction, the ionotropic receptors (IRs), also require Hh signalling. Thus, Hh signalling is a general regulator of the odorant response that fulfils the criteria of being a potential player in Drosophila odorant adaptation.

  • 369.
    Alkhori, Liza
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Öst, Anita
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
    Alenius, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    The corepressor Atrophin specifies odorant receptor expression in Drosophila2014In: The FASEB Journal, ISSN 0892-6638, E-ISSN 1530-6860, Vol. 28, no 3, p. 1355-1364Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In both insects and vertebrates, each olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) expresses one odorant receptor (OR) from a large genomic repertoire. How a receptor is specified is a tantalizing question addressing fundamental aspects of cell differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that the corepressor Atrophin (Atro) segregates OR gene expression between OSN classes in Drosophila. We show that the knockdown of Atro result in either loss or gain of a broad set of ORs. Each OR phenotypic group correlated with one of two opposing Notch fates, Notch responding, Nba (N(on)), and nonresponding, Nab (N(off)) OSNs. Our data show that Atro segregates ORs expressed in the Nba OSN classes and helps establish the Nab fate during OSN development. Consistent with a role in recruiting histone deacetylates, immunohistochemistry revealed that Atro regulates global histone 3 acetylation (H3ac) in OSNs and requires Hdac3 to segregate OR gene expression. We further found that Nba OSN classes exhibit variable but higher H3ac levels than the Nab OSNs. Together, these data suggest that Atro determines the level of H3ac, which ensures correct OR gene expression within the Nba OSNs. We propose a mechanism by which a single corepressor can specify a large number of neuron classes.-Alkhori, L., Öst, A., Alenius, M. The corepressor Atrophin specifies odorant receptor expression in Drosophila.

  • 370.
    Alkmin, Diego V.
    et al.
    University of Murcia, Spain.
    Perez-Patino, Cristina
    University of Murcia, Spain.
    Barranco, Isabel
    University of Murcia, Spain.
    Parrilla, Inmaculada
    University of Murcia, Spain.
    Vazquez, Juan M.
    University of Murcia, Spain.
    Martinez, Emilio A.
    University of Murcia, Spain.
    Rodriguez-Martinez, Heriberto
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Roca, Jordi
    University of Murcia, Spain.
    Boar sperm cryosurvival is better after exposure to seminal plasma from selected fractions than to those from entire ejaculate2014In: Cryobiology, ISSN 0011-2240, E-ISSN 1090-2392, Vol. 69, no 2, p. 203-210Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Boar bulk ejaculates are now being collected instead of usual sperm-rich fractions (SRF) for artificial insemination purpose. The present study evaluated the influence of holding boar sperm samples before freezing surrounded in their own seminal plasma (SP), from either fractions/portions or the entire ejaculate, on post-thawing sperm quality and functionality. Ejaculates collected as bulk (BE) or as separate (first 10 mL of SRF [P1] and rest of SRF [P2]) from 10 boars were held 24 h at 15-17 degrees C and then frozen. Some bulk ejaculate samples were frozen immediately after collections as Control. In addition, epididymal sperm samples from the same 10 boars were collected post-mortem and extended in SP from P1 (EP1), P2 (EP2) and post SRF (EP3), and also held 24 h before freezing for a better understanding of the influence of SP on boar sperm cryopreservation. The sperm quality (motility, evaluated by CASA, and viability, evaluated by flow cytometry) and functionality (flow cytometry assessment of plasma membrane fluidity, mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species [ROS] in viable sperm) were evaluated at 30, 150 and 300 min post-thaw. Post-thawing sperm quality and functionality of P1 and P2 were similar but higher (p less than0.01) than BE samples. Control samples showed higher (p less than 0.01) post-thaw sperm quality and functionality than BE samples. Post-thawing sperm quality and functionality of EP1 and EP2 were similar but higher (p less than 0.05) than EP3. These results showed that boar sperm from BE are more cryosensitive than those from the SRF, particularly when held 24 h before freezing, which would be attributable to the cryonegative effects exerted by the SP from post SRF.

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  • 371.
    Alkner, S.
    et al.
    Lund University Hospital.
    Bendahl, P.-O.
    Lund University Hospital.
    Ferno, M.
    Lund University Hospital.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Ryden, L.
    Lund University Hospital.
    Tamoxifen reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer in premenopausal women: Results from a controlled randomised trial2009In: European Journal of Cancer, ISSN 0959-8049, Vol. 45, no 14, p. 2496-2502Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer in hormone-responsive postmenopausal patients, whereas the effect in premenopausal women has not been fully elucidated. We have therefore studied the effect of tamoxifen on contralateral breast cancer in premenopausal women in a controlled randomised trial. Patients and methods: Premenopausal women (564) with stage II breast cancers were randomised to 2 years of tamoxifen versus control irrespective of oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) status. The median follow-up for patients not developing a contralateral cancer was 14 years. Results: In the control group 35 women, and in the tamoxifen group 17 women, developed a contralateral breast cancer as a primary event. Tamoxifen significantly reduced the risk of contralateral breast cancer in all women regardless of age (hazard ratio (HR) 0.5, p = 0.02). In subgroup analysis the risk reduction was most pronounced in patients less than40 years of age (HR 0.09, p = 0.02). A risk reduction was also seen in women 40-49 years of age or ≥50 years of age, although in these subgroups this did not reach statistical significance. The reduced risk of contralateral breast cancer was persistent during the whole follow-up time. Conclusion: In this randomised trial, adjuvant treatment using tamoxifen for 2 years reduced the incidence of contralateral breast cancer by 50% in all premenopausal women, and by 90% in women less than40 years of age. The effect of tamoxifen was not significantly dependent on time.

  • 372.
    Alkner, S
    et al.
    Lund University.
    Bendahl, P-O
    Lund University.
    Grabau, D
    Lund University.
    Lovgren, K
    Lund University.
    Stål, Olle
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Ryden, L
    Lund University.
    Ferno, M
    Lund University.
    AIB1 is a predictive factor for tamoxifen response in premenopausal women2010In: ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY, ISSN 0923-7534, Vol. 21, no 2, p. 238-244Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Clinical trials implicate the estrogen receptor ( ER) coactivator amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1) to be a prognostic and a treatment-predictive factor, although results are not unanimous. We have further investigated this using a controlled randomised trial of tamoxifen versus control. Materials and methods: A total of 564 premenopausal women were entered into a randomised study independent of ER status. Using a tissue microarray, AIB1 and ER were analysed by immunohistochemistry. Results: AIB1 scores were obtained from 349 women. High AIB1 correlated to factors of worse prognosis (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Nottingham histological grade 3, and lymph node metastases) and to ER negativity. In the control arm, high AIB1 was a negative prognostic factor for recurrence- free survival (RFS) (P = 0.02). However, ER-positive patients with high AIB1 responded significantly to tamoxifen treatment (P = 0.002), increasing RFS to the same level as for systemically untreated patients with low AIB1. Although ER-positive patients with low AIB1 had a better RFS from the beginning, this was not further improved by tamoxifen (P = 0.8). Conclusions: In the control group, high AIB1 was a negative prognostic factor. However, ER-positive patients with high AIB1 responded significantly to tamoxifen. This implicates high AIB1 to be an independent predictive factor of improved response to tamoxifen and not, as has previously been discussed, a factor predicting tamoxifen resistance.

  • 373.
    Allahverdiyeva, Yagut
    et al.
    University of Turku.
    Mamedov, Fikret
    Uppsala University.
    Holmstrom, Maija
    University of Turku.
    Nurmi, Markus
    University of Turku.
    Lundin, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Styring, Stenbjorn
    Uppsala University.
    Spetea Wiklund, Cornelia
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Aro, Eva-Mari
    University of Turku.
    Comparison of the electron transport properties of the psbo1 and psbo2 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana2009In: BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS, ISSN 0005-2728, Vol. 1787, no 10, p. 1230-1237Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Genome sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) revealed two psbO genes (At5g66570 and At3g50820) which encode two distinct PsbO isoforms: PsbO1 and PsbO2, respectively. To get insights into the function of the PsbO1 and PsbO2 isoforms in Arabidopsis we have performed systematic and comprehensive investigations of the whole photosynthetic electron transfer chain in the T-DNA insertion mutant lines, psbO1 and psbo2. The absence of the PsbO1 isoform and presence of only the PsbO2 isoform in the psbo1 mutant results in (i) malfunction of both the donor and acceptor sides of Photosystem (PS) 11 and (ii) high sensitivity of PSII centers to photodamage, thus implying the importance of the PsbO1 isoform for proper structure and function of PSII. The presence of only the PsbO2 isoform in the PSII centers has consequences not only to the function of PSII but also to the PSI/PSII ratio in thylakoids. These results in modification of the whole electron transfer chain with higher rate of cyclic electron transfer around PSI, faster induction of NPQ and a larger size of the PQ-pool compared to WT, being in line with apparently increased chlororespiration in the psbo1 mutant plants. The presence of only the PsbO1 isoform in the psbo2 mutant did not induce any significant differences in the performance of PSII under standard growth conditions as compared to WT. Nevertheless, under high light illumination, it seems that the presence of also the PsbO2 isoform becomes favourable for efficient repair of the PSII complex.

  • 374.
    Allansson, Elin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Gustafsson, Per E
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Gustafsson, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Linköping.
    Nelson, Nina
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Overweight and obese children have lower cortisol levels than normal weight children2014In: Acta Paediatrica, ISSN 0803-5253, E-ISSN 1651-2227, Vol. 103, no 3, p. 295-299Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AimThe stress hormone cortisol is vital to survival, and a disturbed circadian rhythm can be deleterious to health. However, little is known about cortisol levels in healthy children. The aim of this study was to examine cortisol levels in relation to body mass index (BMI), age and sex. MethodsSalivary samples were collected in early morning, late morning and evening, on four consecutive days, from 342 children aged 6-12years using Salivette((R)) tubes. Samples were analysed using a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA). School nurses measured the childrens height and weight, and these measurements were used to calculate their BMI. ResultsThe children displayed a circadian rhythm in cortisol secretion, with morning zeniths and evening nadirs. Average cortisol levels in early morning, late morning and evening were significantly lower in overweight and obese children than in their normal weight counterparts. Cortisol levels did not vary significantly with age or sex. ConclusionOur findings may suggest cortisol suppression in overweight and obese children. We found no evidence that sex or age influences cortisol levels. These findings highlight the need for further research on the relationship between stress and obesity in children.

  • 375. Allard, P
    et al.
    Englund, E
    Marcusson, Jan
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Geriatrics. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, MC - Medicincentrum, Geriatrik-LAH.
    Caudate nucleus dopamine D2 receptors in vascular dementia2002In: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, ISSN 1420-8008, E-ISSN 1421-9824, Vol. 14, no 1, p. 22-25Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Caudate nucleus dopamine (DA) D2 receptors were studied in patients with vascular dementia (VaD) and in a control group using [3H]raclopride as a radioligand. There was no significant difference in the number of DA D2 receptors in the VaD group as compared with controls. The binding affinity was significantly lower in the VaD group. When the VaD group was subdivided into subjects with or without neuroleptic treatment, there were no differences in the numbers of receptors as compared with controls, and the significant differences in binding affinity remained for both VaD subgroups. The present results are discussed with reference to the previous finding of a reduced density of caudate nucleus DA uptake sites in the same VaD group and to results from studies on DA D2 receptors in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Copyright ⌐ 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel.

  • 376.
    Alleva, R.
    et al.
    Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
    Tomasetti, M.
    Institute of Experimental Pathology, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy.
    Andera, L.
    Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
    Gellert, N.
    Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ludwig Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.
    Borghi, B.
    Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
    Weber, C.
    Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ludwig Maximilians University, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.
    Murphy, M.P.
    Mitochondrial Dysfunction Group, MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
    Neuzil, Jiri
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Pathology .
    Coenzyme Q blocks biochemical but not receptor-mediated apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial antioxidant protection2001In: FEBS Letters, ISSN 0014-5793, E-ISSN 1873-3468, Vol. 503, no 1, p. 46-50Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Generation of free radicals is often associated with the induction and progression of apoptosis. Therefore, antioxidants can prove anti-apoptotic, and can help to elucidate specific apoptotic pathways. Here we studied whether coenzyme Q, present in membranes in reduced (ubiquinol) or oxidised (ubiquinone) forms, can affect apoptosis induced by various stimuli. Exposure of Jurkat cells to a-tocopheryl succinate (a-TOS), hydrogen peroxide, anti-Fas IgM or TRAIL led to induction of apoptosis. Cell death due to the chemical agents was suppressed in cells enriched with the reduced form of coenzyme Q. However, coenzyme Q did not block cell death induced by the immunological agents. Ubiquinol-10 inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in cells exposed to a-TOS, and a mitochondrially targeted coenzyme Q analogue also blocked apoptosis triggered by a-TOS or hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, it is plausible that ubiquinol-10 protects cells from chemically-induced apoptosis by acting as an antioxidant in mitochondria. Our results also indicate that generation of free radicals may not be a critical step in induction of apoptosis by immunological agents. © 2001 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

  • 377. Allgulander, Christer
    et al.
    Mangano, Richard
    Zhang, Jun
    Dahl, Alv A
    Lepola, Ulla
    Sjödin, Ingemar
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Emilien, Gerard
    Efficacy of venlafaxine ER in patients with social anxiety disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison with paroxetine2004In: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, ISSN 0885-6222, E-ISSN 1099-1077, Vol. 19, no 6, p. 387-396Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study evaluated the anxiolytic efficacy, safety and tolerability of a flexible dose of venlafaxine extended release (ER) compared with placebo and paroxetine in the short-term treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder (SAD). Adult outpatients with generalized SAD (n=434) were randomized to receive capsules of venlafaxine ER 75 mg to 225 mg/day, paroxetine 20 mg to 50 mg/day, or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy variable was the Liebowitz social anxiety scale total score. Secondary efficacy variables included the patient-rated social phobia inventory and the proportion of responders in each group (a responder was defined as having a clinical global impression-improvement score of 1 or 2). Treatment with venlafaxine ER was associated with significantly greater improvement than treatment with placebo for all primary and secondary efficacy variables (p<0.05). No significant differences in primary or secondary efficacy variables were observed between the venlafaxine ER and paroxetine groups. The week 12 response rates were 69%, 66% and 36% for the venlafaxine ER, paroxetine and placebo groups, respectively. Both active treatments were generally well tolerated and were associated with a similar incidence of adverse events. This study shows that venlafaxine ER is an effective, safe and well-tolerated drug treatment for SAD.

  • 378. Allum, JHJ
    et al.
    Ledin, Torbjörn
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Oto-Rhiono-Laryngology and Head & Neck Surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, RC - Rekonstruktionscentrum, ÖNH - Öron- Näsa- Halskliniken.
    Recovery of vestibulo-ocular reflex-function in subjects with an acute unilateral peripheral vestibular deficit.1999In: Journal of Vestibular Research-Equilibrium & Orientation, ISSN 0957-4271, E-ISSN 1878-6464, Vol. 9, p. 135-144Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 379.
    Allvin, R.
    et al.
    Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden, Department of Clinical Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Berg, Katarina
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nursing Science.
    Idvall, Ewa
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nursing Science.
    Nilsson, U.
    Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden, Department of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Postoperative recovery: A concept analysis2007In: Journal of Advanced Nursing, ISSN 0309-2402, E-ISSN 1365-2648, Vol. 57, no 5, p. 552-558Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim. This paper presents a concept analysis of the phenomenon of postoperative recovery. Background. Each year, millions of patients throughout the world undergo surgical procedures. Although postoperative recovery is commonly used as an outcome of surgery, it is difficult to identify a standard definition. Method. Walker and Avant's concept analysis approach was used. Literature retrieved from MEDLINE and CINAHL databases for English language papers published from 1982 to 2005 was used for the analysis. Findings. The theoretical definition developed points out that postoperative recovery is an energy-requiring process of returning to normality and wholeness. It is defined by comparative standards, achieved by regaining control over physical, psychological, social and habitual functions, and results in a return to preoperative level of independence/dependency in activities of daily living and optimum level of psychological well-being. Conclusion. The concept of postoperative recovery lacks clarity, both in its meaning in relation to postoperative recovery to healthcare professionals in their care for surgical patients, and in the understanding of what researchers in this area really intend to investigate. The theoretical definition we have developed may be useful but needs to be further explored. © 2007 The Authors. Journal compilation 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

  • 380.
    Allvin, R
    et al.
    Örebro.
    Ehnfors, M
    Örebro.
    Rawal, N
    Örebro.
    Idvall, Ewa
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nursing Science.
    Experiences of the Postoperative Recovery Process: An interview Study2008In: Open nursing journal, ISSN 1874-4346, Vol. 2Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 381.
    Allvin, Renee
    et al.
    Örebro University Hospital.
    Ehnfors, Margareta
    University of Örebro.
    Idvall , Ewa
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nursing Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Development of a questionnaire to measure patient-reported postoperative recovery: content validity and intra-patient reliability2009In: JOURNAL OF EVALUATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, ISSN 1356-1294 , Vol. 15, no 3, p. 411-419Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study we describe the development of a short, easy-to-use questionnaire to measure postoperative recovery and evaluate its content validity and intra-patient reliability. The questionnaire is designed to evaluate the progress of postoperative recovery and the long-term follow-up of possible effects of interventions during recovery. The study involved four steps. (1) A conceptualization and item definitions were based on a theoretical framework and a description of patients postoperative recovery from the perspective of patients, registered nurses and surgeons; (2) Content validity of items was tested through expert judgements; (3) A test run of the questionnaire was performed to confirm its feasibility and workload requirement; and (4) The stability of the questionnaire was evaluated through intra-patient reliability assessment. As a result of the operationalization process of the concept postoperative recovery, five dimensions (physical symptoms, physical functions, psychological, social, activity) and 19 items were identified. Each item was formulated as a statement in the questionnaire. Content validity was judged to be high. After the pre-test of the questionnaire a revision with refinements in the layout was made. The vast majority of items showed a high level of intra-patient reliability. Based on a theoretical framework and empirical data, we developed a short and easy-to-use tentative questionnaire to measure patient-reported postoperative recovery. Initial support for content validity was established. The vast majority of items showed a high level of test-retest reliability.

  • 382.
    Alm, Albert
    et al.
    Uppsala University.
    Nilsson , Siv
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Pharmacology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Uveoscleral outflow - A review2009In: EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH, ISSN 0014-4835 , Vol. 88, no 4, p. 760-768Article, review/survey (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The uveoscleral outflow route was described more than 40 years ago. Part of aqueous leaves the eye through the iris root. The ciliary muscle, and there are large species differences in the fraction of aqueous outflow that leaves the eye through this route. In non-human primates 40-50% of aqueous leaves the eye by the uveoscleral route. In human eyes most data has been collected by indirect calculations, with results suggesting a similar fraction, at least in eyes from younger individuals. An age-dependent reduction in uveoscleral flow in human eyes may explain the initial difference seen between non-human primate and human eyes. Unlike trabecular outflow, intraocular pressures within the normal range have little effect on uveoscleral outflow. This may be explained by the fact that changes in intraocular pressure have little effect on the pressure gradient for flow through the ciliary muscle, which is likely to be the rate-limiting step in uveoscleral outflow. The state of the ciliary muscle is important and contraction reduces while relaxation increases uveoscleral flow. Similar effects are achieved with cholinergic agonists and antagonists. Epinephrine increases uveoscleral flow, most likely through stimulating beta(2)-adrenergic receptors. Prostaglandin F-2 alpha and prostaglandin F-2 alpha-analogues effectively reduce intraocular pressure by increasing uveoscleral flow. This is mediated by structural changes in the extracellular matrix of the ciliary muscle, and is likely to contribute to a valuable excess route for aqueous and proteins during intraocular inflammation. Whether uveoscleral flow plays a significant role in any other eye disease is not clear. Thus, 40 years later we are able to successfully increase aqueous flow through the uveoscleral route, a valuable contribution to glaucoma treatment, but we still have only a limited understanding on its physiological role.

  • 383.
    Alm, Anders
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Surgery Östergötland. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    On the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Lesions, Reconstruction, Morphology and Tensile Strength - A Clinical and Experimental Study1974Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
  • 384. Alm Carlsson, G
    et al.
    Dance, DR
    Persliden, J
    Sandborg, Michael
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics.
    Use of the concept of energy imparted in diagnostic radiology1999In: Applied Radiation and Isotopes, ISSN 0969-8043, E-ISSN 1872-9800, Vol. 50, p. 39-62Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 385.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Absorbed dose equations: The general solution of the absorbed dose equation and solutions under different kinds of radiation equilibrium1978Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    This report is a logical continuation of two papers concerning basic concepts in dosimetry. The first paper (1) is u critical analysis of the concepts of ionizing radiation and energy imparted as defined by the ICRU (2). The second paper (3) gives a definition of the energy imparted, the fundamental quantity in radiation dosimetry, which is equivalent to that given by the ICRU but which has a different form. This alternative definition of the energy imparted is suitable in deriving a general expression, in terms of particle fluences and interaction cross sections, for the absorbed dose valid also in situations where no kind of radiation equilibrium is established. It is, however, today not possible to quantify this expression for the absorbed dose. All practical calculations of absorbed dose rely on the assumption of one or another type of radiation equilibrium. The aim of this work is to analyze different kinds of radiation equilibrium conditions and to find the corresponding exact expressions for the absorbed dose. The concept of radiation equilibrium is more carefully analyzed than has been done previously (4, 5, 6). Moreover, the definition of the mass energy absorption coefficient for indirectly (uncharged) ionizing particles is critically analyzed. A new definition is proposed relevant to calculations of the absorbed dose in cases when charged particle equilibrium exists within a homogeneous medium due to the uniform liberation of charged particles, by uncharged particles.

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    Absorbed dose equations : The general solution of the absorbed dose equation and solutions under different kinds of radiation equilibrium
  • 386.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Bragg-Gray Dosimetry: Theory of Burch2001Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The theoretical approach to Bragg-Gray dosimetry is: a Bragg-Gray cavity is a cavity (detector) so small that, when inserted into a medium, it does not disturb the fluence of charged particles existing in the medium.

    This means that the ideal Bragg-Gray cavity (detector) is one of infinitesimal dimensions, a "point" detector. In practice, such detectors do not exist but many real detectors may, in a first approximation, be treated as Bragg-Gray detectors to a high degree of accuracy. Corrections needed (so called perturbation corrections) to account for the deviation of the signal from a practical detector from that of an ideal one has been treated by, e.g., ICRU 1984, Alm Carlsson, 1985, Svensson and Brahme 1986, Alm Carlsson 1987.

    Derivation of "perturbation corrections" needs careful consideration and under-standing of the ideal case, i.e., that from which deviations are to be corrected for. The ideal case of a Bragg-Gray detector has been treated by Bragg 1912, Gray 1936, Laurence 1937, Spencer and Attix 1955 and Burch 1955.

    The formulation of Bragg-Gray theory by Spencer and Attix has found wide practical application and has been treated in detail elsewhere. The theory of Burch treats the same problem as did Spencer and Attix, viz., the significance of generation and slowing down of delta-particles in both medium and detector. Burch treated the problem in considerable detail but didn't find a solution for practical calculations. From a physical point of view, however, there is much to learn from Burch's approach. Also, his treatment of so called track ends, evaluated in some detail by Burch 1957, has been adapted in later versions of the Spencer-Attix formulation of Bragg-Gray theory.

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    Bragg-Gray Dosimetry : Theory of Burch
  • 387.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Burlins kavitetsteori1979Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Burlins kavitetsteori är en generell teori i den meningen att inga krav finns på detektorns dimensioner jämfört med sekundärelektronernas räckvidder. Detektorn måste dock vara "tunn" för fotonerna dvs inte ge någon nämnvärd attenuering av de mot detektorn infallande fotonerna

     

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    Burlins kavitetsteori
  • 388.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Effective use of Monte Carlo methods for simulating photon transport with special reference to slab penetration problems in X-raydiagnostics1981Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    The analys is of Monte Carlo methods here has been made in connection with a particular problem concerning the transport of low energy photons (30-140 keV) through layers of water with thicknesses between 5 and 20 cm.

    While not claiming to be a complete exposition of available Monte Carlo techniques, the methodological analyses are not restricted to this particular problem. The report describes in a general manner a number of methods which can be used in order to obtain results of greater precision in a fixed computing time.

    Monte Carlo methods have been used for many years in reactor technology, particularly for solving problems associated with neutron transport, but also for studying photon transport through radiation shields. In connection with these particular problems, mathematically and statistically advanced methods have been worked out. The book by Spanier and Gelbard (1969) is a good illustration of this.

    In the present case, a more physical approach to Monte Carlo methods for solving photon transport problems is made (along the lines employed by Fano, Spencer and Berger (1959)) with the aim of encouraging even radiation physicists to use more sophisticated Monte Carlo methods. Today, radiation physicists perform Monte Carlo calculations with considerable physical significance but often with unnecessarily straightforward methods.

    As Monte Carlo calculations can be predicted to be of increasing importance in tackling problems in radiation physics, e.g., in X-ray diagnostics, it is worthwhile to study the Monte Carlo approach for its own sake.

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    Effective use of Monte Carlo methods for simulating photon transport with special reference to slab penetration problems in X-raydiagnostics
  • 389.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Fanos Teorem2002Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I ett oändligt medium erhålles en fullt uppbyggd fluens i alla punkter av mediet. I ett ändligt medium erhålles inte full uppbyggnad av fluensen på avstånd mindre än en maximal "partikelräckvidd" från begränsningsytorna. Fanos teorem har visats gälla för alla punkter i ett oändligt medium men kan endast gälla i det inre av ett ändligt medium där förhållandena är ekvivalenta med dem i det oändliga mediet.

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    Fanos Teorem
  • 390.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Fotonspridningsprocessen vid röntgendiagnostiska strålkvaliteter1981Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Spridd strålning utgör ett allvarligt problem inom röntgendiagnostiken. Kunskap om den spridda strålningen, dess uppträdande i patient och detektor, är en förutsättning för att finna effektiva metoder att reducera den och begränsa dess negativa inverkan på bildkvaliten. Denna kunskap kan vinnas genom transportberäkningar, t ex Monte Carlo simulering (ALM CARLSSON). Detaljerad kännedom om tvärsnitten för inkoherent och koherent spridning är därvid av stor betydelse. Vid utnyttjandet av datortomografi för bestämning av elektrontäthet eller benmineralhalt och annan s.k. tomokemi krävs också välbestämda totala attenueringstvärsnitt, varav Compton och koherent spridning utgör en icke försumbar andel av attenueringen i energiområdet 10-100 keV.

    Fotonspridningen kan också utnyttjas positivt för att ge information om den kropp i vilken spridningen ägt rum. En review över metoder att använda Comptonspridningen till att göra elektrontäthetsbestämningar, såväl i enskilda volymer som i tomografiska snitt har publicerats av CARLSSON och ALM CARLSSON (1979).

    En viktig applikation av Comptonspridningen (inkoherent spridning) i diagnostisk radiologi är metoden att ur mätningar av antalet och energifördelningen av de fotoner, som spridits en viss vinkel bestämma energispektret av den primära röntgenstrålningen. Även här är kännedom om spridningstvärsnitten av vital betydelse för noggrannheten i bestämningen.

    Jag skall här ge en redogörelse för vår aktuella kunskap om tvärsnitten för koherent och inkoherent spridning för fotoner av röntgendiagnostisk kvalitet (10-200 keV). För dessa är det inte tillräckligt att applicera Klein-Nishina tvärsnittet, som gäller för spridning mot fria elektroner i vila utan hänsyn måste tas till att de atomära elektronerna är bundna och i rörelse i kollisionsögonblicket. Speciellt kommer konsekvenserna för metoden att bestämma primärstrålningsspektrum ur uppmätta spektra av spridd strålning att belysas.

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    Fotonspridningsprocessen vid röntgendiagnostiska strålkvaliteter
  • 391.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Kavitetsteori: allmänna grunder1981Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Kavitetsteori är av fundamental betydelse för dosimetrin. Dess uppgift är att relatera den absorberade dosen i en dosimeter till den absorberade dosen i en given punkt i det medium dosimetern är placerad. Idealt har dosimetern samma strålningsabsorberande egenskaper som mediet. Detta är emellertid nästan aldrig möjligt att uppnå.

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    Kavitetsteori : allmänna grunder
  • 392.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Klassisk elektrodynamik: Växelverkan mellan laddade partiklar och elektromagnetiska fält1975Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Varifrån kommer det elektromagnetiska fältet? Elektromagnetiska fält genereras av laddningar i rörelse (en laddning i vila genererar ett elektrostatiskt fält). I definitionen av fältstorheterna ovan tänks i första hand att det elektromagnetiska fält i vilket den betraktade laddningen q rör sig härstammar från alla de övriga laddningarna och deras rörelser i rymden. (Laddningen q genererar även själv ett elektromagnetiskt fält, som under vissa omständigheter återverkar på dess egen rörelse. Denna effekt diskuteras i ett senare avsnitt).

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    Klassisk elektrodynamik : Växelverkan mellan laddade partiklar och elektromagnetiska fält
  • 393.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Kvantelektrodynamik för elektroner: Feynmandiagram och strålningskorrektioner av tvärsnitt1975Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Utvecklingen av kvantelektrodynamiken startade strax efter det att den icke-relativistiska kvantmekaniken fullbordats och innebär en kombination av kvantmekaniska principer och klassisk elektrodynamik. Upphovsmän till kvantelektrodynamiken var Dirac, Heisenberg och Pauli. Diracs relativistiska, kvantmekaniska teori för elektroner ledde till den så kallade hålteorin för och förutsägelsen av en positivt laddad elektron = positronen. Väsentliga insatser inom kvantelektrodynamiken har gjorts av R.P. Feynman från vilken de så kallade Feynmandiagrammen härstammar. Genom en omtolkning av lösningarna till Diracs relativistiska, kvantmekaniska ekvation för elektronerna ersättes hålteorin för positroner med en beskrivning enligt vilken positronen representeras av vågor, som går bakåt i tiden. Denna tolkning av positronen möjliggör väsentliga förenklingar i beräkningen av tvärsnitt för växelverkansprocesser mellan elektroner och elektromagnetiska fält -förenklingar, som blir speciellt betydelsefulla vid behandlingen av mer komplicerade växelverkansprocesser inkluderande de så kallade strålningskorrektionerna till de enklare processerna. Feynmandiagram över även enklare växelverkansprocesser börjar dyka upp i moderna läroböcker (t ex Roy & Reed: "Interactions of photons and leptons with matter". Academic Press 1968) liksom tabellverk som ger strålningskorrektioner till olika elektrodynamiska växelverkansprocesser, (t ex Hubbell: "Photon cross sections, attenuation coefficients, and energy absorption coefficients from 10 keV to 100 GeV. NSRDS-NBS 29 (1969)). I det följande göres ett försök att kvalitativt redogöra för innebörden av Feynmandiagrammen och strålningskorrektionerna. (Analoga diagram kan användas vid beskrivningen av växelverkansprocesserna mellan nukleoner och mesonfält. För dessa redogöres dock inte här).

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    Kvantelektrodynamik för elektroner : Feynmandiagram och strålningskorrektioner av tvärsnitt
  • 394.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Kärnfysikaliska grunder för radioaktiva nuklider1974Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Förståelsen av den joniserande strålningen och dess växelverkan med materia förutsätter kännedom om atomens natur. Atomen (grekiska "atomos" = odelbar) är den minsta del av ett grundämne, som bibehåller ämnets identitet, dvs. uppvisar dess karakteristiska kemiska egenskaper. Individuella atomer är för små för att direkt kunna observeras. Man kan däremot observera vissa egenskaper hos atomen. Med hjälp av dessa försöker man bygga upp en enkel och åskådlig bild av atomen, en atommodell, med vars hjälp man kan förklara experimentellt gjorda observationer.

    Atomen består av en central, elektriskt positivt laddad kärna, till vilken den största delen av atomens massa är koncentrerad. Runt kärnan kretsar elektriskt negativt laddade elektroner, vilka neutraliserar kärnans positiva laddning, så att atomen utåt verkar elektriskt neutral.

    Atomkärnan är uppbyggd av två sorters elementarpartiklar, protoner och neutroner. En proton och en neutron har ungefär samma massa, men medan protonen är bärare av en positiv laddning lika stor som elektronens negativa laddning är neutronen elektriskt neutral. En elektriskt neutral atom innehåller alltså lika många protoner i kärnan som elektroner i det omgivande elektronskalet. Ett gemensamt namn på protoner och neutroner är nukleon.

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    Kärnfysikaliska grunder för radioaktiva nuklider
  • 395.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Radiation protection of the patient.1999In: The Journal of the Australasian Radiation Protection Society, ISSN 1444-2752, Vol. 16, p. 20-25Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 396.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Skalära och vektoriella fysikaliska storheter: Deras betydelse för förståelsen av röntgendetektorernas uppträdande i ett strålningsfält1981Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Joniserande strålning är ett fysikaliskt fenomen. Varje del av rymden där detta fenomen uppträder utgör ett strålningsfält. För att kunna ge ett mått på "mängden strålning" i fältet krävs att vi först definierar en storhet och därefter mäter eller beräknar storleken på denna uttryckt i antalet enheter av storheten i fråga. Det förekommer alltför ofta att man talar om att "mäta strålningen", vilket egentligen är en omöjlighet. Om man t.ex. anger att ett visst raster "reducerar den spridda strålningen med en faktor 2" så säger detta ingenting om man inte samtidigt anger vilken storhet man avser; fluensen, energifluensen, antalet fotoner som träffar en detektor, summaenergin hos fotonerna som träffar detektorn eller energin absorberad (energy imparted) i detektorn.

    Signalen från en detektor, som placeras i strålningsfältet beror i första hand av den i detektorn absorberade strålningsenergin även om modifikationer till följd av den aktuella fördelningen i tid och rum kan förekomma. Förståelsen aven detektors uppträdande i strålningsfältet är i första hand av dosimetrisk natur.

    Vi skall här närmare betrakta de storheter, som används för att beskriva strålningsfältet och hur dessa kan användas för att bestämma väntevärdet av den i en strålningsdetektor absorberade strålningsenergin. Samtidigt ges tillfälle att presentera de nya storheter och den nya terminologi, som infördes i senaste ICRU-rapporten över kvantiteter och enheter.

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    Skalära och vektoriella fysikaliska storheter : Deras betydelse för förståelsen av röntgendetektorernas uppträdande i ett strålningsfält
  • 397.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Spencer-Attix Cavity Theory2002Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The cavity theory by Spencer and Attix treats the energy deposition in a Bragg-Gray (B-G) cavity (detector). Originally the theory was developed for the case of a B-G detector inside a medium irradiated with photons and assuming electronic equilibrium in the medium at the position of the cavity. The theory is also applicable in media irradiated with other types of uncharged ionizing particles (e.g., neutrons) and charged particles such as electrons and protons.

    The special case of photon irradiation under CPE (charged particle equilibrium) conditions was coupled to a model for calculating the energy spectrum of the equilibrium fluence of electrons in the undisturbed medium. For other situations, e.g., in a medium externally irradiated with electrons, the problem is to evaluate the energy spectrum of the electron fluence at the point considered in the medium. Today, this is mostly accomplished using Monte Carlo simulations.

    A Bragg-Gray cavity is regarded to be so small that:

    • the energy imparted to the cavity from electrons released by photons in the cavity is negligible compared to the energy imparted from electrons released by photons in the surrounding medium and passing through the cavity
    • the cavity should not disturb the fluence of electrons in the medium, i. e., the fluence of electrons traversing the cavity is assumed to be identical to that existing at the point of interest in the medium in the absence of the cavity.
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    Spencer-Attix Cavity Theory
  • 398.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Spencer-Attix kavitetsteori2001Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Spencer-Attix kavitetsteori behandlar energideponeringen i en Bragg-Gray kavitet (detektor) inuti ett medium bestrålat med fotoner och med elektronjämvikt i mediet på kavitetens plats. Med en Bragg-Gray kavitet menas en kavitet så liten att

    • energideponeringen i kaviteten från elektroner frigjorda av fotoner i kaviteten är försumbar jämfört med energideponeringen från elektroner frigjorda av fotoner i omgivande mediet och som passerar in kaviteten
    • kaviteten skall inte nämnvärt störa fluensen av elektronerna i mediet, dvs kaviteten antas i varje punkt genomkorsad av samma fluens av elektroner, som finns i mediet i frånvaro av kaviteten
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    Spencer-Attix kavitetsteori
  • 399.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Carlsson, Carl A.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Statistisk precision vid radioaktivitetsmätning och Aktivitetsbestämning ur uppmätt räknehastighet1974Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Radioaktiva sönderfall sker slumpmässigt och det är omöjligt att i förväg veta exakt när en viss atom sönderfaller. Allt man kan säga är att under en halveringstid är sannolikheten 0.5 att en atom sönderfaller och 0.5 att den förblir i sitt ursprungliga radioaktiva tillstånd. Detta gäller en enstaka atom, är det ett stort antal atomer kan man förutsäga att hälften av dem kommer att sönderfalla inom en halveringstid.

    Antag att i ett experiment aktiviteten av ett prov bestäms under en minut. Räknaren anger 1000 cpm, counts per minute. Om man räknar en gång till kanske scalern anger 985 cpm, nästa gång 1023 cpm osv Skulle man utföra mätningen 1000 gånger skulle man få värdet 1000 12 - 13 gånger, 960 och faktiskt 1040 skulle man få 5-6 gångeroch 940 eller 1060 2 gånger. Detta beror inte på något experimentellt fel eller på någon speciell teknik som experimenttorn använder utan på de statistiska fluktuationerna. (Skulle man få värdet 1000 varje gång skall man kontrollera räknaren, någon kanske har ställt in pre-set counts 1000, dvs då är något fel).

    Vi skall i denna rapport se hur de statistiska fluktuationerna påverkar mätresultaten, hur osäkerheten presenteras och hur man gör en aktivitetsbestämning ur en uppmätt räknehastighet.

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    Statistisk precision vid radioaktivitetsmätning och Aktivitetsbestämning ur uppmätt räknehastighet
  • 400.
    Alm Carlsson, Gudrun
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Carlsson, Carl A.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Pettersson, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radio Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Riskuppskattningar och strålskydds-rekommendationer: Vår strålningsmiljö1991Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Människan har i alla tider varit utsatt för joniserande strålning. Kosmiskstrålning och naturligt radioaktiva nuklider i vår omgivning och i vår kropp ger ett årligtbidrag till den absorberade dosen i hela kroppen, som i genomsnitt för människorna påjorden uppgår till 1 mGy/år (1Gy = 1 J/kg). Det finns områden på jorden där stråldosenfrån naturlig strålning är 10-100 ggr större, jfr avsnittet "Vår strålningsmiljö".

    I slutet av 1800-talet upptäckte Röntgen röntgenstrålningen och Becquerel den naturligaradioaktiviteten. Människan fick därmed för första gången tillgång till starka källor avjoniserande strålning. Dessa togs snabbt i bruk framförallt inom medicinsk röntgendiagnostikoch radioterapi. Man gjorde snart bittra erfarenheter av den joniserandestrålningens skadliga biologiska verkningar efter höga stråldoser. Fram till år 1922 hadec:a 100 radiologer dött av strålskador. Man insåg att något måste göras för att förbättraläget för personalen och år 1928 bildades ICRP (International Commission on RadiationProtection). ICRP ger ut rekommendationer för strålskydd, som ligger till grund förnationella lagar och förordningar över hela världen.

    Den förhållandevis långa erfarenhet människan har av joniserande strålning och denlätthet med vilken även små stråldoser kan mätas har gett oss stränga normer vad gällerhanteringen av producerade strålkällor. Många har därför uppfattningen att joniserandestrålning är en exklusiv miljökomponent. Så är knappast fallet. Förutom att vi alltid varitnaturligt bestrålade finns det idag anledning att förmoda att den kemiska nedsmutsningenav miljön är ett långt allvarligare hot mot vårt välbefinnande än den nuvarandeanvändningen av producerade strålkällor. En rättvis bedömning av olika miljökomponenterkan endast göras den gång alla mäts med samma mått. Arbete med dennainriktning pågår med strålskydds-verksamheten som förebild.

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    Riskuppskattningar och strålskydds-rekommendationer : Vår strålningsmiljö
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