Osman Hamdi Bey’in (1842–1910) resimleri, aynı dönemde Avrupa’da yapılmış, Orta Doğu’danzengin saray ortamları, harem iç mekanları, camileri, egzotik ürünlerin sergilendiği çarşıları, gele-neksel Doğu kıyafeti giymiş insanlarla sokakları ve benzeri sahneleri betimleyen tablolarla sözdebenzerlikleri nedeniyle “Osmanlı Oryantalizmi” örnekleri olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte,burada tartışılacağı gibi, Osman Hamdi, kesinlikle zengin bir Osmanlı geçmişinin hatırasını koru-maya hevesli, ama aynı zamanda insan aklını ve insanın hakikat ve güzellik arayışını kutlamayahevesli bir “Hümanist Osmanlı” olarak daha iyi tanımlanabilir. Bu nedenle, tarihi sahneleri tasviretmekten aldığı zevk, gelenekçi değerlere bağlılık olarak görülmemelidir. Gerçekten de, normatifetik açısından Osman Hamdi, dini inancın eleştirel incelemeye tabi tutulması gerektiğine işaretettiği için gelenekçilik karşıtı olarak görülebilir. Bu özellikle Genesis (1901) tablosu için geçerlidir.Osman Hamdi’nin sanatını, bazı Avrupalı çağdaşlarının egzotizmiyle yüzeysel benzerliği nedeniylebir kenara atmak yerine, onun kendi başına özgün ve değerli bir katkı olduğunu kabul etmeliyiz.
According to a famous definition once outlined by Sergey Nechayev, a revolutionary agent must have a single-minded commitment to the revolution, involving a ruthless and depersonalizing consequentialism that leaves no room for any other kind of attachment. As a result of his commitment to the revolution, Nechayev’s revolutionary agent will lack a proper understanding of important aspects of a fully human identity, including gender, personal relationships, and indi- vidual integrity. The emotionally and morally destructive effects of the depersonalization required by Nechayev are well illustrated by Michael Boylan in his philosophical novel T-Rx: The History of a Radical Leader. In this chapter, the failures and frustrations of two of the main characters of the novel, T-Rx and Mary Taylor, will be analysed against the background of Nechayev’s conception of the revolutionary agent.
Liksom grodan som inte märker att vattnet gradvis håller på att hettas upp, kan akademiker avlövas sin frihet ett blad i taget, utan att reagera på vad som händer – tills de en dag kallas till likavillkorshandläggaren för ett värdegrundssamtal.
Forskning som inkluderar variabler som etnicitet, religion, kriminalitet, politisk extremism, kvinnosyn och så vidare kan stoppas enbart med hänvisning till att fastställandet av empiriska samband mellan sådana variabler inte uppväger risken för att vissa grupper utsätts för stigmatisering. Det skriver Per Bauhn, professor emeritus i praktisk filosofi vid Linnéuniversitetet.
Brottsoffren har länge spelat en underordnad roll i diskussionen om brott och straff i Sverige. Nu kan en ändring skönjas. Det är välkommet, skriver Per Bauhn, professor i filosofi.
In this chapter I intend to problematize the relationship between conceptions of the common good and individual rights in pandemic strategies, using the Swedish COVID-19 pandemic strategy as an example. The common good can be understood as either utility-based or rights-based. A utility-based conception of the common good aims at maximizing good consequences for society as a whole, while a rights-based conception of the common good aims at protecting important individual rights. It would perhaps be natural to assume that a utility-based conception of the common good would justify a pandemic strategy that is restrictive of individual rights, such as freedom of assembly and freedom of movement, for the sake of securing collective goods such as public health. Likewise, it would perhaps be natural to assume that a rights-based conception of the common good would justify a more permissive pandemic strategy, emphasizing individuals’ right to freedom as a central aspect of the common good that the strategy should protect. However, as the case of Sweden suggests, a pandemic strategy might be utility-based and permissive at one and the same time. Moreover, its very permissiveness makes the strategy morally problematic from a rights-based perspective, as it allows the pandemic to spread and threaten the basic well-being of a large number of people.
Gewirth’s theory of human rights has made a major contribution to philosophy. In this edited collection, contributors from a broad range of disciplines discuss the theoretical and practical application of Gewirthian theory to current world issues. Case studies highlight mental health, the LGBT community, intellectual disabilities, global economic inequality, and market instability to provide a truly interdisciplinary study. This important contribution to human rights scholarship provides a platform for further discussion of Gewirthian theory. It will be of interest to those researching moral, legal, and political philosophy, as well as policy makers, social workers, and medical staff.
The conflict between refugees’ human right to be admitted to a safe country and the right of states to exercise sovereign control of their borders, including the right to deny refugees entry, can be understood in terms of a normative conflict between two ethical systems, namely those of ethical universalism and ethical particularism. Here it is suggested that this conflict can be resolved by combining a universalist comparable cost argument with a particularist fair share argument. The comparable cost argument affirms that a state receiving refugees should allow at least the most basic rights of refugees to override less important rights of its own citizens. The fair share argument modifies the comparable cost argument by affirming that no state is morally obligated to sacrifice any of its citizens’ rights for the sake of protecting a larger share of refugees than what is fair, given its resources.
Historically speaking, fairy tales have been powerful instruments in the education of children and in the transmission of moral standards from one generation to the next, from the dominant class to less powerful groups. As they make certain ways of life or ideals appear attractive and others repellent, fairy tales also contribute to form normative identities in their young readers. A normative identity combines a descriptive account of who one is with a normative account of what one ought to do. Such identities can be empowering or disempowering. Fairy tales can be seen as using a technique of narrative persuasion to impose normative identities on their audiences, making certain ideals and ways of life appear natural and self-evident. To deconstruct a disempowering normative identity imposed by a fairy tale involves separating its descriptive and normative components and making vivid the problematic aspects of the norms, values, and ideals involved. In this article, we analyse Angela Carter’s deconstruction of a disempowering normative identity imposed on women by the Ashputtle fairy tale, as told by the Grimm brothers. In our analysis, based on close reading and philosophical criticism, we reveal how Carter herself makes use of the fairy-tale technique of narrative persuasion in her deconstructive work, vividly bringing out certain appalling consequences of the ideals of submission and self-sacrifice implied by the Grimm version of the Ashputtle story, thereby also subverting that version.
In this article, Homi Bhabha’s concept of hybridity is being discussed from the point of view of its impact on persons’ capacity for agency. Bhabha emphasizes the emancipating and anti-authoritarian potentials of hybridity. In this paper it is argued that this positive evaluation does not hold for all cases of hybridity. It is also argued that the value of hybridity will depend on whether it expands or diminishes persons’ capacity for agency. A limited empirical study of Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands will illustrate this hypothesis.
This article focuses on the reception of Frozen by young Turkish women, posing three major questions: (1) How did young women in Turkey describe Elsa? (2) What are the differences between Frozen and other princess movies? (3) Do young Turkish women think Frozen is a feminist movie? The most interesting findings of this research have to do with the third question. Here a superficial view of the responses would suggest that the research participants agree with those critics of Frozen who claim that it is not a feminist film. However, once one takes a closer look at their responses, one can see that this agreement holds only in form, and not in content, as the research participants recognize feminist qualities in the film but without being willing to label them as feminist. The reason for this has to do with the negative connotations of the terms “feminism” and “feminist” in Turkish mainstream language. Here, a feminist viewpoint has to be expressed in terms of “women – men equality” instead. This particular finding points to the more general need in any cross-cultural research to ascertain the translatability of central terms having evaluative connotations, like “feminism” and “feminist” in this case.
Occidentalism is an umbrella term for various stereotyped images of the West. It is typically gendered, implying views of Western moral standards that are often filtered through a certain perception of Western women. We will look at the particular case of Turkish media representations of Western women from the point of view of occidentalism. Western women are described in positive terms when they choose to marry Turkish men, convert to Islam, and move to Turkey. On the other hand, when these women are described in their Western context, they are often portrayed as morally and sexually confused. We hypothesize that these descriptions of Western women exemplify a Turkish occidentalism, morally othering the West and Western women. While our material may not suffice to say anything about the representativity of these views, it is at least sufficient to confirm and illustrate a hypothesis that such an occidentalism indeed exists in Turkish media.
The following study is a historiographical analysis of previous articles in academic journals discussing the U.N. Security Council resolution 242, which is a diplomatic and legally binding document, aimed at securing peace in the Middle East after the June War of 1967 between Israel and its neighboring Arab Countries. The study analyses various texts written by juridical and historical researchers, which discuss the resolution and its ability to generate a lasting peace in the Middle East. The problem lies in the linguistic features present in the resolution, more specifically in the lack of a definitive term regarding occupied territories in times of war. Various interpretations of the resolution give different answers, as some have interpreted it as obligating Israel to return all occupied territories, whilst others have interpreted it as guidelines, thus not legally binding Israel or any other involved actor to any specific actions in regards to the occupied territories. It is as befitting that this study is presented 50 years after the conflict arose, as it is telling that the discussion has failed to evolve during this time, with the same set of interpretations being relevant. The conflict is yet to be resolved, and this study presents various texts explaining and discussing the problematic elements of the resolution and international relations which have inhibited the peace process from finding a lasting conclusion.
This study examines intersectionality and identity in rapper Jermaine Lamarr Cole’s studio album 4 Your Eyez Only. Through discourse analysis, the essay studies the representation of aspects of identity in the album, with a focus on gender, race, class and sexuality. The study also examines prosthetic memory in the album, with the intention of finding correlating narratives that create a general concensus of how society is viewed from marginalised groups in the US.
The findings conclude that gender, race and class are expressed as the main buildingblocks for a characters identity in the album. It is telling that sexuality remains untouched in this regard. The reader is exclusively exposed to the normative heterosexual perspective, completely ignoring any notion of varied sexual orientations. Furthermore the findings conclude that J. Cole showcases a generally negative view on the govornment, as it is percieved as one of many instances keeping marginalised groups at the bottom of a societal foodchain
This essay examines computer and video games and their capacity of being useful in teaching sessions. Focus is being put at a possible pedagogical potential and how it is being expressed in games mechanics. To get answers on these subjects’ studies by Professor James Paul Gee and Jesse Schell is used together in creating a model for analysis. With this model together with a narrative analysis this essay hopes to give clarifications on if a pedagogical potential is present and if so, how it is being expressed.
Studies in this paper shows that a pedagogical potential is overall present in used material. It is showed differently depending on basic mechanics that different computer and video games relies on. An especially contribution is being held based on what view games are being experienced from. Both games show usefulness regarding historical learning and can contribute especially towards visual aspects and as a complementary material in today’s education. What’s really matter on using computer and videogames as learning materials is what happen around them and the foundational constructions of games.
This essay examines on what kind of Muslim stereotypes exist in entertainment movies which are being produced in the West and particularly the United States. First, the focus will be on explaining the concept of stereotypes and Islamophobia and what role the media has in the movies' production of its contents. The incident at the World Trade Center will also be discussed briefly. By using semiotic and narrative analyses the essay investigates if a stereotyped image is being used about Muslims and how Muslim main characters that have the role of being protagonists, are visualized in entertainment movies. The material that is included in the empirical analysis consists of three selected movies. The purpose of this essay is to create a broader understanding on how stereotypes of Islam and Muslims are being used within the entertainment industry with particular focus on movies that are produced in the West.
The results in this paper show that stereotypes of Islam and Muslims lives on in the 21st century movies and that Muslims who are characterized as protagonists are illustrated with traits and appearance that reminiscent of the West. However, Islam and Muslims is not a frequent content in movies produced in USA.
This essay examines what happened to soldiers from Urshult in military service of Sweden during the diminished power of the country in the beginning of the eighteen century. Information of interest is taken from the soldiers’ age, time of service and other annotations of interest that shows to be helpful when examining their fate. First off, this study explains Sweden’s situation during this period of time. To get a grasp about the situation, allotment is explained as well as the most important events in the big Nordic war. This study is based on qualitative content analysis and GMRs are used as its main resource of information and consists of empiric analysis.
The result of this paper shows that very few soldiers from Urshult were able to return home alive. After eight years of service most of the soldiers from Urshult are showed to be either killed or captured. During this period of time, casualties in the army were mostly dependent on diseases that occurred during travels between fights.
This study however shows that soldiers from Urshult did more often die directly as a result from battle rather than from disease traveling between them.
From the end of the Second World War until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 the world was divided. An iron curtain separated the world into two parts, east and west. These were dominated by the two great powers, the Soviet Union and the USA. The contradictions between the great powers should characterize the whole period that was named the Cold War. USA and the Soviet Union never met in open confrontation during this time, but it happened indirectly in the many conflicts that occurred during the Cold War. The Vietnam War (1964-1975) and the Afghanistan War (1979-1989) were two conflicts in which the great powers brought war against smaller states and the non-fighting part supported the resistance against the great power.
The purpose of this study is to examine the three Swedish newspapers, Svenska Dagbladet, Dagens nyheter och Norrskensflamman, and thereby discover how they reported during the Vietnam War and the Afghanistan War. We seek the answer on following questions: What did the reporting looked like during the Vietnam War and the Afghanistan War and how did it change over time? How does the newspapers political point of view appear on the editorial pages? Which international outlook can be seen in the news report and which are the similarities and differences?
In order to do this we’ve used a qualitative method. The result shows that three different international outlooks are described in the newspapers. We can also confirm that the political point of view for each newspaper is confirmed by the standard reporting and primarily by the content of the editorial pages.
Log-boats within the Ertebölle culture have had a broad use in the society. From social usesas transport and communication devises to economical uses within hunting and fishing. Thelog-boats have been quite large, larger than log-boats in later periods. With a length of up to 10 meters and a width of 0,5-1 meter the log-boat have been big enough to carry a family andthere gear along the cost. Even though the long and narrow shape of the log-boat have made them mostly suitable for calm and shallow water they have still aloud the people of theErtebölle culture to cross major waters such as the sound between Denmark and Sweden.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of crimes committed by women and how it developed in the two swedish cities, Lund and Kristianstad, during the second world war. The years studied are 1940, 1942 and 1944. Another purpose with this paper is to investigate women’s crime patterns in the city. Women’s crime in Lund and Kristianstad is studied comparatively. Quantitative method and source material in the form of court journals are used. The result of this paper is that the development of crime differed between the cities of Lund and Kristianstad. The total female crime in Lund neither increased nor decreased, while the female crime in Kristianstad increased. The female crime also turned out to be higher in Kristianstad than in Lund. The most common crime among women was mainly traffic violations in both cities. Theft was also a common crime in the cities. Violent crimes and illegal alcohol handling were not common among the female criminals. The female criminal was usually a young Swedish woman under the age of 30; a housewife, unmarried or working as a maid.
For a person who has been diagnosed with a disability at some point in their life, their ability to be an active democratic citizen in our information society changes. This thesis examines what kind of challenges the Swedish public libraries and librarians faces in their day-to-day work connected to the specific group of users with vision-related disabilities and discusses and analyze public librarians' perception of what digital skills means to them.
In the combination of people with visual impairments and their digital needs and competence development and on the actual conditions and challenges existing at the Swedish public libraries regarding digital services for people with visual impairments, the study identifies several challenges for both parties. The study results present an insecurity among librarians regarding the expectations to adjust and help with digital guidance, when they still are feeling insecure about what kind of digital competence expects of them.
During the qualitative interviews, a shared experience of anxiety, uncertainty, and an uneven level among the library staff regarding basic digital competences and where the "boundary" is revealed. The uneven level of digital competence is highlighted as problematic, as the patrons are assumed to be treated differently on repeated visits to the public library.
The study identifies several challenges that would further encourage both the individual, the profession, the institution as well as society and research to study further. New knowledge in a library context has been identified and needs to be studied in a broader and more comprehensive research study.
Abstrakt
Engelsk titel: Digital reading promotion for adults -a qualitative interview study
This study aims to analyse how librarians in Swedish public libraries utilize digital media to promote reading among adults. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with librarians in southern and central Sweden. This study uses a practice-theoretical approach by analysing the data through the concepts of material, competenses and meaning. The findings include a generally positive view on digital media, which are primarily used to enhance accessibility for the elderly and inidividuals with reading disabilities. Furthermore, the findings include that the printed book is still the primary format used in library programs. This might be due to the high cost of certain types of digital media, for example the cost of e-books, as well as practical reasons which makes printed books easier to use in library reading promotion.
Two subjects which have grown constantly larger due to globalization are diversity and LGBTQ. This can be seen since people with different sexualities, religions, ethnicities and much more have become more visible in Sweden. Therefore, one can ask oneself how diverse the literature is at public libraries, especially if a certain genre such as LGBTQ is placed at a special section called rainbow shelves. This issue will be examined in this study. To show how important it is to include and acknowledge everyone and not only some groups, social recognition by Axel Honneth has been chosen as the theory of this paper. In order to see how diverse the literature in rainbow shelves are, a qualitative content analysis, based on four different semi-structured interviews with four different individuals, has been made. Only librarians from libraries which have rainbow shelves has been interviewed, but they were spread all over Sweden, from north to south. The interviews took place during April 2018. The result shows that the libraries have diverse LGBTQ-literature to a certain degree. They can only purchase as much diverse LGBTQ-literature as exists and unfortunately, there is not much diverse LGBTQ-literature available. Due to this, the four public libraries cannot acknowledge individuals who are not included in the white normativity or western standards. The discussion revealed that the rainbow shelves of the participating libraries do not represent a greater diversity. However, there are rainbow shelves where diversity is more represented than in other rainbow shelves. It was also found that there is a limited amount of multilingual LGBTQ-literature and that it is complicated to find. Not enough multilingual LGBTQ-literature is published to enable public libraries to find and make this available to a wider extent. All participating libraries work in some way to support the diversity of the rainbow shelves and make them more representative. This work is mainly done by getting inspiration from other libraries’ rainbow shelves or by searching for diverse LGBTQ-literature.
For western youth social media has become an everyday occurrence. An abundance of information is delivered right to them. But how do they evaluate the credibility of the information they encounter? Web 2.0 and social media has created an easy access to information, but has also made it harder to identify who the creator of the information is when anybody can create content. Which makes it important to constantly critically evaluate the sources one is faced with. This study aims to examine how adolescents judge the credibility of information they meet on social media, and also how they use social media and how they see themselves as creators of information. The data was accumulated by conducting two group interviews with three participants in each group. The results has been analyzed with two separate theories, cognitive authorities and also with the theory of uses and gratifications. The results showed that they are more critical to information created by sources that the do not know personally, than they are of users that the know on an closer level. The study also shows that they do not perceive that they create content themselves on a regular basis. But they are still constantly connected with their friends on some sort of social media. Based on this study future relevant studies can be made with social media as the focus. This study focus on adolescents with a similar socioeconomic background, the same study but with different socioeconomic backgrounds would be interesting to make. Results in this study shows that an older generation is starting to use social media in a different degree then before, therefore studies in how this generation evaluate information the meet on social media could be interesting since they have an education that differ from the one adolescents get today.
The purpose of this essay is to examine how officials within the Swedish public libraryorganisation view the IT-development, how the IT-development progresses within theorganisation and if there is a need for a national IT-strategy for the public libraries in Sweden.Four unorganized interviews with officials within the regional- and county libraryorganisation and one within the national organisation where conducted. This study is aqualitative examination where the phenomenographic approach has been used as inspirationfor the analytic model. The analytic result has been compared to the system theory of how anoptimal system should be constructed to perform in an optimal way and to be able to producegood results. The results of this study show a wish for a better national cooperation regardingthe IT-development for the Swedish public libraries. Today’s library structure should bereviewed over in order to enable the libraries to produce even better results from the cooperation’s.
“Fall in line” is a military command used when the American Civil War is reenacted in Scandinavia, ordering the soldiers to stand in a row. The command can also be used as a metaphor for the adaptations reenactors make as a group to guidelines, originating from collective memories of the Civil War. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate gender and body as dimensions of the collective conciliation of memories within a group reenacting historical events. The body's materiality, material objects such as clothing, interactions between members of a group and with contemporary surroundings all have a varying impact on the evolving conciliation of the memories. Historical reenactment is a slightly unconventional context in which people make use of history, and the thesis highlights how events from history are modernised, utilised and forgotten, in the absence of regulatory documents and institutions. The collective memories act as a reference, yet the memories are constantly evolving. The thesis discusses how American collective memories are remediated within a Scandinavian context.
The study is based on autoethnographic studies, interviews of group members and is supported by photographs. The autoethnographic studies allow for a new method of historical research, whereby the researcher becomes part of the material. Based on the queer phenomenology perspective that every person adapts to the behaviour expected in a group, I have been able to use the autoethnographic material to study my own adaptations. The expectations are based on the collective memories and are thus conciliated and changed. My own body and my experiences serve to highlight how gender and body are decisive dimensions when conciliating memories.
During reenactment, a temporary memorial site is created where the distance between it and the contemporary world allows for conciliation of memories of the past. The reenactors move around the constructed space in different ways, determined by gender and body. Some reenactors move around the boundaries with the surrounding area, which is not included in the reenactment, and others move closer to the centre and are therefore also closer to the seemingly authentic. The memories of the past are generated by means of movement along the lines staked out in the space or along alternative lines, and it is not possible to understand how the memories are conciliated without studying gender and body.
Social exclusion is a problem in today’s society that we feel public libraries can help resolve since they are based on the idea of equality and openness. The purpose of this essay is to examine how public librarians think and reason about the concept “integration” as well as what role public libraries can play in immigrants’ integration process. With Jose Alberto Diaz’ theory on the integration process, and Marianne Andersson and Dorte Skot-Hansen’s model for analysis of the local library profile as theoretical framework, we analyzed the responses from two qualitative interviews in small groups of 2-3 librarians from two different public libraries. The result of this study shows that some public librarians cannot give an accurate definition of the word integration; instead they define integration as mutual respect for cultural differences. Only two librarians included in their definition that integration means to become participants in society. Despite this lack of a comprehensive understanding of the concept the librarians have a positive attitude towards the public libraries’ ability to support the integration process through book collection and program activities. The librarians think that public libraries mostly support the integration by: 1) increasing the understanding between different cultures and thereby decreasing prejudice and fear in the society (personal integration), 2) help immigrants develop a social network with the majority culture (social integration), and 3) help immigrants with language development(communicative integration). This is done mostly by focusing on the public libraries’ role of knowledge and education as well as their social role.
Abstract – Noblesse oblige: a roleplaying game
During the 17th-century the Swedish nobility was forced to deal with a number of new challenges. They reached the height of their power, but also began their downfall. How did the nobility’s ideal come to be in the face of this? Can we in these ideals find the duties and obligations of the nobility? And if we can, how can a roleplaying game be made out of the historical facts? A roleplaying game meant for educational means, well suited for the classroom and teachers, capable of stimulating the young minds and offering them an in depth understanding of how the nobility’s minds moved. In this study it will show, with the help of a qualitative method along with the theory of Mark Edward Motley and a look at social sanctions from the time. We shall find that the nobility indeed held obligations and duties both.
This essay is about criminal cases with deadly outcomes in Skåne during the period 1950 - 1959. The seven chosen cases were gathered from criminal records from the ”härdansrätt” in Frosta and Eslöv. These cases have not previously been written about and therefore somewhat unheard of. The focus will lay on the gender, age and social status of the perpetrators. Some of the years in are of less importance since no crimes with deathly outcome was found. The most dominated cause of death are crimes commired in traffic. Traffic offenses spiked in the 1950’s when the use of motor vehicles was more common and more people fell victim to those kind of accidents. The main point of the essay is to examine why the accidents/crimes led to death and how the media wrote about it.
Sweden’s first mass murderer, Tore Hedin, will be mentioned. He is worth mentioning since he was active during the chosen time period, but since he wasn’t put before a trial, he won’t be part of the main study.