Evolutionary conflicts of interest occur at all levels, scales and forms of biological organization. They are a fundamental component of the living world and range from conflicts between genetic elements and cells, to conflicts between the sexes and between competing individuals. Yet, the existence of admirably well functioning genomes, bodies, mating pairs and societies suggests that processes must exist to resolve or mitigate such conflicts. We organized this special feature 'The resolution of evolutionary conflicts within species' to encourage the flow of knowledge between fields that traditionally have often taken different approaches to study evolutionary conflicts. Contributed papers discuss data from bacteria, plants and animals (including humans) and present theory, molecular mechanisms and population dynamics of how conflicts are resolved in nature. Together, they contribute to a synthetic theory of conflict resolution.

La plupart des termes du langage ordinaire sont vagues, au sens où les règles de leur usage ne permettent pas de leur assigner une limite d’application claire et déterminée. À partir de quelle taille peut-on dire d’un individu qu’il est grand? Quelle quantité d’une grandeur suffit à dire « beaucoup »? Il ne semble pas exister de réponse bien définie à ces questions. La frontière semble inévitablement floue et variable selon le contexte et le locuteur. Le vague a été mis en évidence dès l’Antiquité avec le paradoxe du tas de blé, ou sorite, qui demande combien de grains de blé sont requis pour faire un tas. Loin d’être un simple cas d’école, le vague est un problème courant qui affecte la signification des catégories juridiques (à quel moment un fœtus devient-il une personne?) mais aussi scientifiques (quelles propriétés font d’un corps céleste une planète?).

L’objet de ce livre est d’expliquer la nature et l’origine du vague dans le langage. Il vise notamment à élucider la question de savoir si le vague est une forme d’ignorance de faits déterminés, ou s’il s’agit d’un phénomène distinct, inhérent à la constitution du sens linguistique.

This article explores how the political ideal of data interacts with the legal entitlement of autonomy in the care of pregnant people guided by feminist theory and critical approaches to data. Using Scandinavian legislation and administrative practice, it analyses how the presence or absence of data, namely scientific evidence, interacts with pregnant people’s legal autonomy in healthcare. Data –particularly scientific evidence - is shown as something that is not neutral but open to interpretation and misappropriation. First, administrative complaints illustrate that not only a lack of scientific studies on pregnant people but also patriarchal attitudes have implications for care. Second, Scandinavian legislation authorizes the involuntary detention of pregnant drug users despite an absence of evidence supporting such drastic actions. Third, complaints bodies are found to frame injury to pregnant bodies as a natural consequence of birth, despite clear evidence as to the duties of healthcare professionals in preventing harm. A relational approach that sees the pregnant body and fetus as integrated though quintessentially unequal is needed. Evidence is not the only answer; an approach that recognizes the dignity of pregnant people must be central. This requires eliminating coercion, recognizing the pregnant patient as the decision maker in healthcare choices and prizing the birthing patient’s voice as a valuable data source. 

Discrimination in healthcare is a pervasive issue faced by patients, affecting their access to treatment and overall well-being. This article examines the forms of healthcare discrimination recognised by Scandinavian equality boards through a comparative analysis of their decisions. While social science studies have established the existence of discrimination based on ethnicity, race, gender, sexuality, and age, proving such discrimination in legal terms poses significant challenges. An analysis of board decisions reveals that patients face barriers in establishing legally actionable discrimination, as perceived discriminatory conduct may not meet the criteria for legal claims. Additionally, equality boards are often hesitant to intervene in medical decision-making processes, further complicating the path to legal recourse. Lack of evidentiary support, especially in cases of unconscious bias, makes it difficult for some patients to substantiate claims of discrimination. The findings underscore the complexities of addressing healthcare discrimination through legal means. To effectively combat discrimination, there is a need to clarify the goals of discrimination law in the healthcare context and consider its future application within the broader context of human rights and equality.

"As a nominally neutral power during the Second World War, Sweden in the early postwar era has received comparatively little attention from historians. Nonetheless, as this definitive study shows, the war–and particularly the specter of Nazism–changed Swedish society profoundly. Prior to 1939, many Swedes shared an unmistakable affinity for German culture, and even after the outbreak of hostilities there remained prominent apologists for the Third Reich. After the Allied victory, however, Swedish intellectuals reframed Nazism as a discredited, distinctively German phenomenon rooted in militarism and Romanticism. Accordingly, Swedes’ self-conception underwent a dramatic reformulation. From this interplay of suppressed traditions and bright dreams for the future, postwar Sweden emerged"–From publisher’s website

This Element provides a pedagogical overview of the history of knowledge, including its main currents, distinguishing ideas, and key concepts. However, it is not primarily a state-of-the-art overview but rather an argumentative contribution that seeks to push the field in a certain direction – towards studying knowledge in society and knowledge in people's lives. Hence, the history of knowledge envisioned by the authors is not a rebranding of the history of science and intellectual history, but rather a reinvigoration of social and cultural history. This implies that many different forms of knowledge should be objects of study. By drawing on ongoing research from all across the world dealing with different time periods and problems, the authors demonstrate that the history of knowledge can enrich our understanding of past societies. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

How can subnational governments best integrate climate change considerations across policy areas? Which factors contribute to successful integration? With a specific focus on transport, spatial planning policies, and energy and water in selected cases located at the border of the Alpine region between Italy and Austria, this volume shows that coordination (vertical and horizontal), public participation and information, leadership, and dedicated funding play fundamental and interlinked roles in climate change policy integration.

This catalog comprises the Coptic manuscripts from the Ilves collection, which were exhibited at the National Archives of Finland from 16 June to 14 August 2020. The exhibition also included objects from the collections of the National Archives and the Finnish Egyptological Society. Research in Coptic studies has been actively carried out at the University of Helsinki for decades. The exhibition as well as this catalog are among the outcomes of such interest.

Current scientific advances are reshaping our understanding of prehistory, offering unprecedented insights into the movements and kinship patterns of prehistoric populations. These new advances provide us with detailed information on several aspects of the early speakers of Indo-European and their lives. However, the prehistoric humans that we know through bones and potsherds were once real people speaking real languages and having specific beliefs, mythological tales and poetic expressions. With this book, we want to apply a multidisciplinary approach that combines historical linguistics, archaeology, and comparative religion in order to improve our understanding of the early speakers of Indo-European. The book is a collection of papers by specialists in historical linguistics, archaeology and comparative religion, each examining different facets of the early Indo-European speakers, including their language, culture, and religious practices.

Practices of Diplomacy in the Early Modern World offers a new contribution to the ongoing reassessment of early modern international relations and diplomatic history. Divided into three parts, it provides an examination of diplomatic culture from the Renaissance into the eighteenth century and presents the development of diplomatic practices as more complex, multifarious and globally interconnected than the traditional state-focussed, national paradigm allows. The volume addresses three central and intertwined themes within early modern diplomacy: who and what could claim diplomatic agency and in what circumstances; the social and cultural contexts in which diplomacy was practised; and the role of material culture in diplomatic exchange. Together the chapters provide a broad geographical and chronological presentation of the development of diplomatic practices and, through a strong focus on the processes and significance of cultural exchanges between polities, demonstrate how it was possible for diplomats to negotiate the cultural codes of the courts to which they were sent. This exciting collection brings together new and established scholars of diplomacy from different academic traditions. It will be essential reading for all students of diplomatic history.