Rapid growing volumes of data demands new solutions in terms of analysing and visualizing. The growing amount of data contains valuable information which organizations in a more digitized society need to manage. It is a major challenge to visualize data, both in a static and interactive way. Through visualization of big data follows several opportunities containing risk assessment and decision basis. Previous research indicates a lack of standards and guidelines considering the development of interactive dashboards. By studying factors of success from a user-centered perspective we proceeded with a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews. In addition to this we performed a thorough examination of existing literature in this particular field of research. A total of eight interviews were held, all eight respondents had experience from using or developing dashboards. The results indicates that user experience is an important yet not a sufficiently used principle. They also indicates challenges concerning the management of big data and particularly visualizing it. The results developed into a model which illustrates guidelines and vital components to orchestrate when developing a dashboard. A user-centered approach should pervade the entire developing process. Interactive functionalities are rather a necessity than a recommendation. With interactiveness comes drill-down functionalities which leads to a more intuitively practice. User experience is an essential component of the model, bringing light to individual customisations as well as it makes allowances to a large target group. The last component highlights the importance of early prototyping and an iterative approach to software development. The conclusion of the study is our complete model which brings opportunities to transform big data to great knowledge.

Teknologiers transformativa förmågor har stor potential att bidra till förändring som gynnar samhällen, miljön och mänskligt välbefinnande. Världen står idag inför många stora utmaningar som klimatförändringar och omfattande digitala förändringar. Investerare påverkar vilka teknologier som formar våra samhällen, och uppdragsdrivna aktörer, snarare än endast vinstdrivna, kan påverka framtida paradigmskiften. Trots ett ökat intresse för området ”transformativa teknologier” saknas konsensus kring grundläggande egenskaper och vad begreppet inbegriper. Avsaknaden av definierande egenskaper resulterar i att begreppet löper risk att urvattnas, vilket vidare medför negativa effekter kopplade till beslutsfattares avsaknad av praxis för att utvärdera transformativa förmågor hos teknologier. Beslutsfattare kan hjälpas av ett tydligare definierat begrepp och genom applicerbara metoder kan beslutsfattare hjälpas nå sina mål. Befintliga metoder för utvärdering av ansvarsfulla investeringar som ESG och Impact investing är inte fokuserade på teknologier och därtill finns begränsningar som gör de mindre tillämpbara i fall där transformativa teknologier är relevant. Studien bidrar till en ökad förståelse för begreppet och tillhandahåller metoder för utvärdering genom att analysera transformativa egenskaper i Industrifondens portföljbolag inom området transformativ teknologi. Det empiriska underlaget utgörs av 12 portföljbolag. Studien visar på tre dimensioner av transformativa egenskaper, value changes, mimicry och diffusion, samt bidrar med förståelse kring dess innebörd. Vidare visar studien på återkommande mönster i termer av transformativa egenskaper. Utöver bidraget kopplat till en ökad förståelse inom området ger studien förslag på hur dessa teknologier kan utvärderas samt hur utvärderingsmetoder kan tillämpas vid investeringsstrategier.

To stay competitive, manufacturing companies are developing towards Smart Production which requires the use of digital technologies. However, there is a lack of guidance supporting manufacturing companies in selecting and integrating a combination of suitable digital technologies, which is required for Smart Production. To address this gap, the purpose of this paper is twofold: (i) to identify the main challenges of selecting and integrating digital technologies for Smart Production, and (ii) to propose a holistic concept to support manufacturing companies in mitigating identified challenges in order to select and integrate a combination of digital technologies for Smart Production. This is accomplished by using a qualitative-based multiple case study design. This paper identifies current challenges related to selection and integration of digital technologies. To overcome these challenges and achieve Smart production, the concept of data value chain was proposed, i.e., a holistic approach to systematically map and improve data flows within the production system. © 2022, IFIP International Federation for Information Processing.

Sociala medier har ökat lavinartat sedan internet nådde människors hem under  90-talet. Enbart det sociala mediet Facebook har  243 miljoner användare i Europa. Sociala medier har även blivit ett primärt val för de flesta användare för interaktion med varandra. I en värld där informationsflödet och varje relation är konstant uppmärksammades en brist i hur sociala medier interagerar med användaren. För att undersöka hur individer upplever notifikationerna i sociala medier användes grundaffekterna av Silvan Tomkins som kompletterades via en litteraturstudie. Notifikationer på sociala medier undersöktes sedan kvalitativt med hjälp av  tester och  användare i fokusgruppsmiljö. Denna studie resulterade i ett antal definierade känslor  som  individer upplever av notifikationer  samt  åsikter kring redan befintlig funktionalitet och förslag till riktlinjer ur ett användarcentrerat perspektiv.

Hvilke fællestræk har skandinaviske krimier? Hvorfor er de interessante både for et nordisk publikum og for et internationalt? Er der bestemte, typiske træk i deres samfundsforståelse, deres fremstilling af mandlige og kvindelige karakterer, i deres reception og funktion? Den skandinaviske krimi er bredt eksponeret via flere medier – som bog, på film, som tv-serie, som computerspil og på diverse hjemmesider på internettet. Tilstedeværelsen i det ene medie forstærker interessen i det andet. Nordiske krimier oversættes og eksporteres som aldrig før, og en hel turistindustri udfolder sig med krimier som omdrejningspunkt. Antologien stiller skarpt på karakterer, steder og genrer. På film- og tv-produktion. På tværmedialitet og oplevelsesøkonomi. Det sker ud fra konkrete eksempler - fra Henning Mankell og Stieg Larsson til Torpedo, Anna Pihl og Forbrydelsen.

Organizations of today must learn how to learn in order to become competitive. How an organization reaches maturity clearing this area is not clear. This paper presents an initial version of a maturity model aiming to set directions for how to become a learning organization, and to assist people when discussing where in this process the organization finds itself in. Future work consists of detailing the model and develops guidelines for how to measure maturity.

In this paper, the authors demonstrate the suitability of IT-supported knowledge repositories for knowledge retention. Successful knowledge retention is dependent on whatis stored in a repository and, hence, possible to share. Accordingly, the ability to capture theright (relevant) knowledge is a key aspect. Therefore, to increase the quality in an IT-supported knowledge repository, the identification activity, which starts the capture process, must besuccessfully performed. While critical success factors (CSFs) for knowledge retention andknowledge management are frequently discussed in the literature, there is a knowledge gapconcerning CSFs for this specific knowledge capture activity. From a knowledge retention perspective, this paper proposes a model that characterizes CSFs for the identification activity and highlights the CSFs’ contribution to knowledge retention.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition in the hip or knee joints that develops during a long period of time and sometimes needs hip or knee joint replacement surgery when pain gets too intense for the patient. This paper describes how an animated video for pre- and postoperative instructions for patients with osteoarthritis was designed. The design science research (DSR) approach was followed by creating a web-based animated video. The web-based animated video is used to support surgical departments with education for patients suffering from OA. In the web-based animated video, information about OA surgical treatment and its pre- and post-arrangements was included. The relevance, the rigor, and the design cycles were focused on, with some iterations of and improvements in the animations. Even after implementation, there was a feedback-loop with comments from the surgeons and their patients. Moreover, as more departments will use the web-based animated video, they want to make their special mark on it, so that further changes will be made. This paper presents the design and successful implementation of an animated video for pre- and postoperative instructions for patients with osteoarthritis, tightly linked to the patient journey and the workflow of healthcare professionals. The animated video serves not only as a tool to improve care but also as a basis for further scientific research studies. 

Studies on Critical Success Factors (CSFs) in Healthcare Information Systems (HIS) development projects have traditionally often been limited to retrospectively identifying CSFs in a finished project. In this paper, we focus on how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS projects. Based on a holistic perspective and systems thinking, an inductive research strategy was applied and a single in-depth case study was conducted. The findings include detailed descriptions that contribute to further understanding of how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS projects. The analysis reveals that CSFs must be applied differently and managed on various system levels. Furthermore, it shows how interactions exist between different system levels, both in the case of a specific CSF and between different CSFs on various system levels. Our analysis framework and findings indicate new directions for future research: how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS development projects can now be investigated both in a more holistic way and more in detail. Finally, healthcare practitioners can use the descriptions as practical checklists for guiding them in how to realize situational adaptation of CSFs in HIS projects across different system levels.

Studies on Critical Success Factors (CSFs) in Healthcare Information Systems (HIS) development projects have traditionally often been limited to retrospectively identifying CSFs in a finished project. In this paper, we focus on how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS projects. Based on a holistic perspective and systems thinking, an inductive research strategy was applied and a single in-depth case study was conducted. The findings include detailed descriptions that contribute to further understanding of how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS projects. The analysis reveals that CSFs must be applied differently and managed on various system levels. Furthermore, it shows how interactions exist between different system levels, both in the case of a specific CSF and between different CSFs on various system levels. Our analysis framework and findings indicate new directions for future research: how to prospectively apply and manage CSFs in HIS development projects can now be investigated both in a more holistic way and more in detail. Finally, healthcare practitioners can use the descriptions as practical checklists for guiding them in how to realize situational adaptation of CSFs in HIS projects across different system levels.  

Many research studies have highlighted the low completion rate and slow progress in PhD education. Universities strive to improve throughput and quality in their PhD education programs. In this study, the perceived problems of PhD education are investigated from PhD students' points of view, and how an Information and Communication Technology Support System (ICTSS) may alleviate these problems. Data were collected through an online open questionnaire sent to the PhD students at the Department of (the institution's name has been removed during the double-blind review) with a 59% response rate. The results revealed a number of problems in the PhD education and highlighted how online technology can support PhD education and facilitate interaction and communication, affect the PhD students' satisfaction, and have positive impacts on PhD students' stress. A system was prototyped, in order to facilitate different types of online interaction through accessing a set of online and structured resources and specific communication channels. Although the number of informants was not large, the result of the study provided some rudimentary ideas that refer to interaction problems and how an online ICTSS may facilitate PhD education by providing distance and collaborative learning, and PhD students' self-managed communication.

Soft skills are becoming equally crucial as hard skills in today's labour market. In contrast to hard skills which are teachable typically through formal education, soft skills are non-technical and interpersonal, allowing individuals to be able to find and succeed in their studies, jobs, and professional life. Despite the increasing emphasis on soft skills, many university students are either unaware of or neglect enhancing them. Soft skills deficiency among university students has become a significant concern for employers, educators, and policymakers, as it negatively affects students' academic performance and future employment prospects. The purpose of this study is to investigate students’ perceptions of the demand for soft skills and the possibility and availability of learning opportunities. The expected outcomes intend to provide insights about awareness of soft skills among students and pathways to reduce the soft skills gap through training provisions in higher education settings. Furthermore, it aims to find out how the young generation (mainly Generation Z) would perceive digitalisation and specifically gamification as a solution to facilitate soft skills training. This is a mixed method study, in which, an open survey was the data collection media. The survey was conducted during the spring semester of 2023 and analysed using visualisation and summarisation methods. Based on the outcome of 66 master’s and bachelor's students attending the digitalisation courses in two classes in Sweden, over 50% of the students perceived a lack of soft skills in their curricula. They were also positive toward the use of gamification as an effective digital strategy, recognising it as a powerful tool to facilitate training and developing soft skills as a part of formal learning in higher education. As a suggested approach, gamifying soft skills training potentially creates simulations that mimic real-world situations to allow students to practice and develop their soft skills in a safe and low-stakes training environment. This facilitates training soft skills for better communication and collaboration during their academic journey and after their graduation and to prepare students for successful careers.

Peer interaction and collaborative learning through the use of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) is used to an increasing extent in higher education. Universities attempt to motivate learners (students) to support their peers to enhance the quality of learning outcomes. This study monitors how an ICTSS (ICT-based Support System) facilitates peer interaction in the Bachelor’s and Master’s thesis process. The aim of the study was to investigate learners’ perception of usefulness of an ICTSS for peer interaction and the influencing factors on the quality of the peer interaction. The ICTSS was developed at the Department of Computer and Systems Sciences (DSV), at Stockholm University. The system facilitates peer interaction in three ways: peer reviews, active participation, and final opposition. The study employed a mixed-method approach, which included an online survey followed by in-depth interviews. The target groups were learners at the Bachelor’s and Master’s level in computer science and information systems. The findings showed that learners perceived the peer interaction useful to enhance the quality of the thesis outcomes. However, there are influencing factors affecting the quality of peer interaction, in different phases of the thesis process. Examples of these factors are the quality of thesis manuscripts, supervisors’ control and grading of the process, clear instructions and guidelines, learners’ understanding of the peer interaction and why it takes place, previous training and learners’ motivation to perform peer reviews. Following these factors, the study developed a set of strategic suggestions from both pedagogical and technical aspects to enhance the peer interaction in the thesis process. Considering these suggestions makes the use of the ICTSS more effective to enhance the quality of thesis learning outcomes.

The purpose of the study was to explore the strategies and reasons for Swedish municipalities to migrate from proprietary office applications, such as Microsoft Office, to the use of the open source software OpenOffice. We performed a comparative case study of three Swedish municipalities in the region of Västra Götaland currently implementing or planning to implement OpenOffice; Alingsås, Falköping and Kungälv. The methods of data collection used in the study were semi-structured interviews with IT managers, such as IT strategists and Chief Information Officers (CIOs), in each municipality, and document analysis.

The findings of the study indicated that one of the municipalities had an IT strategy including strategies for use of open source software. The second municipality planned implementation of OpenOffice but were “between IT strategies”, as the current IT strategy hadn’t been updated for some years. The third municipality had abolished IT strategies, as the difficulties of anchoring strategies on all levels of the organisations were too large. Instead, operative guidelines concerning i.e. the use of open source software were used in IT management. The main driver of implementing OpenOffice was to lower IT costs. The IT managers were well aware of the fact that open source software is not entirely free of cost, but estimated the total cost of ownership of OpenOffice to be less than for Microsoft Office. Perceived barriers of implementation and use of OpenOffice were lack of standardisation with current administrative and enterprise systems used in the municipalities as well as a general lack of knowledge and familiarity with open source software among staff. There were also a genuine concern over the possibility of the community of OpenOffice developers leaving the program and its users to embark on new open source software project. The traditional relationship between systems suppliers and customers was perceived to disappear and be replaced with a much more uncertain business relationship. Further research in a larger number of Swedish municipalities is needed in order to increase the understanding of the circumstances of migration to open source software in municipalities.

This qualitative study examines the browsing behaviours of patrons at two Swedish public libraries. Our methods were semistructured observations and semistructured interviews. The purpose of this thesis is to generate knowledge on how browsing behaviours manifest in practice, especially in the lesser-studied public library context. The research questions were: 1. Which browsing types and browsing activities can be found in our data? 2. How do the patrons describe the changes in their browsing behaviour in relation to the specificity of their information need? 3. How do the patrons describe that their behaviours and choices are influenced by the libraries’ marketing of resources in the physical library room, for example book displays and themed shelves? The results were then analysed in relation to a typology of browsing behaviour proposed by McKay et al. (2019), and in relation to models of browsing behaviour created by Kwasnik (1992) and Bates (2007). The models by Kwasnik and Bates were found to be accurate and useful in describing the browsing behaviours of the patrons we observed. Our data supported some of the types presented by McKay et al.(2019), while other types have been slightly redefined to better reflect our data. The good enough type was proposed as an alternative to McKay et al.’s satisficing type. The patrons displayed different browsing behaviours corresponding to the specificity of their information needs. The patrons show different views towards the library displays. A few patrons looked at them very rarely, while most looked at them more often.

The climate crisis is one of the largest global challenges that humanity has ever faced. Despite the scientific consensus on the threat, action is not occurring on the pace or level needed to stave off the consequences. As climate change is made up by complex and conjoined causes and effects, the issue is also riddled with communicative challenges which those calling for action need to tackle. Climate change communication research has, however, mainly focus on how traditional news media frame the climate change issue and overlooks climate activist and movement groups. This despite these actors being key for shifting public perceptions and public opinion. Although research on other communication actors exist, it is far from extensive and the research field overlooks the publics perceptions of the sender in relation to the construction of climate messages. Through survey data and an experiment, this doctoral thesis explores the public’s inclination towards different protest action repertoires and addresses the research gap in the climate movement message construction. Herein, the actions and words of three subgroups within the larger environmental movement is considered as one part of a larger message whole. The groups chosen action repertoires are viewed as part of the activists’ performed message and the linguistic communication styles created by lexical choices related to emotional appeals are part of the activists’ verbal/textual message. The results indicate that there is much to be gained from adhering to an alignment between lexical choices and action repertoires. Alignment may be key for understanding why some movement subgroups are successful in inspiring certain actions whilst others inspire other actions. Communication-action alignment is a way to approach the interconnectedness of actions and words for complex and abstract issues that require message recipients to construct consonant mental models to break potential cognitive dissonance.

Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur svenskar som frivilligt emigrerat utomlands kommunicerar med vänner inom tre olika grupper: vänner som bor i samma land som respondenten för tillfället lever i, vänner i Sverige samt vänner bosatta i övriga länder världen över. Detta sätts i perspektiv med huruvida den individuella mobiliteten, demografiska faktorer eller en känsla av ett världsmedborgarskap påverkar det valda kommunikationsmedlet. Denna studie ämnar att introducera ett tidigare förbisett forskningsområde inom geografiskt baserade mediestudier och därigenom förhoppningsvis bidra till forskningsfältet genom en fördjupad förståelse om kommunikationsmediers roll för vänskapsdynamik på global skala. Det teoretiska ramverk som utgör studiens grund är tre stycken skilda delar, migration, polymedia (inklusive en andra gradens digital klyfta) och kosmopolitism.

Denna studie bygger på data från Institutet för Samhälle, Opinion och Media (SOM), och deras undersökning ställd till utlandssvenskar (Utlands-SOM) från hösten 2014 / vintern 2015. Totalt antal respondenter är 2268. Först görs en enkel frekvenstabeller för att undersöka vilket/vilka de primära medierna är i varje grupp, därefter har binära logistiska regressioner körts. Det totala antalet beroende variabler som behandlas är 21. Dessa sätts i perspektiv med ålder, kön, utbildning, resemönster, antal år utomlands, antal boendeländer och om respondenten anser sig vara världsmedborgare eller ej. Detta genererar totalt sju tabeller (en för varje media), med tre modeller i varje (kontakt med vänner i nuvarande boendeland, kontakt med vänner i Sverige och kontakt med vänner i övriga världen).

Utlandssvenskarnas favoritmedium för att hålla kontakten med vänner, oavsett var vännerna befinner sig, visade sig vara e-post och Facebook. Den mest signifikanta demografiska variabeln visade sig vara ålder. Användandet av videosamtal, SMS, chatt, Facebook och andra sociala medier visade sig minska med högre ålder. För varje år respondenterna spenderar utomlands minskar oddsen för kommunikationen med Sverige, men ökar i det nuvarande boendelandet. Antalet länder som respondenterna har bott i har en positiv inverkan på kommunikationen med vänner i övriga världen.

Den kosmopolitiska identiteten är mest signifikant när det kommer till att kommunicera med vänner i övriga världen och den påverkar även e-post som medium allra mest positivt. Utbildningsnivå, vilket sedan tidigare studier funnits vara tätt länkat med en kosmopolitisk identitet, visade sig inte vara signifikant i denna undersökning. Detta kan förklaras genom de andra kommunikationsmediernas negativa förhållande med variabeln.

Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att undersöka huruvida amerikanska och brittiska dagstidningars bevakning av svältkatastrofen på Afrikas horn 2011 utvecklades och förändrades från en månad innan och en månad efter att FN den 20 juli samma år förkunnade att området var drabbat av svält. Dessutom avses undersöka om rapporteringens fokus förändrades efter 20 juli för att sätta dagens rapportering i förhållande till tidigare rapportering av svältkatastrofer i Afrika, eftersom rapporteringen är avgörande för omvärldens respons.

I denna uppsats ställs fyra forskningsfrågor; Hur förändrades rapporteringsfrekvensen efter 20 juli 2011 i förhållande till teorier om katastrofrapportering? Hur förhåller sig Storbritanniens och USA:s rapportering om positiva respektive negativa ämnen med tidigare bilder av Afrika och compassion fatigue?På vilket sätt skiljer sig rapporteringen åt innan och efter 20 juli 2011 i förhållande till katastrofrapportering? Hur ramas det egna landet in i artikeln, det vill säga vilken form av uppmärksamhet får landet artikeln publiceras i för sina insatser?

Denna uppsats baseras på ett teoretiskt ramverk som innefattar inramning, nyheters rapportering av katastrofer, compassion fatigue (den gradvisa minskning av medkänsla hos en publik som blivit mättade av en viss typ av rapportering). Denna studie är en kombination av kvantitativ och kvalitativ innehållsanalys där data har samlats in kvantitativt för att skapa kategorier för ramar samt för att kunna jämföra data mellan de båda länderna på ett konkret sätt. Därefter har resultaten analyserats kvalitativt.

Rapporteringsfrekvensen för de båda länderna i de för studien utvalda 67 artiklarna steg efter 20 juli och således visade det sig att en katastrof ökar mediebevakningen i detta fall, vilket är i linje med teorierna om katastrofrapportering. Rapporteringen placerade sig tydligt på den negativa rapporteringsskalan, även detta i linje med teori om katastrofrapportering, men även i likhet med compassion fatigue och inramningsteori. Innehållet i artiklarna påverkades knappt, men för de amerikanska tidningarna blev innehållet mer positivt efter 20 juli. De brittiska tidningarna ökade sitt negativa innehåll efter 20 juli. Rapporteringen hade primärt inget större fokus på ländernas insatser på Afrikas horn, vilket inte stämmer överens med teorier om bilden av Afrika.

Title: From fish flu to corona crisis – a quantitative content analysis of front pages from Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet during the coronavirus outbreak.

The aim of this essay was to examine the reporting and framing of the coronavirus on DN.se and Aftonbladet.se's front pages, between January 7, 2020 and April 30, 2020. In order to do so, we chose to examine front page teasers on both newspapers front pages online. We define front page teasers as the package of text and pictures on the front page, which then takes the reader to the actual article. We formulated three questions to concretize the aim: ​How much space is given to the front page teasers about the coronavirus on Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet's front pages, in terms of number, size and location? ​How do the front page teasers frame the coronavirus on Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet's front pages, regarding to framing and perspectives as well as calming or alarming signals? And, ​what differences and similarities can be found between Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet’s front page teasers about the coronavirus, regarding to space and shape? ​The method chosen for this study was a quantitative content analysis, which was supported by theories about news values, media logic and narration, as well as the agenda setting theory and the framing theory. The results of the analysis stated that front page teasers about the coronavirus was given more space on both newspapers’ front pages during the majority of the selected time period, than front page teasers about other events. This could be explained by multiple theories about how threats, risks and crises, as well as sensational news, stand a better chance of making it to the front page, than other news. The analysis also showed that Dagens Nyheter chose to frame the coronavirus based on themes such as healthcare and economical consequences, while Aftonbladet chose a more human perspective. We speculated on how these results could affect the readers and their picture of reality – in this case the coronavirus – and came to the conclusion that Aftonbladet’s readers might feel more of a closeness to the coronavirus, than the readers of Dagens Nyheter. So, regarding to space – both in number and size – as well as theme, actor and signal, but also the newspapers’ own choice of words, our study made it possible for us to see how the “fish flu” gradually turned into a corona crisis.

Syftet med denna studie är att studera vilken syn unga människor har på spelreklam och hur de anser att spelreklamen framställs, samt hur spelbolagen går tillväga för att marknadsföra sig. Begreppet spelreklam åsyftar i studien marknadsföring för alla typer av penningspel. Vi har genomgående under studiens gång haft de tre frågeställningarna nedan som grund för vårt forskningsarbete:

-  Hur uppfattar unga personer spelreklam?-  Hur upplever dessa unga personer att spelbolagen ändrat tillvägagångsätt i sin

marknadsföring och är det i en högre omfattning än tidigare?-  Vilka skillnader går att påvisa mellan aktiva spelare och icke-spelare i synen på

spelreklam?

Genom semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer, har åtta personer mellan 18–25 år intervjuats för att ta reda deras attityder och uppfattning kring ämnet. Studiens teoretiska ramverk grundar sig på enstegshypotesen, tvåstegshypotesen, encoding/decoding, framing, push- och pullmarknadsföring samt teorin om räckvidd och selektivitet.

Resultatet visar att unga personer uppfattar spelreklam olika beroende på egen erfarenhet av penningspel eller spelande i deras omgivning men att helhetssynen är kritisk. Beroende på hur insatta intervjupersonerna var i spelande hade de även olika syn på spelbolagens olika tillvägagångssätt i marknadsföringen. Vilka medier de kommer i kontakt med spelreklam varierar även det. Gemensamt för samtliga var dock att de ansåg att spelbolagen inte påvisade tillräckligt i sin marknadsföring alla de hälsorisker penningspel innebär.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka mediebilden av Sture Bergwall i svensktryckt press och hur eller om mediebilden förändrats mellan 90-talet och idag. De frågorsom ligger till grund för undersökningen är vilka huvudkällor som använts, om det finnsnågra särskilda ord som är signifikanta i beskrivningar av Bergwall samt hur andraaktörer i hans omgivning beskrivs. De metoder jag använder för att söka svar är dels enkvantitativ analys för att få statistik om vilka källor som används. Dels en diskursanalys,där jag har blandat Roger Fowlers och Teun A van Dijks teorier för att bäst kunnaapplicera metoden på mitt material.De sex artiklar som är undersökta genom diskursanalys är hämtade från DagensNyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Expressen och Aftonbladet. De artiklar som är föremål fören mindre kvantitativ analys är hämtade från samma tidningar, från perioderna 1998-01-01 till 1999-12-31 samt 2009-01-01 till 2010-01-31.De teorietiska ramarna för uppsatsen är både mer allmän teori om det journalistiskauppdraget och mer specifik teori om brott i medier samt moralpanik.Resultatet visade att det finns stora skillnader i hur Bergwall framställs under de bådatidsperioderna. Under 90-talet framställdes han som en brutal seriemördare medan hanidag ofta tillskrivs en offerroll, trots att han fortfarande är dömd för 7 mord.Auktoriteterna som figurerar i artiklarna om Bergwall har också fått ett nyttframställningssätt. En vanlig beskrivning är att de är karriärlystna individer somutnyttjat Bergwall för att nå toppen. Under 90-talet var det dessa personer somlevererade sanningen i artiklar om Bergwall, medan det idag är Sture Bergwall självsom får redogöra för vad som är sanning eller ej.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka ett antal unga mäns attityder och förhållningssätt gentemot digital influencers och reklam som förmedlas via dessa i sociala medier. Detta har studerats genom tre frågeställningar; Hur bemöter de unga männen marknadsföringsmetoden DI i allmänhet? Hur förhåller sig de unga männen till DI genom den egna praktiken (innehåll de själva konsumerar)? Hur ser det upplevda inflytandet av DI ut, gällande deras egna opinioner och handlingar? De teoretiska ramverk som utgör den huvudsakliga grunden för denna studie är Katz och Lazarsfeldt (1955) tvåstegshypotes och dess vidareutveckling av Bennet och Mannheim’s (2006) one-step flow of communication, Uzunoglu & Misci Kip ’s (2014) multi-step flow of communication samt Stuart Halls (2009) teori Encoding/decoding, som handlar om hur publik tolkar medierade budskap. Den metod som tillämpats i uppsatsen är fokusgruppintervjuer. Två fokusgruppintervjuer genomfördes där respondenterna var män mellan 22-26 år. Resultaten av min studie visade att respondenterna överlag hade en kritisk attityd gentemot DI och den reklam som framförs via dessa i sociala medier. De försökte i största möjliga mån att undvika den reklam som genom denna marknadsföringsstrategi förekommer. Dock uppenbarades en viss motsägelsefullhet i detta förhållningssätt och det gällde de DI respondenterna själva valt att följa i sina sociala medier. Trots att de i de flesta fall även hade ett kritiskt förhållningssätt gentemot dessa, så tycktes de i vissa sammanhang vara långt mer accepterande mot exempelvis den reklam som framfördes av dessa DIs.

This study examines how media form the cultural memory of wars. Since the 1980s,research on media and memory has considerably increased but it has mostly focused onnews reports and photographs and on the two World Wars and American-led conflicts, suchas Vietnam and Iraq. Therefore, this study looks at a more alternative medium: thecommunity murals painted during the conflict in Northern Ireland and it takes as a casestudy the murals of the Catholic district of the Bogside, in Derry. It is examined how thesemurals have formed the cultural memory of the Troubles since the beginning of the 1990speace process. It is investigated what discourses of memory have been spun in the murals;who the villains, victims and heroes are; which events are being remembered; and if theypresent a non-partisan view of the conflict. Moreover, it is also uncovered the practises ofdiscourse, that is the producers’ identity and aspirations, their media use and the influenceof the context in the production of memory. To address such questions this study draws ona combination of critical discourse analysis and ethnography to examine the 12 photographsof the murals together with the field observation and the interview carried out with KevinHasson, one of the three Bogside muralists. The findings reveal twelve discourses ofmemory, the influence of the peace process and the audience in all stages of theproduction, the partisan view of the conflict as well as absences such as the role of the IRAand the media. Cultural memory of wars, thus, is highly selective and excluding and it blendswith the producers’ and the audience’s personal memory. The results bring a new casestudy with important insights to the discussions on media and remembrance as well as theyadd a media analysis of the murals for the studies on the Northern Irish conflict.

Huri Eunice Aguilar

Fyra PR-konsulters syn på hur man förändrar ett personligt varumärke. - En kvalitativ undersökning om processen av att förändra ett personligt varumärke.

Antal sidor: 38

Uppsatsen behandlar processen av att förändra ett befintligt personligt varumärke. Syftet är att beskriva och skapa förståelse för processen av att förändra ett personligt varumärke. Frågeställningarna är hur ompositioneras eller revitaliseras ett befintligt personligt varumärke? Finns det gemensamma komponenter som leder till framgång när man förändrar det personliga varumärke? Vilka risker finns vid en ompositionering eller revitalisering utav ett befintligt  personligt varumärke? Kan de varumärkesstrategierna som finns om hur man förändrar ett företags eller produktvarumärke anpassas till personliga varumärken?

Metoden är kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra PR-konsulter som har erfarenhet av att förändra varumärken eller personliga varumärken.

Processen av att förändra ett personligt varumärke är att identifiera det personliga varumärkets identitet. Det andra steget är att fastställa hur det personliga varumärket ska uppfattas, och vilka egenskaper i ens identitet som därmed måste belysas. De sista steget är att ta reda på hur det personliga varumärket uppfattas, och minska gapet mellan hur man vill att det personliga varumärket ska uppfattas, och den faktiska uppfattningen.

Gemensamma komponenter som leder till framgång när man förändrar ett personligt varumärke är att förändringen anses vara genuin, naturlig, och att förändringen endast belyser andra redan existerande egenskaper i ett personligt varumärkes identitet.

De risker som finns i att förändra ett personligt varumärke är att tappa sin målgrupp eller trovärdighet samt att man eliminerar de element som differentierar det personliga varumärket. Uppsatsens slutsats är att vissa av de varumärkesstrategier som finns, kan appliceras på personliga varumärken. Skillnaden är att varumärkesstrategierna för produkt och företags varumärkena är mer omfattande. Varumärkesstrategierna som inte tycks vara applicerbara, är de som tar upp en förändring av själva produkten vid en förändring av varumärket. Uppsatsen kommer fram till att ett personligt varumärke kan revitaliseras dock inte ompositioneras. En ompositionering involverar en förändring på själva produkten, medan en revitalisering är ett mer korrekt begrepp att använda , då begreppet syftar till att ändra ett varumärkes associationer.

This thesis compares the visual representation of Syrian refugees during the 2015 refugee crisis and Ukrainian refugees during the Russian invasion 2022 in news outlets Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dabladet and Aftonbladet. The aim of the study is thus to investigate how ethnic groups are framed in a photojournalistic setting. The theoretical concept otherness is used to analyze the selected visual images and the concept of visualities highlight how photographs published in the media communicate political messages and how images reflect immigration discourse. Additionally, photojournalistic regimes of visibility and responsibility are used to illuminate similarities and dissimilarities in the material. In total, 200 images made up the sample for the performed qualitative visual analysis.

The findings reveal that empathetic portrayals dominate the Swedish narrative. Syrian refugees were overrepresented in imagery alluding to otherness painting a picture of Syrians as ethnic, cultural and dangerous others. Photography triggering social and political engagement were crucial in the forming of visualities, relating visual images to the political and public arena. The sampled images did reflect immigration discourses of intimidation and humanity.

This quantitative study aims to understand the parasocial interaction (PSI) and parasocial relationship (PSR) between Swedish k-pop (korean popular music) fans and k-pop idols. The study also aims to understand how gender and stereotypes affect the way parasocial relationships are formed and upheld. Using a survey conducted through Google Forms, respondents (N=131) were questioned about their relationship to k-pop and their habits surrounding the topic k-pop and fandom from a gender- central perspective. The study also utilised previous studies conducted about both PSI and PSR as well as studies within gender, fandom and feminism to gain a greater understanding of the field of research. Results of the study show that most PSI takes place on social media apps such as Instagram, as well as chat and live streaming apps. Results show that most respondents are aware that the relationship they have to an idol is parasocial and that these fans continue the PSR because they want to support the idols. A smaller group of fans however identified their relationship to the idols as being real. Results of the study also show that male fans of k-pop interact with female idols to a higher degree than female fans, and that female fans interaction is more evenly distributed between both male and female k-pop idols. For future research on this topic the relationship between fan and idol could be explored further using in depth interviews, which would also improve the studys generalisation ability as well as improve the disproportionate participation between female and male participants.

Digital technologies have gained a prominent role in education and schools, but research concerning how digital technologies can create better conditions for improved teaching and enhanced learning for students is scarce and inconclusive. Successful use of digital technologies requires a complex combination of interacting factors, including integrating technology and pedagogy as well as organizing and leading a structured transformation process. The capability of school organizations to lead and support the digitalization process is an under-researched field compared to the well-established focus on individual stakeholders.

This thesis examines how experimentation and innovation processes in school can be designed and pursued to support and enhance digitalization across an entire school organization by using a Design Science Research (DSR) approach to answer the question: How can a school organization at municipal level lead digital transformation through the digitalization of teaching and learning processes in an organized, professional, and, as far as possible, scientifically based way?

The findings show that the design and use of the Information System Artifact model (ISA) together with a DSR development method can support both improved teaching and enhanced learning within and across a school organization. Effective use of digital technologies to improve teaching and learning across the school organization requires fundamental changes of ordinary practices and engagement as well as commitment from school authorities and school leaders.

This thesis contributes with empirically and theoretically based insights from leading (digital) transformational change in school through the iterative design of IS artifacts used as a driver and quality control for the shift from digitization towards digitalization aiming at improved teaching and enhanced learning.

The purpose of this study has been to find out how Kenyan journalists look at their own role in the development of the Somalia conflict and how they work to make sure that they have a positive impact on the situation. The empirical material consists of seven semi-structured interviews with journalists who work in print- or broadcast media in the Kenyan capital Nairobi and who specialises in conflict reporting in general and Somalia more specifically. The interviews were summarised, analysed and presented in a thematic order, based on the initial research questions stated below: 

• Do Kenyan journalists believe that they can help bring peace and stability in Somalia and if so, how?
• How do Kenyan journalists look at their own role in reporting about the Somalia conflict?
• How do Kenyan journalists reason when choosing subjects to report about, angles and sources?

The result of the study is very clear: all journalists interviewed believe that they can help bring peace and stability in Somalia. Some even believe that without the media, there won’t be peace in Somalia. However, they look slightly different at their individual roles as reporters covering a conflict in a neighbouring country where their own nation is militarily involved. Some look at themselves as objective messengers that report the truth no matter the implications. Others are sensitive when it comes to showing pictures of dead people or publishing the number of casualties, afraid that it might stir up emotions and cause retaliatory attacks. One journalist stands out as the only one openly supporting a patriotic line that he believes is needed for the Kenyan military to defeat the enemy and in the end achieve peace and stability in the region. They all consider it difficult to remain objective when reporting from Somalia, since they most often need to work embedded with the troops for security reasons.

African journalists need to highlight the plight of the Somali people and also report about the positive sides of the region, all journalists believe. It is important to paint a brighter picture of Somalia in order to bring new investments to the poor country. Also, they all emphasise the need to talk to the people of Somalia, to let them speak for themselves, because in the end, only Somalis can bring peace to their country. 

The Covid-19 pandemic had devastating effects on small and medium businesses (SME). The immediate shock, uncertainty, varying restrictions, and the risk to life disoriented the small and medium industries. In the last 4–5 years, we’ve seen small and medium businesses worldwide gradually return to their former state. Digital transformation is one of the tools used in this comeback effort. This topic has been the subject of several conceptual, empirical, and review studies. However, no systematic review has been conducted that examines digital transformation enablers and how digital transformation can lead to organizational resilience. This study aims to fill the gap. I conducted this systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines. On the basis of the 37 studies that met the inclusion criteria, I identified two clusters of enablers (strategic orientations, capabilities, and capacities) as well as six mediating strategies (frugal innovation, organizational agility, strategic agile process, dynamic strategic planning, social entrepreneurship and competitive intelligence, and sustainable business processes) of digital transformation on SME resilience. A consolidated conceptual model was developed based on the findings of this review. Scholars will be able to use these results to understand the knowledge boundary and develop effective strategies for promoting the resilience of SME’s. 

The transformative potential of cloud computing in driving business efficiency and innovation is well-acknowledged globally. However, its adoption among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria, a developing economy, is still under-explored and fraught with unique challenges including infrastructural deficits, high internet costs, limited technical expertise, concerns over data security and sovereignty, and regulatory uncertainties. This study investigates the challenges and opportunities associated with the adoption by leveraging a qualitative research approach, the study utilizes in-depth interviews with a diverse group of stakeholders to collect rich, contextual data. Guided by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) frameworks, the collected data is analysed to illuminate the key technological, organizational, and environmental factors affecting cloud adoption. By offering critical insights into the realities and complexities of technology adoption, the study aims to inform strategic decision-making among SMEs, policymakers, and technology vendors. It also proposes actionable recommendations for overcoming the identified barriers and optimizing the potential of cloud technology for the growth and competitiveness of Nigerian SMEs. The outcomes of this research highlight the need for collaborative efforts in fostering an environment conducive to technological advancement and digital transformation in the SME sector in Nigeria.

This essay is about masculinity in the Swedish television series Solsidan. The study therefore is including a discussion about the Swedish gender equality context. To study Solsidan a semiotic tool was used. This was to see the underlying meanings of the representations in the three male characters Alex, Fredde and Ove. Raewyn Connells concept about a range of masculinities in a hierarchy including hegemony, subordination and complicity ones and how these can be seen in different levels, local, regional and global was included. The purpose of this essay is to examine how masculinity is represented in Solsidan, if there are hegemonic ones, and if these can be seen as equal.

This study came to the result that the characters and their representations are in a somewhat identity crisis between primary two masculinities. One that is more traditional and one that is more modern and family oriented. These do both take the role as a hegemonic role at different levels. The modern and family oriented take a hegemonic role at a regional level since this is the ideal for men that the Swedish politics admire. At a local level thus, there is other more traditional roles that take a hegemonic functioning. The program can be seen as it problematizes that the characters are in these two kinds of masculinities, and also I question if the Swedish state lifts Sweden as a country with men that are equal, but at the local level you can see that this might not always be the case.

This qualitative study examines positive and negative effects on effectivity as a result of alternative processes (workarounds) performed within an ISO-certificated organizations information system. To identify these workarounds we used contextual inquiry. This gave us an understanding of how the information systems users actually practice their work. The result of our acquired data revealed six major workarounds. To analyze these workarounds in relation to its complicated context we utilized three theoretical models. This gave us a broad understanding of each of the workarounds and made it possible to understand why each workaround was conducted, its implications on effectivity and what kind of a challenge/dilemma it posed. The analysis indicated that the workarounds had what we deduced as negative impact on the organizations effectivity as a whole. Many of the workarounds could have been seen as very effective alternatives to the designed work process but only if valued in a micro-context. The fact that they still occur are most likely the result of the fact that the users of the information system lack understanding of how the organization and its processes are structured as a whole and how their work as well as how they perform it is part of a bigger picture. Finally we present how future research, based on this study, could focus on developing a better model to understand the complicated context. We also propose that studies could investigate the possibility of shaping an ISO-standard which is responsive to the diversity of organizations actual work processes while still ensuring a qualitative standard.

This thesis sets out to investigate hedonic and cultural web interface design elements present on wine tourism destination websites. The thesis focuses on explaining several cultural frameworks and especially the notion of localization, globalization, culturability, and cultural markers, the high/low context theory as well as tenets of hedonics in user interface design. The aim of the thesis was to develop a better understanding and knowledge about which localized design elements that exist and are important in the cultural context of wine tourism destination websites. Hence, the patterns found can help understand how to create and design websites that are culturally sensitive and globally congruent, thus meeting the needs and behaviors of users across different cultures and backgrounds. A web design analysis was conducted to answer the research questions and results were analyzed qualitatively. The results from the web design analysis indicate several similarities and differences found in web interface design elements between the investigated websites. The results found, indicate that the use of hedonic and cultural web interface design elements present on the interfaces investigated are highly context-dependent. Meaning that the websites are preferably considered being culturally dependent, and to a greater extent reflect and are used to motivate the cultural context examined and regional differences. Hence, the patterns found in web interface design elements are considered to be culturally sensitive to the context of wine destination websites and marketing aims of the websites investigated.  The findings can increase knowledge about hedonic aspects in cross-cultural design and can thus be used to help create culturally congruent and globalized interfaces for this specific context. 

I en alltmer digitaliserad värld blir den virtuella verkligheten lika viktig som den fysiska. Sverige ligger i framkant när det kommer till digitalisering, men samtidigt halkar landet efter i cybersäkerhet. Sammantaget kan det innebära att krig även kan förekomma i den virtuella verkligheten. I svensk media har begreppet cyberkrig fått en ökad uppmärksamhet men det har visat sig att begreppet inte har en gemensam definition i Sverige. Vilka anledningar ligger bakom det, hur kan cyberkrig alternativt definieras och hur förhåller sig begreppet cyberkrig till statliga myndigheter ur ett informations-och cybersäkerhetsperspektiv i en alltmer digitaliserad värld? 

Denna kvalitativa studie syftar till att utreda dessa frågetecken genom att delge privata och statliga aktörers perspektiv för att bidra med en fördjupad förståelse för begreppet cyberkrig. Studiens litteratur- och artikelstudie, samt semistrukturerade intervjuer ger en möjlighet att undersöka individuella perspektiv, doktriner och rapporter från olika myndigheter i både Sverige och internationellt.

Utifrån resultatet i detta arbete dras slutsatsen att begreppet cyberkrig används i det offentliga rummet men att det inte nödvändigtvis brukas bland statliga aktörer och i formella sammanhang. Statliga aktörer såsom Försvarsmakten, MSB och FOI föredrar i stället att använda sig av begreppet cyberoperationer.Ett annat begrepp som visat sig vara fundamental för att kunna skapa en förståelse för begreppet cyberkrig är cyberdomänen. Författarna till detta arbete har tillsammans framställt en alternativ definition av cyberkrig enligt följande ”Cyberkrig innebär att en nation eller organisation inom cyberdomänen angriper eller försöker skada en annan nations digitala infrastruktur. Konsekvenserna ska kunna likställas med ett väpnat angrepp i enlighet med artikel 2(4) i FN-stadgan”.

I augusti 2010 inträffade en olycka i San José-gruvan i Chile. Olyckan resulterade i att 33 gruvarbe-tare blev fast i ett skyddsrum i över två månader innan de kunde räddas. Händelsen fick ett stort utrymme i media världen över. I vår studie har vi utmanat medielogiken genom att testa tre ny-hetsvärderingsteorier utifrån aftonbladet.ses och dn.ses nyhetsrapportering kring gruvolyckan. Tidningarna valdes därför att de är Sveriges största kvälls- respektive morgontidning. Vi undersök-te vilken av teorierna som bäst kunde appliceras på rapporteringen och även på skillnader mellan tidningarnas rapportering sett utifrån teorierna. De nyhetsvärderingsteorier vi testat kommer från Håkan Hvitfelt, Tony Harcup & Deirdre O’Neill samt Pamela J. Shoemaker, Tsan-Kuo Chang & Nancy Brendlinger.Vid analysen utförde vi en kvalitativ textanalys och analyserade artiklarna hermeneutiskt genom åtta dimensioner i ett analysschema. Under studien kom vi fram till att det endast finns små skill-nader mellan tidningarna i deras rapportering. De skiljer sig bara åt i två av de åtta dimensioner vi analyserade. Ingen av teorierna stämde helt överens med rapporteringen, men Hvitfelt är den teo-retiker vars teorier stämmer bäst överens med hur tidningarna skrev. Tätt därefter följer Harcup & O’Neill och därefter Shoemaker et al. Det bör dock understrykas att teoriernas kriterier i många fall var vaga och svårtolkade, vilket ledde till att vi själva fick tolka vad teoretikerna menade. Fast-än teoretikernas idéer skiljer sig åt finns det alltså ingen som lyckats skapa en teori som är fullstän-dig. Det är först när teorierna konvergerar som de visar en godtagbar väg till hur en artikel blir nyhetsvärdig i dagens medielandskap.

Due to the pandemic, along with the growth of current technology, working remotely is becoming more feasible. As a result digital nomadism has become a viable alternative as a career. The emerging literature on digital nomadism focuses mainly on lifestyle descriptions, with less attention given to potentially understand digital nomads and their needs (Wang et al. 2018). In this research the author will apply uses and gratification theory to describe the gratifications that motivates digital nomads and their means of communication combined with Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs to determine if the needs of digital nomads have changed during the course of the pandemic. The aim of this thesis is to provide terminological and philosophical insights on the idea of digital nomads and their future.  

Since the start of the pandemic the discussions whether remote work is the future has been fluctuating to say the least. Big companies have introduced a “work from anywhere” model meaning that their employees will have the possibility to choose if they want to be remote after the pandemic (CNBC, 2021). Prior to this, digital nomads were already fully remote. This could be the ideal time and subject to study to gain further understanding if the digital nomad phenomenon has changed. Moreover, if there has been an increase or decrease in interest regarding a remote future while aiming to understand the future remote workforce.

Det finns inte mycket forskning kring hur genus förmedlas genom barnprogram. De få studiersom finns visar på att manliga karaktärer oftare förekommer än kvinnliga, och att de manligakaraktärerna oftast har större och viktigare roller.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur kvinnliga karaktärer framställs i barnprogrammen från deolika tidsperioderna. Analysen ska utreda på vilket sätt de kvinnliga karaktärerna framställs och omdet har förändrats över tid. Analysen ska även påvisa om karaktärerna kan benämnas somstereotypa eller inte samt om de följer de traditionella könsrollerna.

Uppsatsen bygger på en semiotisk innehållsanalys med både denotativ och konnotativ ansats.Semiotiken är både insamlings- och analysmetod. Genom urvalsmetoden som delvis varslumpmässig bestämdes vilka sex barnprogram från tre olika årtionden som skulle utgöra detempiriska materialet.

Vår analys vittnar om att det finns både likheter och skillnader mellan kvinnliga karaktärer frånolika barnprogram och årtionden. Det finns däremot inget direkt mönster för dessa likheter ochskillnader. Vår analys visar också att de kvinnliga karaktärerna inte är särskilt stereotypa i sittuppträdande. Det går inte att se någon generell förändring över tid vad gäller karaktärernasbeteende, analysen visar inte att de gått från att bete sig på ett vis till ett annat.

This bachelor thesis examines how the Swedish-French television series Midnight Sun portrays its Sámi characters. The series sparked a lot of debate following its airing due to some of the characterisations. Due to the history of racism that Sámis have faced and continue to face, it is important to analyse contemporary depictions in order to identify how racist preconceptions are being reproduced. The study aims to problematise the connotations of colonialist discourse and processes of othering and mystification that the Sámi characters are subjected to, while also examining whether the depictions play into established Sámi stereotypes.

Based in previous research of indigenous representations in dominant media and the theories of postcolonialism and Encoding/Decoding, the study employs a critical discourse analysis to examine the discursive messages that are embedded in the characterisations. As source material for the analysis, the series Midnight Sun was used in its entirety. Character traits, actions and narrative arcs of the Sámi characters provide the analysis’ foundation, which are then situated in historical and contemporary Sámi struggles and a postcolonial framework in order to discuss how the viewer is led to understand the character as a result of decoding. The study shows that the characterisations have clearly subverted the traditional stereotypical images associated with Sámis. Furthermore, the series explicitly depicts the racism that Sámis face in their everyday lives. The series serves as a reflection that the discussion and

understanding of Sámi life and culture is changing. However, despite the series’ conscious attempts to nuance the Sámi image, it ultimately falls into a number of discursive pitfalls. Several Sámi characters are othered, depicted as social deviants or mystical remnants of a lost culture. Implicit binary structures of “us” and “them” can also be inferred in the traits of the Sámi and non-Sámi characters. The series echoes colonial discourses in which the dominant society is presented as a more sophisticated counterpart. This study, in conjunction with the ongoing shift in public perception, can hopefully lead to further study of Sámi representations and their discursive nature.

Problemformulering och syfte: Lokaltidningarnas pappersupplagor minskar i Sverige. De digitala plattformarna blir allt viktigare för mediehusen när människor i allt större utsträckning övergår till att konsumera medier via sina mobiltelefoner. En naturlig del i utvecklingen blir att medierna följer samma väg, för att på det viset också i fortsättningen nå ut till sin publik, och på längre sikt säkra och stärka sin ekonomi. Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka varför svenska lokalmedier väljer att implementera nya tekniker och det gör vi genom att i en fallstudie följa mediekoncernen Mittmedias satsning på mobila och digitala plattformar när koncernen lanserar nyhetsapplikationer och push-notiser under hösten 2015. Vi studerar hur lanseringen förbereds, vilka strategier och drivkrafter som är inblandade och hur lanseringen genomförs på fyra olika redaktioner inom Mittmedia.  Metod och material: Vi inleder med att studera och själva använda test-versionerna av applikationerna och deltar på Mittmedias förberedande möten. Vi genomför sedan kvalitativa och semistrukturerade samtalsintervjuer med digitalchefer på respektive redaktion som ingår i undersökningen, samt den redaktionellt utvecklingsansvarige på Mittmedia. Intervjuerna genomförs dels i samband med att nyhetsapplikationerna släpps ut till allmänheten, dels några veckor senare i uppföljande syfte.  Huvudresultat: Vi kommer fram till tre nyckelord: Lokalt, lojalt och betalt, som tillsammans sammanfattar det breda spektrumet i lanseringen.

På journalistutbildningar i Sverige sätts objektivitet i fokus och det är en viktig hörnstenom man vill behålla sin trovärdighet i sin yrkesroll. Angående sportjournalistik finns envanlig uppfattning att objektiviteten sätts åt sidan till förmån för subjektivt tyckande. Desom blir mest ifrågasatta är framförallt lokala tidningar som följer ortens lag. Därför vill viundersöka hur journalisterna ser på sin egen objektivitet och om de är medvetna omproblematiken. Vi har genomfört två djupintervjuer med lokala sportjournalisterhemmahörande i Karlstad och Skellefteå. Till grund för detta har vi gjort en textanalys sombehandlar SM-finalserien i ishockey 2014 mellan Färjestad BK och Skellefteå AIK. De harbåde fått reflektera över sina texter och över objektiviteten i sin yrkesroll. Vi har publiceratderas intervjuer tillsammans en kommentar av problemformuleringen. Resultatet visar påatt journalisterna är medvetna om bristerna men att det finns en subjektivitet som till stordel sker på ett omedvetet plan.

!" # $%! &'( &%) *& +!" (&% ,--./ +!0Vårt syfte med denna uppsats är att undersöka lokalasportjournalisters förhållning till rapporterandet av det egna laget.1+! 2 30+! 4" +! +50+6 & & !+0& 5

The primary purpose of this thesis was to examine, by in depth-interviews, how reporters and news editors in four regional radio stations in South Africa perceive themselves to carry out the role as a credible news source in terms of crime reporting. In addition, the thesis had two secondary purposes. One purpose was to examine, by a discourse analysis, how online news are constructed discursively. Also, one purpose was to examine the relationship between the radio and the police. Finally, the study examined how perceptions on crime reporting differed from commercial radio stations to community radio stations. The aim was to reveal radio’s potential to practice journalistic ideals in a developing democracy where media in the context of freedom of expression is relatively new.

The theoretical framework in the thesis focused on media and democracy development in emerging democracies in general and in South Africa, in particular. Theories of journalistic ideals were used to investigate the values that media proclaim to follow in their daily work. Also, theories of crime reporting and news criteria were explored to stress the external and internal variables that influence the agenda of crime reporting.

Results show that as crime is so common in South Africa crime is no longer considered as news. Also, crime is not a criterion in itself but has to meet other criteria as well such as a certain level of drama and violence. As a result, the radio stations in this study prioritize crimes that are violent and sensationalistic. Furthermore, the information on crime comes from several sources but the reporters in this study tend to perceive the information from the police spokesperson as most reliable and valid. In addition, the discourse analysis confirms this result as six of eight articles origin from the police. The results further showed that there are no differences between the community radio stations and the commercial radio stations in terms of how they approach crime. However, the discourse analysis shows that the commercial radio stations more often used the police as the main source in their articles. Still, it is the focus of the radio station that determines the differences. Also, it is the journalistic rules and the traditional perception of how news should be constructed discursively that determine the design of news. Moreover, the reporters in this study have not experienced pressure from external sources while covering a story. In addition, it is unusual that the respondents experience risks in their job and the radio reporters claims to be unaffected by external pressure. The relationship between the police and the reporters is perceived to be good.

Conclusively, the radio stations in this study do not counteract to the divided society in South Africa as they are emphasizing some crimes more than others which strengthens the perception of who commits the crime, who the victims are and what crimes that should be perceived as more important. As the radio stations have a heavy coverage of crime in their news bulletins crime has become a normalization which can reinforce a fear among the public. Also, the reporters believe that they are not reflecting everyone’s reality. As a result, the discursive sphere is slowly fading as commercial interest determines the news agenda.