ABSTRACT

In the year 2003 and 2005, several legislative changes were made to same-sex couples advantage. Among other things, lesbian couples were given the right to be tested as adoptive parents and the possibility of assisted reproduction through the county councils. With such changes in law, society and family constellations are evolving today with more forms than the existing nuclear family. Similarly, the choice of approaches to forming a family in a same-sex relationship increases, two alternatives outside the county Council's assisted conception are; Insemination by clinic in another country or home insemination with private donated sperm. When insemination in same-sex relationship occurs at home or by clinic in another country, subsequent paternity investigations and Related adoption are required for the non-biological mother to be considered as legal parent, an investigation requested by the District Court and operated by Social Service in each municipality. With the possibility of same-sex couples to be tested as adoptive parents also follows expectations about the investigation procedure and its guidelines as a partner in the development. The aim of this study is to try to create a synthesized knowledge about the investigation process of paternity investigation and Related adoption, when it occurs in same-sex relationship. This by jointly trying to understand the experiences of women and Social workers ' in the investigation process and its content. The study is based on qualitative interviews with both women who have undergone the process and social secretaries who dealt with these cases. The result is a dominant shared experience of unclear guidelines where there is a demand for nuanced legislation and updated dossiers.

LAW OR VALUES? WHAT RUNS IN PRACTICE? Öberg, MariaÖstberg, YlvaÖrebro UniversityDepartment for Behavioral, Social and Legal SciencesSocial Work programSocial work, 61-90 pointsC-essay, 15 pointsAutumn term 2009

Abstract

The study aims to highlight the problems that are related to enforcement of the law for criminal code (BrB, 1962:700) and law of publicity and confidentiality ( OSL, 2009:400) when patient in the 9:9 § in law of support and service for some functional disability peoples (LSS, 1993:387) commit crimes. We also want to investigate managers' implementation of the said law on the basis of fictitious cases. Furthermore, the study aims to examine how the basic ethical principles of LSS affects of Unit Decision on measures concerning situations where patient have committed crimes. We also want to investigate if there is a problem with users, within LSS, committing crimes.

We have used a qualitative approach in which four semi-structured interviews conducted with managers in the business field. The interviews were based in part from two fictional cases. We wanted to give it all respondents the same starting point. We have transcribed our material for themed and interpret it.

The study shows that there is a problem in law enforcement. All respondents knew in theory how the legislation looked like, but none of the respondents knew what the law was applied. The results also show that there is a difference of opinion on the value basis depending on how close to the patient the respondent works. Respondents who worked closest to the patient want to protect patient from all trouble, this sometimes can affect patient' ability to experience the values that exist in the LSS. Respondents who did not work close to patient, perceived the patient´s as any other citizens.

Keywords: patient, functional disability, ethnical values, crime, manager.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka betydelse av samisk kulturell kompetens hos ungavuxna samer i mötet med aktörer inom primärvård, specialistvård och socialtjänst.Tidigare studier visar att det förekommer ohälsa och bristande förtroende för vårdenbland samer. Den tidigare forskningen visar även att bristen på kulturell kunskap är ettproblem med hänsyn till den ständiga globaliseringen. Totalt genomfördes 5semistrukturerade intervjuer med unga vuxna samer som fick svara på frågor om kulturellkunskap i mötet med vården. Materialet analyserades därefter med hjälp av tematiskanalys. Studien visade att kulturell kompetens hos vårdpersonal var av stor betydelse förinformanterna. Majoriteten ansåg att de aldrig eller nästan aldrig hade fått mötavårdpersonal inom Sverige som hade kompetens eller kunskap om den samiska kulturen.Våra slutsatser är att konsekvenserna av detta visade sig vara ett lägre förtroende förvården, en känsla av exotifiering och att informanterna gärna undvek att berätta om sittsamiska påbrå.

Social gerontology and family sociology about intimacy in old age has almost exclusively focused on institutionalized life-long marriages and little research has focused on re-partnering and the forms and meaning of this diversity of new intimate relationships in later life. Framed by Giddens’ transformation of intimacy and Laslett’s theory of the third age, as well as changing social and demographical conditions, this paper will focus on how different forms of new intimate relationships are formative for the experi-ence of ageing.The strategical sampel was diversified according to differ-ent forms of new intimate relationships: dating singles, married, cohabiting and living apart together. Qualitative interviews was used with 28 Swedes, 63–91 years, who have established a new intimate heterosexual relation-ship after 60 or who are dating singles. The results showed the significance of new intimate relations for social integration and for the experience of old age as the “crown of life”. The meaning of new intimate relations in differ-ent intimacy forms are discussed in relation to everyday life in old age, the relational history and relational careers and future perspectives of informal support structures by the relation.

Social gerontology and family sociology about intimacy in old age has almost exclusively focused on institutionalized life-long marriages and little research has focused on re-partnering and the forms and meaning of this diversity of new intimate relationships in later life. Framed by Giddens’ transformation of intimacy and Laslett’s theory of the third age, as well as changing social and demographical conditions, this paper will focus on how different forms of new intimate relationships are formative for the experi-ence of ageing.The strategical sampel was diversified according to differ-ent forms of new intimate relationships: dating singles, married, cohabiting and living apart together. Qualitative interviews was used with 28 Swedes, 63–91 years, who have established a new intimate heterosexual relation-ship after 60 or who are dating singles. The results showed the significance of new intimate relations for social integration and for the experience of old age as the “crown of life”. The meaning of new intimate relations in differ-ent intimacy forms are discussed in relation to everyday life in old age, the relational history and relational careers and future perspectives of informal support structures by the relation.

It is often argued that in late modernity sex has escaped its reproductive cage and people form pure relationships, based on mutual satisfaction. Ironically, although older people are per definition non-reproductive, and thus in a position to form pure relationships, they have often been neglected in studies on sexuality. In this paper we present results from a qualitative interview study with a strategic sample of 28 63–91 year old Swedes currently dating or in a heterosexual relationship (married, cohabiting, LAT) initiated 60+. The interviews revealed a clear normative change: The majority reported a definite ban on pre-marital sex when growing up. All had experienced the 1960s sexual liberation, either directly or from the inside of a marriage. Today, these liberal attitudes seem to encompass later life. None of our respondents reported negative reactions from family or friends for initializing new sexual relationships. With two exceptions all informants in new relationships were sexually active, and sexual attraction had been a precondition for the relationship. Sexuality had changed focus: from intercourse to other forms of intimacy, partly aided by a change in sexual functionality. Many informants had interpreted sexual decline as “natural” and age-related in former relationships, but re-discovered sexuality with their new partner. Some female informants had been worried about their body’s beauty or functionality which had led them to re-initiate relationships with former “safe” partners. The qualitative results will be critically discussed in the light of a representative survey of 3000 Swedes, 60– 90 year old (data just collected).

The purpose of this article is to study the importance of intimate relationships as protection from loneliness in later life. We base ourselves on a survey to Swedes aged 60–90 (n=1 225) focusing on intimate relationships. The analysis considers neglected issues in ageing research on loneliness: the importance of union form, the importance of looking at relationship dissolution in terms of both widowhood and divorce, and the importance of new late life unions (a gains perspective). We use two theoretical perspectives: the discrepancy model (realities vs. ideals), and the protection hypothesis, where the partner is generally the first and most important source of support in everyday life. The results show that a partner protects against loneliness and that union form matters: marriage provides the best protection, followed by cohabitation and Living Apart Together (LAT). Feelings of loneliness decrease over time following a union dissolution – and, for men, more rapidly after separation than widowhood. The more the ideal union form differs from one’s actual union form, the more common are feelings of loneliness. Initiating a new relationship after a union dissolution protects against loneliness. The article discusses the importance of using union form instead of civil status as relationship indicators in studies of older people in late modern Sweden, and of including separation/divorce as indicators of union dissolution besides widowhood. It also stresses the importance of looking at later life not only from a loss – but also from a gains – perspective.

The purpose of this article is to study the importance of intimate relationships as protection from loneliness in later life. We base ourselves on a survey to Swedes aged 60–90 (n=1 225) focusing on intimate relationships. The analysis considers neglected issues in ageing research on loneliness: the importance of union form, the importance of looking at relationship dissolution in terms of both widowhood and divorce, and the importance of new late life unions (a gains perspective). We use two theoretical perspectives: the discrepancy model (realities vs. ideals), and the protection hypothesis, where the partner is generally the first and most important source of support in everyday life. The results show that a partner protects against loneliness and that union form matters: marriage provides the best protection, followed by cohabitation and Living Apart Together (LAT). Feelings of loneliness decrease over time following a union dissolution – and, for men, more rapidly after separation than widowhood. The more the ideal union form differs from one’s actual union form, the more common are feelings of loneliness. Initiating a new relationship after a union dissolution protects against loneliness. The article discusses the importance of using union form instead of civil status as relationship indicators in studies of older people in late modern Sweden, and of including separation/divorce as indicators of union dissolution besides widowhood. It also stresses the importance of looking at later life not only from a loss – but also from a gains – perspective.

Sweden has always been a very sparsely populated nation. This has given rise to a form of social and political organization characterized by considerable decentralization of power, where local self-government has been more prominent than in perhaps any other country. Until the middle of the 19th century the most important local unit was the parish. This became more and more involved in non-clerical functions, some of which would later become classified as social work, such as taking care of the poor, sick and old people, dealing with alcoholism, addressing problems in the bringing up of children, and resolving conflicts within families and between neighbours.

The aging population is a challenge for Europe and there must be cooperation between EU member states to join the challenge to meet. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the EU's ability to influence older people's health, based on experiences from a selection of European officials and on a review of the EU's common strategies. The authors studied and problematize the implementation of the strategies that the EU has negotiated for the work against the elderly poor health, with a view of member countries have different conditions. Using qualitative methods, we have collected and processed statements from targeted interviews and publications by a range of European policies. The material was then analyzed from implementation theory and organizational theory, and based on results of previous research. The result shows that the EU is developing common strategies and coordination methods to the aforementioned challenge to meet. The results also show that the differences existing between Member States causes implementation difficulties of the common strategies. The study states ultimately decide that there should be common strategies to facilitate the work of Member States when it comes to countering the elderly poor health. Study's respondents believe that these strategies should not be legislated because care work under them should not be on the EU level, efforts to combat ill-health of the elderly should be dealt with at national, regional and municipal levels.

In Sweden schooling is compulsory between the ages of six and sixteen. This also includes a right toeducation. Despite that there are situations where students are absent. Absent in a way that forthemselves can be problematic. In order to contribute to an understanding of the phenomenon ofproblematic school absence and how the school can work with that student group, the aim of the studywas thus to investigate the underlying factors surrounding problematic school absence and how theschool can work to promote the presence of the students based on selected literature and its authors.The authors are different practitioners who work or research the subject of problematic schoolabsence.The method used was a qualitative content analysis based on 4 different types of literature onthe subject of problematic school absence.The results show that there is no single explanation for why students develop a problematic schoolabsence. This becomes clear as the study's selected biography only to some extent gives a problempicture similar to what the rest of the material shows. The reasons for the absence are many and theycan often be related to each other. The results also show the difficulty of having a general definition ofwhat problematic school absences mean. Usually several different concepts are used, home-sitting andproblematic school absence are two examples. The results also show that the school has a large andimportant role in working to ensure that the student enjoys school where the relationship betweenteacher and student can be seen as a presence-promoting factor. Finally, it is difficult to find examplesof a single working method to promote school attendance. One of the reasons may be that there are somany different reasons for the absence and no absence is the sameKeyword: Problematic school absence, Promoting school attendance, School refusal

Trots att medellivslängden ökar och vi blir allt friskare fortsätter den ojämlika i hälsan att öka. Samhället bör skapa goda förutsättningar för att jämna ut skillnader i hälsa, som i sin tur bidrar till en hållbar utveckling. Eftersom socialarbetare kommer i kontakt med utsatta grupper i sitt dagliga arbete, har de en unik position att vägleda individer i rätt riktning som främjar en god hälsoutveckling. Syftet med studien är att studera aktuell forskning för att skapa en förståelse för de bakomliggande mekanismer som ger upphov till ojämlik hälsa. Metoden är en litteraturstudie som analyserar aktuellt forskningsläge inom valt ämnesområde. Resultatet visar att individer med låg utbildningsnivå och låginkomsttagare tillhör riskgrupper för att utveckla en sämre hälsa. Sämre hälsa riskerar även att reproduceras och överföras till nästa generation. Studien visar även att en jämn fördelning av samhällets resurser bekämpar ojämlikhet i hälsa.

The study aims to examine possible differences in the use of three central concepts (substance abuse, heavy substance abuse and open care) within the substance abuse care. The issues addressed are (I) how is the three central concepts used in texts about substance abuse care? (II) if differences exists in the use of the three central concepts, which similarities and differences can be found? (III) how can the use of the three central concepts be understood from the basis of social constructionism? The study is a literature review and the results have been analyzed on the basis of social constructionism. The result indicates that differences in the concept handling occur. Differences in definitions of substance abuse is seen through that certain definitions treat consumption patterns while others definitions mean that it should be seen as deviance. Similarities can be seen as the majority of definitions around substance abuse concern consequences of the use. The use of the concept “heavy substance abuse” concerns mainly demarcations between drug abuse and heavy drug abuse. The concept handling of open care is coherent in the case of its extraneous framework however differences are found when it comes to how extensive the concept should be.

Conditions for incorporation – experience of possibility is a study written by Hanna Öfors. It focuses on immigrants and their experience of the possibility to be included as a part of the Swedish society. This is done, by interviewing four people who moved too Sweden as grownups and whom, relatively speaking, could be looked at as cases of satisfying incorporation,   about their experiences of incorporation. The purpose of this study is to investigate and understand how immigrants look at their incorporation process and the degree to which it is possible for them to be a part of the Swedish society. Moreover, it is meant to identify the components that are important for them to feel included in or excluded from the Swedish society.  The frame of reference that this study is based on is built on three components, capital theory, concentrated on social capital, and theories about participation, alienation and identity. The three latest terms has added as a complement to capital theory. Recent research says that partnership and marriage has a positive effect on incorporation.    The results show that an individual ought to have a large amount of social capital, in at least one field, for them to feel a part of the Swedish society.  Employment is pointed out to be an extra important factor for this possibility. It is also shown that a relationship, such as marriage, leads to an increase in social capital. The same results are also proved in earlier studies.  By finding what is needed, for an incorporation process to be satisfying, it could be possible to influence the discourse around immigration and incorporation in a positive way. Hopefully this could lead to more favorable conditions for immigrants in the future.   

På grund av den rådande flyktingkrisen har antalet ensamkommande barn som kommer till Sverige ökat dramatiskt under de senaste åren. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur boendepersonal upplevde relationen till ensamkommande barn utifrån ett alliansperspektiv. Detta undersöktes genom en kvalitativ studie där fyra semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med boendepersonal från två olika HVB för asylsökande ensamkommande barn. Empirin analyserades sedan genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Huvudresultatet för studien visade att boendepersonalen upplevde att relationen till barnen var komplex då ett flertal faktorer inverkade på relationsbyggandet. Allians visade sig vara ett användbart begrepp utifrån vissa aspekter men kunde inte beskriva relationen i sin helhet.

The aim was to study social workers experiences of interprofessional collaboration with professions from other organizations. The information was collected through semi-structured interviews with seven social workers working in different organizations in a Swedish county. The empirical data was analyzed using a collaborational perspective, the concepts professional authority and discretion as well as previous research. The data-analysis resulted in three themes; The Importance of Collaboration, Aggravating Circumstances, and Conditions for Successful Cooperation. One conclusion we make is that the shown results mostly confirm previous reasearch about what affects the result of interprofessional collaboration. This means that different factors contribute to the result.

När barn av olika anledningar inte kan bo kvar hos sina biologiska föräldrar hamnar de flesta inom samhällets vård under heldygnsinsats. Den vanligaste formen av heldygnsinsats är i dagsläget vård i familjehem. När barn placeras i familjehem får barnet en egen socialsekreterare och familjehemmet får en annan, denne kallas för familjehemssekreterare. Familjehemssekreteraren deltar vid överväganden av familjehemsvården och har ett visst inflytande i umgängesfrågor. Syftet med denna studie är att få en djupare förståelse för vad familjehemssekreterarna anser om umgänge mellan de biologiska föräldrarna och barn placerade i familjehem enligt lag (1990:52) med särskilda bestämmelser om vård av unga (LVU) utifrån principen om barnets bästa. Genom intervjuer baserade på vinjetter med fem familjehemssekreterare och en familjehemsgruppschef verksamma på två olika socialkontor ämnade denna studie att finna diskurser om umgänge. Resultaten visar två diskurser rörande umgänge: diskursen om umgänge som en självklarhet och diskursen om umgänge utifrån barnets behov. Empirin analyserades med stöd av anknytningsteorin och teorin om handlingsutrymme.

This study deals with the problem of socialization/re-socialization within modern society and how social workers deal with deviant youth. The empirical study is a stratified case-study including eight different projects within social work with youth. Social workers within the projects were interviewed; reports, articles and TV-programs were analyzed. In one project a participant method was used. The study focuses on how the process of normalization operates within the field and on which different forms of social control there are within the different projects studied. The aim of the study is to describe and analyze the practices and methods/techniques within the normalization work with deviant youth.

The statements made in the interviews and in the written documents are analyzed as belonging to different discourses within the field of socialtechnology (Social Work). Discourses found on a general level are: discourses about modernization of society, the generation gap, youth and popular culture and media. In all these discourses the phenomena are described in a negative way. The discourses found within the social practices in the projects are discourses about the project, prevention, social control, socialadministration, treatment and about the close relationship.

One form of social control is aiming to observe different places or environments in the city. Another form deals more directly with the social control of individuals, both in a social and a subjective sense. Social control within the projects are interpreted, negotiated, changed and also a source for resistance within the communicative situations and relationships people have.

In the analysis the author separates some discourses as more fundamental within the field of socialtechnology. These discourses deal with normality/deviancy, morality, care-taking, confessions and normalization. The discourse of normality/deviancy constructs a dichotomy between normal and deviant and makes the deviant lack normal personality qualities. The discourse of normalization and related practices lead the social workers to change the deviant individual to an average and normal adult. In this work much effort focuses on changing attitudes, morals and decreasing the symbolic influence of subculture and youth culture. Youth participating in subcultures creates an alternative and opposite communication to mainstream society. Signs and symbols from the popular culture are used in a productive way in the process of creating an identity, an alternative identity instead of one expressed by family, teachers and social workers.

The basis for the socialtechnological work is the practices of normalization. These can be interpreted as, first of all, initial practices including different methods and techniques as the contents of investigations, measurements, control, prevention, planning and diagnosis. The practices of treatment are: treatment, social control, social support, and supervised labor.

The projects also have more or less of a psychological, bureaucratic, informal or ideological position in their communicative practices and discourses. All projects, despite their actual and different activities, express several shared and related discourses, therefore social work with youth can be understood as a discursive formation.

Utvärderingen omfattar 36 projekt inom området unga och kriminalitet som under perioden 1995–2013 har beviljats projektmedel. Projekten har totalt fått 159,2 miljoner kronor (vid tidpunkten för insamlandet av data). Syftet med utvärderingen var att tillvarata de erfarenheter och kunskaper som har genererats genom de olika projekten.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att undersöka hur socialsekreterare inom första linjen ser på sitt handlingsutrymme i insatsen personligt stöd. För att titta närmare på detta har sex semistrukturerade intervjuer hållits med socialsekreterare inom första linjen. En förutsättning för samtliga informanter har varit att de ska ha erfarenhet av att bevilja sig själva som personligt stöd. Intervjuerna har därefter transkriberats och kodats för att slutligen utmynna i tre övergripande teman som tillsammans besvarar studiens syfte. Det insamlade datamaterialet analyseras och diskuteras med stöd i tidigare forskning. Resultatet visar att socialsekreterarna upplever ett stort handlingsutrymme i insatsen personligt stöd gällande vad insatsen kan innehålla. Handlingsutrymmet upplevs som nödvändigt för att kunna tillgodose och skräddarsy insatser efter individers enskilda behov. Handlingsutrymmet anses också nödvändigt på grund av att socialsekreterarna är olika individer. Vilket innebär att utrymmet begränsas av enskilda socialsekreterare och deras kompetens på olika områden. Resultatet visar på önskemål om tydligare riktlinjer främst gällande i vilka typer av ärenden som personligt stöd kan beviljas. Empirin visar att bristen på riktlinjer leder till att socialsekreterarna kan uppleva osäkerhet kring insatsen och deras befogenheter samt bidra till slitningar i arbetsgruppen. Tydligare riktlinjer skulle kunna bidra till att socialsekreterarna som kollegor får en större samsyn kring insatsen personligt stöd.

I Sverige finns ett stort antal barn och unga som av olika anledningar inte i går skolan. Det är oroväckande både ur ett individuellt och samhälleligt perspektiv. Denna studie ämnar att beskriva och analysera hur de professionella på en högstadieskola i en mindre norrländsk kommun arbetar med hemmasittande elever samt att undersöka vilka förklaringar till hemmasittande som framförs av dessa professionella. Studiens empiriska material härrör från kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex personer som är yrkesverksamma inom en högstadieskola i Norrland. Det empiriska datamaterialet har analyserats genom kvalitativ konventionell innehållsanalys. Resultaten visar att de professionella har erfarenheter av att det ofta är en sammansättning av olika orsaker som gör att en elev blir hemmasittande, vilket också bekräftar tidigare forskning på fältet. Hemmasittande är ett komplext och mångfacetterat problem. De professionella tillämpar ett individanpassat arbetssätt i vilket de utgår ifrån eleven och dennes önskemål. Det är viktigt att skapa och bibehålla en allians med eleven och dennes föräldrar för att lyckas få eleven tillbaka till skolan. En stor del av forskningen på området är producerad i USA eller Storbritannien. Det svenska välfärdssamhället med tillhörande samhällsstrukturer och skolsystem ser annorlunda ut i jämförelse. Det finns således möjligheter till och ett behov av vidare och fördjupad forskning i Sverige.

This thesis is a qualitative study with the intent to examine how a number of clients and counselors describe their experiences and impressions of the importance of high-level trust vs. low-level trust relationships between the client and the counselor. We have separately interviewed two clients and one counselor from an addiction treatment center (HVB-home). We found several similarities in the clients´ stories. Both had, for example, experienced weak attachment during their childhood and their addictions were about ridding anxiety. Both clients have had prior experiences of low-level trust relationship with counselor which has led to a negative impact on their treatment. The counselor we interviewed believed that a client’s earlier attachment experiences can influence whether or not a new relationship between a client and a counselor will be successful. That which we have found most interesting in the interviews is that all three interviewees agree that a high-level trust relationship between the client and the counselor is of high importance for the outcome of the treatment.

The purpose of this study was to increase knowledge of how staff within housing with special service handled the space between providing self- determination and help and the power that follows with the professional assignment. The study used a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews with seven interviewees, who work as care professionals in three municipalities in the south of Sweden. The study had a hermeneutic approach with the purpose of finding out the experiences of the care professionals. The method of the analysis was thematic and based on theories of power and empowerment. The study results were also analyzed in relation to earlier studies in the field. 

The result showed that the care professionals had a consistent view upon self-determination and what this means for the users. Furthermore, the study illustrates the complex experience for the staff around individuals with intellectual disabilities of self-determination and how this is challenged by the relationship with responsibility to ensure the health of the users. Despite guidelines and the LSS-law the staff experience is that theory and practice sometimes is far apart due to different factors, which makes is more difficult to provide an accurate self-determination for the users in their everyday life. 

Att arbeta som socialsekreterare inom socialtjänsten innebär att ha ett visst handlingsutrymme. Det handlingsutrymmet möjliggörs och begränsas genom ett antal faktorers påverkan. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur socialsekreterarna ser på och beskriver sitt handlingsutrymme när det gäller att få till ett så bra umgänge som möjligt utifrån barnets bästa, när barnet är placerat i ett familjehem. Genom att belysa hur handlingsutrymmet påverkar placerade barns umgänge med sina föräldrar hoppas jag komma fram till en djupare förståelse för komplexiteten i umgänge och socialsekreterarens handlingsutrymme. För att få fram socialsekreterares upplevelser av den egna påverkan vid umgänge för barnets bästa vad gäller bedömningar och beslut har jag intervjuat socialsekreterare verksamma inom familjevården. Familjevården är den del inom socialtjänsten som arbetar med familjehemsplacerade barn och då med umgänge mellan barnen och deras föräldrar. 

Resultatet synliggör socialsekreterarnas stora möjligheter till påverkan som innebär att de har ett stort handlingsutrymme. Resultatet visar också att det finns ett antal påverkande faktorer som försvårar och begränsar arbetet med umgänge. Detta är det som gör att handlingsutrymmet till viss del kan ses som begränsat. 

Vad gäller barns delaktighet är detta inte heller något som är helt enkelt. Att göra barn delaktiga anses som en självklarhet bland intervjupersonerna men hur det görs skiljer sig åt till viss del. Anses exempelvis barnen som informerade om informationen om ett beslut ges av familjehemmet istället för socialsekreteraren? Är barnet delaktig om information samlas in från de vuxna runt om barnet om hur barnet reagerat inför, under och efter ett umgänge? För att det ska bli så bra som möjligt för barnet är intervjupersonerna överens om att barnet behöver känna sig trygg och för att få fram vad som gör barnet trygg behöver barnet konsulteras och få komma med önskemål. 

In 2007 the Prevention Unit at Södermalm in Stockholm started a group activity for parents and children. The group activity’s intention is to offer families support in their early interaction. This study is a part of providing knowledge about this intervention. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the stories which are produced by five participants in a support group for parents and children. This is a narrative study and the collection of material has been done through five qualitative interviews. As a theoretical basis narrative theory has been used. The result shows that the group in different ways influenced several of the mothers. The group leaders and the group members have had a strengthening function for the mothers where sharing experiences with others is central. The participants have - or are about to find their independence and the majority feel affirmed in their parental role. By being a part of the group the mothers have improved their contact with - and understanding of their child. These are circumstances that can improve the interaction between parents and children.

Papperslösa immigranter har begränsade rättigheter utifrån nationell lagstiftning på grund av sin juridiska "icke legala" status, vilket utmanar det sociala arbetets globala etiska värden med fokus på mänskliga rättigheter. Utifrån detta var studiens syfte att undersöka några socialarbetares arbete med papperslösa immigranter inom kommunens Socialtjänst. Med utgångspunkt i en kvalitativ ansats har fyra intervjuer gjorts med socialarbetare som arbetat med papperslösa immigranter. Fokus har varit; hinder och möjligheter att kunna hjälpa gruppen, beaktande av nationell lagstiftning och internationella principer samt upplevelsen av etiska dilemman i att vilja hjälpa och hinder i myndighetsutövningen. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter har varit nationalistisk byråkratisering samt anti- diskriminerande socialt arbete. Resultaten visade att kunskap, erfarenheter och organisatoriska ramar begränsar socialarbetaren att kunna hjälpa papperslösa immigranter, men att hjälpen i vissa fall möjliggörs genom frivilliga organisationer. Nationell lagstiftning följs strikt medan internationella principer beaktas i mindre omfattning. Etiska dilemman uttrycktes inte explicit, men en maktlöshet i att inte kunna hjälpa gruppen att förbättra sina livsvillkor, utifrån organisatoriska ramar framgick. Studien indikerar att strukturell förändring krävs för att öka socialarbetares möjligheter att hjälpa papperslösa immigranter samt att det finns behov av att tillämpa mänskliga rättigheter i det praktiska sociala arbetet.

SAMMANFATTNING

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Eva Öierstedt-Christiansen & Louise Rundlöf

Sitt still och var tyst!

Fördelar och nackdelar med diagnostisering av ADHD enligt nio lärare

Sit still and be quiet!

Advantages and disadvantages of the diagnosis of ADHD according to nine teachers

Antal sidor: 27 __________________________________________________________________________

Vårt syfte med studien är att undersöka vad nio lärare inom förskola/förskoleklass och grundskolans tidigare år anser om att barn/elever diagnostiseras med ADHD.

Vår undersökning kommer att utgå från följande frågeställningar:

• Vilka fördelar respektive nackdelar ser lärarna med att barn/elever diagnostiseras med ADHD?
• Vilka är det enligt lärarna som gynnas av en ställd diagnos, barnet/eleven, lärarna eller föräldrarna?
• På vilket sätt skiljer sig åsikterna mellan lärare i förskolan, förskoleklassen och grundskolans tidigare år gällande diagnostisering?

Vi har genomfört intervjuer med nio lärare som är verksamma inom olika åldrar. Resultatet av vår studie visar att lärarna överlag är kritiska till en diagnos, däremot menar de att om barnet/eleven visar starka symptom är en diagnos nödvändig för att barnet/eleven ska få rätt hjälp och stöd. Frågan om när en diagnos bör ställas skiljer sig mellan lärarna i förskolan/ förskoleklassen och grundskollärarna. Lärarna i förskolan/förskoleklassen menar att en diagnos inte bör ställas förrän i skolan medan lärarna i grundskolans tidigare år hävdar att en diagnos bör ställas så tidigt som möjligt. Resultatet pekar på att det finns både fördelar och nackdelar med en diagnos utifrån ett barnperspektiv, föräldraperspektiv och pedagogiskt perspektiv.

Syftet med föreliggande uppsats är att studera hur skolelever i Nässjö stad uppfattar innebörden av våldtäkt samt hur detta förhåller sig till tidigare forskning.

Undersökningen som genomfördes bland niondeklassarna på två högstadieskolor i Nässjö stad 2007 var både kvantitativ i form av en enkätundersökning och kvalitativ i form av kompletterande intervjuer. Den tidigare forskning som användes under huvuddelen av studien var Stina Jeffners avhandling Liksom våldtäkt, typ – om ungdomars förståelse av våldtäkt som publicerades 1998. Jeffner hade i sin avhandling kommit fram till en rad olika förhandlingsutrymmen som var förmildrande omständigheter kring ungdomarnas syn på vad som är en våldtäkt.

Huvudresultatet visade att i förhållande till tidigare forskning finns det delar av denna studie som stämmer överens med tidigare forskning gällande ungdomarnas attityder till ämnet våldtäkt. de som deltog i denna studie stödde vissa av dessa förhandlingsutrymmen.

Det fanns även delar av denna studie som inte stämde överens med tidigare forskning. En förklaring till att det skiljer sig mellan Jeffners undersökning och min kan vara tiden. När denna undersökning genomfördes, 2007, var det nästintill tio år sedan Jeffner genomförde sin, 1998. Även om det kan tyckas att tiderna inte har förändrats i någon större utsträckning så kan denna undersökning tyda på att de har gjort det. Elever som var födda på 1980-talet ingick i Jeffners undersökning medan min undersökning innehöll elever som var födda på 1990-talet. En annan förklaring till att undersökningarna skiljer sig kan vara att min undersökning är gjord i mindre omfattning än Jeffners. Det jag har suttit och skrivit är en C-uppsats med 174 elever, som svarande på enkäterna, och åtta intervjuade elever och det hon skrev var en avhandling med 331 ungdomar, som svarande på enkäterna, och 16 intervjuade ungdomar. Jeffners undersökning är nästintill dubbelt så stor, både när det gäller de som deltog i enkätundersökningen och de som deltog i intervjuundersökningen, vilket kan ha inverkan på resultatet.