In some areas of Sweden urbanization has reversed during the1990s. The municipality of Enköping is one example where newhouses are largely built and new inhabitants preferably settleoutside the town. Life outside the town is discussed as a

This study is about assessing the planning and building system in Kampala City. Specifically the research is based on four objectives that is to say: describing the current process in planning, approval and supervision of building developments in the city, finding out the requirements for obtaining a building and occupation permit, evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness of the current planning and building legislation and lastly proposing measures that will strengthen the planning, approval and supervision of building developments in the city.

The review of the literature indicates that some scholars have written about developments springing up without proper urban planning and development control requirements, and little has been indicated on the reasons why. This research was intended to fill that slit. The methodology used in this study was both qualitative and quantitative. The interviews and review of documents were the major tools of data collection.

The findings indicate that the building plan approval process is a long bureaucratic procedure full of many repetitions which need to be scrapped to ease the whole process for the applicants. The legislations are on paper but implementation is not in attendance. There is evidence from field observations that many buildings have been occupied before they are finished or have been abandoned unfinished for a longer time than acceptable by the law.

There is need, therefore to reform the planning and building legislation to replace and harmonize all laws pertaining to planning and building to foster a meaningful and manageable planning, building and administrative processes in the country.

In the work process, which has been going on for more than a year, we have discussed things such as the conditions for a project of this type, the interest from students, the school and the industry as well as purely technical aspects around the construction of a ship model, its electronic and mechanical systems and how such a model could be implemented and used in the education of students at the academy. This thesis also brings up things such as thoughts around the students safety when building and using the model. We have used the method Grounded Theory and have reached the conclusion that the Kalmar Maritime Academy have exceptional and very unique conditions to start a project where manned models is used in the education of officers.

Healthy urban ecosystems are increasingly recognised as important for resilient cities and need to be considered as part of GPR. Urban nature-based solutions (NBS) comprising green (vegetation) and blue (water) infrastructure need to be considered at multiple scales from the bioregions, through to catchments, neighbourhoods/precincts, blocks, streets, and buildings, including linkages through and in GPR areas. This chapter describes how climate change—particularly extreme urban heat—is expected to affect Australian cities, and how green and blue infrastructure can help GPR to be incorporated into urban adaptation and mitigation solutions. Topics covered include water-sensitive urban design, nature-based solutions, and urban cooling. The chapter outlines how nature-based solutions can be incorporated into higher-density regenerative urban redevelopment through new technologies and supported by planning models, many of which can be best designed and managed at precinct scale. The ‘additionality’ of green and blue nature-based solutions can offer residents of GPR areas increased liveability and enhanced resilience in both normal and extreme weather.

This book has introduced two new (linked) models for greyfield precinct regeneration—place-activated and transit-activated GPR—with a new set of processes to enable them. The need for new design, planning, and engagement tools that must be integrated into all urban development is also seen as key to unlocking greyfield regeneration. Designs for such precincts have proliferated, but planning systems are still hindering their implementation, especially those systems related to land-assembly issues in the established, occupied middle greyfield suburbs. Planning must change, and a potential way ahead involves the planning processes demonstrated in this book. A first step involves district greenlining, which enables identification of strategic planning challenges and priorities for action at a district scale along a transit corridor (transit-activated GPR) or in precinct-scale areas in typical middle suburbs with high redevelopment potential (place-activated GPR). Their key attributes are gleaned from the previous chapters and summarised in this chapter. A final plea is made here for partnerships to be created from the engagement of all stakeholders: government, community and civil society, innovators, and developers. Greyfield Precinct Redevelopment Authorities established within state governments as part of a federal Better Cities 2.0 program could guide this transition.

This chapter expands on the required set of innovations in urban planning, precinct design, performance assessment, and engagement processes outlined in Chap. 1 that are core to the delivery of greyfield precinct regeneration (GPR). The sections that follow dive deeper into the key transitioning processes and provide case-study illustrations for place-activated GPR drawn from the City of Maroondah’s Greening the Greyfields project.

This chapter provides the framework and rationale for Greening the Greyfields and its two new models for greyfield precinct regeneration (GPR): place-activated and transit-activated GPR. They provide a basis for regenerative urban redevelopment in the middle-ring greyfield suburbs of fast-growing, low-density cities. Place-activated GPR advances a new development model for the ‘missing middle’ in cities: new medium-density housing at precinct scale. Transit-activated GPR extends new sustainable modes of mobility into car-dependent suburbs. Both processes are required for retrofitting suburbia to fix the shortcomings of mid- to late-twentieth-century urban planning and development.

Research has highlighted the problems that can arise when the availability and quality of green spaces next to the residential area have not been adapted to the needs of citizens. If the user's interests and values of what is considered a qualitative green space are overlooked, many health aspects linked to the usage of green spaces can be neglected. For city planners to be able to determine which qualitative aspects interest groups value, citizen dialogues have become a useful tool. Unfortunately, not all citizens feel involved in the planning.

The purpose of the thesis is to investigate how citizens in Malmö's sub-areas Herrgården, Kronprinsen, and Bellevue experience the availability and quality of green spaces from a justice perspective. The thesis also intends to investigate whether the experience of participation and influence differs between different socio-economic groups in relation to the planning of green space and if so, why?

The theoretical framework is based on spatial justice and environmental justice. The methods used are demographic surveys of the sub-areas, a survey of Malmö residents' values ​​of green spaces and interviews with citizens, and an official survey about qualitative green spaces. The results indicate that the experience of access and quality of green areas differs between the different sub-areas. The experience of participation and influence in the planning of green spaces also differs between different socio-economic groups due to expectation, awareness, income, and knowledge.

I Vägverkets plan för utveckling 2009-–2011 anges följande behov: "Metodik och kunskap för att hantera miljöfrågor integrerat i den fysiska planeringen behöver utvecklas. Frågor kring natur och kultur är centrala. Vi behöver utveckla metoder för att fånga upp lokala värderingar av natur- och kultur och för uppföljning av kvalitativa mål för natur och kulturmiljöer samt utveckla tjänster för att synliggöra natur- och kulturvärden". Detta är bakgrunden till det forskningsarbete som redovisas i denna rapport. En annan viktig bakgrund utgörs av Europeiska landskapskonventionen, som anger att landskapet ska betraktas som en helhet och att berörda intressen, inklusive det berörda lokalsamhället, ska ges möjlighet att medverka i planeringsprocessen för verksamheter som påverkar landskapet. Arbetet med detta forskningsprojekt startade på Vägverkets tid. Forskningsprojektets behandlar vägplanering. Under projektets gång har tidigare Vägverket och Banverket slagits samman till Trafikverket. Många av aspekterna om landskap, naturoch kulturvärden har dock tillämpning även för järnvägsplanering.

General Habitat Categories (GHC) is a classification scheme developed in BioHab1, 2 and a central concept in EBONE3. A characteristic of GHC is plant height, which can be derived using Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data. Computer classification of GHCs might be improved by combining spectral information in optical satellite data with LiDAR. The aim of this pilot study was to investi­gate to which degree airborne LiDAR improves SPOT data based classification of a selection of GHCs in a for­est area in southern Sweden. Lat. 58° 30’ N Long 13° 40’ E. Managed forest with Scots pine (Pinus Sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea Abies) and birch (Betula spp). A SPOT 5 HRG XS scene. Airborne LiDAR data with an average point density of 26 returns/m2. Photo interpretation of GHCs, 585 sample plots, in aerial DMC images. Combining LiDAR and SPOT data shows promise, considering the restrictions to this study. In a similar study, using the same dataset for classifying CORINE land cover types, overall accuracy increased from 67.1% to 77.6% when add­ing LiDAR data4. This means that there is potential, though the methods need improvement and further tests should include a larger test area providing adequate amounts of sample plots per GHC.

Integration of in situ data and earth observation (EO) data for estimating the occurrence of different habitat or classes can be achieved using different approaches. In this study, the approach used is to post-stratify in situ data using existing land cover maps derived from satellite data. Photo-interpreted landscape elements and biotopes from the National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden (NILS; http://nils.slu.se/) were used as in situ data. The mapped landscape elements and biotopes were classified into General Habitat Categories (GHCs). Five of the GHCs were selected to exemplify how the precision of their area estimates was affected by using post-stratification, as compared to area estimates of the GHCs based on the photo-interpreted data alone. The stratification was made using the Swedish version of Corine land cover (SMD) which includes more classes and has a higher spatial resolution (1-25 ha minimum mapping unit depending on the class) than the European version of Corine land cover (CLC). The results show that the standard error was reduced substantially for all tested GHCs using post-stratification in comparison to the errors obtained without post-stratification. This shows the potential to derive improved area statistics of habitat categories by integrating in situ data with existing land cover maps.

Landskapskaraktärsanalysen har tagits fram som ett kunskapsunderlag till åtgärdsvalsstudie för väg 190, framtagen under 2012-–2013. Ambitionen har varit att landskapliga funktioner ska utgöra förutsättningar för åtgärder, när en tidig, bred behovsanalys görs för stråket kring väg 190 mellan väg 45 och Sollebrunn. Underlaget är en precisering av den regionala landskapskaraktärsanalys som tagits fram för Västra Götalands län i Trafikverkets FOI-projekt "Landskap i långsiktig planering".

Sweden' s transport policy targets and Sweden' s signing of the European Landscape Convention are important starting points for the work of the Swedish Transport Administration. Activities must contribute to the furthering of Sweden' s environmental quality targets and to the maintenance of attractive landscapes and the facilitation of their development. This report describes the background to a project and the methods developed to carry it out, and the application of these methods to a pilot study in the county of Västra Götaland.

Denna skrift är en kortversion av publikationen i "Landskap i långsiktig planering". Det är dels en beskrivning av den metodik som projektet utarbetat, dels en redogörelse för en pilotstudie i Västra Götalands län, som fungerat som testarena för metodutvecklingen. Projektet ingår i forsknings- och innovationsportföljen "Mer nytta för pengarna."

Underlag till Regionala utvecklingsprogrammet (RUP) och länsplan i Västmanland. Forsknings och innovationsprojektet "Landskap i långsiktig planering" syftar till att finna, utveckla och testa arbets- och analysmetoder där landskapet utgör arenan för planering. Genom att hantera fakta och kunskap om natur, kultur, naturgeografiska förutsättningar samt landskapets funktion på nya sätt, ska vi bättre bidra till att de transportpolitikens hänsynsmål nås och till att attraktiva landskap bibehålls och utvecklas.

Lars Israel Wahlman var en av de stora förnyarna av den svenska trädgårdskonsten i början av 1900-talet, manifesterat i villaträdgårdar och parker, begravningsplatser och en rad parker. Denna verksamhet, som länge stått i skuggan av välkända byggnadsverk som Tjolöholms slott i Halland och Engelbrektskyrkan i Stockholm, liksom villorna Trefnan och Trotzgården i Hedemora, presenteras nu för första gången. Med sina mångskiftande och konsekvent genomförda arbeten framstår Wahlman som en av de viktigaste förmedlarna av en trädgårdsstil i Arts and Crafts-rörelsens anda till Sverige. Ingen annan svensk arkitekt ritade så många trädgårdar under denna period. Wahlman ville att det yttre av hans byggnader och deras interiörer tillsammans med omgivningarna skulle fungera som väl sammanlänkade helheter. Att även skapa trädgårdar var en självklar del i denna helhetstanke.

The aim of this dissertation is to study the public parks in Sweden during the nineteenth century. It focuses on three general factors – decision process, design, and function – and is to a great extent based on previously unstudied material including town councils' minutes, drawings, and other contemporary sources. The dissertation considers a selection of the approximately one hundred public parks laid out in Sweden during the period.

From the beginning of the century the middle classes endeavoured to create meeting places and social customs of their own, and public parks had a role to play in their efforts. There, families could spend their leisure time together, meeting acquaintances and amusing themselves. The park was also an aesthetic element in the townscape. The study shows that the first public parks appeared in the 1820s, and that they were established several decades earlier than is generally acknowledged. During the decades following 1860, a large number of new parks were made. From now on, moral considerations began being put forward as grounds for creating public parks. They were promoted as more suitable social settings than the streets, squares, and pubs – for the middle classes as well as for the workers. In the 1890s, new parks were made whose design and function differed distinctly from their predecessors. They were planned for active use to a much greater extent, with features such as games and sport, and all surfaces open to the public. The study also shows that town councils from the beginning of the century were involved in creating the parks, and generally assumed full economic responsibility.

Concerning the design, the parks changed during the century. From the initial decades, the essential design assumption was that parks would be perceived as art rather than nature. It should be obvious that the trees, bushes, and flowers did not grow natural on the spot, an impression emphasised by their varied colours, shapes, and ways of growing. Exotic plants were used extensively. From around 1870 the attempt to imitate nature as closely as possible, often using an existing natural area as a starting point and employing indigenous plants, gradually became common.

Previous studies have often pointed to the public parks' role in improving the hygiene in the towns, locating them within an overall town planning perspective. However, the study shows that the belief that they might also improve the moral and general living conditions of urban dwellers has been an even more important factor. The park was envisaged as a place of education and general cultivation, but also as a place for amusement, which was reflected in the bandstands, monuments, and playgrounds, etc. Though the parks were often smaller than their counterparts abroad, Sweden was in step with the rest of Europe.

Millesgården på Lidingö norr om Stockholm är ett av Sveriges mest välkända konstnärshem. Här uppförde skulptören Carl Milles från 1908 en kombinerad ateljé och bostad med anslutande trädgård. Trots att Milles var en mycket produktiv och framgångsrik skulptör, finns det skäl att framhålla Millesgården som hans främsta konstnärliga arbete. I denna rikt illustrerade bok skildrar författarna Millesgårdens tillkomst i nära anslutning till den samtida utvecklingen inom arkitektur och trädgårdskonst. Anläggningen fungerade inte bara som hem och ateljé utan även som utställningsmiljö.

Den här studien undersöker kontinuiteten, vitaliteten, exponeringen och möjliga naturvårdsåtgärder i Solnas ekmiljöer. Enligt det 16:e miljökvalitetsmålet "ett rikt växt och djurliv" ska den biologiska mångfalden bevaras och nyttjas på ett hållbart sätt för nuvarande och framtida generationer. Gamla ekar har visat sig hysa en hög biologisk mångfald, men tyvärr minskar estånden av jätteträd kontinuerligt i Sverige samtidigt som föryngringen går långsamt eller i värsta fall helt avstannat. Åsikterna om jätteekarnas minskning verkar enstämmiga och bero på kontinuitetsglapp, upphörd hävd, igenväxning, plantering av gran på gamla odlingsmarker, brist på skötsel och ny bebyggelse i urbana miljöer. Kontinuiteten studerades genom att undersöka fördelningen mellan värdefulla ekar och ekefterträdare i hela Solnaområdet samt i fyra bestämda ektrakter. Kriteriet för god kontinuitet var 15 % värdefulla ekar och 85 % ekefterträdare. För att bedöma ekarnas vitalitet studerades andelen permanent döda grenar i trädkronan och för att bedöma ekarnas exponering struderades hur stor andel av trädkronan som täcktes av omgivande trädkronor. I varken hela Solnaområdet eller i trakterna observerades god ekkontinuitet. I hela Solnaområdet mår ekefterträdarna procentuellt sett sämre i samtliga vitalitetsklasser jämfört med de värefulla ekarna. För ekarnas exponeringstillstånd över hela Solnaområdet hade ekefterträdarna samma procentuella fördelning som de värdefulla ekarna när det gällde halvöppen exponering, men utöver det var ekefterträdarna jämförelsevis sämre exponerade. En viktig naturvårdsåtgärd för ekefterträdarna är att öka deras exponering, vilket kan göras med hjälp av frihuggning, slåtterhävd eller beteshävd.

This installation was commissioned as part of a joint project between the city of Umeå, Sweden and the city of Komatsu, Japan. The words koda – koht – kodu – katus of Finno-Ugric origin have arrived in both Swedish and Japanese cultures in the form of the word Koja or 小屋. The word Koja refers to place, home, roof and house. In the modern Swedish context the term is quite broad extending to a variety of anonymously authored small structures or enclosures found in the wilderness. Koja is also used to describe constructions that a child might make out of a cardboard box: a first getaway in their home, the making of a private world of play. Koja also refers to small hunting, fishing huts or small structures in remote places. In respect to the idea of Heterotopia Peter Johnston wrote on Michel Foucault’s 1966-67 radio broadcasts where he described heterotopias as

“Illustrations of the concept refer to various children’s imaginative games, mentioning tents and dens in gardens as well as all the games played on or under the covers of the parents’ bed. The children’s inventive play produces a different space that at the same time mirrors what is around them. The space reflects and contests simultaneously.”

In 1972 Ugo La Pletra presented Counter Design as Postulation at MoMas Italy: the New Domestic Landscape: the Indivisible Koja comes together as a series of contradictions. Kojas by nature are subversive structures; they operate as both a place to escape to and a way of capturing a territory.

The Koja is made from modified gold vinyl sheet that has been adhered to Mylo to form a two-sided reflective metallic material. The sheet is then cut with an expanding camouflage pattern that opens up when hung. Inside the Koja is an Aluminium Chaise Longue that can hold two people lying down. Once inside a sensor activates a mobile phone scrambler producing an invisible blanket that renders the inhabitant invisible from the unseen infrastructures of global satellite telecommunications.

The proposed memorial site sits on the axis between the suburban fabric of the city, predominately existing to the west of Albany Avenue and the tourist and commercial centre of the city to the east. Building on the formal composition of the city the proposition situates itself on a north south axis with the existing World War I Memorial located in O'Donnell Park. Albany Avenue opens into Route 40 formed from the Oregon Trail navigating from Atlantic City, west to San Francisco.Visitors are presented with both the World War I Memorial and the Holocaust Memorial.

The Genocide Memorial appears as a black Chamber in the Atlantic Ocean extending the city's fabric into the sea, connecting all continents through the moving waters of the ocean. Amongst the sand and removed from the sea a room, described as the Orientation Chamber, sits marking access from the boardwalk to the beach. As a result the memorial site expands beyond a bounded territory encompassing the city's formal layout, its boardwalk and its inherent natural and man made landscape.

Urban sprawl (US), propelled by rapid population growth leads to the shrinkage of productive agricultural lands and pristine forests in the suburban areas and, in turn, adversely affects the provision of ecosystem services. The quantification of US is thus crucial for effective urban planning and environmental management. Like many megacities in fast growing developing countries, Chennai, the capital of Tamilnadu and one of the business hubs in India, has experienced extensive US triggered by the doubling of total population over the past three decades. However, the extent and level of US has not yet been quantified and a prediction for future extent of US is lacking. We employed the Random Forest (RF) classification on Landsat imageries from 1991, 2003, and 2016, and computed six landscape metrics to delineate the extent of urban areas within a 10 km suburban buffer of Chennai. The level of US was then quantified using Renyi's entropy. A land change model was subsequently used to project land cover for 2027. A 70.35% expansion in urban areas was observed mainly towards the suburban periphery of Chennai between 1991 and 2016. The Renyi's entropy value for year 2016 was 0.9, exhibiting a two-fold level of US when compared to 1991. The spatial metrics values indicate that the existing urban areas became denser and the suburban agricultural, forests and particularly barren lands were transformed into fragmented urban settlements. The forecasted land cover for 2027 indicates a conversion of 13,670.33 ha (16.57% of the total landscape) of existing forests and agricultural lands into urban areas with an associated increase in the entropy value to 1.7, indicating a tremendous level of US. Our study provides useful metrics for urban planning authorities to address the social-ecological consequences of US and to protect ecosystem services.

The transformation in Hällefors is described as a strategy, wherethe products of the town were no more steel and wood but ratherculture, nature, and meals. The changes were inspired by Gestaltpsychology’s ”the steps of human needs”, as well as by 1880’sSweden, when authors and painters were very active. Cultureis seen as a strong force in periods of change.

Strategies to achieve sustainability by municipalities in crisis aredescribed, focusing on the small town of Hällefors. Strategiesare either offensive where new investments are being made ordefensive where the municipality adapt to a shrinking populationand economy. The report builds on interviews and focus on mentalitychange.

The change of economy in Hällefors, one of many towns dominatedby a single large industrial company within traditional branches, isdescribed. In few years the large employer decreased workforcedramatically. The municipality was forced to go from one sourceof income to develop many small companies based on local opportunities.

Housing policy in Hällefors town, with a decreasing population,and 10-20 % empty apartments, is described. Houses were takendown, investments for improved beauty and functionality, madein three residential areas. The ensuing decreased frequency ofmoving proved the investments to be worth while. Sustainability inHällefors subsequent to the measures take is discussed.

Miljökompensation innebär att en verksamhetsutövare gottgör för intrång eller skada på miljön och kan liknas med polluter pays principle. Krav på miljökompensation har funnits i Miljöbalken i cirka 15 år och används i flera länder runt om i världen. I den här rapporten har vi kartlagt och analyserat miljökompensationsåtgärder som har vidtagits vid väg- och järnvägsprojekt. Vi har även beskrivit terminologi, lagkrav, principer och metodologi kopplade till miljökompensation, och gett en översiktlig omvärldsbeskrivning av miljökompensation i och utanför Sverige. Den övergripande målsättningen är att öka kunskapen om miljökompensation inom väg- och järnvägssektorn, och att föreslå olika vägar för hur Trafikverket kan utveckla användandet av miljökompensation. Juridiskt finns möjlighet för prövningsmyndigheter att ställa krav på miljökompensation vid bl.a. intrång i skyddade områden och vid vattenverksamhet. Om Trafikverket har politiskt stöd kan även mer omfattande kompensation ske frivilligt, vilket troligen är den bästa vägen att gå om miljökompensation ska utvecklas offensivt. Kartläggningen visade att 37 beslut om miljökompensation har krävts av länsstyrelser och kommuner under perioden 1999–2012 och majoriteten av dessa kan kopplas till biotopskyddsärenden. Hela 90 % av alla länsstyrelser hade tagit endast ett eller inget beslut om krav på miljökompensationsåtgärder. Generellt kan sägas att miljökompensationsåtgärderna var av samma typ som skadan och låg omfångsmässigt i paritet med ingreppet. När Trafikverket utvecklar råd för praktisk tillämpning föreslår vi att följande aspekter uppmärksammas: • Vid kompensation bör alla dimensioner av miljöbegreppet inkluderas, vilket även omfattar rekreation och kulturmiljö. • Kompensationsgrader på över 1:1 bör användas för att inkludera aspekter som osäkerhet, tid, aktörsperspektiv och kvalitet. • Landskapsperspektiv kan ge flexibilitet så att lösningar kan identifieras och lokaliseras på så passande platser som möjligt. • Frågan om genomförandet av miljökompensationsåtgärder utanför vägområde/järnvägsmark borde utredas och även långsiktiga skötselaspekter. • Satsa på samordning, översyn och transparens av aktiviteter kopplade till miljökompensation och miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar. Rapporten utgör inte någon officiell hållning hos Trafikverket.