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  • 151.
    Andersson, Kerstin
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Vattenföring i Sverige. Del 3. Vattendrag till Egentliga Östersjön: Svenskt Vattenarkiv1993Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    En viktig uppgift för SMHI är att ge information om vattenföringen i Sveriges vattendrag. "Vattenföringen i Sveriges floder" utkom 1954. Den sammanställdes av Ragnar Melin och innehöll uppgifter tom är 1950. En ny utgåva, ''Vattenföring i Sverige", publicerades 1979. Den innehåller minst 10 år långa mätserier för de vattenföringsstationer som var i drift 1975 samt för vissa tidigare nedlagda stationer.

    Denna utgåva innehåller vattenföringsuppgifter t o m 1990 för de vattenföringsstationer som var i drift 1990 och som har en mätserie på minst 10 år.

    SMHI publicerar denna gång "Vattenföring i Sverige'' i fyra delar. Indelningen av Sverige är densamma som i "Arealer för avrinningsområden", som samtidigt är under utgivning. De olika delarna omfattar

    Del 1 vattendrag som mynnar i BottenvikenDel 2 vattendrag som mynnar i BottenhavetDel 3 vattendrag som mynnar i Egentliga ÖstersjönDel 4 vattendrag som mynnar i Västerhavet ( Öresund, Kattegatt, Skagerrak).

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  • 152.
    Andersson, Kerstin
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Vattenföring i Sverige. Del 4. Vattendrag till Västerhavet: Svenskt Vattenarkiv1994Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    En viktig uppgift för SMH1 är att ge information om vattenföringen i Sveriges vattendrag. "Vattenföringen i Sveriges floder" utkom l954. Den sammanställdes av Ragnar Melin och innehöll uppgifter tom år 1950. En ny utgåva, "Vattenföring i Sverige", publicerades 1979. Den innehåller minst 10 är långa mätserier för de vattenföringsstationer som var i drift 1975 samt för vissa tidigare nedlagda stationer.Denna utgåva innehåller vattenföringsuppgifter tom 1990 för de vattenföringsstationer som var i drift 1990 och som har en rnätserie på minst 10 år.SMHI publicerar denna gäng ''Vattenföring i Sverige" i fyra delar. Indelningen av Sverige är densamma som i "Arealer för avrinningsområden'', som samtidigt är under utgivning.e olika delarna omfattarDel 1 vattendrag som mynnar i BottenvikenDel 2 vattendrag som mynnar i BottenhavetDel 3 vattendrag som mynnar i Egentliga ÖstersjönDel 4 vattendrag som mynnar i Västerhavet ( Öresund, Kattegatt, Skagerrak).

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  • 153.
    Andersson, Lars
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Trends in nutrient and oxygen concentrations in the Skagerrak-Kattegat1996In: Journal of Sea Research, ISSN 1385-1101, E-ISSN 1873-1414, Vol. 35, no 1-3, p. 63-71Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Skagerrak and Kattegat form a transition zone between the Baltic and the North Sea. Both areas are subject to increased nutrient loads. In this paper a non-parametric method is used to calculate the changes in nutrient and oxygen concentrations in the area. The period chosen was 1971 to 1990 and the parameters were dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, silicate, total nitrogen and total phosphorus together with oxygen and oxygen saturation. Data have been sorted after salinity and the analyses have been carried out for different water masses and subareas. The results demonstrate that both surface and deep water in the Kattegat show increasing trends during winter for all nutrients except silicate. During summer there is an increase in total nitrogen and total phosphorus while silicate shows a decrease. In the Skagerrak the picture is more variable; in the eastern part, however, there is a clear increase for all inorganic nutrients during winter in the coastal water. Oxygen shows a declining trend in most areas.

  • 154.
    Andersson, Lars
    et al.
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Carlberg, Stig
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Edler, Lars
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Fogelqvist, Elisabet
    SMHI.
    Fonselius, Stig
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Fyrberg, Lotta
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Palmén, Håkan
    SMHI.
    Sjöberg, Björn
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Zagradkin, Danuta
    SMHI.
    Haven runt Sverige 1991. Rapport från SMHI, Oceanografiska Laboratoriet, inklusive PMK - utsjöprogrammet1992Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report describe SMHls environmental monitoring in the open sea areas around Sweden, from the Skagerrak to the northem part of the Bothnian Sea  A great part of the results from the project described here are also reported as a national Swedish contribution to the Baltic Monitoring Programme (BMP) of the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM). Physical, chemical and biological parameters are studied in water samples, zoobenthos is studied in sediment grab samples and samples of fish and mussels are collected for the determination of harmful substances in the Kattegat, the Sound (Öresund), the Baltic Proper and the Gulf of Bothnia.

    The temperature of the sea surface layer was higher than normal most part of the year, just as in 1989. In the entire sea area the temperatures were 1- 3 °C above the long term mean value for the period 1979 - 1989. The oxygen conditions in the south eastern Kattegat once again were unfavorable in late summer and early autumn. However, despite the unusually calm autumn with only weak mixing of the water masses the oxygen concentrations increased again and the situation never was serious. Also in the Baltic Proper the bad oxygen situation in the deep water prevailed in several basins the whole year. No major inflow of oxygen rich water occurred to ventilate the deep basins. In the Bornholm Basin hydrogen sulphide was present under the halocline (with an extension into the Hanö Bight) the whole year with the exception of the August cruise. In the Gdansk Basin there is no longer any stratification and oxygen is mixed into the water from the atmosphere. This has improved the conditions in the bottom water. In the Eastern Gotland Basin hydrogen sulphide has been present in the bottom water for more than 13 years continuously. The Northem Central Basin, including the Landsort Deep, and the Western Central Basin were free from hydrogen sulphide the whole year. Nutrient conditions did not show any remarkable or unexpected changes during 1990. During the winter period phosphate and nitrate were present in about normal concentrations, which decreased to near detection limit during the production period in the spring and early summer and then increased again during autumn. The petroleum hydrocarbons showed during the spring roughly the same concentrations as during the previous years, whereas the autumn values were normal in the surface water only and all other values were high or very high. The reason for this has not been identified.

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  • 155.
    Andersson, Lars
    et al.
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Carlberg, Stig
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Fogelqvist, Elisabet
    SMHI.
    Fonselius, Stig
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Fyrberg, Lotta
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Palmén, Håkan
    SMHI.
    Zagradkin, Danuta
    SMHI.
    Yhlén, Bengt
    SMHI.
    Program för miljökvalitetsövervakning – PMK: Utsjöprogram under 19901991Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The projectThis report describes a project for environmental monitoring in the sea areas around Sweden, from the Kattegat to the northern part of the Bothnian Sea. SMHI carries out this project based on a contractual arrangement with the National Swedish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) and the project is part of the national programme for environmental monitoring (PMK). The greater part of the results from the project described here is also reported as a national Swedish contribution to the Baltic Monitoring Programme (BMP) of the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM).

    The monitoring is carried out through a number of regular cruises in the Kattegat, the Sound (Öresund), the Baltic Proper and the Gulf ofBothnia. Physical, chemical and biological parameters are studied in water samples, zoobenthos is studied in sediment grab samples and samples of fish and mussels are collected for the determination of harmful substances.

    The work is entirely integrated with the regular oceanographical programme of SMHI. By this arrangement the result of the SMHI programme is made available also for the national monitoring. Consequently, this report contains a lot more information than is really financed by the SEPA monitoring budget.

    ResultsThe winter of 1989 - 90 was very mild; it was in fact the fourth mild winter in sequence! The sea ice cover was small; By and large, it was only the Bothnian Bay that was covered and this ice broke up about two weeks earlier than usual. The first part of 1990 was warm and windy and yielded at lot of  precipitation, particularly in the southern part of Sweden. The spring was early and warmer than normal. In May and later the weather was more unstable and the summer had changing weather and somewhat low temperatures. The autumn started as calm and rainy, but ended in December as mild and windy.

    The temperature of the sea surface layer was higher than normal most part of the year, just as it was in 1989. lnfact, the temperatures were 1- 3 °C above the long term mean value for the period 1979- 1989 in the entire area.

    The oxygen conditions in the south eastern Kattegat once again turned into an unfavorable situation in late summer and early autumn. However, despite the unusually calm autumn with only weak mixing of the water masses the oxygen concentrations increased again and the situation never was serious. Also in the Baltic Proper the bad oxygen situation in the deep water prevailed in several basins the whole year. No major infiow of oxygen rich water occurred to ventilate the deep basins. In the Bornholm Basin hydrogen sulphide was present under the halocline (with an extension into the Hanö Bight) the whole year with the exception of the August cruise. In the Gdansk Basin there is no longer any stratification and oxygen is mixed into hte water from the surfacelayer. This has improved the conditions int he bottom water. However, in the Eastern Gotland Basin hydrogen sulphide has been present in the bottom water for more than 13 years continuously. The Northern Central Basin, including the Landsort Deep, and the Western Central Basin were free from hydrogen sulphide the whole year.

    Nutrient conditions did not show any remarkable or unexpected changes during 1990. During the winter period phosphate and nitrate were present in about normal concentrations, which decreased to near detection limit during the production period in the spring and early summer and then increased again during autumn.

    The analyses of petroleum hydrocarbons showed slightly lower concentrations for the spring as compared to the results from the 1980-ties. This indicates that the load of oil pollution of the Baltic and the Kattegat had not changed significantly. However, the results from the autumn sampling were strikingly different. Although the surface samples showed normal concentrations the results from 10 m (and 30 m) were higher. The reason for this could not be identified but it is unlikely to be a contamination of the samples.

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  • 156.
    Andersson, Lars
    et al.
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Edler, Lars
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    Sjöberg, Björn
    SMHI, Core Services.
    The conditions of the seas around Sweden: Report from activities in 19921993Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report describes same aspects of the hydrographical conditions in the open sea areas around Sweden , based on SMHis environmental monitoring program during 1992. Due to the warm winter the mean sea surface temperature during spring was about 2 °C higher than normal. In Skagerrak events with very high nutrient concentrations accurred close to the Danish coast. No severe oxygen deficits were present in the Kattegat,  the lowest value recorded was 0.8 ml/l in the Laholm Bight during September. During autumn silicate in Kattegat surface water was below the detection limit which is very unusual. No major inflow of high saline water to the Baltic has occurred since 1977 and the salinity in the Gotland Deep at the end of 1992 was lowest ever recorded.

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    The conditions of the seas around Sweden. Report from activities in 1992.
  • 157.
    Andersson, Lars
    et al.
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Rahm, Lars
    SMHI, Research Department, Oceanography.
    THERMALLY DRIVEN CIRCULATION WITHIN AN EXPERIMENTAL ENCLOSURE1990In: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, ISSN 0272-7714, E-ISSN 1096-0015, Vol. 30, no 2, p. 111-129Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 158.
    Andersson, Lars
    et al.
    SMHI, Core Services.
    RYDBERG, L
    EXCHANGE OF WATER AND NUTRIENTS BETWEEN THE SKAGERRAK AND THE KATTEGAT1993In: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, ISSN 0272-7714, E-ISSN 1096-0015, Vol. 36, no 2, p. 159-181Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 159.
    Andersson, Lars
    et al.
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Sjöberg, Björn
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Krysell, Mikael
    SMHI, Core Services.
    The conditions of the seas around Sweden: Report from the activities in 19931994Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report describes some basic aspects of the hydrographical conditions in the open sea areas around Sweden, based on SMHls environmental monitoring program during 1993. A new monitoring program has been implemented, consisting of two types different types of stations. First, frequent stations which are few but have a high sampling frequency making it possible to resolve annual variations. Secondly mapping stations visited only a few times per year as to asses, oxygen conditions in the Kattegat and the Baltic deep waters and the pool of nutrients during the pre bloom season.

    The most interesting event during 1993 was the large inflow of salt water to the Baltic that occured in the beginning of the year. As a result the deep water in the East Gotland Basin was renewed and oxygenated for the first time since 1978.

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    The conditions of the seas around Sweden. Report from the activities in 1993
  • 160.
    Andersson, Lotta
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Experiences of the use of riverine nutrient models in stakeholder dialogues2004In: International Journal of Water Resources Development, ISSN 0790-0627, E-ISSN 1360-0648, Vol. 20, no 3, p. 399-413Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The potential of models to assist in stakeholder dialogues is assessed regarding options for the reduction of riverine nitrogen loads in a 357-km(2) river basin in south central Sweden. Scenarios of remedies based on stakeholders' suggestions were used to stimulate discussions in a panel incorporating farmers, municipality staff, politicians and technical advisers. The farmers perceived the model-derived discussion material as valuable, although only average conditions at a generic farm were simulated. The panellists demonstrated caution when using regionalized information, but did not request quantitative uncertainty estimates. There was a desire to have phosphorus included in the model-derived discussion material and to include the impacts of other environmental goals than 'no eutrophication'. The inclusion of different stakeholder groups in the panel sessions was acknowledged as a way to establish a shared perception of the existing environmental status of the basin and to define the pros and cons of various remedies. This was seen by the panellists as a way to facilitate local implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Use of model-stimulated local stakeholder panels is also a way to ensure that involved stakeholders perceive local environmental goals as realistic and acceptable. However, to establish river-basin stakeholder dialogues as part of the nation-wide implementation of the WFD directive, it will be necessary to develop a model approach that can be used by local advisers. Perhaps the most critical factor is the moderators' ability to provide an atmosphere of mutual respect between all those involved in contrast to performing one-way lectures to the participants.

  • 161.
    Andersson, Lotta
    et al.
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Arheimer, Berit
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Consequences of changed wetness on riverine nitrogen - human impact on retention vs. natural climatic variability2001In: Regional Environmental Change, ISSN 1436-3798, E-ISSN 1436-378X, Vol. 2, no 3, p. 93-105Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The HBV-N model was used for a scenario analysis of changes in nitrogen retention and transport caused by alterations of wetness due to land drainage, lowering of lakes, building of dams and climatic variability in a river basin in south-central Sweden (1885-1994). In general, dams were situated in locations more favourable for retention, compared to the lowered lakes. Rather modest conversions of water bodies only changed nitrogen transport by about 3%. The 180-times-larger increase of (mainly) tile-drained agricultural land had, according to simulations, increased the nitrogen transport by 17%, due to reduced retention. However, compared to human-induced alteration of the landscape N retention, the choice of 10-year periods of climatological data had the overriding effect on the calculated nitrogen transport. Weather-induced variations resulted in a 13% difference in nitrogen retention between various 10-year periods. When the model was driven by climatological data from the driest 10-year period (1905-1914), the estimated average annual load was only half of that obtained with climatological data from the wettest 10-year period (1975-1984).

  • 162.
    Andersson, Lotta
    et al.
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Arheimer, Berit
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Modelling of human and climatic impact on nitrogen load in a Swedish river 1885-19942003In: Hydrobiologia, ISSN 0018-8158, E-ISSN 1573-5117, Vol. 497, no 1-3, p. 63-77Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Changes in environmental conditions within a river basin in South Central Sweden (1400 km(2)) and impacts on riverine nitrogen (N) transport were evaluated. A historical database was compiled and the process-based HBV-N model used to estimate flow normalised N loads in 1885, 1905, 1927, 1956, 1976, and 1994, using a standard climatological record (1985-1994). The study shows the value of process-based modelling in environmental impact assessment, by making it possible to assess and integrate the effect of a number of factors, both with regard to human impact and natural climatic variability. Factors taken into account include: the effects of land use, agricultural practices, atmospheric deposition, human dietary intake, use of flush toilets, lowering of lakes, building of dams, and climatic variability. For all years studied, agriculture was the overriding source of N, and changes in riverine N over time mainly reflected changes in land use and agricultural practices. In spite of decreasing N-leaching from agriculture, the net load remained fairly constant between 1885 and 1927, due to reduced N retention. Drainage of agricultural land had a dominating impact on reducing N retention, which increased the N loads, while the effects of the lowering of lake levels and dam building were less pronounced. Household N emission per capita was higher in 1994 than in 1927, as the increased consumption of meat and dairy products alone resulted in a higher increase of the emission than was compensated for with wastewater treatment improvement. In addition, introduction of flush toilets increased the emission from households. In total, the net load in 1976 was twofold higher than that in 1885, 1905 and 1927, due to increased leaching from agriculture, wastewater emission, and atmospheric deposition on lake surfaces. Finally, the impact of climatological variability was assessed, using a 110-yr climatological record. The choice of 10-yr period of climatological data was the factor that had the largest impact on calculated N load.

  • 163.
    Andersson, Lotta
    et al.
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Bonell, M
    Moody, D W
    Special thematic issue: Hydrology for the environment. life and policy (Help) Programme - Foreword2004In: International Journal of Water Resources Development, ISSN 0790-0627, E-ISSN 1360-0648, Vol. 20, no 3, p. 267-274Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 164.
    Andersson, Lotta
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research . Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Department of Water and Environmental Studies.
    Hellström, Sara-Sofia
    SMHI.
    Kjellström, Erik
    SMHI.
    Losjö, Katarina
    SMHI.
    Rummukainen, Marku
    SMHI.
    Samuelsson, Patrick
    SMHI.
    Wilk, Julie
    Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research . Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Department of Water and Environmental Studies. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Modeling report: Climate change impacts on water resources in the Pungwe drainage basin2006Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 165.
    Andersson, Lotta
    et al.
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Olsson, Johanna Alkan
    Arheimer, Berit
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Jonsson, Anna
    Use of participatory scenario modelling as platforms in stakeholder dialogues2008In: Water S.A., ISSN 0378-4738, E-ISSN 1816-7950, Vol. 34, no 4, p. 439-447Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A participatory methodology, based on dialogues between stakeholders and experts has been developed and tested in the drainage area to Kaggebo Bay in the Baltic Sea. This study is focused on the EU Water Framework Directive, with emphasis on reduction of eutrophication. The drainage area is included in the WFD administrative area of the Motala Strom River basin. A similar approach is now applied in a recently initiated project in the Thukela River basin, with focus on impacts of climate change on water resources. The methodology is based on the idea that a catchment model serves as a platform for the establishment of a common view of present conditions and the causes behind these conditions. In the following steps, this is followed by model-assisted agreement on environmental goals (i.e. what do we want the future to look like?) and local agreement on a remedy or mitigation plans in order to reduce environmental impact (e. g. eutrophication); alternatively to adapt to conditions that cannot be determined by local actions (e. g. climate change). By involving stakeholder groups in this model-supported stepwise process, it is ensured that all stakeholder groups involved have a high degree of confidence in the presented model results, and thereby enable various actors involved to share a common view, regarding both present conditions, goals and the way to reach these goals. Although this is a process that is time-(and cost-) consuming, it is hypothesised that the use of this methodology is two-pronged: it increases the willingness to carry out remedies or necessary adaptations to a changing environment, and it increases the level of understanding between the various groups and therefore ameliorates the potential for future conflicts. Compared to traditional use of model results in environmental decision-making, the experts' role is transformed from a one-way communication of final results to assistance in the various steps of the participatory process.

  • 166.
    Andersson, Lotta
    et al.
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Rosberg, Jörgen
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Pers, Charlotta
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Olsson, Jonas
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Arheimer, Berit
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Estimating catchment nutrient flow with the HBV-NP model: Sensitivity to input data2005In: Ambio, ISSN 0044-7447, E-ISSN 1654-7209, Vol. 34, no 7, p. 521-532Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The dynamic catchment model HBV-N has been further developed by adding routines for phosphorus transport and is now called the HBV-NP model. The model was shown to satisfactorily simulate nutrient dynamics in the Ronnea catchment (1 900 km(2)). Its sensitivity to input data was tested, and results demonstrated the increased sensitivity to the selection of input data on a subcatchment scale when compared with the catchment scale. Selection of soil and land use databases was found to be critical in some subcatchments but did not have a significant impact on a catchment scale. Although acceptable on a catchment scale, using templates and generalization, with regards to emissions from point sources and rural households, significantly decreased model performance in certain subcatchments when compared with using more detailed local information. A division into 64 subcatchments resulted in similar model performance at the catchment outlet when compared with a lumped approach. Adjusting the imported matrixes of the regional leaching of nitrogen, from agricultural land, against mean subcatchment water percolation did not have a significant impact on the model performance.

  • 167.
    Andersson, Lotta
    et al.
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Wilk, Julie
    Graham, Phil
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Warburton, Michele
    Design and test of a model-assisted participatory process for the formulation of a local climate adaptation plan2013In: Climate and Development, ISSN 1756-5529, E-ISSN 1756-5537, Vol. 5, no 3, p. 217-228Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article presents the design and testing of a model-assisted participatory process for the formulation of a local adaptation plan to climate change. The pilot study focused on small-scale and commercial agriculture, water supply, housing, wildlife, livestock and biodiversity in the Thukela River basin, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The methodology was based on stakeholders identifying and ranking the severity of climate-related challenges, and downscaled stakeholder-identified information provided by modellers, with the aim of addressing possible changes of exposure in the future. The methodology enables the integration of model-based information with experience and visions based on local realities. It includes stakeholders' own assessments of their vulnerability to prevailing climate variability and the severity, if specified, of climate-related problems that may occur more often in the future. The methodology made it possible to identify the main issues to focus on in the adaptation plan, including barriers to adaptation. We make recommendations for how to design a model-assisted participatory process, emphasizing the need for transparency, to recognize the interests of the stakeholders, good advance planning, local relevance, involvement of local champions, and adaptation of Information material to each group's previous experience and understanding.

  • 168.
    Andersson, Lotta
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research . Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Department of Water and Environmental Studies. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Wilk, Julie
    Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research . Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Department of Water and Environmental Studies. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Graham, Phil
    n/a.
    Warburton, Michele
    n/a.
    Local assessment of vulnerability to climate change impacts on water resources in the Upper Thukela River Basin, South Africa: Recommendations for Adaptation2009Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report originates from a project entitled Participatory Modelling for Assessment of Local Impacts of Climate Variability and Change on Water Resources (PAMO), financed by the Swedish Development Agency and Research Links cooperation (NRF and the Swedish Research Council).

    The project is based on interactions between stakeholders in the Mhlwazini/Bergville area of the Thukela River basin, climate and water researchers from the University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus) and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) during a series of workshops held in 2007-2009. Between the workshops, the researcher’s compiled locally relevant climate change related information, based on requests from the workshop participants, as a basis for this adaptation plan.

    The aim is to provide a local assessment of vulnerability to climate change impacts on water resources and adaptation strategies. The assessment identifies existing climate-water related problems, current adaptation strategies and recommendations for future action based on likelihoods for change and the severity if such changes will occur.

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    Local Assessment of Vulnerability to Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in the Upper Thukela River Basin, South Africa – Recommendations for Adaptation
  • 169.
    Andersson, Lotta
    et al.
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Wilk, Julie
    Todd, Martin C.
    Hughes, Denis A.
    Earle, Anton
    Kniveton, Dominic
    Layberry, Russet
    Savenije, Hubert H. G.
    Impact of climate change and development scenarios on flow patterns in the Okavango River2006In: Journal of Hydrology, ISSN 0022-1694, E-ISSN 1879-2707, Vol. 331, no 1-2, p. 43-57Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper lays the foundation for the use of scenario modelling as a tool for integrated water resource management in the Okavango River basin. The Pitman hydrological model is used to assess the impact of various development and climate change scenarios on downstream river flow. The simulated impact on modelled river discharge of increased water use for domestic use, livestock, and informal irrigation (proportional to expected population increase) is very limited. Implementation of all likely potential formal irrigation schemes mentioned in available reports is expected to decrease the annual flow by 2% and the minimum monthly flow by 5%. The maximum possible impact of irrigation on annual average flow is estimated as 8%, with a reduction of minimum monthly flow by 17%. Deforestation of all areas within a 1 km buffer around the rivers is estimated to increase the flow by 6%. However, construction of all potential hydropower reservoirs in the basin may change the monthly mean flow distribution dramatically, although under the assumed operational rules, the impact of the dams is only substantial during wet years. The simulated impacts of climate change are considerable larger that those of the development scenarios (with exception of the high development scenario of hydropower schemes) although the results are sensitive to the choice of GCM and the IPCC SRES greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios. The annual mean water flow predictions for the period 2020-2050 averaged over scenarios from all the four GCMs used in this study are close to the present situation for both the A2 and B2 GHG scenarios. For the 2050-2080 and 2070-2099 periods the all-GCM mean shows a flow decrease of 20% (14%) and 26% (17%), respectively, for the A2 (B2) GHG scenarios. However, the uncertainty in the magnitude of simulated future changes remains high. The simulated effect of climate change on minimum monthly flow is proportionally higher than the impact on the annual mean flow. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  • 170.
    Andersson, Pia
    et al.
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Hansson, Martin
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Bjurström, Joel
    Simonsson, Daniel
    Naturtypsbestämning av miljöövervakningsstationer SMHI pelagial miljöövervakning2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Sampling stations in the national environmental monitoring in the marine environment is not defined when it comes to habitat. This means that the environmental monitoring data collected cannot be properly used in the assessments connected to the Habitats Directive or the Marine Framework Strategy Directive. SwAM has funded and commissioned SMHI to explore the possibilities to in a simple manner classify the habitats for the SMHI monitoring stations. The project was intended to test the equipment and through drop video examine if it is possible, and if so, determine habitats for the open sea stations during the expedition in December, 2016. SMHI has designed a rig and conducted sampling at 11 of 25 monitoring stations. Lighting problems and weather conditions reduced the number of sampled stations. SMHI:s opinion is that the rig, with adjusted light source, is a good tool for visual investigation of the habitats at the monitoring stations in the open sea. However, we have proposed a number of adjustments to the rig to increase the quality of the images and videos and to increase the possibility to carry out further assessments of the material. Most of the images show very fine-grained material like silt / clay. A few species have been recorded and almost no vegetation. Most of the stations did not meet the criteria for the Habitat Directive . At two stations habitat was registered as 1160 Bays and sounds, containing1110 Sandbanks. For HUB Underwater biotopes, AB.H3O Baltic aphotic muddy sediments Characterized by infaunal echinoderms was registered at the station P2 and AB.M4U Baltic aphotic mixed substrate Characterized by no macro community was registered on stations BY5 and BY4. SMHI recommends a review of the collected material together with ArtDatabanken and / or additional expert to ensure the performed assessment, to ensure recommendations and to quality control and define the material to be reported to a data host. SMHI recommend additional visual sampling of the remaining stations, as well as additional sampling on stations where the quality of the image was inadequate, or where ArtDatabanken or a possible additional expert recommend additional sampling. Additional experts may recommend adding sediment sampling to the visual method at some stations. Performing visual sampling of all 25 stations, with one landing per station, will extend the expedition with approximately 11,5-13, hours.

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  • 171.
    Andersson, Ramon
    Halmstad University.
    Hållbart jordbruk inom vattenskyddsområde: En studie om Sverige, Danmark, Frankrike och Tyskland2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    To guarantee protection of our drinking water, water catchment protections are established. These are divided into three different zones and in the first zone it is most likely that an activity, such as agriculture, will contaminate the water resource. Hence the activities are strongly regulated or banned. The EU communion is working towards a sustained water quality through several directives; Nitrate Directive, Waterframwork directives and Sustainable use of pesticide directive. The main purpose is to regulate the diffuse pollution from agriculture.This thesis is about how Denmark, Germany and France are working towards a sustainable agriculture within water protection areas. Sweden is also discussed but mainly about two different methods applied in Linköpings and Ljungbys municipalties.How the different countries work is mainly the same due to the directives. However, there are some interesting water management methods to observe such as voluntary agreements between water companies and farmers. Moreover, the sustainability perspective is approached in a larger scale where you and I as consumers also contribute via consumer-pays-principle. Therefore, we are, by our demand for water, the problem but also the solution and together we can contribute with good social, economic and ecological conditions for ourselves and the farmer.

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  • 172.
    Andersson, Sofia
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Lundkvist, Elin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Torkans effekt på dricksvattenförsörjningen i Mälarregionen: En studie om kommuners arbete med vattenfrågor utifrån erfarenheter från 20172018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this paper is to examine how municipalities in the Mälar region of Sweden were affected by the low surface and groundwater levels in the summer of 2017, how municipalities handled the situation, how they work with water related questions in their daily work and whether they had an action plan for dealing with shortage of water prior to 2017. Lastly, we also aim to compile the roles and responsibilities for different authorities when it comes to water supply. The area of study was limited to 39 municipalities in four counties: Södermanlands, Upplands, Västmanlands and Örebro county. To answer the aim, a survey was sent out to all municipalities and interviews were done with two of the municipalities. A literature study was done in order to answer the division of responsibilities between different authorities. The survey was answered by 26 municipalities. The main result we got from the survey was that even though the water levels were below normal, the municipalities didn’t experience water shortages in the extent we had expected. Five municipalities indicated that they had been affected by the water shortages. The main measure that were done was the irrigation ban. From the survey it was found that most of the municipalities were lacking action plans to deal with a water shortage situation before2017. The majority of the municipalities believe that their water supply can be affected by climate change, but only 14 indicated that they have an action plan for it. The results obtained from our interviews primarily marks the division of responsibilities for water conservation areas. As conducted from the literature study, the processes to constitute water conservation areas does not seem to be smooth and quick enough to meet the goals of sustainable and long-term water supply.

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  • 173.
    Andersson, Tomas
    Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management.
    Havsplanering: dialog med våra grannländer2014Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I juli 2014 beslutade EU om ett ramdirektiv för havsplanering (2014/89/EU). Detta innebär att alla medlemsstater ska ha utarbetat havsplaner senast 2021. Ett av syftena med direktivet är att främja sammarbete mellan medlemsstaterna. Sverige har som enda land havsgräns till samtliga länder runt Östersjön, samt Norge. De svenska havsplanerna kommer därför att behöva relateras till minst nio olika planer. Som en förberedelse för införandet av havsplanering i Sverige anordnade HaV, i september 2013, ett möte i Visby med tjänstemän från grannländer plus Åland för att diskutera havsplanering.   Baserat på resultatet från Visbymötet beslöt HaV att genomföra ett besök hos samtliga grannländer under 2014.   Resultatet av besöken är att HaV har lagt grunden till ett bra samarbetsklimat mellan ansvariga institutioner och myndigheter i respektive land och HaV. Ett förhållande som kommer att vara av stor betydelse i det fortsatta arbetet med att koordinera de svenska planerna med grannländernas planer.  HaV har också fördjupat och breddat sina kontaktytor och ökat förståelsen för processerna kopplade till havsplanering i respektive land. Man kan konstatera att genomförandet av havsplanering i de flesta länderna är väl förberett och att startpunkten för länders arbete ligger inom en snar framtid för de flesta. Besöken har också tydligt visat på att samverkan behövs. Detta bekräftas bl.a. av att det vid flera av möten framkommit att vi behöver träffas på nytt, att det behövs löpande informations- och arbetsmöten mellan tjänstemän som har ansvar för planeringsfrågor om en mellanstatlig koordinering ska komma till stånd samt att det finns en rad mellanstatliga frågor att hantera, frågor som kan vara bilaterala eller multilaterala.

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  • 174.
    Andersson, Ulla-Maria
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Physical Geography.
    Eriksson, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Physical Geography.
    Hydrochemical investigations in three representative basins in Sweden1978Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Summary

    During the IHD-period 1965—1974 chemical investigations were carried out in the three representative basins Velen, Kassjöån and Lappträsket, mainly to obtain balances of common constituents in surface waters, taking into account deposition from the atmosphere.

    As to the seasonal variation of concentrations in discharge from the basins and sub-basins it is remarkably suppressed compared to variations in discharge rates. This can be explained by the storage in lakes and as groundwater which tend to smooth rapid fluctuations in concentrations. However, it also indicates that surface run-off during snow-melt is in no way a dominant process. The largest fluctuations are found for the nitrogen compounds ammonia and nitrate where complex biological processes may at times either "fix" or release nitrogen compounds from organic matter.

    Considering balances of incoming — outflowing constituents, sulphur and nitrogen compounds always show a deficit; much more is deposited from the atmosphere than carried away from the basins by run-off. There are two possible mechanisms which explain this. One is a loss as volatile sulphur and nitrogen compounds from soils due to microbiological processes in reducing environments. The other possibility is a steady increase in soil sulphur and nitrogen (bound in organic matter) revealing an ongoing adjustment of soil sulphur and nitrogen to the increasing levels of atmospheric deposition of these.

    As to the balances of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium they indicate losses in the ground due to weathering. There are differences in the rates of weathering in the three basins which can be explained on basis of differences in the mineralogical composition of the hard rocks which are so common in Sweden. 

  • 175.
    Andin, Caroline
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Sundin, Madelene
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Jämförelse av Sveriges geologiska undersöknings och Naturvårdsverkets extraktionsmetoder för metaller i morän2013Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Sveriges geologiska undersökning, SGU, och Naturvårdsverket, NV, tillämpar sig av olika geokemiska extraktionsmetoder för att analysera jordprover. Detta görs för att undersöka metallhalter i mark. SGU använder en metod som liknar den som rekommenderas av NV, men utan lakning i tryckkärl, och det är oklart om metoderna lakar samma jordfraktion och kan jämföras. Syftet med arbetet är att fastställa om SGUs och NVs extraktionsmetoder för jordprover är jämförbara. Detta har gjorts genom en kvalitets- och regressionsanalys, samt genom en statistisk analys. Proverna kommer från tre olika områden i Sverige och de är analyserade med både fin- och grovfraktion. För att hitta relationer mellan metoderna har SGUs och NVs analysresultat kopplats till NVs riktvärden för förorenad mark. Detta gjordes för att undersöka hur pass jämförbara SGUs resultat är med NVs riktvärden. Det visade sig att SGUs och NVs extraktionsmetoder för jordprover korrelerar väl med varandra och att de har en god förklaringsgrad. Prov som analyserades efter NVs metod extraherade mer metall än SGUs metod. Dessutom lakades högre metallhalter ur prov av finare fraktion än prov av grövre fraktion. Sammanfattningsvis är alltså SGUs och NVs extraktionsmetoder jämförbara.

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  • 176.
    Andreasson, Arnold
    et al.
    Arnold Andreasson Konsult AB.
    Strömberg, Patrik
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Prager, Maria
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Nexelius, Nils
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Automatisering av nationellt dataflöde till ICES genom skördning - en förstudie2016Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    SMHI är, på uppdrag av Havs- och vattenmyndigheten (HaV), datavärd för svenska marina miljöövervakningsdata. En central del i uppdraget är att årligen rapportera nationellt insamlad data till nternationella Havsforskningsrådet, ICES.

    För biologiska data sker en årlig rapportering av data levererade från föregående års övervakning. Leveranserna sker på ett format definierat av ICES. Leveransernas innehåll valideras av SMHI mot ICES valideringstjänst DATSU via uppladdning till en webbsida. När samtliga fel är rättade skickas leveranserna till ICES via e-post.

    SMHI har fått ett uppdrag från HaV att utreda om det finns en möjlighet att låta ICES skörda data som ersättning för den nuvarande hanteringen med manuella leveranser. ICES har också ett intresse av att utreda om skördning av data är en lämplig metod för framtida inhämtande av data. ICES vill även testa möjligheterna att byta leveransformat till ett nytt XML-baserat format.

    SMHI föreslår en lösning där SMHI:s tjänst för maskin-maskin-kommunikation, SHARKdata, används. SHARKdata kommer att utökas för att kunna generera exportpaket i enlighet med ICES nya XML-baserade format. ICES har även kompletterat sin valideringstjänst DATSU med ett gränssnitt för maskin-maskinkommunikation så att man med automatik kan anropa DATSU och validera exportpaket. En prototyp har utvecklats för att visa hur SHARKdata kan användas för denna typ av hantering med skördning. I prototypen ingår även konvertering till en inledande testversion av XML-formatet för datatypen Zoobenthos.

    Det fortsatta projektet efter denna förstudie planeras som ett samarbete mellan SMHI och ICES. SMHI utvecklar fortlöpande SHARKdata i takt med att ICES släpper specifikationer på format för nya datatyper, parallellt med att data rapporteras på nuvarande sätt. Detta arbete beräknas pågå under 2016 och 2017, med varierande intensitet. Efter denna test- och utvecklingsperiod antas ICES släppa en ny version av sitt rapporteringformat och då kan SMHI gå över till det nya rapporteringssättet.

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  • 177. Andrejev, Oleg
    et al.
    Soomere, Tarmo
    Sokolov, Alexander
    Stockholm University, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Baltic Nest Institute.
    Myrberg, Kai
    Stockholm University, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Baltic Nest Institute.
    The role of the spatial resolution of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model for marine transport risk assessment2011In: Oceanologia, ISSN 0078-3234, Vol. 53, no 1, p. 309-334Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The paper addresses the sensitivity of a novel method for quantifying the environmental risks associated with the current-driven transport of adverse impacts released from offshore sources (e.g. ship traffic) with respect to the spatial resolution of the underlying hydrodynamic model. The risk is evaluated as the probability of particles released in different sea areas hitting the coast and in terms of the time after which the hit occurs (particle age) on the basis of a statistical analysis of large sets of 10-day long Lagrangian trajectories calculated for 1987-1991 for the Gulf of Finland, the Baltic Sea. The relevant 21) maps are calculated using the OAAS model with spatial resolutions of 2, 1 and 0.5 nautical miles (nm) and with identical initial, boundary and forcing conditions from the Rossby Centre 3D hydrodynamic model (RCO, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute). The spatially averaged values of the probability and particle age display hardly any dependence on the resolution. They both reach almost identical stationary levels (0.67-0.69 and ca 5.3 days respectively) after a few years of simulations. Also, the spatial distributions of the relevant fields are qualitatively similar for all resolutions. In contrast, the optimum locations for fairways depend substantially on the resolution, whereas the results for the 2 nm model differ considerably from those obtained using finer-resolution models. It is concluded that eddy-permitting models with a grid step exceeding half the local baroclinic Rossby radius are suitable for a quick check of whether or not any potential gain from this method is feasible, whereas higher-resolution simulations with eddy-resolving models are necessary for detailed planning. The asymptotic values of the average probability and particle age are suggested as an indicator of the potential gain from the method in question and also as a new measure of the vulnerability of the nearshore of water bodies to offshore traffic accidents.

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  • 178.
    André, Karin
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research . Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Department of Water and Environmental Studies. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Simonsson, Louise
    Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research . Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Department of Water and Environmental Studies. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Identification of regional stakeholders for adaptation to climate change:  2009In:  , 2009Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    To improve decisions and awareness considering climate change it is argued that stakeholder interaction and dialogue is essential. Engaging stakeholders in research on adaptation thus requires analysis of stakeholder landscape and identification of relevant actors at different levels in society. The term 'stakeholder' is broad and researchers and practitioners might have both interrelated and contrasting views on who is at stake, the need for adaptation and climate risks.

    The aim of this paper is to analyse the stakeholder landscape in a Swedish region, as part of increasing the understanding of the adaptation process. The stakeholder analysis has been initiated by the research teams through stakeholder mapping and complemented by local and regional actors' notions of who is, or should be, involved and active stakeholders in adaptation to climate change. The results indicate the importance of careful stakeholder analysis for sustainable adaptation. The actors' expert knowledge of the regions deepens the picture, show important links and gaps between different actors and illuminate unclear relationships and responsibilities as well as identify those actors who have important roles to play.

  • 179.
    Andréasson, Johan
    et al.
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Bergström, Sten
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Carlsson, Bengt
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Graham, Phil
    SMHI, Research Department, Climate research - Rossby Centre.
    Lindström, Göran
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Hydrological change - Climate change impact simulations for Sweden2004In: Ambio, ISSN 0044-7447, E-ISSN 1654-7209, Vol. 33, no 4-5, p. 228-234Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Climate change resulting from the enhanced greenhouse effect is expected to give rise to changes in hydrological systems. This hydrological change, as with the change in climate variables, will vary regionally around the globe. Impact studies at local and regional scales are needed to assess how different regions will be affected. This study focuses on assessment of hydrological impacts of climate change over a wide range of Swedish basins. Different methods of transferring the signal of climate change from climate models to hydrological models were used. Several hydrological model simulations using regional climate model scenarios from Swedish Regional Climate Modelling Programme (SWECLIM) are presented. A principal conclusion is that subregional impacts to river flow vary considerably according to whether a basin is in northern or southern Sweden. Furthermore, projected hydrological change is just as dependent on the choice of the global climate model used for regional climate model boundary conditions as the choice of anthropogenic emissions scenario.

  • 180.
    Andrén, Hanna
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences.
    Tillförlitligheten hos översvämningskartering: Utbredningsjämförelse med översvämningen i Hallsberg 20152016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
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    Tillförlitlighet översvämningskartering
  • 181.
    Andrén, Jakob
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    An Overview of State-of-the-art Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements in Coarse Grained Materials2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Embankment dams are made from soil materials of varying sizes and widely used all over the world.When constructing these, knowing the hydraulic conductivity (K) of the soil materials is a keyparameter in order to construct safe embankment dams. A knowledge gap regarding K measurementsin coarse grained soils has been identified. This thesis aims to provide a theoretical overview ofpresent day state-of-the-art methods for measuring hydraulic conductivity and the controllingcharacteristics for K. Coarse grained soils refers to a soil with the coarsest grain fraction being > 20mm and/or have a K > 10-4m/s.   It was found that the fixed wall permeameter is the most suitable laboratory method. In the field, itis possible to estimate K using tracer methods, these however show more potential for leakagepathway detection. Common for all K measurement methods are the controlling characteristics of K,grain size distribution, pore geometry, degree of compaction, particle movement and flow regime.These need to be considered when testing to produce useful measurements. If the relationshipbetween flow velocity and hydraulic head is non-linear, Darcy's law is not valid for calculating K.

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  • 182.
    Angirekula, Ravi Kumar
    Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Department of Water and Environmental Studies.
    Low-Cost treatment methods for purification of Phenolic compounds suitable for ASEAN Agro/forest Industrial Wastewater2006Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Magister), 20 points / 30 hpStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Rapid industrialization of South East Asian countries is causing severe industrial wastewater pollution. Large number of agro/forest industries such as agro-chemicals, rubber, oil palm, pulp and paper and wood preserving industries are contributing major role in industrial pollution. These industries discharging huge amounts of organic pollutants like phenolic compounds into the environment. Phenolic compounds showing significant negative impacts on water resources, aquatic life and human health. The growing problems of industrial wastewater pollution are exacerbated for many developing countries which cannot afford to construct or operate conventional wastewater treatment facilities. It has thus become imperative to develop and popularize low-cost and energy-saving technologies for wastewater treatment. Lack of treatment facilities, feeble environmental legislations and less financial resources of agro-forest industries are might be the some of causes for present situation of industrial pollution. This paper analyzed different low cost treatment methods such as stabilization ponds, constructed treatment wetlands, bioadsorbents and adsorption process on activated carbons prepared from low cost agro/forest based waste byproducts to purify the phenolic compounds present in the agro/forest industrial wastewaters. And also it analyzed the suitability of treatment methods for the circumstances and conditions of agro/forest based industries of ASEAN countries. Based on different factors such as suitability of any kind of physical, chemical and biological conditions, low cost, availability of raw material and availability land adsorption process on low cost activated carbons seem to be most promising treatment method for purification of phenols in ASEAN agro/forest industrial wastewaters.

  • 183. Archfield, Stacey A.
    et al.
    Clark, Martyn
    Arheimer, Berit
    Hay, Lauren E.
    McMillan, Hilary
    Kiang, Julie E.
    Seibert, J.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, LUVAL.
    Hakala, Kirsti
    Bock, Andrew
    Wagener, Thorsten
    Farmer, William H.
    Andreassian, Vazken
    Attinger, Sabine
    Viglione, Alberto
    Knight, Rodney
    Markstrom, Steven
    Over, Thomas
    Accelerating advances in continental domain hydrologic modeling2015In: Water resources research, ISSN 0043-1397, E-ISSN 1944-7973, Vol. 51, no 12, p. 10078-10091Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the past, hydrologic modeling of surface water resources has mainly focused on simulating the hydrologic cycle at local to regional catchment modeling domains. There now exists a level of maturity among the catchment, global water security, and land surface modeling communities such that these communities are converging toward continental domain hydrologic models. This commentary, written from a catchment hydrology community perspective, provides a review of progress in each community toward this achievement, identifies common challenges the communities face, and details immediate and specific areas in which these communities can mutually benefit one another from the convergence of their research perspectives. Those include: (1) creating new incentives and infrastructure to report and share model inputs, outputs, and parameters in data services and open access, machine-independent formats for model replication or reanalysis; (2) ensuring that hydrologic models have: sufficient complexity to represent the dominant physical processes and adequate representation of anthropogenic impacts on the terrestrial water cycle, a process-based approach to model parameter estimation, and appropriate parameterizations to represent large-scale fluxes and scaling behavior; (3) maintaining a balance between model complexity and data availability as well as uncertainties; and (4) quantifying and communicating significant advancements toward these modeling goals.

  • 184. Archfield, Stacey A.
    et al.
    Clark, Martyn
    Arheimer, Berit
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Hay, Lauren E.
    McMillan, Hilary
    Kiang, Julie E.
    Seibert, Jan
    Hakala, Kirsti
    Bock, Andrew
    Wagener, Thorsten
    Farmer, William H.
    Andreassian, Vazken
    Attinger, Sabine
    Viglione, Alberto
    Knight, Rodney
    Markstrom, Steven
    Over, Thomas
    Accelerating advances in continental domain hydrologic modeling2015In: Water resources research, ISSN 0043-1397, E-ISSN 1944-7973, Vol. 51, no 12, p. 10078-10091Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the past, hydrologic modeling of surface water resources has mainly focused on simulating the hydrologic cycle at local to regional catchment modeling domains. There now exists a level of maturity among the catchment, global water security, and land surface modeling communities such that these communities are converging toward continental domain hydrologic models. This commentary, written from a catchment hydrology community perspective, provides a review of progress in each community toward this achievement, identifies common challenges the communities face, and details immediate and specific areas in which these communities can mutually benefit one another from the convergence of their research perspectives. Those include: (1) creating new incentives and infrastructure to report and share model inputs, outputs, and parameters in data services and open access, machine-independent formats for model replication or reanalysis; (2) ensuring that hydrologic models have: sufficient complexity to represent the dominant physical processes and adequate representation of anthropogenic impacts on the terrestrial water cycle, a process-based approach to model parameter estimation, and appropriate parameterizations to represent large-scale fluxes and scaling behavior; (3) maintaining a balance between model complexity and data availability as well as uncertainties; and (4) quantifying and communicating significant advancements toward these modeling goals.

  • 185. Arciniega-Esparza, Saul
    et al.
    Birkel, Christian
    Chavarria-Palma, Andres
    Arheimer, Berit
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Agustin Brena-Naranjo, Jose
    Remote sensing-aided rainfall-runoff modeling in the tropics of Costa Rica2022In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, ISSN 1027-5606, E-ISSN 1607-7938, Vol. 26, no 4, p. 975-999Article in journal (Refereed)
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    Remote sensing-aided rainfall-runoff modeling in the tropics of Costa Rica
  • 186.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Andersson, Lotta
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Alkan-Olsson, J.
    Jonsson, A.
    Using catchment models to establish measure plans according to the Water Framework Directive2007In: Water Science and Technology, ISSN 0273-1223, E-ISSN 1996-9732, Vol. 56, no 1, p. 21-28Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A participatory modelling process (DEMO) has been developed and applied in a 350 km(2) catchment in southern Sweden. The overall goal is to improve the dialogues between experts and local stakeholders by using numerical models as a platform for discussions. The study is focused on reducing nutrient load and on the development of a locally established measure plan, which is requested by the European Water Framework Directive. The HBV-NP model was chosen as it can calculate effects and costs for different allocations of several combined measures in a catchment. This paper shows the impact of including local data in the modelling process vs. using more general data. It was found that modelled diffuse nutrient pollution was highly modified when including local know-how, soft information and more detailed field investigations. Leaching from arable land was found to be 35% higher using more detailed information on for instance, agricultural practices, crop and soil distribution. Moreover, the stakeholders' acceptance of model results and reliance on experts was increased by applying the participatory process and involving stakeholders in the modelling procedure.

  • 187.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Andersson, Lotta
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Larsson, M
    Lindström, Göran
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Olsson, Jonas
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Pers, Charlotta
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Modelling diffuse nutrient flow in eutrophication control scenarios2004In: Water Science and Technology, ISSN 0273-1223, E-ISSN 1996-9732, Vol. 49, no 3, p. 37-45Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish Water Management Research Programme (VASTRA) focuses on the development and demonstration of tools for more efficient eutrophication control when implementing the EU water framework directive in Sweden. During the first half of the programme, models for nitrogen flow were developed, and at present, similar models for phosphorus are under construction (e.g. HBV-P). The programme is interdisciplinary, and scientists are collaborating in actor-games and focus group evaluations including scenario analysis. The scenarios modelled in VASTRA phase 1, show that (i) changed agricultural practices can be the most effective and-least expensive way to reduce nitrogen transport from land to, the sea; (ii) constructed agricultural wetlands may only have small impact on riverine nitrogen transport in some regions, due to natural hydrometeorological dynamics; (iii) removing planktivorous fish may be an efficient way of reducing the algal concentrations in lakes without the undesired side-effect of increased nutrient load to the down-stream river system. In VASTRA phase 11, one of the highlights will be interdisciplinary scenario-modelling of different measure strategies in a pilot catchment of southern Sweden (Ronne a).

  • 188.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Andreasson, Johan
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Fogelberg, S
    Johnsson, H
    Pers, Charlotta
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Persson, K
    Climate change impact on water quality: Model results from southern Sweden2005In: Ambio, ISSN 0044-7447, E-ISSN 1654-7209, Vol. 34, no 7, p. 559-566Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Starting from six regional climate change scenarios, nitrogen leaching from arable-soil, water discharge, and nitrogen retention was modeled in the Ronnea catchment. Additionally, biological response was modeled in the eutrophic Lake Ringsjon. The results are compared with similar studies on other catchments. All scenarios gave similar impact on water quality but varied in quantities. However, one scenario resulted in a different transport pattern due to less-pronounced seasonal variations in the hydrology. On average, the study shows that, in a future climate, we might expect: i) increased concentrations of nitrogen in the arable root zone (+50%) and in the river (+13%); ii) increased annual load of nitrogen from land to sea (+22%) due to more pronounced winter high flow; moreover, remote areas in the catchment may start to contribute to the outlet load; iii) radical changes in lake biochemistry with increased concentrations of total phosphorus (+50%), total nitrogen (+20%), and planktonic algae such as cyanobacteria (+80%).

  • 189.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Brandt, Maja
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Modelling nitrogen transport and retention in the catchments of southern Sweden1998In: Ambio, ISSN 0044-7447, E-ISSN 1654-7209, Vol. 27, no 6, p. 471-480Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Baltic Sea is suffering from eutrophication and attempts are being made to reduce nutrient loads. This article focuses on nitrogen transport from southern Sweden (145 000 km(2)), and presents a model approach (HBV-N) that has been used in the national decision-making process for best management practices. Calculations of nitrogen leaching, retention in the freshwater system, net transport to the sea, and source apportionment are presented for the period 1985-1994. Input data were handled in GIS, including results from SOIL-N and MATCH. Daily simulations were made in 3725 subbasins with calibration against measured time series at 722 sites. Diffuse source pollution was normally retained by 10-25% before entering the river network. Lakes normally reduced nitrogen transport by 30-40 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) of lake area. On average, 45% of the annual gross load was reduced during transport, but temporal and spatial variations were great. 75 000 tonnes N yr(-1) reached the sea.

  • 190.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Brandt, Maja
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Watershed modelling of nonpoint nitrogen losses from arable land to the Swedish coast in 1985 and 19942000In: Ecological Engineering: The Journal of Ecotechnology, ISSN 0925-8574, E-ISSN 1872-6992, Vol. 14, no 4, p. 389-404Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Eutrophication problems in the Baltic Sea have drawn attention to the contribution of nutrients from surrounding countries. By using the HBV-N model in southern Sweden (145 000 km(2)) daily nitrogen leaching, reduction in rivers and lakes, net transport to the sea and source apportionment have been calculated in 3725 subbasins for the period 1985-1994, with calibration at 722 sites against measured time series. On average, 48% of the nonpoint losses from agriculture were reduced during the transport towards the sea, which left about 33 500 tonnes in annual mean net transport. This represents 45% of the total land-based load. Land cover and emissions for the years of 1985 and 1994 were used in two separate simulations of the 10-year period. The normalized gross leakage from arable land in 1985 was estimated to 29 kg N ha(-1) year(-1), which corresponds to 15 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) in net leakage to the sea. In 1994 these transports were reduced by 20 and 15%, and thereby the total load on the sea was decreased by 7%. This is still far from the Swedish goal of 50% reduction. The article presents the spatial variation of nitrogen leakage and retention within the southern half of Sweden, and emphasizes the importance of allocating measures where down-stream retention is low in order to achieve efficiency with respect to the sea. It is shown that the model approach may be used in the decision making process for best management practices in watersheds. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

  • 191.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Dahne, Joel
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Donnelly, Chantal
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Climate Change Impact on Riverine Nutrient Load and Land-Based Remedial Measures of the Baltic Sea Action Plan2012In: Ambio, ISSN 0044-7447, E-ISSN 1654-7209, Vol. 41, no 6, p. 600-612Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To reduce eutrophication of the Baltic Sea, all nine surrounding countries have agreed upon reduction targets in the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP). Yet, monitoring sites and model concepts for decision support are few. To provide one more tool for analysis of water and nutrient fluxes in the Baltic Sea basin, the HYPE model has been applied to the region (called Balt-HYPE). It was used here for experimenting with land-based remedial measures and future climate projections to quantify the impacts of these on water and nutrient loads to the sea. The results suggest that there is a possibility to reach the BSAP nutrient reduction targets by 2100, and that climate change may both aggravate and help in some aspects. Uncertainties in the model results are large, mainly due to the spread of the climate model projections, but also due to the hydrological model.

  • 192.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Dahne, Joel
    SMHI, Professional Services.
    Donnelly, Chantal
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Lindström, Göran
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Strömqvist, Johan
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Water and nutrient simulations using the HYPE model for Sweden vs. the Baltic Sea basin - influence of input-data quality and scale2012In: HYDROLOGY RESEARCH, ISSN 1998-9563, Vol. 43, no 4, p. 315-329Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Water resource management is often based on numerical models, and large-scale models are sometimes used for international strategic agreements. Sometimes the modelled area entails several political entities and river basins. To avoid methodological bias in results, methods and databases should be homogenous across political and geophysical boundaries, but this may involve fewer details and more assumptions. This paper quantifies the uncertainty when the same model code is applied using two different input datasets; a more detailed one for the country of Sweden (S-HYPE) and a more general one for the entire Baltic Sea basin (Balt-HYPE). Results from the two model applications were compared for the Swedish landmass and for two specific Swedish river basins. The results show that both model applications may be useful in providing spatial information of water and nutrients at various scales. For water discharge, most relative errors are <10% for S-HYPE and <25% for Balt-HYPE. Both applications reproduced the most mean concentration for nitrogen within 25% of the observed mean values, but phosphorus showed a larger scatter. Differences in model set-up were reflected in the simulation of both spatial and temporal dynamics. The most sensitive data were precipitation/temperature, agriculture and model parameter values.

  • 193.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Donnelly, Chantal
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Lindström, Göran
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Regulation of snow-fed rivers affects flow regimes more than climate change2017In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 8, article id 62Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 194.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Hjerdt, Niclas
    SMHI, Core Services.
    Lindström, Göran
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Artificially Induced Floods to Manage Forest Habitats Under Climate Change2018In: Frontiers in Environmental Science, E-ISSN 2296-665X, Vol. 6, article id 102Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 195.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Lidén, R.
    SMHI.
    Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations from agricultural catchments - influence of spatial and temporal variables2000In: Journal of Hydrology, ISSN 0022-1694, E-ISSN 1879-2707, Vol. 227, no 1-4, p. 140-159Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The eutrophication problem has drawn attention to nutrient leaching from arable land in southern Sweden, and further understanding of spatial and temporal variability is needed in order to develop decision-making tools. Thus, the influence of spatial and temporal variables was analysed statistically using empirical time series of different nutrient species from 35 well-documented catchments (2-35 km(2)), which have been monitored for an average of 5 years. In the spatial analysis several significant correlations between winter median concentrations and catchment characteristics were found. The strongest correlation was found between inorganic nitrogen and land use, while concentrations of different phosphorus species were highly correlated to soil texture. Multiple linear regression models gave satisfactory results for prediction of median winter concentrations in unmeasured catchments, especially for inorganic nitrogen and phosphate. In the analysis of temporal variability within catchments, internal variables from a dynamic hydrological model (HBV) were linked to concentration fluxes. It was found that phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen concentrations were elevated during flow increase at low-Bow conditions, while they were diluted as the wetness in the catchment increased. During unmonitored periods regression models were successful in predicting temporal variability of total phosphorus, phosphate and inorganic nitrogen, while organic nitrogen and particulate phosphorus could not be predicted with this approach. Dividing the data into different flow categories did not improve the prediction of nutrient concentration dynamics. The results and literature review presented, confirm parts of the present HBV-W model approach and will be useful for further development of nutrient routines linked to dynamic hydrological models. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

  • 196.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Lindström, Göran
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Climate impact on floods: changes in high flows in Sweden in the past and the future (1911-2100)2015In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, ISSN 1027-5606, E-ISSN 1607-7938, Vol. 19, no 2, p. 771-784Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is an ongoing discussion whether floods occur more frequently today than in the past, and whether they will increase in number and magnitude in the future. To explore this issue in Sweden, we merged observed time series for the past century from 69 gauging sites throughout the country (450 000 km(2)) with high-resolution dynamic model projections of the upcoming century. The results show that the changes in annual maximum daily flows in Sweden oscillate between dry and wet periods but exhibit no significant trend over the past 100 years. Temperature was found to be the strongest climate driver of changes in river high flows, which are related primarily to snowmelt in Sweden. Annual daily high flows may decrease by on average -1% per decade in the future, mainly due to lower peaks from snowmelt in the spring (-2% per decade) as a result of higher temperatures and a shorter snow season. In contrast, autumn flows may increase by + 3% per decade due to more intense rainfall. This indicates a shift in floodgenerating processes in the future, with greater influence of rain-fed floods. Changes in climate may have a more significant impact on some specific rivers than on the average for the whole country. Our results suggest that the temporal pattern in future daily high flow in some catchments will shift in time, with spring floods in the northern-central part of Sweden occurring about 1 month earlier than today. High flows in the southern part of the country may become more frequent. Moreover, the current boundary between snow-driven floods in northern-central Sweden and rain-driven floods in the south may move toward higher latitudes due to less snow accumulation in the south and at low altitudes. The findings also indicate a tendency in observations toward the modeled projections for timing of daily high flows over the last 25 years. Uncertainties related to both the observed data and the complex model chain of climate impact assessments in hydrology are discussed.

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  • 197.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Lindström, Göran
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Detecting Changes in River Flow Caused by Wildfires, Storms, Urbanization, Regulation, and Climate Across Sweden2019In: Water resources research, ISSN 0043-1397, E-ISSN 1944-7973Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 198.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Lindström, Göran
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Olsson, Jonas
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    A systematic review of sensitivities in the Swedish flood-forecasting system2011In: Atmospheric research, ISSN 0169-8095, E-ISSN 1873-2895, Vol. 100, no 2-3, p. 275-284Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Since the early 1970s operational flood forecasts in Sweden have been based on the hydrological HBV model. However, the model is only one component in a chain of processes for production of hydrological forecasts. During the last 35 years there has been considerable work on improving different parts of the forecast procedure and results from specific studies have been reported frequently. Yet, the results have not been compared in any overall assessment of potential for improvements. Therefore we formulated and applied a method for translating results from different studies to a common criterion of error reduction. The aim was to quantify potential improvements in a systems perspective and to identify in which part of the production chain efforts would result in significantly better forecasts. The most sensitive (> 20% error reduction) components were identified for three different operational-forecast types. From the analyses of historical efforts to minimise the errors in the Swedish flood-forecasting system, it was concluded that 1) general runoff simulations and predictions could be significantly improved by model structure and calibration, model equations (e.g. evapotranspiration expression), and new precipitation input using radar data as a complement to station gauges; 2) annual spring-flood forecasts could be significantly improved by better seasonal meteorological forecast, fresh re-calibration of the hydrological model based on long time-series, and data assimilation of snow-pack measurements using georadar or gamma-ray technique; 3) short-term (2 days) forecasts could be significantly improved by up-dating using an auto-regressive method for discharge, and by ensembles of meteorological forecasts using the median at occasions when the deterministic forecast is out of the ensemble range. The study emphasises the importance of continuously evaluating the entire production chain to search for potential improvements of hydrological forecasts in the operational environment. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  • 199.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Lowgren, M
    Pers, Charlotta
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Rosberg, Jörgen
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Integrated catchment modeling for nutrient reduction: Scenarios showing impacts, potential, and cost of measures2005In: Ambio, ISSN 0044-7447, E-ISSN 1654-7209, Vol. 34, no 7, p. 513-520Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A hydrological-based model (HBV-NP) was applied to a catchment (1900 km(2)) in the southern part of Sweden. Careful characterization of the present load situation and the potential for improved treatment or reduced soil leaching were analyzed. Several scenarios were modeled to find strategies to reach the Swedish environmental goals of reducing anthropogenic nitrogen load by 30% and phosphorus load by 20%. It was stated that the goals could be reached by different approaches that would affect different polluters and social sectors. However, no single measure was enough by itself. Instead, a combination of measures was necessary to achieve the goals. The nitrogen goal was the most difficult to attain. In order to be cost-effective, these measures should be applied to areas contributing the most to the net loading of the sea. This strategy could reduce the costs by 70%-80% when compared with implementing the measures in the entire catchment. Integrated catchment models may thus be helpful tools for reducing costs in environmental control programs.

  • 200.
    Arheimer, Berit
    et al.
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Nilsson, Johanna
    Lindström, Göran
    SMHI, Research Department, Hydrology.
    Experimenting with Coupled Hydro-Ecological Models to Explore Measure Plans and Water Quality Goals in a Semi-Enclosed Swedish Bay2015In: Water, E-ISSN 2073-4441, Vol. 7, no 7, p. 3906-3924Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Measure plans are currently being developed for the Water Framework Directive (WFD) by European water authorities. In Sweden, such plans include measures for good ecological status in the coastal ecosystem. However, the effect of suggested measures is not yet known. We therefore experimented with different nutrient reduction measures on land and in the sea, using a model system of two coupled dynamic models for a semi-enclosed bay and its catchment. The science question was whether it is worthwhile to implement measures in the local catchment area to reach local environmental goals, or if the status of the Bay is more governed by the water exchange with the Sea. The results indicate that by combining several measures in the catchment, the nutrient load can be reduced by 15%-20%. To reach the same effect on nutrient concentrations in the Bay, the concentrations of the sea must be reduced by 80%. Hence, in this case, local measures have a stronger impact on coastal water quality. The experiment also show that the present targets for good ecological status set up by the Swedish water authorities may be unrealistic for this Bay. Finally, we discuss when and how to use hydro-ecological models for societal needs.

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