Objectives: The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of maternal hyperglycemia in pregnancy on the duration of active labor, to evaluate indications for cesarean section and further, to examine cut-offs for gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis based on capillary sampling.
Material and methods: Study I was a cross-sectional study on diagnostic accuracy performed at an antenatal care clinic at the University Hospital in Linköping, Sweden. The study included 175 women undergoing an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and aimed to compare capillary and venous sampling in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using Accu-Chek Inform II.
Studies II and III were population-based, nationwide, Swedish register studies using data from the Swedish Pregnancy Register (SPR). In these, 247 524 primiparous women who delivered a singleton fetus, ≥34+0 (completed gestational weeks + additional days) with a cephalic presentation between 1 January 2014 and 30 May 2020 and had their data available in the SPR were included. Time in active labor was compared between women with GDM and women without diabetes (study II) and between women with type 1 diabetes and women without diabetes (study III) using Kaplan- Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis.
In study III, we also evaluated indications for elective and emergency cesarean section (CS) in women with type 1 diabetes and women without diabetes.
Results: In study I, the cut-offs for a GDM diagnosis using capillary samples were corrected from 5.1 to 5.3 mmol/L for the fasting sample, from 10.0 to 11.1 mmol/L for the 1 h sample and from 8.5 to 9.4 mmol/L for the 2 h sample using half of the dataset. Applying these cut-offs to the remaining dataset resulted in a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 85.0%, 95.0% and 90.3% respectively, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 83%, a negative predictive value (NPV) of 96% and a positive likelihood ratio (LHR) of 16.4 using capillary sampling for the GDM diagnosis at fasting and 2-h.
In study II, women with GDM had a significantly longer time in active labor, both with a spontaneous onset and induction of labor compared to women without diabetes. Women with GDM also had a decreased chance of vaginal delivery at a certain time-point compared to women without diabetes, with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 0.92 (0.88- 0.96) and 0.83 (0.76-0.90) for those with spontaneous onset and induction of labor respectively. Women with GDM had an increased risk for time in active labor ≥12 h both in spontaneous labor onset (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.14 (1.04-1.25)) and in induction of labor (aOR 1.55 (1.28-1.87)).
Women with type 1 diabetes had a significantly longer time in active labor, both in spontaneous onset and induced labor compared to women without diabetes. They also had a decreased chance of vaginal delivery at a certain time-point compared to women without diabetes with an aHR of 0.65 (0.60-0.70). The total rate of CS was 34.6% in the group of women with type 1 diabetes and 9.5% in the group of women without diabetes (both elective and emergency CS). The most common indication for elective CS among women with type 1 diabetes was suspected macrosomia (50.4%) whereas the corresponding number was 8.7% among women without diabetes. For emergency CS, the most common indication was fetal distress in women with type 1 diabetes (31.9%) and the corresponding number in women without diabetes was 35.9%.
Conclusions: Regarding the diagnosis of GDM, we propose that capillary fasting and 2-hour post-prandial glucose samples, analyzed using the Accu-Chek Inform II system, could be used for the diagnosis of GDM during pregnancy. This approach would involve the use of adjusted cut-off values and demonstrates an acceptable level of accuracy within an antenatal care setting. It is imperative to obtain duplicate samples in order to maintain adequate precision. Furthermore, it is advisable to continue with the OGTT when the fasting samples fall within the normal range, as this leads to a greater number of women receiving a GDM diagnosis.
Regarding time in active labor, both women with GDM and type 1 diabetes seemed to spend a longer time in active labor and were less likely to have a vaginal delivery at any given time compared to their non-diabetic counterparts. In order to customize and individualize intrapartum care, it is imperative to conduct further investigations that illustrate the influence of hyperglycemia in pregnancy on the duration of active labor and on the outcomes during childbirth. In subsequent studies, it will be determined whether the observed difference in the duration of active labor, as indicated in the current studies, remains consistent when employing new definitions of active labor and labor progression.
Suspected fetal macrosomia is the main reason for elective CS among women with type I diabetes and needs to be addressed further.