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  • 1. Bravaglieri, Simona
    et al.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Cold war, hot heritage?: Making new meanings out of demilitarised Cold War landscapes2020In: ACHS Virtual Conference 12th August - 8th September 2020. Book of Abstracts and Virtual Conference Programme Book, London, 2020, p. 632-633Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cold war, hot heritage? Making new meanings out of demilitarised Cold War landscapes

    The Cold War (1947–1989) legacy poses great challenges in how societies choose to handle memories of impor- tant aspects of their recent past. In many parts of the world, military installations were built in preparation for the eventuality of global conflict, but few of them will, in reality, be preserved as memories of this age. They are simply too many. This paper focuses on how military bases in Italy and Sweden may be understood as a tangible heritage of the Cold War. Looking at the possible futures of decommissioned Cold War military bases, we could, therefore, challenge the Authorized Heritage Discourse of looking at these places solely as potential museums. Instead, we should try to understand the wider implication of such places in contemporary society, and in what ways they can be understood as heritage. Processes are working against heritage-making here, as the risk of a “new” cold war following worsened international relations may make some of these structures interesting for defensive purposes yet again, turning them back into inaccessible places effectively cutting them off from public discourse and engagement. In parallel, the initiatives of local communities, opening up these complexes for new uses and creative solutions, give a new shape to the heritage-making as an active process of (re-)gaining the power of communities over a place, bridging from the generations who have the first-hand experience of the conflict to younger generations. The paper will discuss what these processes look like today in the two countries.

  • 2.
    Bravaglieri, Simona
    et al.
    Conservazione dei Beni Architettonici, Politecnico di Milano.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Ristic, Mirjana
    Department of History and Social Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany.
    Kosovo: Quelle statue che dividono2018In: Ananke 83: Idoli infranti: Intollerances 2017 / [ed] Marco Dezzi Bardeschi, Milano: Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento ABC , 2018, p. 24-25Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    The use of monuments in urban space is often bounded to political power and social hierarchy; through spatial distribution, form and meanings of public statues one social group can convey political myths and stabilize or legitimize political authority. In Mitrovica, the divided city of Kosovo, since the conflict of 1999, and during the apartheid-like regime preceding it, uses of the past became more and more entangled with present-day political objectives connected to territory and national identity. here different interpretations of the past are manifested in public space by Kosovo Serbs and Kosovo Albanians. 

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  • 3.
    Brosché, Johan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Peace and Conflict Research.
    Kreutz, Joakim
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Peace and Conflict Research.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Kulturarv i skottgluggen2016Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    ANALYS Den Islamiska staten attacker mot Palmyra och andra kulturarv i Syrien och Irak har fått stor uppmärksamhet i internationella medier. Men attacker mot kulturarv i väpnade konflikter är inte unikt för IS, och dessa attacker kan ha en rad olika syften. Det skriver Johan Brosché, Joakim Kreutz och Mattias Legner utifrån ett nytt tvärvetenskapligt forskningsprojekt.

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  • 4.
    Brosché, Johan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Peace and Conflict Research.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    Kreutz, Joakim
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Peace and Conflict Research. Department of Political Science, Stockholm university, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Ijla, Akram
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Heritage under Attack: motives for targeting cultural property during armed conflict2017In: International Journal of Heritage Studies (IJHS), ISSN 1352-7258, E-ISSN 1470-3610, Vol. 23, no 3, p. 248-260Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although attacks on cultural property have caused international outcry,our understanding of this phenomenon is still limited. In particular, littleresearch has been directed towards exploring the motivations for suchattacks. Therefore, we ask: What are the motives for attacking sites, buildingsor objects representing cultural heritage? By combining insights from peaceand conflict research with findings from heritage studies we present atypology of motivations for attacking cultural property. We identify four,not mutually exclusive, broad groups of motives: (i) attacks related to conflictgoals, in which cultural property is targeted because it is connected to theissue the warring parties are fighting over (ii), military-strategic attacks, inwhich the main motivation is to win tactical advantages in the conflict (iii),signalling attacks, in which cultural property is targeted as a low-risk targetthat signals the commitment of the aggressor, and (iv) economic incentiveswhere cultural property provides funding for warring parties. Our typologyoffers a theoretical structure for research about why, when, and by whom,cultural property is targeted. This is not only likely to provide academicbenefits, but also to contribute to the development of more effective toolsfor the protection of cultural property during armed conflict.

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  • 5.
    Broström, Tor
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Det byggda kulturarvet: Energi och klimat2020In: Att vårda ett hus: Byggnadsvård på Gotland / [ed] Cathrin Emdén, Visby: Gotlands museum , 2020, p. 78-89Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 6.
    Broström, Tor
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    Inneklimat i kyrkor förr och nu2014In: Från Gutabygd 2014, Visby: Gotlands Hembygdsförbunds förlag , 2014, p. 117-138Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
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  • 7.
    Bylund Melin, Charlotta
    et al.
    Göteborgs universitet.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History. Uppsala universitet.
    The relationship between heating energy and cumulative damage to painted wood in historic churches2014In: Journal of the Institute of Conservation, no 3, p. 94-109Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Existing research on climate-induced damage needs to be verified by actual observations in authentic environments. This article suggests a complementary method to relate the historic and present indoor climate to damage on painted wooden objects in historic churches. Energy consumption, as revealed by archival sources, is used as a substitute for climate records, on the assumption that higher temperature and therefore lower relative humidity will occur more frequently in churches with greater expenses for fuel. The quantified energy consumption is related to damage of wood and the painted layers of pulpits in 16 churches. There is a slight correlation between damage to the paint on the pulpits and energy released in the churches. However larger populations are needed for this type of enquiry to be further developed and extended. 

  • 8.
    Bylund Melin, Charlotte
    et al.
    Göteborg University.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment.
    Quantification, the link to relate climate-induced damage to indoor environments in historic buildings2013In: Climate for collections: Standards and uncertainties: Postprints of the Munich Climate Conference 7 to 9 November 2012 / [ed] Jonathan Ashley-Smith, Andreas Burmester and Melanie Eibl, 2013, p. 311-323Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper describes and applies a method to quantify and related damage of painted wooden pulpits in 16 churches in Gotland, Sweden, to both the current and the historical indoor climate of the twentieth century. In addition, it demonstrates that the energy used to heat a church in the past can be measured and the study alsopoints towards a relationship between damage and heat output. The results suggest that more damage is present in churches with a higher heat output and there is increased damage in churches using background heating compared to churches that do not. However, the method needs to be improved and a larger population is required to validate these results.

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  • 9.
    Eriksdotter, Gunhild
    et al.
    Freelance researcher.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    Indoor climate and thermal comfort from a long-term perspective: Burmeister House in Visby, Sweden c. 1650-19002015In: Home Cultures, ISSN 1740-6315, E-ISSN 1751-7427, Vol. 12, no 1, p. 29-53Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article discusses how a Swedish wooden burgher house, the mid-1660s Burmeister House, was adapted over the course of 250 years to satisfy ever-changing expectations of thermal comfort. The investigation is based on the climatic conditions of the Nordic Region, where the issue of thermal comfort is crucial when attempting to understand the development of indoor environments. The article explores how spatiality, heating, and interior decor and furnishing operated and affected the inhabitants’ experiences of indoor climate and thermal comfort. The results show that Burmeister House followed a general pattern of improvement, especially with regard to innovations in heating. Burmeister House ceased to be a private residence when it was restored and turned into a historic house museum. Rather than revealing its history, restorations carried out in the twentieth century worked to conceal or remove most of the building’s more recent history. As a consequence, the house has become more difficult to use since it can no longer be efficiently heated. 

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  • 10.
    Femenias, Paula
    et al.
    Univ Technol Chalmers, Dept Architecture & Genie Civil, Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Peter, Sanja
    Musee Ville Göteborg, Patrimoine, Gothenburg, Sweden..
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Modern heritage and housing renovation: Policy development and practical experiences from Gothenburg, Sweden2023In: In Situ: Revue de Patrimoines, ISSN 1630-7305, no 49Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Post-war housing stocks have been in focus for modernisation and transformation since the 1980s. Technical deficiencies and social problems related to exclusion and segregation have been arguments for investments. The architecture has been seen as part of the problem and alterations to its character have been important in finding solutions. Lately, policy for energy efficient renovation and decarbonisation of the housing sector has put the modern housing stock in focus again. With reference to the lack of common appreciation and understanding of the historical and cultural value of the post-war housing, this paper discusses current policy and its implementation. The paper begins by looking at Gothenburg, the second largest city in Sweden. The development of a Modern Historical Environment program is presented with its application in three examples of housing. These cases exemplify the opportunities and consequences of modernisation and energy renovation on modern heritage. The designation of modern built heritage differs from the designation of older constructions due to its scale and volume. Designating an object refers, on the one hand, to recognising an example of a specific building type and construction methods and, on the other, to its socio-historical context. Thus, both tangible and intangible values are acknowledged. Modern heritage is characterised by its resilience to alterations and allows layers of change to be included, informing about historical events.

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  • 11. Femenías, Paula
    et al.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    How well do policies for energy efficiency and heritage values in the Swedish housing stock work2021In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 863 012027, 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper investigates how societal goals of heritage conservation and energy efficiency are handled in the management of Swedish multi-residential buildings. Interviews were made with larger owners of multi-residential stocks, and their perspectives are compared to officials at the City Planning Offices in two Swedish municipalities: Göteborg and Gotland. The questions posed are: How is heritage prioritised in relation to increased energy efficiency, climate impact and other objectives such as cost-efficiency? How important are their internal policies in comparison with external policies imposed by society? The companies express that they are proud of the heritage of their building stock, but they have not integrated heritage values in their management plans and strategies. Social issues such as safety and well-being are included, but not heritage. A consequence of this lack of systematic consideration of heritage is that measures for increased energy efficiency may conflict with conservation needs. In order for heritage values to be taken more seriously in relation to energy efficiency they would need to be integrated into such plans. The benefit from integrating heritage values in sustainable housing management is a question that should be further studied. The paper refers to SDGs 3, 11 and 13.

  • 12.
    Femenías, Paula
    et al.
    Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology.
    Peter, Sanja
    Gothenburg City Museum.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Patrimoine contemporain et rénovation delogements: élaboration de politiques etexpériences pratiques à Göteborg (Suède)2023In: In Situ: Revue de Patrimoines, ISSN 1630-7305, Vol. 49, p. 1-21Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Post-war housing stocks have been in focus for modernisation and transformation since the 1980s. Technical deficiencies and social problems related to exclusion and segregation have been arguments for investments. The architecture has been seen as part of the problem and alterations to its character have been important in finding solutions. Lately, policy for energy efficient renovation and decarbonisation of the housing sector has put the modern housing stock in focus again. With reference to the lack of common appreciation and understanding of the historical and cultural value of the post-war housing, this paper discusses current policy and its implementation. 

    The paper begins by looking at Gothenburg, the second largest city in Sweden. The development of a Modern Historical Environment program is presented with its application in three examples of housing. These cases exemplify the opportunities and consequences of modernisation and energy renovation on modern heritage. The designation of modern built heritage differs from the designation of older constructions due to its scale and volume. Designating an object refers, on the one hand, to recognising an example of a specific building type and construction methods and, on the other, to its socio-historical context. Thus, both tangible and intangible values are acknowledged. Modern heritage is characterised by its resilience to alterations and allows layers of change to be included, informing about historical events.

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  • 13.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    100 svenska år2000In: Historisk Tidskrift, no 3Article, book review (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Anmälan av Olle Hägers och Hans Villius seminarium "100 svenska år" på Stockholms universitet år 2000.

  • 14.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    1700-talets ortsbeskrivningar2017In: Läroverkssamlingen i ljuset: Almedalsbibliotekets äldre samling / [ed] Maja Markhouss, Uppsala: Uppsala universitetsbibliotek , 2017, 1, p. 15-21Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Eighteenth century topographical descriptions

     

    The gymnasium library in Visby contains a number of volumes from the time before 1800 describing places (parishes, towns, counties) in Sweden. These topographical descriptions cover topics such as the landscape, customs, history and economic development. In the eighteenth century writing such descriptions became a popular pastime among priests and burghers, and it was seen as an appropriate topic for university students writing their thesis. In the course of the century more than 300 such descriptions were printed in Sweden (including Finland). Some of these descriptions are found in this collection, and three of them are dealt with in the article. The first one was a description of Uppsala and its environs authored by the royal antiquarian Johan Peringskiöld in the early eighteenth century, focusing entirely on the antiquities of the place. The second description was one of the antiquities of Gotland, written in 1730s and 1740s by the superintendent Jöran Wallin. The third one is an account of the county Stora Kopparberg from 1757, written by the merchant Abraham Abrahamsson Hülphers who also published an extensive description of northern Sweden.  

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  • 15.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment.
    1700-talets ortsbeskrivningar: nationellt projekt eller lokalt identitetsskapande? En undersökning av svenska och finska stadsbeskrivningar2000In: Historisk tidskrift, ISSN 0345-469X, Vol. 120, no 4, p. 527-555Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 16.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    1900-talet öppnade ögonen för klimatet2006In: Svenska DagbladetArticle, book review (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    KLIMATHISTORIA. Den politiska frågan om klimatet och människans påverkan har blivit allt mer central. Forskningen har utvecklats enormt under de senaste 100 åren, men någon lätt överskådlig lösning finns ännu inte.

  • 17.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    1900-talet öppnade ögonen för klimatet2017In: Rivstart: B2 + C1 Textbok / [ed] Paula Levy Scherrer, Karl Lindemalm, Stockholm: Natur och kultur, 2017, 1, p. 260-265Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 18.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment.
    A Quest for New Charters: Argumentation and Justification in Swedish and Finnish Town Histories from the Eighteenth Century2004In: Das Bild und die Wahrnehmung der Stadt und der Städtischen Gesellschaft im Hanseraum im Mittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit / [ed] Roman Czaja, Torun: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika , 2004, p. 247-257Chapter in book (Refereed)
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  • 19.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment.
    Abraham Abrahamsson Hülphers och 1700-talets ortsbeskrivningar2010Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I den traditionella bilden av hur Sverige som land och kultur utforskades börjar resan under 1800-talets senare hälft med Artur Hazelius och Bror Emil Hildebrand, som representerar två olika ben i den svenska kulturarvsforskningens historia. Hazelius, Nordiska Museets skapare, står i den traditionen för folklivsforskningens framväxt och Hildebrand, som representerade Statens historiska museum, för den vetenskapliga arkeologisk-historiska forskningens framväxt.

    Detta är i någon mån sant, men lika sant är att det finns en intressant förhistoria till 1800-talets forskningar. Det fanns en mångfald personer som särskilt under1700-talets andra hälft intresserade sig för folklig kultur och traditioner, och som skrev ned sina tolkningar i så kallade ortsbeskrivningar. Dessa beskrivningar var oftast avgränsade till kulturyttringar i en stad, socken, ett län eller landskap. Det handlade i hög grad om ekonomiska förhållanden – egendom och arbete– men också om fornminnen, dialekter, klädedräkt, byggnadstradition och märkvärdiga händelser. Drygt 300 av dessa beskrivningar trycktes också och spreds under 1700-talet, en rörelse som jag kartlagt och beskrivit i min avhandling Fäderneslandets rätta beskrivning från 2004. Ytterligare ett omfattande men inte närmare känt antal beskrivningar trycktes aldrig men har bevarats i offentliga arkiv och samlingar.

    1700-talets beskrivningsprojekt förebådade det följande seklets mer systematiska utforskningar av svensk folkkultur, men det är fortfarande dåligt känt även bland personal på museer, bibliotek och arkiv med ansvar för bevarande av regionaltkulturarv. Den här skriften är ett försök att belysa de ideologiska sammanhang som litteraturen tillkom i. Särskilt det sista kapitlet, där jag för in kulturgeografisk och konstvetenskapligteori i tolkningarna, har tillkommit efter avhandlingen men även delar av kapitlet om Hülphers som författare och en del nya exempel på vad som behandlades i ortsbeskrivningarna (se första kapitlet).

    Boken är upplagd så att först kommer ett inledande kort kapitel där den tidigare forskningen belyses, och där jag också ger två exempel på hur den ortsbeskrivande litteraturen såg ut. I det andra kapitlet beskrivs den så kallade hushållningsideologin som färgade många ortsbeskrivningar. Författarna drevs av en vilja att förbättra den lokala ekonomin, och i förlängningen även den nationella, på olika sätt. Det tredje kapitlet är en studie av 1700-talets mest tongivande topografiska författare Abraham Abrahamsson Hülphers. Där skildras hur han som ung företog en omfattande resa genom Dalarna som sedan blev grunden för en mycket detaljerad skildring av landskapet.

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  • 20.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    Anders Rydell, Plundrarna, anm. av Mattias Legnér2015In: Historisk Tidskrift, ISSN 0345-469X, E-ISSN 2002-4827, no 1, p. 174-175Article, book review (Other academic)
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  • 21. Legnér, Mattias
    Anne Eriksen, Topografenes verden: fornminner og fortidsforståelse , 2007, 262 s.2009In: Sjuttonhundratal, ISSN 1652-4772, p. 141-142Article, book review (Other academic)
  • 22.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    Arkitekten som blev snuvad på huvudstaden2007In: Svenska DagbladetArticle, book review (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    WASHINGTON DC. När president George Washington beslutade att en ny huvudstad skulle anläggas i den unga ­republiken skapade arkitekten Peter Charles L‘Enfant en vacker metafor för unionens sammanflätning och styrka. Men när de politiska problemen hopade sig blev han satt på undantag till förmån för lantmätaren Andrew Ellicott.

  • 23.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Att rätt beskriva fäderneslandet2005In: Populär historia, ISSN 1102-0822, no 9, p. 70-71Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Tryckta beskrivningar av städer, socknar och län är en väsentlig del av 1700-talets kulturhistoria. De berättar dels om vad som var känt om landets historia, dels hur det egna ”fäderneslandet” betraktades. Genom sitt stora antal och sitt rika innehåll belyser litteraturen det intresse som särskilt under 1700-talet ägnades fäderneslandets ursprung, dess historiska utveckling och samtida tillstånd.

  • 24.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Attacker mot kulturarv i väpnade konflikter: En forskningsöversikt2016In: Militärhistorisk Tidskrift, ISSN 0283-8400, p. 131-160Article, review/survey (Refereed)
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  • 25.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment.
    Baltimores poetiska planer delade staden2007In: Svenska DagbladetArticle, review/survey (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Ingress: "Under 50- och 60-talen reste sig staden Baltimore ur de nedlagda industriernas aska, så väl att dess stadsplan blev förebild för urbana förnyelser världen över under påföljande decennier. Men bakom den lyxiga stadskärnans fasad döljer sig ett segregerat samhälle."

  • 26.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Behandlingen av kulturminnen under första världskriget: dokumentation, debatt, propaganda2016In: Gutilandorum Universitas Scholarium et Magistrorum: Tidskrift för Högskolan på Gotlands historiska förening / [ed] Gunilla Jonsson & Torsten Daun, Visby: Historiska föreningen på Gotland. Alumnerna , 2016, p. 9-48Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The Treatment of Historical Monuments in World War I: Documentation, Debate, Propaganda

    Mattias Legnér

     

    The purpose of this article is to investigate why historical monuments such as churches, monasteries, libraries and museums were attacked and damaged in World War I. These kinds of buildings were targeted by both sides throughout the war despite their lack of strategic importance for the war, and despite a relative consensus among the European countries that cultural institutions should be protected from the ravages of war. Several blatant attacks on churches, museums and libraries were publicly criticised and debated both during the war and after its end. The theoretical basis of our days' conventions on the protection of cultural heritage developed during the war and later in the twentieth century. The article begins by explaining the development of laws on war in the later part of the nineteenth century. A review of previous interpretations and views on the destruction of cultural heritage in World War I follows. It becomes apparent that the view of older research, that historical monuments were targeted to a very limited extent needs to be modified. Empirical research of recent years has shown that destruction was more widespread and intentional than previously recognized. The article then goes on to treat the beginnings of the war and the German and Austrian invasion of Belgium and France. The infamous German attacks on the towns of Leuven and Rheims are analysed. These attacks were followed by vicious propaganda in France and the United Kingdom, and by counter-propaganda produced in Germany. War on the eastern front was more brutal than fighting in Belgium and France, with looting of churches and the persecution of ethnic minority groups conducted primarily by Russian troops. Cultural heritage was targeted for several reasons throughout the war on both fronts: to weaken the moral of the enemy, to take revenge by destroying visible traces of enemy culture, but also to loot for economic purposes. Even in the Versailles peace treaty national heritage became an asset as Germany had to surrender valuable works of art to Belgium.

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  • 27.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    Bilder av Norden från 1500 till 19002006In: Landet under dina ögon: Kartutställning på Kungl. biblioteket. Fr.o.m 15 juni t.o.m. 15 oktober 2006 / [ed] Göran Bäärnhielm, Stockholm: Kungl. biblioteket , 2006, 1, p. 18-25Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
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  • 28.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    Bruk och bevarande av kyrkorummet: frågan om inomhusklimatet i svenska kyrkor, ca 1870–19902014Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Bruk och bevarande av kyrkorummet: frågan om inomhusklimatet i svenska kyrkor, ca 1870–1990

     

    Mattias Legnér, professor i kulturvård, Konstvetenskapliga institutionen, Uppsala Universitet Campus Gotland

     

     

    Mot bakgrund av de senare årens diskussion om hur samhällets energianvändning kan bli mer effektiv och hur sambanden mellan hälsa och inomhusmiljö ser ut, är det intressant att reflektera över hur den historiska utvecklingen har sett. Föredraget fokuserar hur Svenska kyrkan, kulturvårdande myndigheter, arkitekter och ingenjörer har sett på möjligheterna att påverka inomhusklimatet i kyrkobyggnaderna sedan 1800-talet. Det bygger på forskning som har finansierats genom Vetenskapsrådets rambidrag för kulturforskning under perioden 2010–2014.

     

    Inomhusklimatet har formats av utomhusklimatet, byggnadens form och material, hur byggnaden brukas och vad den innehåller, arkitekternas och ingenjörernas idéer om vad som var ett lämpligt klimat och hur det skulle uppnås i förhållande till tillgänglig teknik. Även krav och förväntningar från andra aktörer som skulle använda byggnaden eller hade synpunkter på dess utformning och bevarandet av kulturhistoriska värden. Flera av dessa variabler förändrats över tid. Det gäller såväl uppfattningen om vad som är ett lämpligt klimat som vad som representerar kulturhistoriska värden. Dessa förändringar har i sin tur påverkat aktörernas agerande.

     

    Trots det kyliga klimatet i Norden byggdes kyrkor under många hundra år inte för att kunna värmas upp. Ett stycke in på 1800-talet började domkapitlen uppmana församlingar att sätta in eldstad i sakristian, men många församlingar var tveksamma till de kostnader som uppvärmning medförde. Sedan dess har värmeanläggningar påverkat inte bara komforten utan även den visuella upplevelsen av kyrkorummet och bevarandet av såväl byggnad som föremål. De kostnader som värmen medfört både i form av installationer och drift har varit en mycket viktig faktor som påverkat aktörernas beslut. Långt före 1970-talet med den första globala energikrisen reflekterade många församlingar över hur deras kyrka kunde värmas på mer effektiva sätt.

     

    Föredraget behandlar också hur frågorna om uppvärmning blev mer komplexa från 1960-talet. Kyrkorna värmdes allt mer och det började uppmärksammas hur äldre inventarier påverkades negativt. Från myndighetshåll fanns det inte så mycket man kunde göra förutom att påverka installationen av värmesystem. Med tiden började kulturhistoriska värden pekas ut på ett tydligare sätt, men det kan också ha skärpt motsättningen mellan komfortbehov och bevarande. Avslutningsvis tas upp vad vi idag kan lära av de strukturella problem som funnits i utformning, installation och användning av värmesystemen.

  • 29.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, Department of Integrated Conservation.
    Centrum och periferi genom historien2008In: Regioner i Europa / [ed] Pontus Tallberg, Kristianstad: Region Skåne , 2008, 1, p. 38-48Chapter in book (Other academic)
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  • 30.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Comfort in a castle: Adaptation due to long-term residency in a historic monument2023In: Journal of Architecture, ISSN 1360-2365, E-ISSN 1466-4410, Vol. 28, no 5, p. 723-748Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article adds to a growing interest within architectural studies in which the indoor climate and comfort of heritage buildings used for residence is in focus. The purpose is to understand how Skokloster castle in Sweden, built in the seventeenth century, has been shaped in relationship to needs and expectations of its residents. Building on a combination of archival sources, visual observations on site, printed sources and literature, this article demonstrates how a mix of methods can be used to investigate how castles have been adapted throughout history to fit changing expectations. By investigating how the castle was adapted over time light is shed on a much broader architectural history that includes not just the design and construction of a monumental building, but also how later interventions have aimed at making it more comfortable. Estimates of fuel consumption are made in order to better understand how the castle may have been heated. It is argued that the castle was not only built with the surrounding climate in mind, but that later uses of it as a residence also took careful note of how to efficiently use the architecture in order to make limited spaces inside the castle comfortable for living.  

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  • 31.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Conservation versus thermal comfort – conflicting interests?: The issue of church heating, Sweden c. 1918- 19752015In: Konsthistorisk Tidskrift, ISSN 0023-3609, E-ISSN 1651-2294, Vol. 84, no 3, p. 153-168Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The paper examines the views of government authorities on heating in historic churches in Sweden from 1918 to 1975, when a government office called Kulturhistoriska Byrån oversaw restorations and other modifications of public buildings with historic values. In this period heating was introduced in most Swedish churches in order to raise the level of comfort of the churchgoers. In the late 1970s there were alarming reports of excessive damages to polychrome wooden art in these churches, which were thought to have been caused by heating. The work of Kulturhistoriska Byrån is analysed in order to better understand how  heating technology in churches developed and was applied, and how the office analyzed the situation at different points in time. The general development gradually went from issues of thermal comfort, fire safety and insulation to more attention being paid to damages caused by heating. Despite that heating systems were to be approved before they were installed, later use of these systems escaped central supervision, thus leaving the responsibility of preventing climate induced damages entirely to the individual parishes. 

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  • 32.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment.
    "Cui bono?": Linné, de fosterländska resorna och hushållningen2006In: Linné / [ed] Birgitta Radhe, Visby: Länsmuseet på Gotland , 2006, p. 49-56Chapter in book (Other academic)
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  • 33.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Cultural Heritage and the Promotion of Peace: Cultural Heritage without Borders in Kosovo, 2001–20112016In: ACHS 2016 - What does heritage change?: Association of Critical Heritage Studies. Third Biennial Conference, Montreal, Canada, 3-8 June, 2016., 2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cultural Heritage and the Promotion of Peace: Cultural Heritage without Borders in Kosovo, 2001–2011 

    Mattias Legnér

     

    This paper will deal with approaches to cultural heritage used in the Balkans, specifically Kosovo, in the first decade of the 21st century. Built cultural heritage was at the centre of the Kosovo conflict of the 1990s, symbolising either Serbian or Albanian ethnicity. As they had become heavily politicised, Orthodox churches, mosques and historic dwellings became targets for attacks before, during and after the Kosovo War 1998-99. That the war ended did not mean that the destruction of buildings stopped. In 2004 violence broke out again and was aimed against the Serbian minority and its cultural heritage. Furthermore, there has been extensive demolition of historic buildings after the war due to unchecked urban development.

    A theoretical point of departure is the idea that cultural heritage should be understood as a choice of perspective, rather than as a mass of buildings and objects existing regardless of users or observers. Depending on the perspective used cultural heritage perspectives may be used in the wake of armed conflict to make social and economic development possible, and to foster dialogue, human rights and democracy in communities plagued by violent conflict. General aims of using cultural heritage in post-conflict reconstruction have been to promote peaceful coexistence or reconciliation, economic improvements such as the creation of jobs through tourism or handicrafts, or democratic institutions and social equality.

    An overall aim of the paper is to analyse the approaches to cultural heritage in post-conflict reconstruction by the Swedish non-governmental organization Cultural Heritage without Borders (CHwB) in the period 2001-11.

    Cultural heritage remains ethnically defined in Kosovo, even if CHwB has worked to promote heritage as a "common value for all". What does this mean in practice and how was this approach practiced in the early 2000s? I argue that during the period in question there was a gradual shift in CHwB's aims from promoting a common Kosovar heritage by way of conserving buildings, to the use of cultural heritage for promoting local ownership and economic development.

  • 34.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Cultural heritage as a means of development in the wake of ethnic conflict: Kosovo, 2000-20082016In: 7th Annual Conference on Heritage Issues in Contemporary Society: Nature and Culture. Heritage in Context / [ed] Elizabeth Brabec et al, 2016, p. 30-30Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 35.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, Department of History.
    De nya krigens kultur: En litteraturöversikt2008In: Historisk Tidskrift, ISSN 0345-469X, E-ISSN 2002-4827, Vol. 128, no 3, p. 511-520Article, review/survey (Refereed)
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  • 36.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    Det finns ingen vinnare i de nya krigen2005In: Svenska DagbladetArticle, review/survey (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Den världsordning som existerat sedan westfaliska freden 1648 gäller inte längre och det gamla tänkandet kring säkerhetspolitik måste ersättas. Men av vad? Forskarna saknar fungerande teorier för de lågintensiva men utdragna "nya krigen" mellan krigsherrar.

  • 37.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    Det pommerska arvet har kommit bort2003In: Svenska DagbladetArticle, book review (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Spåren av Pommern har försvunnit från svensk idéhistorisk forskning. En ny bok söker det specifikt pommerska i mötet mellan svenskt och tyskt i det område som under mer än 150 år var en svensk provins.

  • 38.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment.
    En lantmätare begripliggör sin hembygd: Jonas Allvin och 1800-talets amatörforskning2001In: Folkets historia : årsbok, ISSN 1652-2842, Vol. 29, p. 52-66Article in journal (Other academic)
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  • 39.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment.
    En samlare till en annan: Daniel Tilas brev till C.H. Braad 1765-17722003In: Historisk Tidskrift för Finland, ISSN 0046-7596, Vol. 88, no 2, p. 163-172Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 40.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    Från rike till nation: Arbetskraftspolitik, befolkningspolitik och nationell gemenskapsformering i Sverige under 1700-talet2002In: Scandinavian Journal of History, no 3Article, book review (Other academic)
  • 41.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Stockholms universitet, Historiska institutionen.
    Fäderneslandets rätta beskrivning: Mötet mellan antikvarisk forskning och ekonomisk nyttokult i 1700-talets Sverige2004Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of the thesis is to deepen our understanding the meaning of the term "fatherland" as it was used in eighteenth- century Sweden. It is commonly known that the term could represent a local or cultural community as well as a national and political one. The Swedish realm consisted of several parts of which Finland was one important part. A topic of debate has been to what degree authors recognized a national community stretching over these cultural boarders. This topic is also treated in this thesis. The source material used consists mainly of topographical descriptions of towns, parishes and counties. An important task is to investigate to what degree the literature used these two quite different representations of community. The thesis is structured around four main questions which will shed light on how this genre represented the fatherland in different ways: 1) How did this literature develop regarding its volume/frequency, contents and general character? 2) How did different actors perceive the need to describe the fatherland? 3) How was the fatherland described in these topographical descriptions? 4) Which where the identifications expressed in the descriptions? In order to answer these questions, not only printed material is used but also the correspondence and manuscripts of contemporary authors.

  • 42.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment.
    För människans väl, eller föremålens?: Komfort, bevarande och innemiljö i 1920- och 30-talens museer2010In: Gotlandsakademiker tycker om ...: 2010 / [ed] Adri de Ridder, Åke Sandström, Visby: Gotland University Press , 2010, p. 45-58Chapter in book (Other academic)
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  • 43.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    Förortens diskreta charm2002In: Svenska DagbladetArticle, book review (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Förorten uppstod som en fristad där invånarna kunde undslippa stortstadens kaos samtidigt som de åtnjöt det urbana samhällets förmåner. En ny bok granskar hur Stockholms förstäder omvandlades i och med det tidiga 1900-talets bostadsbrist.

  • 44.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment.
    Gammal fråga kan få nytt svar2012In: Energi & miljö : tidskrift för VVS, inneklimat och VA, ISSN 1101-0568, Vol. 83, no 9, p. 62-64Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Hur ett stabilt museiklimat ska kunna skapas blir en av de viktigaste frågorna i den kommande renoveringen av Nationalmuseum. När Nationalmuseum byggdes uppfattades det som mycket viktigt att museet kunde värmas men också att värmen inte fick skada byggnaden eller samlingarna. I själva verket har uppvärmningen av huset varit ett långvarigt bekymmer.

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  • 45.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment.
    Geografin i fosterlandets tjänst: De ekonomiska ortsbeskrivningarna i Sverige cirka 1740-17902002In: Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier, ISSN 0073-2702, Vol. 77, no 1, p. 37-70Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 46.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment.
    Gotlands fornvänner 1875-1925: Början till en kanonisering av gotländskt kulturarv2013In: Mellan nation och tradition: Idéströmningar i 1800-talets insamlingar av folklore. Föredrag från ett symposium i Visby 27-28 september 2011 / [ed] Ulf Palmenfelt, Uppsala: Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur , 2013, 1, p. 125-154Chapter in book (Other academic)
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  • 47.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    Gotlänningarna och deras skiftande herrar2003In: Svenska DagbladetArticle, book review (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Sverige vann 1645 kampen om den för kungamakten mytologiska ön Gotland, även om danskarna tillfälligt vann den tillbaka 1676-1679. Historikern Jens Lerbom har undersökt hur folket förhöll sig till de växlande överhögheterna och vad man sa man och man emellan på krogen.

  • 48.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History.
    Göterna – nyskapande bakåtsträvare2003In: Svenska DagbladetArticle, book review (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Erik Gustaf Geijer och hans bundsförvanter i Göthiska förbundet förändrade den svenska fornforskningen. Med revanschistisk fosterlandskärlek för ögonen blev deras inventeringar en tidig förelöpare till modern arkeologi.

  • 49.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Gotland University, School of Culture, Energy and Environment.
    Hemmet har inte alltid varit ljust och fräscht2012In: Svenska Dagbladet, ISSN 1101-2412, no 02-21, p. 7-7Article, book review (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    En ny bok om VVS-historien speglar människans strävan att göra det bekvämt för sig. Den belyser också den tekniska utvecklingens betydelse för vardagslivet och samhällsutvecklingen i Sverige under 1900-talet. (Svenska Dagbladet 21 februari 2012)

  • 50.
    Legnér, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Art History, Conservation.
    Heritage destruction and its impact in Scandinavia and the Baltic region during the Second World War2023In: The Routledge Handbook of Heritage Destruction / [ed] José Antonio González Zarandona; Emma Cunliffe; Melathi Saldin, London: Routledge, 2023, p. 268-278Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the Second World War, aerial warfare was seen as the single greatest threat to a nation's cultural property. Precautions were thus made both before the outbreak of the war and during its development to protect immovable and movable cultural property from aerial bombardment. In Scandinavia and the Baltic region, however, aerial warfare was not as devastating as it was in Germany or Italy. This contribution deals partly with the destruction of heritage and attempts to protect it in this part of northern Europe and partly with the impacts of the destruction. Karelia in Finland, for example, was understood as the cradle of Finnish culture but became the scene of fierce fighting and destruction, and the loss of this territory was described as a trauma to Finnish identity. Heritage in northern Norway was ravaged towards the end of the war when German forces refused to surrender. Cities in eastern Estonia were almost levelled by a combination of aerial and ground warfare. Denmark, finally, was occupied in a surprise attack, followed by a period of occupation in which the historic landscape was reconfigured to meet German military needs. Examples of how the war changed tangible and intangible heritage are briefly discussed.

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