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  • 1.
    Berggren, Linda
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Rönnlund, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of applied educational science.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Between good intentions and practical constraints: Swedish teachers' perceptions of school lunch2021In: Cambridge Journal of Education, ISSN 0305-764X, E-ISSN 1469-3577, Vol. 51, no 2, p. 247-261Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In Sweden, pupils eat tax-funded school lunches, often in the company of teachers. This article focuses on Swedish compulsory school grade (ages 7-15) teachers' (n = 823) perceptions of the school lunch in terms of intentions and daily practice. Analysis was based on written answers for an open-ended question that was part of a questionnaire focusing on teachers' attitudes towards school lunch as a pedagogical activity. It was found that participating teachers saw the potential of the school lunch, placing emphasis on the social interaction that takes place in the school restaurant and the possibility of meeting pupils in a more informal setting. However, a key outcome was teachers' depictions of the struggle between ideals and reality with the effect that teachers were not always provided with favourable conditions for school lunch interactions. It is important to address this in order to improve meal-time practices and the experience of school lunch.

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  • 2.
    Berggren, Linda
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Talvia, S.
    Hörnell, Agneta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Rönnlund, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of applied educational science.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    The lived experiences of school lunch: an empathy-based study with children in Sweden2020In: Children's Geographies, ISSN 1473-3285, E-ISSN 1473-3277, Vol. 18, no 3, p. 339-350Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    School lunch is in general regulated through policies and agendas constituted by the perspectives of adults. In this article, we focus on children’s lived experiences of school lunch with a special emphasis on emotions and how they relate to social and physical dimensions. This study draws on empathy-based stories written by 10–11 year olds (n = 171) from schools in Sweden. We identified three themes: Interaction and exposure, Routines and restrictions and Food and eating. The children’s lived experiences of school lunch and the emotions attached to them are closely associated and intertwined with the socio-spatial dimension of school lunch. A pleasant meal experience seems to require harmonization between the physical and social space whilst negative experiences contain tensions between them, something that actors working with school lunch and school lunch environments should take in consideration when resourcing, planning and scheduling school lunch, and also when designing new school restaurants.

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  • 3.
    Berggren, Linda
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Förutsättningar för en trivsam skollunch2023In: Læring gennem mad og måltider i grundskolen: teori og praksis fra Danmark, Sverige og Norge / [ed] Dorte Ruge; Frøydis Nordgård Vik; Johanna Björklund; Sara Frödén, Cappelen Damm AS, 2023, p. 131-146Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This chapter highlights conditions for a pleasant school lunch based on experiences and perceptions from pupils, teachers, and head teachers. The empirical part of the study is based on a qualitative design using empathy-based stories, individual interviews, and a qualitative analysis of open comments from a questionnaire. Henri Lefebvre's theory of social production of space constitutes the theoretical framework, placing emphasis on how school lunch is experienced, perceived and conceived. The results show that these pupils, teachers and head teachers share the perception of school lunch as a space for socializing. Additionally, they show that conditions for a pleasant school lunch experience, chief among them the environment and time available, are not always favorable. The results presented in this chapter indicate that physical and organizational dimensions of school lunch need to be given more attention.

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  • 4.
    Berggren, Linda
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Talvia, Sanna
    Child and Youth Research institute, Turku, Finland,.
    Fossgard, Eldbjørg
    Faculty of Education, Bergen University College, Bergren, Norway,.
    Björk Arnfjörð, Unnur
    School of Education, University of Iceland.
    Hörnell, Agneta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Ólafsdóttir, Anna
    School of Education, University of Iceland.
    Gunnarsdóttir, Ingibjörg
    The National University Hospital of Iceland , Unit for Nutrition Research, Reykjavik, Iceland.
    Wergedahl, Hege
    Faculty of Education, Bergen University College, Bergren, Norway,.
    Lagström, Hanna
    University of Turku, Turku Institute of Child and Youth Research, Turku, Finland.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Perspectives about health outcomes related to food among Nordic children2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Perspectives about health outcomes related to food among Nordic children

    Linda Berggren* 1, Sanna Talvia2, Eldbjørg Fossgard3, Unnur Björk Arnfjörð4, Agneta Hörnell 1, Anna Ólafsdóttir 4,Ingibjörg Gunnarsdóttir 5, Hege Wergedahl 3, Hanna Lagström 6, Maria Waling1, Cecilia Olsson1

    1Umeå University, Department of food and nutrition, Umeå, Sweden, 2Child and Youth Research institute, Turku, Finland,3Faculty of Education, Bergen University College, Bergren, Norway, 4School of Education, University of Iceland, 5TheNational University Hospital of Iceland , Unit for Nutrition Research, Reykjavik, Iceland, 6University of Turku, TurkuInstitute of Child and Youth Research, Turku, Finland

    Preferred presentation type: Only Poster

    Background and aims: Dietary intake in school has previously been studied but little is known about Nordic children’sperspectives on food healthiness in the school lunch context. This study aims to explore 10-year-old Nordic children’sperspectives on outcomes of healthy eating in the school lunch context.

    Methods: Seventy-two focus groups were conducted in Sweden, Finland, Norway and Iceland with a total of 423participants. A flexible topic guide and 14 preselected photos displaying different school lunch contexts were used asstimuli material. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis.

    Results: Children reasoned that school lunch are and should be healthy since the food eaten at school has short andlong term outcomes related to cognitive and physical health. It was commonly expressed that food eaten in school affectsschool work and functioning in learning activities. It was also stated that food eaten in school can have negative andpositive effects on your mood, e.g. eating unhealthy food or an insufficient amount of food, puts you in a bad mood whichcan affect the rest of the school day. The discussions mainly relied on negative short term effects such as feeling ill andreduced stamina. Some food and food groups such as vegetables, milk and fish, were mentioned in a more positivesense highlighting the positive short- and long term outcomes on health. When describing the long-term outcomes ofeating, children mentioned that healthy eating helps to build muscles, grow and prevent diseases, such as cancer anddiabetes. Sugar and fat was frequently mentioned as being the cause of overweight and some other diseases.

    Conclusion: In general, Nordic children have an adequate understanding of established relations between food andhealth. Yet, we know that many pupils do not eat according to recommendations. This highlights the importance of takingthe complexity of food choice into consideration in nutritional education.

    Disclosure of Interest: None to declare

  • 5.
    Berggren, Linda
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Talvia, Sanna
    Fossgard, Eldbjørg
    Björk Arnfjörð, Unnur
    Hörnell, Agneta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Ólafsdóttir, Anna Sigríður
    Gunnarsdóttir, Ingibjörg
    Wergedahl, Hege
    Lagström, Hanna
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Nordic children's conceptualizations of healthy eating in relation to school lunch2017In: Health Education, ISSN 0965-4283, E-ISSN 1758-714X, Vol. 117, no 2, p. 130-147Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: Pupils' perspective should be better taken into account when developing nutrition education at school. The purpose of this paper is to explore Nordic children's perspectives on the healthiness of meals in the context of school lunches.

    Design/methodology/approach: In total, 78 focus group discussions were conducted with 10-11-year-old girls and boys (n=457) from schools in Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, which were participating in the Nordic school meal project ProMeal during the school year 2013-2014. A flexible discussion guide and stimulus material in the form of 14 photographs displaying different school lunch contexts were used. The discussions were analyzed using thematic analysis.

    Findings: These Nordic children seem to share the adult-set aim of healthy eating in the school context as a socio-cultural norm. Although healthy eating was constructed as a rational, normative and acceptable way to eat at school, unhealthy eating was emphasized as negotiably acceptable when eaten occasionally and under certain circumstances (e.g. at special occasions). Unhealthy eating also comprised emotionally laden descriptions such as enjoyment and disgust.

    Practical implications: Children's conceptualizations of healthy eating are connected to nutritional, socio-cultural, emotional and normative dimensions, which should be reflected also when developing nutrition education in school.

    Originality/value: The need for research exploring children's experiences of, and understandings about, school lunch motivated this unique multicenter study with a large number of participating children. In the focus groups a child-oriented, photo-elicitation method was used.

  • 6.
    Berggren, Linda
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Head teacher perspectives on school lunch: at variance with national policy2023In: Health Education Journal, ISSN 0017-8969, E-ISSN 1748-8176Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: Previous research indicates that head teachers in Sweden frequently fail to see school lunch as part of the educational activities of a school. This study contributes to an understanding of how head teachers in Sweden perceive and experience current national policy intentions related to school lunch.

    Design: Qualitative inquiry.

    Setting: Ten municipal state schools in Sweden.

    Method: Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 head teachers responsible for the compulsory education of 6- to 15-year-olds in state schools. Data from digitally recorded and transcribed interviews were thematically analysed.

    Results: Head teachers primarily saw school lunch as a means to ensure pupils were fed and energised. Their focus tended to be on what followed after school lunch in the form of academic performance and mood, rather than the stated intentions of national school meal policy. Head teachers stressed the value of a free and nutritious school lunch for social equality, and the importance of good collaboration with food service managers and school meal personnel, despite the difficulty of achieving this.

    Conclusion: This paper highlights a gap between head teachers' perspectives with respect to school lunch and official intentions stated in Swedish national school meals policy. The meanings head teachers saw as connected to school lunch were those of social equality and ensuring pupils were fed, rather than the wider potential envisioned by the authorities. This paper identifies factors that affect the possibility of realising national policy intentions for school lunch in Sweden.

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  • 7.
    Berggren, Linda
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Rönnlund, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of applied educational science.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    School lunch – not an integrated part of the educational work at school: - Head teachers’ perceptions and experiences of school lunch in SwedenManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 8.
    Bergman, Frida
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Wahlström, Viktoria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health.
    Stomby, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Otten, Julia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Lanthén, Ellen
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Renklint, Rebecka
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Sörlin, Ann
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy.
    Boraxbekk, Carl-Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Demographic and Ageing Research (CEDAR). Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
    Wennberg, Patrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Öhberg, Fredrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics.
    Levine, James A.
    Department of Endocrinology, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Fondation IPSEN, Paris, France.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Treadmill workstations in office workers who are overweight or obese: a randomised controlled trial2018In: The Lancet Public Health, ISSN 2468-2667, Vol. 3, no 11, article id e523-e535Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Treadmill workstations that enable office workers to walk on a treadmill while working at their computers might increase physical activity in offices, but long-term effects are unknown. We therefore investigated whether treadmill workstations in offices increased daily walking time.

    Methods: We did a randomised controlled trial of healthy office workers who were either overweight or obese. We recruited participants from 13 different companies, which comprised 17 offices, in Umeå, Sweden. We included people who were aged 40-67 years, had sedentary work tasks, and had a body-mass index (BMI) between 25 kg/m2 and 40 kg/m2. After the baseline measurement, we stratified participants by their BMI (25-30 kg/m2 and >30 to 40 kg/m2); subsequently, an external statistician randomly assigned these participants (1:1) to either the intervention group (who received treadmill workstations for optional use) or the control group (who continued to work at their sit-stand desks as usual). Participants in the intervention group received reminders in boosting emails sent out to them at four occasions during the study period. Researchers were masked to group assignment until after analysis of the primary outcome. After the baseline measurement, participants were not masked to group belongings. The primary outcome was total daily walking time at weekdays and weekends, measured at baseline, 2 months, 6 months, 10 months, and 13 months with the accelerometer activPAL (PAL Technologies, Glasgow, UK), which was worn on the thigh of participants for 24 h a day for 7 consecutive days. We used an intention-to-treat approach for our analyses. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01997970, and is closed to new participants.

    Findings: Between Nov 1, 2013, and June 30, 2014, a total of 80 participants were recruited and enrolled (n=40 in both the intervention and control groups). Daily walking time during total time awake at weekdays increased between baseline and 13 months by 18 min (95% CI 9 to 26) in the intervention group and 1 min (-7 to 9) in the control group (difference 22 min [95% CI 7 to 37], pinteraction=0·00045); for weekend walking, the change from baseline to 13 months was 5 min (-8 to 18) in the intervention group and 8 min (-5 to 21) in the control group (difference -1 min [-19 to 17]; pinteraction=0·00045). Neither measure met our predetermined primary outcome of 30 min difference in total walking time between the intervention and control group, so the primary outcome of the trial was not met. One adverse event was reported in a participant who accidently stepped on their Achilles tendon.

    Interpretation: In a sedentary work environment, treadmill workstations result in a statistically significant but smaller-than-expected increase in daily walking time. Future studies need to investigate how increasing physical activity at work might have potentially compensatory effects on non-work activity.

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  • 9.
    Cecilia, Olsson
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    School meals do not have a given place in Swedish school's quality management2016In: Health Education Journal, ISSN 0017-8969, E-ISSN 1748-8176, Vol. 75, no 8, p. 961-971Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives: Sweden is one of three countries worldwide which has a legal requirement to ensure that pupils in compulsory school should be offered free, nutritious school meals. Furthermore, the law states that school meal provision should be included in schools' internal quality management (IQM) system. The objective of this study was to examine to what extent schools in Sweden are following the legal requirement to include school meals in IQM and the relationship between this inclusion and the application of government advisory guidelines regarding school meals.

    Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Head teachers evenly distributed across all regions in Sweden representing municipality schools, independent schools and Sami schools. Method: Web-based questionnaire completed by 216 head teachers.

    Results: About half of the schools did not meet the legal requirement to include schools meals in the IQM. Furthermore, familiarity with and use of the National Food Agency (NFA) guidelines and the web-based tool School Food Sweden, as well as activities considered as part of a pedagogical school meal and the inclusion of school meals in interdisciplinary work, were reported to be less common in schools not including school meals in their IQM system.

    Conclusion: Findings suggest that when there is inclusion of school meals in a school's quality management system, the school is also more likely to include school meals as part of educational activities. By acknowledging school meal provision as part of the educational process, possibilities are opened up for health-promoting activities to prevent non-communicable disease.

  • 10.
    Chorell, Elin
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Otten, Julia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Stomby, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Ryberg, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Hauksson, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics.
    Svensson, Michael B.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Sports Medicine.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Improved peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity after lifestyle interventions in type 2 diabetes is associated with specific metabolomic and lipidomic signatures in skeletal muscle and plasma2021In: Metabolites, ISSN 2218-1989, E-ISSN 2218-1989, Vol. 11, no 12, article id 834Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Lifestyle interventions with weight loss can improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes (T2D), but mechanisms are unclear. We explored circulating and skeletal muscle metabolite signatures of altered peripheral (pIS) and hepatic insulin sensitivity (hIS) in overweight and obese T2D individuals that were randomly assigned a 12-week Paleolithic-type diet with (diet-ex, n = 13) or without (diet, n = 13) supervised exercise. Baseline and post-intervention measures included: mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and lipidomics of skeletal muscle and plasma; pIS and hIS; ectopic lipid deposits in the liver and skeletal muscle; and skeletal muscle fat oxidation rate. Both groups lowered BMI and total % fat mass and increased their pIS. Only the diet-group improved hIS and reduced ectopic lipids in the liver and muscle. The combined improvement in pIS and hIS in the diet-group were associated with decreases in muscle and circulating branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolites, specifically valine. Improved pIS with diet-ex was instead linked to increased diacylglycerol (34:2) and triacylglycerol (56:0) and decreased phosphatidylcholine (34:3) in muscle coupled with improved muscle fat oxidation rate. This suggests a tissue crosstalk involving BCAA-metabolites after diet intervention with improved pIS and hIS, reflecting reduced lipid influx. Increased skeletal muscle lipid utilization with exercise may prevent specific lipid accumulation at sites that perturb insulin signaling.

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  • 11.
    Hörnell, Agneta
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Olafsdottir, Anna Sigridur
    School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
    Lagström, Hanna
    Turku Institute of Child and Youth Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
    Wergedahl, Hege
    Faculty of Education, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway,.
    Jonsson, Bert
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Fossgard, Eldbjörg
    Faculty of Education, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway.
    Holthe, Asle
    Faculty of Education, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway.
    Talvia, Sanna
    Turku Institute of Child and Youth Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
    Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjörg
    Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
    School meals and health: the PROMEAL-study2016In: Food & Nutrition Research, ISSN 1654-6628, E-ISSN 1654-661X, Vol. 60, no 1, article id 31961Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 12.
    Janhonen, Kristiina
    et al.
    Faculty of Educational Sciences, PL 8 (Siltavuorenpenger 10), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Collaborative participation in a home economics context: using school meals as a part of sustainable education2023In: Education Inquiry, E-ISSN 2000-4508Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This action research study explores how co-developing school meals can be taken as a case for education for sustainable development, as integrated to home economics education. We analyse a seven-month-process of collaborative participation in a Finnish secondary school conducted with two home economics teachers, a school food manager, and students during a voluntary home economics course. Data include interviews, multi-professional meetings, and professional reflections of the named school staff members (N = 3), as well as students’ (N = 8; 7th grade; aged 13–14 years) learning diaries, interviews and feedback questionnaire. We develop the term shared food sense (joint understanding, collective application, re-definition of co-action) as a conceptual tool for analysing food-related learning outcomes of the collaborative process. Analyses focused on 1) tensions emerging during the participatory work and 2) outcomes achieved through negotiation and collaboration, including roles that became possible for students to enact. Results show that collaboration succeeded in offering young people opportunities to influence and voice their opinions of school meals, as well as novel modes of interaction across the school’s social. However, students’ experiences of the participatory work varied, and power hierarchies among the different participating groups remained rather unchanged, demonstrating tensions between ideals and realities of participation.

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  • 13.
    Jonsson, Bert
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Olafsdottir, Anna S
    Lagström, Hanna
    Wergedahl, Hege
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Fossgard, Eldbjörg
    Holthe, Asle
    Talvia, Sanna
    Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjörg
    Hörnell, Agneta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    The effect of schooling on basic cognition in selected Nordic Countries2017In: Europe's Journal of Psychology, E-ISSN 1841-0413, Vol. 13, no 4, p. 645-666Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present study investigated schooling effects on cognition. Cognitive data were collected as part of a research project (ProMeal) that investigated school meals and measured the intake of school lunch in relation to children’s health, cognitive function, and classroom learning in four Nordic countries, among children between 10–11 years of age. It was found that Finnish pupils attending 4th grade were not, on any measure, outperformed by Norwegian and Icelandic pupils attending 5th and Swedish pupils attending 4th grade on a task measuring working memory capacity, processing speed, inhibition, and in a subsample on response- and attention control. Moreover, boys were found to perform superior to girls on tasks measuring processing speed. However, girls were found to perform better on tasks related to attention and self-control. The results are discussed in relation to the reciprocal association between cognition and schooling and whether these results reflect quality differences between schools in the four Nordic countries; most notably in comparison to Finland.

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  • 14. Juniusdottir, Ragnheidur
    et al.
    Hörnell, Agneta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg
    Lagstrom, Hanna
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Talvia, Sanna
    Olafsdottir, Anna S.
    Composition of school meals in Sweden, Finland and Iceland: Official guidelines and comparison with practice and availability2018In: Journal of School Health, ISSN 0022-4391, E-ISSN 1746-1561, Vol. 88, no 10, p. 744-753Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Nutritious and attractive school meals can improve health equality and public health. Current official guidelines and recommendations on food and nutrient composition of school meals in 3 Nordic countries; Sweden, Finland, and Iceland, are described and compared with actual practice, ie, availability of foods and nutrients in served reference meals in 3 selected areas in each country.

    METHODS: A country comparison was made between official guidelines, and actual practice was studied in participating schools. Reference portions of school meals (N = 170) provided in 24 compulsory schools were photographed and weighed. Food and nutrient availability were compared with official guidelines in each country.

    RESULTS: Emphasis of recommendations on whole‐grain bread in Sweden, whole grains in Finland, and fish in Iceland were reflected in food availability. The energy content of the meals provided was lower than guidelines and there was a large variation in energy content between days.

    CONCLUSIONS: The guidelines regarding food availability were quite well followed, but the large variation in energy and nutrient content of provided school meals between days indicates a need for standardization.

  • 15.
    Lindblom, Cecilia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Erixon Arreman, Inger
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of applied educational science.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Landfors, Hedda
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Hörnell, Agneta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Challenges to Interdisciplinary teaching for nutrition and health in Swedish compulsory schools2020In: International Journal of Home Economics, E-ISSN 1999-561X, Vol. 13, no 1, p. 15-29Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish National Agency for Education states that educational provision should involve pupil opportunities for interdisciplinary work and the experience of learning in different ways. In this context, the current study aimed to explore the actual operation of interdisciplinary teaching (IDT) in Swedish compulsory schools, i.e. from preschool (6 years) to grade 9 (16 years) regarding nutrition and health. To investigate this, two web-based nationwide questionnaires were sent out in 2014 to compulsory schools in Sweden. One questionnaire was aimed at teachers in five subjects: Home and Consumer Studies (HCS), Natural Science Subjects (NSS) (Biology, Chemistry, Physics), and Physical Education and Health (PEH). The second questionnaire was for school principals. A total of 388 teachers and 216 principals answered the respective questionnaire. The study showed that 40% of the teachers and 59% of the principals reported that their school worked in an interdisciplinary way regarding nutrition and health education. Practical scheduling problems and a lack of time for planning were seen as the main barriers by both teachers and principals, but to a much larger extent by teachers. A prerequisite for successful IDT is that teachers have a chance to meet and plan, and this study indicates that frame factors have a critical impact on what is possible regarding IDT in Swedish schools. It is crucial that principals appreciate their part in facilitating IDT. Increased interdisciplinary teaching for nutrition and health (IDT-NH) might increase school potential for the better integration of knowledge and understanding about the importance of lifestyle for health, the environment and society.

  • 16.
    Mårtensson, Alexander
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Stomby, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine. Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Tellström, Anna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Ryberg, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Otten, Julia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Using a paleo ratio to assess adherence to paleolithic dietary recommendations in a randomized controlled trial of individuals with type 2 diabetes2021In: Nutrients, E-ISSN 2072-6643, Vol. 13, no 3, p. 1-15, article id 969Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial using Paleolithic diet and exercise in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that increased adherence to the Paleolithic diet was associated with greater effects on blood pressure, blood lipids and HbA1c independent of weight loss. Participants were asked to follow a Paleolithic diet for 12 weeks and were randomized to supervised exercise or general exercise recommendations. Four-day food records were analyzed, and food items characterized as “Paleolithic” or “not Paleolithic”. Foods considered Paleolithic were lean meat, poultry, fish, seafood, fruits, nuts, berries, seeds, vegetables, and water to drink; “not Paleolithic” were legumes, cereals, sugar, salt, processed foods, and dairy products. A Paleo ratio was calculated by dividing the Paleolithic calorie intake by total calorie intake. A mul-tiple regression model predicted the outcome at 12 weeks using the Paleo ratio, group affiliation, and outcome at baseline as predictors. The Paleo ratio increased from 28% at baseline to 94% after the intervention. A higher Paleo ratio was associated with lower fat mass, BMI, waist circumference, sys-tolic blood pressure, and serum triglycerides at 12 weeks, but not with lower HbA1c levels. The Paleo ratio predicted triglyceride levels independent of weight loss (p = 0.046). Moreover, an increased monounsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio and an increased polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio was associated with lower triglyceride levels independent of weight loss. (p = 0.017 and p = 0.019 respectively). We conclude that a higher degree of adherence to the Paleolithic diet recommendations improved fat quality and was associated with improved triglyceride levels independent of weight loss among individuals with type 2 diabetes.

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  • 17. Olafsdottir, Anna S.
    et al.
    Hörnell, Agneta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Hedelin, Marlene
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Development and Validation of a Photographic Method to Use for Dietary Assessment in School Settings2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 10, article id e0163970Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective To develop and validate a photographic method aimed at making assessment of dietary intake in school canteens non-obstrusive, practical and feasible. Methods The study was conducted in two elementary schools representing two different school canteen systems; main dish being served by canteen staff (Iceland), and complete self-serving (Sweden). Food items in serving and leftovers were weighed and photographed. Trained researchers estimated weights of food items by viewing the photographs and comparing them with pictures of half and full reference portions with known weights. Plates of servings and leftovers from 48 children during five school days (n = 448 plates) and a total of 5967 food items were estimated. The researchers' estimates were then compared with the true weight of the foods and the energy content calculated. Results Weighed and estimated amounts correlated across meals both in grams and as total energy (0.853-0.977, p<0.001). The agreement between estimated energy content in school meals was close to the true measurement from weighed records; on average 4-19 kcal below true values. Organisation of meal service impacted the efficacy of the method as seen in the difference between countries; with Iceland (served by canteen staff) having higher rate of acceptable estimates than Sweden (self-serving), being 95% vs 73% for total amount (g) in serving. Iceland more often had serving size between or above the half and full reference plates compared with Sweden. Conclusions The photographic method provides acceptable estimates of food and energy intake in school canteens. However, greater accuracy can be expected when foods are served by canteen staff compared with self-serving.

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  • 18.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Hörnell, Agneta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    High availability of vegetables and fruit through government-funded school lunch is not reflected in 4th grade pupils' intake2023In: Food & Nutrition Research, ISSN 1654-6628, E-ISSN 1654-661X, Vol. 67, article id 9405Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: An increased intake of vegetable and fruit (VF) through school meals can contribute to the prevention of non-communicable diseases.

    Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate what types of VF 4th grade pupils (10–11 years old) choose, how much they eat when they are given the opportunity to serve themselves from the daily vegetable buffet available at lunch, and whether this varies with socioeconomic background and gender.

    Design: A cross-sectional study design was used where pupils’ VF intake was measured during 5 days with a photographic method. In total, 196 pupils from nine public schools participated.

    Results: The results show that pupils on average ate less than one type of VF per day from the vegetable buffet. Girls, pupils with a higher socio-economic status (SES) and those with a more frequent VF intake at home, ate more types of VF per day from the vegetable buffet than their counterparts. The median intake of VF from the vegetable buffet was generally low, 20.4 g/day. The intake was two thirds higher for pupils with higher SES in comparison with pupils with lower SES; 25 g/day versus14 g/day (P = 0.001). No gender differences in grams per day of VF were identified (P = 0.123).

    Discussion: This study indicates that a well-stocked vegetable buffet as part of government-funded school lunch does not automatically contribute substantially to the recommended daily intake of VF among a sample of 4th grade pupils in a high-income country like Sweden.

    Conclusions: The results of the study can be interpreted as a missed opportunity to increase the intentional consumption of VF among pupils in a way that would have implications for public health as well as attenuating differences between socioeconomic groups.

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  • 19.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Mellberg, Sandra
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Food and meals at residential care homes for unaccompanied children in Sweden: a pilot study2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 20.
    Otten, Julia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Andersson, Jonas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Ståhl, Jens
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Stomby, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Saleh, Ahmed
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Ryberg, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Hauksson, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics. Department of Radiography and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
    Svensson, Michael B.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Sports Medicine.
    Johansson, Bengt
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Cardiology.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Exercise Training Adds Cardiometabolic Benefits of a Paleolithic Diet in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus2019In: Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, ISSN 2047-9980, E-ISSN 2047-9980, Vol. 8, no 2, article id e010634Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The accumulation of myocardial triglycerides and remodeling of the left ventricle are common features in type 2 diabetes mellitus and represent potential risk factors for the development of diastolic and systolic dysfunction. A few studies have investigated the separate effects of diet and exercise training on cardiac function, but none have investigated myocardial changes in response to a combined diet and exercise intervention. This 12-week randomized study assessed the effects of a Paleolithic diet, with and without additional supervised exercise training, on cardiac fat, structure, and function.

    Methods and Results: Twenty-two overweight and obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to either a Paleolithic diet and standard-care exercise recommendations ( PD ) or to a Paleolithic diet plus supervised exercise training 3 hours per week ( PD - EX ). This study includes secondary end points related to cardiac structure and function, ie, myocardial triglycerides levels, cardiac morphology, and strain were measured using cardiovascular magnetic resonance, including proton spectroscopy, at baseline and after 12 weeks. Both groups showed major favorable metabolic changes. The PD - EX group showed significant decreases in myocardial triglycerides levels (-45%, P=0.038) and left ventricle mass to end-diastolic volume ratio (-13%, P=0.008) while the left ventricle end-diastolic volume and stroke volume increased significantly (+14%, P=0.004 and +17%, P=0.008, respectively). These variables were unchanged in the PD group.

    Conclusions: Exercise training plus a Paleolithic diet reduced myocardial triglycerides levels and improved left ventricle remodeling in overweight/obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    Clinical Trial Registration URL : http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT 01513798.

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  • 21.
    Otten, Julia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Stomby, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine. Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food, Nutrition and Culinary Science.
    Chorell, Elin
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Ryberg, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Svensson, Michael B.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Sports Medicine.
    Holst, Jens Juul
    NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    The liver-alpha-cell axis after a mixed meal and during weight loss in type 2 diabetes2021In: Endocrine Connections, E-ISSN 2049-3614, Vol. 10, no 9, p. 1101-1110Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: Glucagon and amino acids may be regulated in a feedback loop called the liver-alpha-cell axis with alanine or glutamine as suggested signal molecules. We assessed this concept in individuals with type 2 diabetes in the fasting state, after ingestion of a protein-rich meal, and during weight loss. Moreover, we investigated if postprandial glucagon secretion and hepatic insulin sensitivity were related.

    Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a 12-week weight-loss trial (Paleolithic diet ± exercise) in 29 individuals with type 2 diabetes. Before and after the intervention, plasma glucagon and amino acids were measured in the fasting state and during 180 min after a protein-rich mixed meal. Hepatic insulin sensitivity was measured using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with [6,6-2H2]glucose as a tracer.

    Results: The postprandial increase of plasma glucagon was associated with the postprandial increase of alanine and several other amino acids but not glutamine. In the fasted state and after the meal, glucagon levels were negatively correlated with hepatic insulin sensitivity (rS = −0.51/r = −0.58, respectively; both P < 0.05). Improved hepatic insulin sensitivity with weight loss was correlated with decreased postprandial glucagon response (r = −0.78; P < 0.001).

    Conclusions: Several amino acids, notably alanine, but not glutamine could be key signals to the alpha cell to increase glucagon secretion. Amino acids may be part of a feedback mechanism as glucagon increases endogenous glucose production and ureagenesis in the liver. Moreover, postprandial glucagon secretion seems to be tightly related to hepatic insulin sensitivity.

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  • 22.
    Otten, Julia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Stomby, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Isaksson, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports medicine.
    Söderström, Ingegerd
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Ryberg, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Svensson, Michael
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports medicine.
    Hauksson, Jón
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    A heterogeneous response of liver and skeletal muscle fat to the combination of a Paleolithic diet and exercise in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial2018In: Diabetologia, ISSN 0012-186X, E-ISSN 1432-0428, Vol. 61, no 7, p. 1548-1559Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims/hypothesis: The aim of the study was to investigate ectopic fat deposition and insulin sensitivity, in a parallel single-blinded randomised controlled trial, comparing Paleolithic diet alone with the combination of Paleolithic diet and exercise in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Thirty-two individuals with type 2 diabetes with BMI 25-40 kg/m(2) and 30-70 years of age followed a Paleolithic diet ad libitum for 12 weeks. In addition, study participants were randomised by computer program to either supervised combined exercise training (PD-EX group) or standard care exercise recommendations (PD group). Staff performing examinations and assessing outcomes were blinded to group assignment. Thirteen participants were analysed in each group: hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity were measured using the hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp technique combined with [6,6-H-2(2)]glucose infusion, and liver fat was assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy; both analyses were secondary endpoints. Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a secondary analysis. All examinations were performed at Umca University Hospital, Umca, Sweden. Results: Both study groups showed a median body weight loss of 7 kg. Fat mass decreased by 5.7 kg in the PD group and by 6.5 kg in the PD-EX group. Maximum oxygen uptake increased in the PD-EX group only. Liver fat showed a consistent reduction (74% decrease) in the PD group, while the response in the PD-EX group was heterogeneous (p < 0.05 for the difference between groups). IMCL content of the soleus muscle decreased by 40% in the PD group and by 22% in the PD-EX group (p < 0.05 for the difference between groups). Both groups improved their peripheral and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, but not their hepatic insulin sensitivity. Plasma fetuin-A decreased by 11% in the PD group (p < 0.05) and remained unchanged in the PD-EX group. Liver fat changes during the intervention were correlated with changes in fetuin-A (r(S) = 0.63, p < 0.01). Participants did not report any important adverse events caused by the intervention. Conclusions/interpretation: A Paleolithic diet reduced liver fat and IMCL content, while there was a tissue-specific heterogeneous response to added exercise training.

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  • 23.
    Otten, Julia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Stomby, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Isaksson, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports medicine.
    Söderström, Ingegerd
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Ryberg, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Svensson, Michael
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports medicine.
    Hauksson, Jón
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Exercise training reverses the effect of a Paleolithic diet on liver fat and intramyocellular lipid content in patients with type 2 diabetes2017Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 24.
    Otten, Julia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Stomby, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Isaksson, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports medicine.
    Söderström, Ingegerd
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Ryberg, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Svensson, Michael
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports medicine.
    Hauksson, Jón
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Exercise training reverses the effect of a Paleolithic diet on liver fat and intramyocellular lipid content in patients with type 2 diabetes2017Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 25.
    Otten, Julia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Stomby, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Isaksson, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports medicine.
    Tellström, Anna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy.
    Brage, Soren
    Ryberg, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Svensson, Michael
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports medicine.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Effects of a Paleolithic diet with and without supervised exercise on fat mass, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control: a randomized controlled trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 26.
    Otten, Julia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Stomby, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Isaksson, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine.
    Tellström, Anna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy.
    Brage, Søren
    Ryberg, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Svensson, Michael
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Benefits of a Paleolithic diet with and without supervised exercise on fat mass, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control: a randomized controlled trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes2017In: Diabetes/Metabolism Research Reviews, ISSN 1520-7552, E-ISSN 1520-7560, Vol. 33, no 1, article id e2828Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background

    Means to reduce future risk for cardiovascular disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes are urgently needed.

    Methods

    Thirty-two patients with type 2 diabetes (age 59 ± 8 years) followed a Paleolithic diet for 12 weeks. Participants were randomized to either standard care exercise recommendations (PD) or 1-h supervised exercise sessions (aerobic exercise and resistance training) three times per week (PD-EX).

    Results

    For the within group analyses, fat mass decreased by 5.7 kg (IQR: −6.6, −4.1; p < 0.001) in the PD group and by 6.7 kg (−8.2, −5.3; p < 0.001) in the PD-EX group. Insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR) improved by 45% in the PD (p < 0.001) and PD-EX (p < 0.001) groups. HbA1c decreased by 0.9% (−1.2, −0.6; p < 0.001) in the PD group and 1.1% (−1.7, −0.7; p < 0.01) in the PD-EX group. Leptin decreased by 62% (p < 0.001) in the PD group and 42% (p < 0.001) in the PD-EX group. Maximum oxygen uptake increased by 0.2 L/min (0.0, 0.3) in the PD-EX group, and remained unchanged in the PD group (p < 0.01 for the difference between intervention groups). Male participants decreased lean mass by 2.6 kg (−3.6, −1.3) in the PD group and by 1.2 kg (−1.3, 1.0) in the PD-EX group (p < 0.05 for the difference between intervention groups).

    Conclusions

    A Paleolithic diet improves fat mass and metabolic balance including insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, and leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Supervised exercise training may not enhance the effects on these outcomes, but preserves lean mass in men and increases cardiovascular fitness.

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  • 27.
    Svensson, Åsa
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Bäcklund, Catharina
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Larsson, Christel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Food record aided by digital camera show good reproducibility but underestimate energy intake in children who are overweight and obese2012Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 28.
    Svensson, Åsa
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Bäcklund, Catharina
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Larsson, Christel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Overweight and obese children´s ability to report energy intake using digital camera food records during a 2-year study2012In: Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, ISSN 2090-0724, E-ISSN 2090-0732, no 247389Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 29.
    Svensson, Åsa
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Bäcklund, Catharina
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Larsson, Christel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Validity and reproducibility of a food record using digital photography to document and estimate dietary intake in overweight and obese children2011Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 30. Talvia, Sanna
    et al.
    Lagstrom, Hanna
    Laurinen, Maarit
    Hörnell, Agneta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg
    Wergedahl, Hege
    Olafsdottir, Anna Sigriour
    Assessing School Meals intake by Digital Photograph Method in the Nordic Contexts (the Promeal study)2015In: Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, ISSN 0250-6807, E-ISSN 1421-9697, Vol. 67, p. 258-258Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 31.
    Waling, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Dietary and metabolic effects of a 2-year lifestyle intervention in overweight and obese children2011Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Childhood overweight and obesity have increased during the past decades and there is a need for effective intervention programs both for treatment and prevention to interrupt the increased trend. Overweight and obesity result from a combination of genetic predisposition and lifestyle where an imbalance in energy intake (EI) and total energy expenditure (TEE) is the key factor. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of a 2-year lifestyle intervention on food habits, anthropometry and metabolic markers on children with overweight and obesity.

    Methods Overweight and obese children 8-12 years old were recruited to participate in a 2-year randomized controlled trial (RCT). One hundred and five children agreed to participate and were randomized into one intervention group and one control group. Both groups participated in the same measurements while the intervention group also participated in a lifestyle program aiming at improving food habits and increasing physical activity. The first year of the program consisted of 14 group sessions and the second year of the intervention was web-based. Food habits were assessed at baseline and at endpoint by a diet history interview (DHI) and by a 4-day food record at 1-year measurement. At baseline 22 randomly chosen children were included in a validation study to validate reported EI against TEE measured by doubly labeled water (DLW) method and SenseWear Armband Pro 2 and 3 (version 5.1) (SWA). Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured at baseline, 1-year and endpoint.

    Results The DHI underestimated EI by 14% when validated against measured TEE by DLW and SWA. At the 1-year measurement the intervention group had a lower intake of fat (g and E%), monounsaturated fat (MUFA) (g) and polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) (g and E%) compared to the control group. At endpoint the intervention group had a lower intake of fat (g), MUFA (g) and cholesterol compared to the control group. Children in the intervention group consumed less sugar sweetened beverages at endpoint and had increased their intake of keyhole labeled foods compared to the control group. During the first year the growing children in both groups remained stable with respect to BMI and had decreased their BMI zscore.

    Conclusion The 2-year lifestyle intervention resulted in some improvements regarding food habits, but overall the effects on anthropometrics and metabolic markers were limited. This strongly supports that efforts should primarily be aimed at primary prevention of childhood overweight and obesity.

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  • 32.
    Waling, Maria
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Bäcklund, Catharina
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Lind, Torbjörn
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Larsson, Christel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Effects on metabolic health after a 1-year-lifestyle intervention in overweight and obese children: a randomized controlled trial2012In: Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, ISSN 2090-0724, E-ISSN 2090-0732, Vol. 2012, article id 913965Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective. To evaluate the effect of a family-based intervention on anthropometric and metabolic markers in overweight and obese children. Methods. Overweight or obese 8-12 years olds (n = 93) were randomized into intervention or control groups. The intervention group participated in a program aiming for lifestyle changes regarding food habits and physical activity. Anthropometric measures and venous blood samples were collected from all children at baseline and after 1 year. Results. BMI z-scores decreased in both groups, 0.22 (P = 0.002) and 0.23 (P = 0.003) in intervention and control group, respectively, during the 1-year study, but there was no difference in BMI between the groups at 1-year measurement (P = 0.338). After 1 year, there was a significant difference in waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, and apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio between intervention and control group. Conclusions. The intervention had limited effects on anthropometrics and metabolic markers, which emphasizes the need of preventing childhood overweight and obesity.

  • 33.
    Waling, Maria
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Hörnell, Agneta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Skollunchen så in i Norden viktig - rapport från ett pågående projekt2014In: Nordisk Nutrition, ISSN 1654-8337, no 4, p. 8-10Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 34.
    Waling, Maria
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Larsson, Christel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Energy intake of Swedish overweight and obese children is underestimated using a diet history interview2009In: Journal of Nutrition, ISSN 0022-3166, E-ISSN 1541-6100, Vol. 139, no 3, p. 522-527Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Estimating energy intake (EI) of a child by using a diet history interview (DHI) method may be a challenge because of difficulties for the child to remember what has been eaten as well as to report portion sizes. The aim of this research was to validate reported EI from a DHI in children classified as overweight or obese by comparing the reported EI to total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by two objective measures. Eighty-five 10.5 ± 1.1 y old overweight and obese children, with help from one or two parents, reported their EI two weeks retrospectively in a DHI. Reported EI was compared with TEE, as measured by SenseWear Armaband (n=85) and the doubly-labelled water (DLW) method (n=21), during the same period as the DHI. Reported EI was under-estimated by 14 % when validated against both the armband and DLW method. Under-estimation did not differ between boys and girls. However, the EI of obese children was under-estimated by 22 %, which is twice the rate as for the overweight children (95% CI: 0.55, 3.08). Under-estimated EI was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r=-0.38, P= <0.01) as well as age (r=-0.21, P=0.05). EI is under-estimated to a higher extent among children with higher BMI and higher age when using a DHI method. The findings show the importance of validating dietary intake of children in general and in overweight and obese children in particular.

  • 35.
    Waling, Maria
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Larsson, Christel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Improved dietary intake among overweight and obese children followed from 8 to 12 years of age in a randomised controlled trial2012In: Journal of Nutritional Science, ISSN 2048-6790, E-ISSN 2048-6790, Vol. 1, p. 1-11, article id e16Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    More knowledge about improving dietary intake in secondary preventive actions against childhood overweight and obesity is needed. The objective was to evaluate the impact of a 2-year intervention on energy, macronutrient and food intake of overweight and obese children participating in a randomised controlled trial. Children (8-12 years old) living in Sweden were recruited to participate for 2 years between 2006 and 2009. The children were randomised into either an intervention group (n 58), participating in an intervention concerning food habits, physical activity and behavioural change, or a control group (n 47). Dietary intake at baseline and the 2-year measurement were assessed with a diet history interview covering 14 d. Energy intake (EI) of the intervention and control groups was underestimated by 28 and 21 %, respectively, after 2 years, but with no difference between the groups (P = 0·51). After 2 years of intervention, the intervention group, compared with the control group, had a lower intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (P = 0·015) as well as a higher intake of foods high in fibre, low in saturated fat, sugar and salt (P = 0·031). Further, a lower EI in relation to BMR, lower total fat, MUFA and cholesterol was seen in the intervention group compared with the control group. In conclusion, the food and nutrient intake of overweight and obese children was improved after participating in a 2-year intervention programme. Dietary counselling should be included in secondary preventive actions against childhood overweight and obesity to promote healthy food habits.

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  • 36.
    Waling, Maria
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Larsson, Christel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Validation of reported energy intake in overweight and obese children by using SenseWear Armband2009In: The 7th International Conference in Diet and Activity Methods, Washington DC, 2009Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of was to assess the validity of reported energy intake (EI) in overweight and obese children participating in a diet history interview (DHI). The validation was made by comparison with total energy expenditure (TEE) measured with a portable device called SenseWear Pro2 Armband (SWA) version 5.1, which measures acceleration and body heat in free-living conditions. In total, 85 subjects (41 girls, 44 boys) aged 8-12 years who were overweight or obese according to age and sex specific body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 participated. The children were interviewed together with their parent/s about food intake during the preceding two weeks. Portion sizes were described with the help of household measurements and food-portion photographs. The reported food intake was entered into the dietary analysis program Dietist XP version 3.0 to calculate the EI. TEE was measured with SWA during four days (two weekdays and two weekend days) during the same time period covered by the DHI interview. The mean EIrep/BMR was 1.42 compared with the physical activity level (PAL=TEEmeas /BMR) which was 1.68. EI was underreported significantly by 1.73 ± 2.63 MJ/day (95 % CI: 1.16, 2.30). A statistically significant difference in underreporting was found between the 64 children with overweight and the 21 children with obesity. The EI of overweight children was underreported by 11 % compared with the EI of obese children who was underreported by 22 % (95% CIs: 0.55, 3.08). However, there were no significant differences in underestimation of EI with respect to gender. In conclusion, when using a DHI method, the EI of overweight and obese children was underreported by 14 %. Furthermore, the EI of obese children was underreported twice as much as the EI of overweight children.

  • 37.
    Waling, Maria
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Larsson, Christel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Validity in reported energy intake of overweight children against DLW2008In:  , 2008Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 38.
    Waling, Maria
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Lind, Torbjörn
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Hernell, Olle
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Larsson, Christel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    A one-year intervention has modest effects on energy and macronutrient intakes of overweight and obese Swedish children.2010In: Journal of Nutrition, ISSN 0022-3166, E-ISSN 1541-6100, Vol. 140, no 10, p. 1793-1798Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To decrease BMI in overweight and obese children, improved dietary intake and increased physical activity are key elements. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of a 1-y food and physical activity intervention on energy and macronutrient intake in overweight and obese children. A randomized open trial was conducted with 92 overweight or obese 10.4 ± 1.08-y-old children. The intervention included 14 group sessions with different themes regarding food and physical activity. Dietary intake was assessed with diet history interviews covering 14 d at baseline and 4-d food records after 1 y and was evaluated according to national dietary recommendations. The control group participated in the same measurements as the intervention group but did not take part in group sessions. After 1 y, both groups had decreased their energy intake (EI) relative to total energy expenditure, but the effect was more pronounced for the intervention group than for the control group. At 1 y follow-up, a larger proportion of children in the intervention group compared with the control group met the recommended intake of refined sugar (P = 0.019). However, the groups did not differ in the proportion children who met the recommended intake of dietary fiber. Further, SFA intake relative to total EI did not differ between the groups at 1 y follow-up. In conclusion, despite a rather comprehensive intervention, only modest effects were achieved with respect to reduced EI and improved macronutrient intake.

  • 39.
    Waling, Maria
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Olafsdottir, Anna S
    School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland .
    Lagström, Hanna
    Turku Institute of Child and Youth Research, 20014 University of Turku, Finland.
    Wergedahl, Hege
    Faculty of Education, Bergen University College, Norway.
    Jonsson, Bert
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Fossgard, Eldbjørg
    Faculty of Education, Bergen University College, Norway.
    Holthe, Asle
    Faculty of Education, Bergen University College, Norway.
    Talvia, Sanna
    Turku Institute of Child and Youth Research, 20014 University of Turku, Finland.
    Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg
    Hörnell, Agneta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    School meal provision, health and cognitive function in a Nordic setting – the ProMeal-study: description of methodology and the Nordic context2016In: Food and Nutrition Research, ISSN 1654-661X, Vol. 60, article id 30468Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: School meals, if both nutritious and attractive, provide a unique opportunity to improve health equality and public health.

    Objective: To describe the study rationale, data collection, and background of participants in the study 'Prospects for promoting health and performance by school meals in Nordic countries' (ProMeal). The general aim was to determine whether overall healthiness of the diet and learning conditions in children can be improved by school lunches, and to capture the main concerns regarding school lunches among children in a Nordic context.

    Design: A cross-sectional, multidisciplinary study was performed in Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden on pupils (n=837) born in 2003.

    Results: In total 3,928 pictures of school lunches were taken to capture pupils' school lunch intake. A mean of 85% of all parents responded to a questionnaire about socioeconomic background, dietary intake, and habitual physical activity at home. Cognitive function was measured on one occasion on 93% of the pupils during optimal conditions with a Stroop and a Child Operation Span test. A mean of 169 pupils also did an Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test after lunch over 3 days. In total, 37,413 10-sec observations of classroom learning behavior were performed. In addition, 753 empathy-based stories were written and 78 focus groups were conducted. The pupils had high socioeconomic status.

    Conclusions: This study will give new insights into which future interventions are needed to improve pupils' school lunch intake and learning. The study will provide valuable information for policy making, not least in countries where the history of school meals is shorter than in some of the Nordic countries.

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  • 40.
    Waling, Maria
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    School lunch as a break or an educational activity: a quantitative study of Swedish teacher perspectives2017In: Health Education, ISSN 0965-4283, E-ISSN 1758-714X, Vol. 117, no 6, p. 540-550Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose – The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to explore to what extent teachers eat together withpupils during school lunches and their attitudes toward using these lunches to reach the educational goalsstated in the Swedish compulsory school curriculum; and second, to study to what degree teachers seethemselves and school meal personnel as role models during school lunches.Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire was completed by 3,629 teachers in Swedish schools.Findings – In total, 90 percent of the teachers ate lunch together with the pupils one or more days per week.The majority reported that meals were fully (54 percent), or partially (40 percent) subsidized when they wereeating with pupils. In total, 72 percent thought that school lunches should be considered part of the school’seducational activities while 28 percent thought that it should be a time to get a break from educationalactivities. Most teachers thought that school lunches could be useful for learning about the issues of foodwaste and healthy eating while there were more diverse views on using lunches for learningabout fundamental values. A majority of the teachers considered themselves to be role models in theschool meal situation.Practical implications – The authors suggest that the educational component of the schoolmeal per se shouldbe regulated in the Educational Act together with guidelines from the Swedish National Agency for Education.Originality/value – This study is unique since it covers a previously little studied area; teachers’ attitudestoward using the school lunch situation for educational purposes.

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