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  • 1.
    Eklund, Rakel
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Arnberg, Filip
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Cervenka: Psychiatry.
    Hensler, Ida
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Bergh Johannesson, Kerstin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Maria, Bragesjö
    Bondjers, Kristina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Cervenka: Psychiatry.
    Sveen, Josefin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Daily uplifts during the COVID-19 pandemic: What is considered helpful in everyday life?2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Knowledge about what has been experienced as uplifting and helpful during the pandemic could inform sustainable pandemic recommendations. Objective: We explored individuals’ views on helpful and uplifting aspects of their everyday life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Participants answered a brief, daily survey via SMS for 14 consecutive days during July-August, 2020. The survey included the question: “During the past 24 hours, is there anything that has made you feel good or helped you in your life?”. We used content analysis to compile the responses from 693 participants who provided 4490 free-text answers, which resulted in 25 categories subsumed under 7 themes. Results: Positive aspects during COVID-19 primarily related to social interactions, in real life or digitally, with family, friends, and others. Other important aspects concerned work and colleagues, as well as leisure and recreation activities, such as hobbies and physical exercise. As the data collection took place during the summer, one theme concerned vacation, doing excursions, and being in nature. Nevertheless, maintaining everyday life routines emerged as important. Participants also mentioned health-related factors. Sensations, thoughts, feelings, and activities that benefited wellbeing were frequently reported. Lastly, people were writing about the government strategies for containing COVID-19, and whether to comply with restrictions. Conclusions: Daily uplifts and helpful aspects of everyday life centered around social relationships. During recommendations for social distancing, people find creative ways to maintain their social connections digitally and face-to-face. Social interaction, maintenance of everyday life routines, hobbies and physical activity appears important for wellbeing during pandemics.

  • 2.
    Eklund, Rakel
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Bondjers, Kristina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry. Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway.
    Hensler, Ida
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Bragesjö, Maria
    Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Bergh Johannesson, Kerstin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Arnberg, Filip
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Sveen, Josefin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Daily uplifts during the COVID-19 pandemic: what is considered helpful in everyday life?2022In: BMC Public Health, E-ISSN 1471-2458, Vol. 22, no 1, article id 85Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background

    Knowledge of what is uplifting and helpful during pandemics could inform the design of sustainable pandemic recommendations in the future. We have explored individuals’ views on helpful and uplifting aspects of everyday life during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

    Methods

    Participants answered a brief, daily survey via text messages during 14 consecutive days in July–August, 2020. The survey included the question: “During the past 24 hours, is there anything that has made you feel good or helped you in your life?” We used content analysis to compile responses from 693 participants, who provided 4,490 free-text answers, which resulted in 24 categories subsumed under 7 themes.

    Results

    Positive aspects during the COVID-19 pandemic primarily related to social interactions, in real life or digitally, with family, friends and others. Other important aspects concerning work, colleagues and maintaining everyday life routines. One theme concerning vacations, going on excursions and being in nature. Leisure and recreation activities, such as hobbies and physical exercise, also emerged as important, as did health-related factors. Bodily sensations, thoughts, feelings and activities that benefited well-being were mentioned frequently. Lastly, people commented on the government strategies for containing COVID-19, and whether to comply with restrictions.

    Conclusions

    To summarize, daily uplifts and helpful aspects of everyday life centered around social relationships. To comply with recommendations on physical distancing, people found creative ways to maintain social connections both digitally and face-to-face. Social interaction, maintenance of everyday life routines, hobbies and physical activity appeared to be important for well-being.

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  • 3.
    Hensler, Ida
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Centre for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Trauma-focused digital support, momentary psychological states, and long-term symptoms: Randomized controlled trial and ecological momentary assessment2023Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Perceived health, symptoms, and emotional states may fluctuate in response to coping efforts and support. The short- and long-term effects, benefits, and harms of trauma-focused self-management apps should be investigated. This thesis explored digital and face-to-face social activities in relation to same-day emotional states and health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the implications of using specific coping strategies for health and the effects of the unguided self-management app PTSD Coach for trauma-related complications were investigated. In Study I, 697 adults in Sweden responded to daily surveys (ecological momentary assessments) once a day during 14 consecutive days during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Studies II–IV, 179 trauma-exposed adults responded to 2 daily surveys during 21 consecutive days, and 4 retrospective surveys from 0 to 9 months later. Access to PTSD Coach or inactive waitlist was randomized (1:1) at baseline and restricted until 3 months later. Effects were analyzed with mixed-effects models that accounted for simultaneous within- and between-person effects (Studies I–II) or intention-to-treat models with imputed data of controlled effects (Study III) and within-group longitudinal changes (Study IV). 

    Socializing face-to-face during the COVID-19 pandemic coincided with same-day lesser loneliness, greater sense of belonging, and better health. More digital social interaction than usual only related to same-day sense of belonging among people aged ≥ 70 years. Greater utilization than usual of perceived social support related to better same-day health among trauma-exposed adults. Access to PTSD Coach ameliorated posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and functional disability compared with waitlist controls and related to within-group reductions in somatic symptoms. Posttraumatic stress continued to decrease during the uncontrolled follow-up. Unguided access to PTSD Coach was considered slightly to moderately helpful. Access to PTSD Coach did not relate to deteriorated posttraumatic stress. Approximately half of the participants reported no negative effects, while ≤ 13% reported potential trauma-related reactions such as distressing memories related to using PTSD Coach. 

    Face-to-face social interactions and perceived social support appear favorable for health. PTSD Coach is a slightly helpful trauma-focused self-management tool that may improve symptoms but also elicit negative effects. Future research could explore mechanisms of change and temporal, causal relationships between coping and health in order to optimize app interventions and resilience during crises.

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  • 4.
    Hensler, Ida
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Bondjers, Kristina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, National Center for Disaster Psychiatry. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University Hospital.
    Hursti, Timo
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Arnberg, Filip
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, National Center for Disaster Psychiatry. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, University Hospital.
    The Relation between Disgust and PTSD Symptom Severity2018Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 5.
    Hensler, Ida
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Cernvall, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Cervenka: Psychiatry.
    Sveen, Josefin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Arnberg, Filip
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Cervenka: Psychiatry.
    PTSD Coach Sweden: RCT of a trauma-focused self-management app2021In: Trauma and Mental Health during the Global Pandemic: Abstract Book of the ESTSS 2021 / [ed] Annett Lotzin, A.A.A. Manik J. Djelantik, Marloes B. Eidhof, Anke de Haan, & Jana Kiralj, 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 6.
    Hensler, Ida
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Sveen, Josefin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Bondjers, Kristina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry. Norwegian centre for violence and traumatic stress studies, PB-181, NO-0409, Oslo, Norway.
    Cernvall, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry.
    Arnberg, Filip
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Face-to-face and digital social interaction, loneliness, sense of belonging and self-rated general health during the COVID-19 pandemic: ecological momentary assessmentIn: Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The COVID-19 pandemic entailed restrictions to social interactions, which may have affected people’s well-being. Face-to-face and digital social interaction could alleviate distress and improve well-being during a pandemic. However, the short-term psychological response to these modes of social interaction in the context of an ongoing pandemic warrants further exploration. We investigated how social activities in the past 24 hours were associated with short-term mental states (loneliness, sense of belonging and health) during the COVID-19 pandemic, and how associations varied due to age, gender and social isolation. Adults from the general public in Sweden (n = 697, 90.24% female, age m = 52.71, sd = 11.19) responded to ecological momentary assessments during 14 consecutive days in 2020. Based on 40,358 observations, people who socialized more face-to-face reported less loneliness, greater sense of belonging and health. These associations differed depending on social isolation and age. Digital social interactions were generally not associated with outcomes; however, people aged ≥70 years reported greater sense of belonging when they socialized digitally more than usual. Substituting face-to-face socializing with digital interactions may affect resiliency during prolonged pandemic restrictions.

  • 7.
    Hensler, Ida
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Sveen, Josefin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Cernvall, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Cervenka: Psychiatry.
    Arnberg, Filip
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Ecological momentary assessment of self-rated health, daily strategies and self-management app use among trauma-exposed adults2021In: European Journal of Psychotraumatology, ISSN 2000-8198, E-ISSN 2000-8066, Vol. 12, no 1, article id 1920204Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The process whereby trauma-exposed people benefit from self-management apps to increase health is poorly understood.

    Objective: We investigated whether access to a self-management smartphone app for posttraumatic stress (PTSD Coach) improved momentary self-rated health (SRH) and if use of a self-management app or specific strategies related to SRH.

    Method: Participants were 179 adults in Sweden with trauma exposure in the past 2 years who were enrolled in a randomized trial of PTSD Coach versus waitlist. Ecological momentary assessments (EMA) were collected twice daily during 21 consecutive days from participants in both groups, with questions about momentary SRH as well as self-management app use and use of strategies (social support, distress management, monitoring of discomfort and seeking information) in the preceding 12 hours.

    Results: Overall, neither access to PTSD Coach nor reported use of an app in the preceding hours was related to SRH. Even so, people with access to PTSD Coach reported using more social support over time. Socializing and use of social support predicted greater SRH. Use of other strategies was associated with worse short-term SRH.

    Conclusions: Momentarily improved health relates to utilization of social support. However, the directionality of the day-to-day associations is unclear; uncertainty remains around the timing for assessing these relationships.

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  • 8.
    Hensler, Ida
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Sveen, Josefin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Cernvall, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Cervenka: Psychiatry.
    Arnberg, Filip
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Center for Disaster Psychiatry. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Cervenka: Psychiatry.
    Intensive Longitudinal Assessment of Coping Strategies and Health Status among Trauma-Exposed Adults following a Smartphone Intervention: PTSD Coach Sweden2019Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 9.
    Hensler, Ida
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Sveen, Josefin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, National Center for Disaster Psychiatry. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Ekselius: Psychiatry.
    Cernvall, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Arnberg, Filip
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, National Center for Disaster Psychiatry.
    PTSD Coach Sweden: A Self-Management App for Trauma-Related Symptoms: A RCT study protocol evaluating a self-help app for posttraumatic stress in a Swedish community sample2019In: European Journal of Psychotraumatology, ISSN 2000-8198, E-ISSN 2000-8066, Vol. 10, no S1, article id 4–010Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Resources to administer evidence-based care for PTSD and trauma-related complications are scarce, especially in particular geographical areas, during mass casualty situations and for individuals with subclinical symptoms as clinics prioritize more severe cases. Effective interventions for PTSD through technical platforms could disseminate information and self-management strategies to decrease individual suffering and societal costs. Assessment at multiple time points can elucidate which aspects of an intervention that are effective, in addition to the evolution of intervention use and well-being over time. 

    Objective: Evaluate an app-administered self-help intervention (PTSD Coach Sweden) aiming to reduce and manage PTSD symptoms and other related complications. 

    Method: In this trial, 200 participants from Sweden who have experienced a traumatic event in the past two years and who report posttraumatic stress symptoms will be randomized to three months use of the app or waitlist. The primary endpoint is self-rated PTSD symptom severity at three months, with follow-up at six and nine months. Secondary outcomes include depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, functional impairment and health care use. Ecological momentary assessment of health status and use of strategies corresponding to app content is used for 21 days during the first three months.

    Results: Lessons learned and recommendations from the preparations of app-based intervention trials are presented. Available data from the primary endpoint are presented. 

    Conclusions: App-based interventions hold promise to increase outreach, but further trials are needed. Several challenges introduced when preparing an app-based intervention are discussed.

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  • 10.
    Hensler, Ida
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Centre for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Sveen, Josefin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Centre for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Cernvall, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Cervenka: Psychiatry.
    Arnberg, Filip K
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Centre for Disaster Psychiatry. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Cervenka: Psychiatry.
    Efficacy, Benefits, and Harms of a Self-management App in a Swedish Trauma-Exposed Community Sample (PTSD Coach): Randomized Controlled Trial2022In: Journal of Medical Internet Research, E-ISSN 1438-8871, Vol. 24, no 3Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Self-guided interventions may complement and overcome obstacles to in-person treatment options. The efficacy of app interventions targeting posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is unclear, and results from previous studies on PTSD Coach—an app for managing trauma-related distress—are inconsistent.

    Objective: This study investigates whether access to the Swedish version of the PTSD Coach affects posttraumatic stress, depressive, and somatic symptoms. In addition, we aim to assess the perceived helpfulness, satisfaction, negative effects, response, and remission related to PTSD Coach.

    Methods: Adults who had experienced potentially traumatic events in the past 2 years were randomized (1:1) to have access to PTSD Coach (n=89) or be on the waitlist (n=90). We assessed clinical characteristics at baseline (semistructured interviews and self-rating scales) and after 3 months (self-rating scales). We analyzed the data in R software using linear mixed effects models, chi-square tests, and Fisher exact test.

    Results: Intention-to-treat analyses indicated that access to PTSD Coach decreased posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms but not somatic symptoms. More participants who had access to PTSD Coach responded with clinically significant improvement and fewer instances of probable PTSD after 3 months compared with waitlist controls. Overall, participants found that PTSD Coach was slightly to moderately helpful and moderately satisfactory. Half of the intervention group (36/71, 51%) reported at least one negative reaction related to using PTSD Coach (eg, disappointment with the app or its results, arousal of stress, or distressing memories).

    Conclusions: Using PTSD Coach may trigger symptoms among a few users; however, most of them perceived PTSD Coach as helpful and satisfactory. This study showed that having access to PTSD Coach helped improve psychological trauma-related symptoms. In addition, we have discussed implications for future research and clinical practice.

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  • 11.
    Hensler, Ida
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Centre for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Sveen, Josefin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Centre for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Cernvall, Martin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry.
    Arnberg, Filip K.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, research centers etc., National Centre for Disaster Psychiatry.
    Longitudinal follow-up of the randomized controlled trial of access to the trauma-focused self-management app PTSD Coach2023In: Internet Interventions, ISSN 2214-7829, Vol. 32, p. 100618-, article id 100618Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Apps that target posttraumatic stress are rarely evaluated and long-term examination of symptom change is rare. In a waitlist-controlled randomized controlled trial, we found that the Swedish version of the self-management app PTSD Coach confers benefits on posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms after three months use. Here, we aimed to evaluate between-group effects on functional disability as well as within-group changes on mental health, somatic illness and functional disability after access to the Swedish PTSD Coach app during 9 months. In addition, we described negative effects, helpfulness and satisfaction with the app. Among the 179 trauma-exposed adults (92% women) randomized to instant access or delayed access to PTSD Coach, symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, somatic illness and functional disability decreased and were maintained within 3 to 9 months of app access. Posttraumatic stress continued to improve during follow up. PTSD Coach was considered slightly to moderately helpful and satisfactory, and 43% reported any negative effect related to using the app. PTSD Coach is an effective self-management intervention for trauma-related distress. Future research should investigate mechanisms of change, as well as individual characteristics that predict symptom reduction after access to PTSD Coach in order to inform clinical practice.

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1 - 11 of 11
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