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  • 1.
    Avula, Ramana R.
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Information Science and Engineering.
    Chin, Jun-Xing
    Power Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
    Oechtering, Tobias J.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Information Science and Engineering.
    Hug, Gabriela
    Power Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Design Framework for Privacy-Aware Demand-Side Management with Realistic Energy Storage Model2021In: IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, ISSN 1949-3053, E-ISSN 1949-3061, Vol. 12, no 4, p. 3503-3513Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Demand-side management (DSM) is a process by which the user demand patterns are modified to meet certain desired objectives. Traditionally, DSM was utility-driven, but with an increase in the integration of renewable sources and privacy-conscious consumers, it also becomes a “consumer-driven" process. Promising theoretical studies have shown that privacy can be achieved by shaping the user demand using an energy storage system (ESS). In this paper, we present a framework for utility-driven DSM while considering the user privacy and the ESS operational cost due to its energy losses and capacity degradation. We propose an ESS model using a circuit-based and data-driven approach that can be used to capture the ESS characteristics in control strategy designs. We measure privacy leakage using the Bayesian risk of a hypothesis testing adversary and present a novel recursive algorithm to compute the optimal privacy control strategy. Further, we design an energy-flow control strategy that achieves the Pareto-optimal trade-off between privacy leakage, deviation of demand from a DSM target profile, and the ESS cost. With numerical experiments using real household data and an emulated lithium-ion battery, we show that the desired level of privacy and demand shaping performance can be achieved while reducing the ESS degradation.

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  • 2.
    Avula, Ramana R.
    et al.
    Department of Electrification and Reliability, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås, Sweden.
    Oechtering, Tobias J.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Information Science and Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.
    Adversarial Inference Control in Cyber-Physical Systems: A Bayesian Approach With Application to Smart Meters2024In: IEEE Access, E-ISSN 2169-3536, Vol. 12, p. 24933-24948Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With the emergence of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) in utility systems like electricity, water, and gas networks, data collection has become more prevalent. While data collection in these systems has numerous advantages, it also raises concerns about privacy as it can potentially reveal sensitive information about users. To address this issue, we propose a Bayesian approach to control the adversarial inference and mitigate the physical-layer privacy problem in CPSs. Specifically, we develop a control strategy for the worst-case scenario where an adversary has perfect knowledge of the user’s control strategy. For finite state-space problems, we derive the fixed-point Bellman’s equation for an optimal stationary strategy and discuss a few practical approaches to solve it using optimization-based control design. Addressing the computational complexity, we propose a reinforcement learning approach based on the Actor-Critic architecture. To also support smart meter privacy research, we present a publicly accessible “Co-LivEn” dataset with comprehensive electrical measurements of appliances in a co-living household. Using this dataset, we benchmark the proposed reinforcement learning approach. The results demonstrate its effectiveness in reducing privacy leakage. Our work provides valuable insights and practical solutions for managing adversarial inference in cyber-physical systems, with a particular focus on enhancing privacy in smart meter applications.

  • 3.
    Avula, Ramana R.
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Information Science and Engineering.
    Oechtering, Tobias J.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Information Science and Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Privacy-preserving smart meter control strategy including energy storage losses2018In: Proceedings - 2018 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe, ISGT-Europe 2018, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018, article id 8571537Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Privacy-preserving smart meter control strategies proposed in the literature so far make some ideal assumptions such as instantaneous control without delay, lossless energy storage systems etc. In this paper, we present a one-step-ahead predictive control strategy using Bayesian risk to measure and control privacy leakage with an energy storage system. The controller estimates energy state using a three-circuit energy storage model to account for steady-state energy losses. With numerical experiments, the controller is evaluated with real household consumption data using a state-of-the-art adversarial algorithm. Results show that the state estimation of the energy storage system significantly affects the controller's performance. The results also show that the privacy leakage can be effectively reduced using an energy storage system but at the expense of energy loss.

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  • 4.
    Bäckström, Mats
    et al.
    Combitech AB.
    Thottappillil, Rajeev
    Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University.
    Månsson, Daniel
    Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University.
    Montaño, Raul
    High Voltage Valley.
    Lundén, Olof
    Division of Sensor Technology, Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI).
    Nilsson, Tony
    Combitech AB.
    Some Recent Work on Intentional EMI in Sweden2008In: European electromagnetics (EUROEM), 2008Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 5.
    Ellgardt, Anders
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Modeling Shielding Effectiveness for Composite Walls of Concrete and Carbon Filaments2013In: Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, ISSN 1937-8726, Vol. 28, p. 15-25Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Concrete walls reinforced with rebars have poor shielding effectiveness for telecommunication frequencies (frequencies above 0.5 GHz). An effective method to increase the shielding effectiveness of the walls is to increase the complex permittivity of the concrete. This can be done by mixing in thin filaments of a material with high conductivity. One such material is carbon. In this paper the Maxwell Garnett mixing rule is used to model a concrete material with carbon filaments. The shielding effectiveness computed with the mixing rule is found to agree with previously published measurement results.

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    fulltext
  • 6.
    Holmin, Samuel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mathematics (Dept.), Mathematics (Div.).
    Kurlberg, Pär
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mathematics (Dept.), Mathematics (Div.).
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    On the free path length distribution for linear motion in an n-dimensional box2018In: Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, ISSN 1751-8113, E-ISSN 1751-8121, Vol. 51, no 46, article id 465201Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We consider the distribution of free path lengths, or the distance between consecutive bounces of random particles, in an n-dimensional rectangular box. If each particle travels a distance R, then, as R -> infinity the free path length coincides with the distribution of the length of the intersection of a random line with the box (for a natural ensemble of random lines) and we give an explicit formula (piecewise real analytic) for the probability density function in dimension two and three. In dimension two we also consider a closely related model where each particle is allowed to bounce N times, as N -> infinity, and give an explicit (again piecewise real analytic) formula for its probability density function. Further, in both models we can recover the side lengths of the box from the location of the discontinuities of the probability density functions.

  • 7.
    Jiao, Yang
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS).
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    A Study of the Energy Exchange within a Hybrid Energy Storage System and a Comparison of the Capacities, Lifetimes, and Costs of Different Systems2021In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 14, no 21, p. 7045-7045Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    By combining the advantages of different energy storage technologies, the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) can satisfy the multiple requirements of prosumer systems. However, the required capacity of the HESS is larger than that of the single-battery energy storage system (ESS). This paper investigates the energy exchange within the HESS caused by the phase shift of the low-pass filter controller and its relevant impact on the HESS. The results show that unnecessary energy exchange results in an oversized capacity and increased energy loss. In addition, the increase in the time constant of the low-pass filter controller leads to a larger phase shift, further contributing to the increases in the total capacity and energy loss. Furthermore, this paper compares the single-battery ESS, the battery-supercapacitor HESS, and the battery-flywheel HESS implemented in a household-prosumer system along with a renewable energy source (RES). The comparison of the ESS combinations demonstrates the differences between their power flows, the required capacities of their individual energy storage devices (ESDs), their energy losses, their battery lifetimes, and their project costs. The results indicate that techno-economic analysis should be performed carefully to select the appropriate ESS solution for specific household-prosumer systems.

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  • 8.
    Jiao, Yang
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Analysis of two hybrid energy storage systems in an off-grid photovoltaic microgrid: A case study2020In: Proceedings IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2020, p. 554-558Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In recent years, driven by global environmental issues, a growing number of renewable energy sources (RESs) have been developed. Microgrids have been confirmed as an important part in the increasing penetrations of renewable energy and the shift from a centralized paradigm to decentralized electricity production. The energy storage system (ESS) is a critical component that affects the development of microgrids. Combining advantages from different energy storage technologies, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) can satisfy multiple requirements in microgrids. This paper compares the single battery system with the battery-supercapacitor (SC) HESS and the battery-flywheel HESS in an isolated photovoltaic (PV) power microgrid. Results show that both the SC and the flywheel distinctly reduce the battery charging and discharging powers and the required capacity of the battery. Therefore, the stresses and the needed size of the battery are reduced and the battery lifetime is extended.

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  • 9.
    Jiao, Yang
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Greenhouse gas emissions from hybrid energy storage systems in future 100% renewable power systems – A Swedish case based on consequential life cycle assessment2023In: Journal of Energy Storage, ISSN 2352-152X, E-ISSN 2352-1538, Vol. 57, p. 106167-106187, article id 106167Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To promote the development of renewables, this article evaluates the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) in 100% renewable power systems. The consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) approach is applied to evaluate and forecast the environmental implications of HESSs. Based on the power system of Sweden, different HESS combinations, which include energy storage (ES) technologies: pumped hydro ES, hydrogen ES, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, lead-acid (PbA) batteries, vanadium redox (VR) batteries, supercapacitors (SCs), and flywheels, are discussed. The results show that for Sweden and similar large-scale utility applications, the cradle-to-gate GHG emissions from the HESS contribute to a major share of the life cycle GHG emissions due to the under-utilization of the cycle life. Among the HESSs compared in this study, the Pumped hydro+Li-ion+Flywheel combination exhibits the least life cycle GHG emissions. Moreover, the phasing out of nuclear power brings a severe challenge to the carbon reduction target. However, the introduced HESS manages to reduce GHG emissions from a 100% renewable power system.

  • 10.
    Jiao, Yang
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Future 100% Renewable Power Systems: A Swedish Case Based on Consequential Life Cycle AssessmentManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    To promote the development of renewables, this article evaluates the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) in 100% renewable power systems. The consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) approach is applied to evaluate and forecast the environmental implications of HESSs. Based on the power system of Sweden, different HESS combinations, which include energy storage (ES) technologies: pumped hydro ES, hydrogen ES, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, lead-acid (PbA) batteries, vanadium redox (VR) batteries, supercapacitors (SCs), and flywheels, are discussed. The results show that for Sweden and similar large-scale utility applications, the cradle-to-gate GHG emissions from the HESS contribute to a major share of the life cycle GHG emissions due to the under-utilization of the cycle life. Among the HESSs compared in this study, the Pumped hydro+Li-ion+Flywheel combination exhibits the least life cycle GHG emissions. Moreover, the phasing out of nuclear power brings a severe challenge to the carbon reduction target. However, the introduced HESS manages to reduce GHG emissions from a 100% renewable power system.

  • 11.
    Jiao, Yang
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Power Distribution Strategy Based on Low-Pass Filter Controller with a Variable Time Constant in Hybrid Energy Storage Systems2021In: 2021 IEEE PES INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY EUROPE (ISGT EUROPE 2021), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2021, p. 785-789Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A critical issue in a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is the control strategy, especially the power distribution between the individual energy storage devices. In this paper, the power distribution strategy based on the low-pass filter (LPF) controller with a variable time constant is introduced. The adjustable range of the variable time constant is determined by the spectrum analysis of the imbalanced power in a stand-alone household-prosumer system. In addition, the variation of the time constant is based on the feedback of the state of charge (SoC) of the supercapacitor (SC). The simulation results show that the power distribution strategy keeps the SoC of the SC in a moderate range and utilizes the SC more properly. A scaled-down experimental setup is built to verify the effectiveness of the power distribution strategy and the simulation results. Therefore, the proposed power distribution strategy ensures the effective operation of the HESS, avoids the unnecessary enlarging of the SC, and achieves cost reduction.

  • 12.
    Jiao, Yang
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS).
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Power Distribution Strategy Based on Low-PassFilter Controller with a Variable Time Constant in Hybrid Energy Storage Systems2021In: Power Distribution Strategy Based on Low-PassFilter Controller with a Variable Time Constant in Hybrid Energy Storage Systems, 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A critical issue in a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is the control strategy, especially the power distribution between the individual energy storage devices. In this paper, the power distribution strategy based on the low-pass filter (LPF) controller with a variable time constant is introduced. The adjustable range of the variable time constant is determined by the spectrum analysis of the imbalanced power in a stand-alone household-prosumer system. In addition, the variation of the time constant is based on the feedback of the state of charge (SoC) of the supercapacitor (SC). The simulation results show that the power distribution strategy keeps the SoC of the SC in a moderate range and utilizes the SC more properly. A scaled-down experimental setup is built to verify the effectiveness of the power distribution strategy and the simulation results. Therefore, the proposed power distribution strategy ensures the effective operation of the HESS, avoids the unnecessary enlarging of the SC, and achieves cost reduction. 

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  • 13.
    Jiao, Yang
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Study of the oversized capacity and the increased energy loss of hybrid energy storage systems and design of an improved controller based on the low-pass filter2022In: Journal of Energy Storage, ISSN 2352-152X, E-ISSN 2352-1538, Vol. 50, p. 104241-104241, article id 104241Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consisting of batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) is an effective approach to stability problems brought by renewable energy sources (RESs) in microgrids. This paper investigates the energy exchange between the two energy storage devices (ESDs) caused by the low-pass filter (LPF), which leads to the oversized capacity of HESSs. In addition, the energy exchange between the ESDs leads to more energy loss of HESSs. Based on the analysis of the power flows, this paper proposes an improved controller based on the LPF controller. A power direction control strategy eliminates the non-beneficial power flow to reduce the capacity of HESSs and improve the round-trip energy efficiency. In addition, a SOC control strategy regime balances the desired state of charge (SOC) of the ESDs instead of depending on the LPF. In this paper, the case study shows that the improved LPF controller reduces the capacity of the HESS to the minimized capacity and improves the round-trip energy efficiency. Furthermore, it has no adverse effect on battery aging and achieves the battery lifetime extension with a smaller capacity. A scaled-down HESS experimental setup validates the effectiveness of the improved LPF controller and the simulation results. Finally, the proposed improved controller is compared with various existing controllers to verify the performance.

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  • 14.
    Kane, Makarand
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Taylor, Nathaniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Characterization of Parasitic Impedances of PV Panels from Common Mode Perspective2022In: 2022 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility – EMC Europe, 2022, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2022Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Parasitic impedances of PV panels play an important role in the common mode circuit. This work has investigated parasitic impedance model including capacitances and inductances, against the one with only capacitances considered in the literature. Further, the effects of geometrical and environmental factors on the parasitic capacitances are analysed using Finite Element Method (FEM) and Design of Experiments (DoE). The analysis has revealed that the water layer above panels is significant for cell-to-frame capacitance and not for cell-to-ground capacitance. Frequency domain analysis of total parasitic impedances is presented which shows that the total impedance exhibits resonances and inductive behaviour in the MHz range. These features are not captured if only capacitive model is considered.

  • 15. Kane, Makarand
    et al.
    Taylor, Nathaniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.
    Experimental Investigations into Common Mode Impedance of PV Panels2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The nature of common mode (CM) parasitic impedance (ZPV) of photovoltaic (PV) panels is investigated by experimentation. Measurements are done by two methods: (a) time domain signal recording using a signal generator and an oscilloscope (b) frequency sweep using an LCR meter. It is shown that ZPV is not purely capacitive for the frequency range from 50 Hz to 1 MHz.  It is also shown that the total common mode impedance in a PV installation is affected by the nature of ZPV.  The frequency spectrum of CM current would be different if ZPV is not purely capacitive. This would affect the design of CM filters on the DC and AC side and also equipment like PV emulators, DC line impedance stabilization network, etc.

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    ZPV_Kane
  • 16.
    Kane, Makarand
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.
    Taylor, Nathaniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.
    Investigations Into Conducted Emissions of A 10 kW Photovoltaic Plant2024In: IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications, E-ISSN 2637-6423Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Considering inverter as the source of electromagnetic emission signals in a photovoltaic (PV) plant, a comprehensive set of measurements of conducted emissions at the input and output of the inverter in a 10 kW PV plant are presented. These are particularly relevant on the backdrop of (a) ban of products in the EU market due to non-compliance and (b) the increased switching frequency in the inverters ( 100s of kHz) in near future. Specifically, the common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) currents and voltages are measured, and their frequency domain behavior is studied. It is suggested that conducted emissions from PV can be classified into three zones: viz., extremely low frequency (ELF) zone, power frequency zone, and switching frequency zone. Important observations from this exercise are measurement of harmonic contents of current with total rated current distortion (TRD), imbalance in the output voltage and low frequency ripples in the DC voltage. Frequency domain behavior of the CM quantities is studied which throws light on important points like relation between input and output CM quantities, relation between CM voltage and CM current.

  • 17.
    Li, Bing
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    An Analytical Model for the Analysis of Propagation of IEMI in Electrical Networks2014In: 2014 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC EUROPE), IEEE conference proceedings, 2014, p. 158-163Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Research on the interference influence of Intentional EMI (IEMI) in an electrical network is important to assure its working reliability. In this paper, a propagation model of disturbances in an electrical network, which consists of both galvanically connected systems and wireless systems, is established based on the Transmission Line Theory and the Baum-Liu-Tesche (BLT) equation approach. The propagation model is a straight forward analytical approach and is applied on a certain network, and the responses (voltages and electrical fields) are obtained for each load (galvanic or wireless) located in the network. The response proportions for galvanic and wireless parts are presented.

  • 18.
    Li, Bing
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Effect of Periodicity in Frequency Responses of Networks From Conducted EMI2017In: IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility (Print), ISSN 0018-9375, E-ISSN 1558-187X, Vol. 59, no 6, p. 1897-1905Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we consider different types of networks, and investigate the characteristics of the frequency responses of loads, which are distributed in the networks. Without loss of generality, both frequency-independent and frequency-dependent loads are discussed, respectively. Beginning with a transmission-line (TL) network with frequency-independent loads, via the TL theory and Baum-Liu-Tesche equation, we demonstrate that the frequency responses are periodic in the frequency domain, where the periodicity is derived and verified. Subsequently, our study is extended to the complex networks that consist of multiple junctions and branches. By using the statistical method, we generate random loads with different attributes, i.e., resistive, inductive, or capacitive, and mainly study the effect of the number of branches and junctions on the frequency response of targeted load in various networks. From the perspective of protections for the targeted load in networks, results indicate that, for lossless and good dielectric (i.e., low-loss) media, it is crucial to consider the frequency responses at the critical frequencies in a periodical manner, rather than at a single frequency. Furthermore, it is worth noting that, the frequency response of targeted load behaves differently when varying the attributes of other loads in the network. The variation of network topology, i.e., increasing the number of junctions or branches, also influences the frequency response.

  • 19.
    Li, Bing
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Frequency Response Analysis of IEMI in Different Types of Electrical Networks2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, the frequency responses of the loads in different types of electrical networks subjected to intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI), are analysed with a method based on the Baum-Liu-Tesche (BLT) equation. The networks can be multi-conductor systems with multiple junctions and branches. To verify the calculation results, a commercial electromagnetic simulator based on electromagnetic topology was used. The calculation results agree well with the numerical simulations.

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  • 20.
    Li, Bing
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Frequency Response Analysis of IEMI in Power Line Network by Using Monte Carlo Approach2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we investigate the targeted load frequency responses of Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) in low voltage power line network, which consists of multiple junctions and branches. A disturbance that is injected at a random position in the network is considered in our work, and we study the impact of the position of the injection point in the sense of probability distribution, through the Monte Carlo method. To increase the precision, in the Monte Carlo simulation model, we introduce three variance reduction techniques, namely, complementary random numbers, correlated sampling and stratified sampling, and we use them in combination. Results show that they can significantly reduce the variance and increase the simulation precision. More importantly, simulations quantitatively show that, controlling the probability of criminal accessing the targeted load can effectively reduce the influence level, which is crucial for ensuring the security and robustness of whole networks.

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    fulltext
  • 21.
    Li, Bing
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Impact evaluation of conducted UWB transients on loads in power-line networks2017In: Advances in Radio Science - Kleinheubacher Berichte, ISSN 1684-9965, E-ISSN 1684-9973, Vol. 15, p. 189-198Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nowadays, faced with the ever-increasing dependence on diverse electronic devices and systems, the proliferation of potential electromagnetic interference (EMI) becomes a critical threat for reliable operation. A typical issue is the electronics working reliably in power-line networks when exposed to electromagnetic environment. In this paper, we consider a conducted ultra-wideband (UWB) disturbance, as an example of intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) source, and perform the impact evaluation at the loads in a network. With the aid of fast Fourier transform (FFT), the UWB transient is characterized in the frequency domain. Based on a modified Baum–Liu–Tesche (BLT) method, the EMI received at the loads, with complex impedance, is computed. Through inverse FFT (IFFT), we obtain time-domain responses of the loads. To evaluate the impact on loads, we employ five common, but important quantifiers, i.e., time-domain peak, total signal energy, peak signal power, peak time rate of change and peak time integral of the pulse. Moreover, to perform a comprehensive analysis, we also investigate the effects of the attributes (capacitive, resistive, or inductive) of other loads connected to the network, the rise time and pulse width of the UWB transient, and the lengths of power lines. It is seen that, for the loads distributed in a network, the impact evaluation of IEMI should be based on the characteristics of the IEMI source, and the network features, such as load impedances, layout, and characteristics of cables.

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  • 22.
    Li, Bing
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Impact evaluation of conducted UWB transients on terminal loads in a network2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we consider a conducted UWB disturbance due to intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI), and evaluate impact quantifiers at the loads of a network. Through FFT, we characterize the time-domain transient and apply a Baum-Liu-Tesche (BLT) approach. The EMIreceived at the loads, which can be inductive, capacitive or resistive, is calculated and via the inverse FFT, we get the load responses in time-domain. To perform an impact evaluation of the loads, five quantifiers, i.e., time-domain peak, total signal energy, peak signal power, peak time rate of change and peak time integral of the pulse, are employed. It is seen that the impact evaluation of different kinds of loads, in a particular network, should be based on different attributes depending upon the characteristics of the transient.

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  • 23.
    Li, Bing
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Stochastic Study of the Receptivity of Critical Load to Conducted IEMI in a Network2017In: Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, ISSN 1937-6480Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 24.
    Li, Bing
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Yang, Guang
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Communication Theory.
    An Efficient Method for Solving Frequency Responses of Power-Line Networks2015In: Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, E-ISSN 1937-6472, Vol. 62, no 1, p. 303-317Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a novel approach for solving the frequency responses of a powerline network, which is a two-parallel-conductor system with multiple junctions and branches. By correcting the reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient of each junction, a complex network can be decomposed into several, single-junction, units. Based on the Baum-Liu-Tesche (BLT) equation, we preliminarily propose the calculation method of frequency responses for single-junction network. In accordance with the direction of power transfer, we calculate the frequency responses of loads connected to each junction sequentially, from the perspective of the network structure. This approach greatly simplifies the computational complexity of the network frequency responses. To verify the proposed algorithm, networks with various numbers of junctions and branches are investigated, and the results are compared with a commercial electromagnetic simulator based on the topology. The analytical results agree well with the simulated ones.

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  • 25. Mansson, Christopher
    et al.
    Nilsson, Anders
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Karlson, Britt-Marie
    Response from the authors of the original article. Comment to: Mansson C, Nilsson A, Karlson B-M. Severe complications with irreversible electroporation of the pancreas in the presence of a metallic stent: a warning of a procedure that never should be performed2015In: Acta Radiologica Open, E-ISSN 2058-4601, Vol. 4, no 9, article id UNSP 2058460115603876Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 26.
    Montaño, Raul
    et al.
    High Voltage Valley.
    Bäckström, Mats
    Saab Communication.
    Månsson, Daniel
    Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University.
    Thottappillil, Rajeev
    Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University.
    On the Response and Immunity of Electric Power Infrastructures Against IEMI – Current Swedish Initiatives2008In: 2008 ASIA-PACIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY AND 19TH INTERNATIONAL ZURICH SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOLS 1 AND 2, New York: IEEE , 2008, p. 510-513Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    IEMI is not a new research topic especially for military applications. However, not much attention has been paid in the past to the possibility that this type of threat could be used against civilian critical infrastructure by terrorist groups or other rough elements. Moreover, just a few research programs, mainly conducted in the U.S., have been reported combining power systems and high altitude nuclear high-altitude electromagnetic (HEMP) pulse. The present manuscript is aimed to present various Swedish research activities planned to provide the necessary knowledge to improve the electromagnetic requirements/susceptibility level against IEMI threats of future digital and electronic components used on different critical infrastructures system.

  • 27.
    Montaño, Raul
    et al.
    High Voltage Valley.
    Bäckström, Mats
    Combitech AB.
    Månsson, Daniel
    Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University.
    Thottappillil, Rajeev
    Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University.
    Response and Immunity of Electric Power Infrastructure Against IEMI - Ongoing Swedish Initiatives2008Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recently, an area of research dealing with the threat of Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) specifically directed against transmission and distribution of electric power has been established at a Swedish civilian research centre called High Voltage Valley (HVV). One reason for the increased attention is a couple of reports from the U.S. alarming that an attack using a nuclear weapon generating a High-Altitude EMP (HEMP) is possible to carry out even for terrorists. The HEMP may create very severe effects on the infrastructure, especially on the electric power grid. Also in Europe HEMP, but especially the threat from portable sources such as High Power Microwave (HPM) sources, has been pointed out as a threat. This report sums up research initiatives at HVV to build up knowledge to forecast the response of the power transmission and distribution system when subjected to an IEMI attack and to apply methods of protection.

  • 28.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    A short Note on the Experience of Using Concept Cases in a Master Level Course2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Concept questions and similar diagnostic tests and exams have been described in literature and areused in several courses throughout KTH and in academia around the world. It is based on the ideathat students have to properly understand the subject and, thus, cannot rely on a “plug and chug”procedure to derive the correct answer(s). It is a method for the lecturer to, mid-lecture, check thelevel of understanding amongst the students and to adapt the lecture content based on the outcome ofthe concept questions. E.g., if the students performed poorly, material can be revisited and explaineddifferently or more in-depth. This iterative process will hopefully improve the leaning of the studentsand it has been stated in literature that students understand the subject better but not on the expenseof being able to “solve problems” (i.e., using equations).

    It is here described how this above mentioned approach was applied in the form of “Concept Cases”in a Master level course at KTH; the problems that were first faced, the discovered necessities forapplication and some remedies performed for improvement. The concept cases were used bothduring lectures but also in the written exams.

    It was seen that there are several key components that have to be managed to successfully apply theconcept cases. Firstly, a clear introduction with a proper layout and presentation of the problem isvital so as to minimize any misconceptions surrounding the setting of the concept and problem.Secondly, the nature of the multiple choice questions has to be rational, i.e., ludicrous options willinstantly guide the students to the correct answer(s) and will, thus, lower the impact of the conceptcase. Thirdly, an open discussion amongst the students is critical to promote and evolve theirreasoning. Finally, a clear and distinct presentation of the answer(s) together with an open discussionabout the students, and lecturers, reasoning is needed.

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  • 29.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    A Short Note on the Optimization of Halbach Arrays Used as Magnetic Springs2015In: Proceedings of PIERS 2015 in Prague, July 6-9, 2015, The Electromagnetics Academy , 2015, p. 1328-1332Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Modern neodymium magnets are today widely used for a wide variety of purposes and some commercial types have an adhesive capability of approximately 100 kg even though the dimensions are only 5 ∗ 5 ∗ 2.5 cm. Therefore the idea of using permanent magnets as springs isn’t uncommon. Here, the specific magnetization scheme often described as a “Halbach array” is analyzed in the use as elements of a magnetic spring. The Halbach array has (ideally) a one sided flux and here both analytical methods using Maxwell’s stress tensor and numerical simulations using FEMM are applied to calculate the restorative force created for two such opposing magnetic structures. This vertical force is highly dependent upon the dimensions of the structures and the magnetization wavelengths in the materials. Thus, varying these parameters will greatly affect the characteristics of the magnetic spring (e.g., spring stiffness, maximum restorative force etc.). Different applications will require different physical dimensions and magnetization wavelengths in the material.

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    Poster
  • 30.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Att störa den störare som stör2011Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Billiga och kommersiella mobiltelefonstörare är idag lättillgängliga på internet. De är små och svåra att upptäcka samt finns för flera frekvensband och mobiltelefonprotokoll. En typ av sådana störare har undersökts både för att fastställa dess operativa förmåga men också dess egen tålighet mot elektromagnetiska fält. Detta för att kunna utvärdera ett motmedelsförfarande där en högeffekts EM-källa (eng. HPEM) används för att slå ut svårtillgängliga störare.

  • 31.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Avsiktliga sabotage mot järnvägsystem2010In: Elektronik i Norden : komponenter, instrument, system : branschtidningen för Nordens elektroniker, ISSN 1103-2944Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 32.
    Månsson, Daniel
    Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University.
    Avsiktliga störningar ett växande hot2008In: Elektronik i Norden, ISSN 1103-2944Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 33.
    Månsson, Daniel
    Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University.
    Avsiktliga störningar tar sig in i byggnader2005In: Elektronik i Norden, ISSN 1103-2944Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 34.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.
    Comparison of different types of users in Sweden mitigating energy poverty and utilizing green technologies2023In: 2023 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT EUROPE), Grenoble, France, 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To mitigate the ongoing climate changes and promote a power grid that widely utilizes the production of renewable electricity and flexibility services, synergy with the users is of interest. However, it is not certain that critical actors such as governmental bodies or the industry perceive the users and their motivations correctly, and misconceptions might hinder the implementation of green technologies in society. In this paper, we investigate how different types of users in Sweden differ in their ability to create revenues using green technologies and flexibility. We investigate if views held by, e.g., governmental bodies or the industry could be detrimental to necessary future policy changes.

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  • 35.
    Månsson, Daniel
    Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University.
    Elektromagnetisk terrorism: nygammalt hot mot vårt samhälle2008In: Electronic Environment, no 2Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 36.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Energy storage for a future smart grid: Docent presentation video2016Other (Other academic)
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    Docent video presentation
  • 37.
    Månsson, Daniel
    High Voltage Valley.
    GPS-mottagare känsliga för störning2009In: Elektronik i Norden : komponenter, instrument, system : branschtidningen för Nordens elektroniker, ISSN 1103-2944Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 38.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    IEMI and EMC Considerations for Large Systems - Smart GridAspects2013In: Proceedings of the 34th PIERS 2013 in Sthlm: Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, PIERS , 2013, p. 1366-1370Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The smart grid concept is the grid design philosophy that diversifies the powergrids and the electricity markets. However a deep penetration of \prosumers" and distributedgeneration in urban environments could lead to significant problems from an electromagneticcompatibility (EMC) viewpoint. Traditional classification methods, used for small isolated systems, are inadequate tools to investigate, improve and evaluate mitigation measures for largedistributed infrastructures such as a smart grid. Therefore, an alternative classification method,originally developed to investigate the vulnerability of large distributed systems from intentionalelectromagnetic interference (IEMI), is used here. The method is used to analyse the smart gridconcept to investigate if the smart grid is, from an EMC and IEMI viewpoint for a large distributed system, an improvement or deterioration compared to traditional power grids (and theaspects that is attached to them)

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  • 39.
    Månsson, Daniel
    Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University.
    Intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI): Susceptibility investigations and classification of civilian systems and equipment2008Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This PhD thesis addresses the threat posed to society by sources that can produce high power electromagnetic pulses (HEPM) and be used maliciously to disturb or damage electronic equipment. The vulnerability from intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) has increased in the recent decades due to the widespread dependence of the civil society on sensitive electronic systems and proliferation of radiation sources.

    As the characteristics of the disturbances associated with IEMI often have very high frequency content, the existing mitigation measures and protection components may not be adequate. It was seen that for ultra wideband (UWB) transients low voltage protection components may not work as intended, due to parasitic components that arises from the packaging of the device.

    The large spatial distribution of many civilian facilities and critical infra-structures (e.g., power generation, communications, train system, etc.) presents many unexpected ports for an attacker as the majority of the parts of these systems are not protected or secure.

    As the new European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) will utilize wireless communication for communication and control of the trains the vulnerability from different radiating HPEM sources was investigated. Angles of incidence and frequencies that are a threat in a given situation are identified.

    Due to the possibility of unexpected ports, the propagation of differential mode ultra wideband transients in low voltage power networks, when injected into a power socket of a facility, was studied. The effects on the transient propagation from cable bends, switches and junctions were studied, both in a laboratory setup and in the network of a facility.

    Also, as modern electronic equipment and systems may not be tested for waveforms and disturbances other than standardized EMC tests, experiments on some common commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment were performed with non-standard test situation. It was seen that these could easily be disturbed or even permanently damaged.

    In addition, due to the inherent difficulties with IEMI, a new method for classifying facilities from IEMI is suggested. It is based on available terminology of accessibility (A), susceptibility (S) and consequence (C), but expands these and forms the so called IEMI/ASC-cube.

  • 40.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Jamming Jammers Jamming GSM Phones2010Conference paper (Refereed)
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  • 41.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    On the Optimization of Halbach Arrays as Energy Storage Media2015In: Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, E-ISSN 1937-6472, Vol. 62, no 1, p. 277-288Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the paper presented here the optimization of Halbach arrays as storage media for mechanical potential energy is investigated with numerical simulations using FEMM and analytical calculations using the Maxwell stress tensor. Two opposing Halbach arrays form a "magnetic spring" and mechanical potential energy is stored when this structure is compressed. It is here seen that the wavelength of the magnetization in the material and the dimensions greatly influence the stored energy density. A clear region of maximum is identified which leads to important conclusions on how the material should be employed. The suggested approach for storing energy have advantages and approximately 250 kJ/m3 can be reached. The main drawback is the large prize of rare earth metals such as Neodymium.

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  • 42.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    On the Suitability of Using Halbach Arrays as Potential Energy Storage Media2014In: Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, E-ISSN 1937-6472, Vol. 58, p. 151-166Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the work presented here, the suitability of an unusual energy storage medium is investigated. The energy storage system is based on the forceful compression of two magnetic Halbach arrays. The mass and volume energy density is obtained and compared to existing common energy storage systems. The charge and discharge times and depths are also discussed. In addition, limits and considerations, which are needed for practical implementation, e.g., risk of demagnetization, internal mechanical stresses, heating of the magnetic structure and financial efficiency are investigated.

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  • 43.
    Månsson, Daniel
    Uppsala University.
    Response of Civilian Facilities and Systems to High Power Electromagnetic (HPEM) Pulses and the Threat of Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI)2006Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
  • 44.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Review of the possibilities of magnetic energy storage using permanent magnets in Halbach configurations2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Here we review the possibilities, advantages and disadvantages of using magnetic material to form structures with one-sided fluxes (i.e., "Halbach arrays") for purpose of energy storage. These can form highly non-linear magnetic springs which can be widely adapted for specific cases, but an optimal parameter point exist for energy storage.

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  • 45.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    SafePowNet - Undersökning av sårbarheten hos elkraftnät mot avsiktliga EM-störningar (IEMI)2011Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    En pålitlig och oavbruten elförsörjning är av yttersta vikt för ett modernt samhälles fortgång. Ett elkraftnät förlitar sig mycket på avancerad utrustning för att övervaka och styra sin distribuerade infrastruktur. Detta gör nätet mottagligt för vissa former av elektromagnetiska störningar och därmed även för avsiktliga sådana. SafePowNet har varit ett projekt lett från Sverige finansierat av EU för att undersöka sårbarheten hos elkraftnät från avsiktliga elektromagnetiska störningar.

  • 46.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Sizing Energy Storage Systems used to Improve Privacy from Smart Meter Readings for Users in Sweden2018In: Proceedings - 2018 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe, ISGT-Europe 2018, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018, article id 8571456Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The smart power grid of the future will be heavily dependent on accurate information from the users via smart meter readings. However, from the information on the users power profile much knowledge about the behavior can be acquired, resulting in a breach of privacy. To mask the power profile an energy storage system can be used that obfuscates the smart meter readings. In this paper, we investigate the storage capacity needed if the smart meter is required to report a constant power usage for the user, electricity as well as distributed heating, to the utility. Both single and multiple users per energy storage system are investigated using both derived as well as measured power profiles.

  • 47.
    Månsson, Daniel
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science.
    Teachers' views on course analyses and the process at KTH: "Where are all the course analyses and why are they there?”2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Teachers at KTH are bound by national law and local regulations to perform course evaluations and course analyses and to make the findings and potential decisions available to the students by uploading them to the designated web portal. However, investigations of the data from this database show that few of the courses at KTH are represented herein. After interviews with teachers at KTH, there are strong indications that the faculty is in fact doing course analyses but not as stipulated. The teachers have adopted their own approaches that suit their individual situations. Analyzing the interview material using Vroom's expectancy-value theory, it is indicated that the teachers perceive the costs associated with following the stipulated process outweigh the benefits and that the values seen in performing course analyses are connected to their role as teachers.

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    Teachers' views on course analyses and the process at KTH
  • 48.
    Månsson, Daniel
    Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University.
    The Threat of Conducted High Power Electromagnetic Pulses in Civilian Facilities2007Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 49.
    Månsson, Daniel
    et al.
    Department of Engineering Science, Uppsala University.
    Bäckström, Mats
    Combitech AB.
    Thottappillil, Rajeev
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Classifying facilities with respect to Intentional EMI2009In: IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2009, p. 249-254Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Due to the internal complexity, the human intent and the large physical distribution of a facility, a classification of the vulnerability of a facility or a distributed system to Intentional EMI based exclusively on shielding effectiveness is inadequate. This latter concept is more suitable for enclosures. Also, the hardening of such facilities against IEMI requires a correspondence between the electromagnetic zone boundary and physical access control boundary. Therefore a method, based on three key terms; Accessibility, Susceptibility and Consequence, is proposed here. Also, examples of how this method could be implemented are given here.

  • 50.
    Månsson, Daniel
    et al.
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Bäckström, Mats
    Combitech AB.
    Thottappillil, Rajeev
    KTH, School of Electrical Engineering (EES), Electromagnetic Engineering.
    Intentional EMI against critical infrastructures, a discussion on mitigation philosophy2010In: 2010 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, APEMC 2010, IEEE , 2010, p. 134-137Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The infrastructure consist of vast, highly distributed and interconnected networks that constitute the organs of modern society. They are widely spanning, widely connected and often not restricted to a single nation. The technical infrastructures, e.g., the power grid, railways, gas and water distribution, etc., all rely on sophisticated electronic systems. These electronic systems are, if unprotected, vulnerable to different forms of electromagnetic disturbances and, thus, to electromagnetic attacks, so called intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI). Due to inherent properties of technical infrastructures, compared to confined systems (e.g., a computer), several additional factors have to be considered when investigating the vulnerability towards IEMI.

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