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  • 1.
    Adolfsson, Annsofie
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Berterö, Carina
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nursing Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Effect of a structured follow-up visit to a midwife on women with early miscarriage: A randomized study2006In: Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-6349, Vol. 85, no 3, p. 330-335Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background. Women's grief after miscarriage is substantial and important. Women who experience early miscarriage do not constitute a homogenous group. The aim of this study is to measure whether a structured follow-up visit to a midwife (group 1) at 21-28 days after early miscarriage could reduce the women's grief, measured using the perinatal grief scale Swedish short version (PGS) after a further 3 months (i.e. 4 months after the miscarriage), compared to a regular follow-up visit to a midwife (group 2). Methods. We performed an open randomized study of women who experienced early miscarriage (n = 88). The midwife's attitude in group 1 came from Swanson science theory of midwifery. In group 2, the women were offered only the ordinary type of consultation at a regular visit. A questionnaire with the PGS was used in both groups. Four months after the miscarriage, a second questionnaire with the same perinatal grief scale was sent by post. Results. There was a 30% greater reduction in grief in group 1 than that in group 2, when comparing the first and second measurements (not significant). The biggest differences were in the subscales active grief and difficulty in coping. Women with the subdiagnosis missed abortions had, as a group, significantly higher PGS scores at both visits, especially in active grief and difficulty in coping, regardless of the type of follow-up visit. Conclusions. A structured follow-up visit did not, in comparison with a regular follow-up visit, imply any significant reduction in grief as measured using the PGS scale. However, the subgroup missed abortion had more extensive grief than the other women with miscarriage. Structured follow-up visits are not imperative for all women with early miscarriage.

  • 2.
    Adolfsson, Ann-Sofie
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Applicability of general grief theory to Swedish women’s experiences after early miscarriage, with factor analysis of Bonanno´s taxonomy, using the Perinatal Grief Scale.2010In: Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, ISSN 0300-9734, Vol. 115, no 3, p. 201-209Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background. Grief is a normal phenomenon but showing great variation depending on cultural and personal features. Bonanno and Kaltman have nonetheless proposed five aspects of normal grief. The aim of this study was to investigate if women with miscarriage experience normal grief.

    Material and methods. Content analyses of 25 transcribed conversations with women 4 weeks after their early miscarriages were classified depending on the meaning-bearing units according to Bonanno and Kaltman's categories. In the factor analyses, these categories were compared with the Perinatal Grief Scale and women's age, number of children and number of miscarriages, and gestational weeks.

    Results. Women with miscarriage fulfill the criteria for having normal grief according to Bonanno and Kaltman. All of the 25 women had meaning-bearing units that were classified as cognitive disorganization, dysphoria, and health deficits, whereas disrupted social and occupational functioning and positive aspects of bereavement were represented in 22 of 25 women. From the factor analysis, there are no differences in the expression of the intensity of the grief, irrespective of whether or not the women were primiparous, younger, or had suffered a first miscarriage.

    Conclusion. Women's experience of grief after miscarriage is similar to general grief after death. After her loss, the woman must have the possibility of expressing and working through her grief before she can finish her pregnancy emotionally. The care-giver must facilitate this process and accept that the intensity of the grief is not dependent on the woman's age, or her number of earlier miscarriages.

  • 3.
    Adolfsson, Ann-Sofie
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Cumulative incidence of previous spontaneous abortion in Sweden 1983-2003: A register study2006In: Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-6349, Vol. 85, no 6, p. 741-747Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim. The aim of this study is to find out how common miscarriages are among women who have delivered a child.

    Methods. The numbers of deliveries and miscarriages were extracted from the Swedish Medical Birth Register between 1983 and 2003. Linear regression was performed in order to investigate whether the increasing mean age of mothers or differences in pregnancy identification methods could explain the increased frequency of miscarriage.

    Results. The reported number of miscarriages increased each year during the 21-year period, with a marked increase between 1991 and 1993 and only a slight increase during the final 10 years. For primiparous women, the frequency of reported miscarriages per delivery increased from 8.6% in 1983 to 13.9% in 2003. The corresponding figures for 2-parous women showed an increase from 14.5% to 21.3% respectively. Women aged 30-34 years had an odds ratio of 1.43 (95% CI 1.40-1.45) to suffer spontaneous abortion compared to the age group 25-29 years. Linear regression showed that an increase in mean age at delivery could only partly explain the increase in the frequency of reported miscarriages. A possible explanation could be differences in methods of identifying early pregnancy.

    Conclusion. Of all women who deliver a child, nearly 20% have experienced previous miscarriage. The increased mean age of women could only explain a small portion of the seen increase in miscarriage. The marked increase from 1991 to 1993 is interesting. Possible reasons for the increase are discussed.

  • 4.
    Adolfsson, Ann-Sofie
    et al.
    Central Hospital Skövde.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Central Hospital Skövde.
    Translation of the short version of the Perinatal Grief Scale into Swedish2006In: Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, ISSN 1471-6712, Vol. 20, no 3, p. 269-273Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction: Women's emotions and grief after miscarriage are influenced not only by the context in which the miscarriage occurred but also by their past experience, the circumstances around the miscarriage and their future prospects. Their emotions therefore express a specific form of grief. Normally the time needed to work through the loss varies. A number of different scales, measuring women's emotions and grief after miscarriage have been published. One instrument that measures the specific grief, such as the grief after miscarriage is the Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) that was designed to measure grief after perinatal loss and has good reliability and validity.

    Aims: The purpose of this study was to translate the PGS into Swedish and to use the translation in a small pilot study.

    Material and method: The original short version of the PGS was first translated from English into Swedish and then back-translated into English, using different translators. During translation and back-translation, not only the linguistic and grammatical aspects were considered but also cultural differences. The Likert 5-point and a 10-point scale were tested in a pilot study where 12 volunteers anonymously answered the PGS twice. The intra-personal correlations were compared and analysed with weighted κ-coefficient.

    Findings: In all, five different versions were tested before the final Swedish version was established. The weighted κ-coefficient for the volunteers was 0.58, which is regarded as representing good reproducibility.

    Conclusion: The PGS was translated successfully into Swedish and could be used in a Swedish population. As this work is rather time-consuming we therefore wish to publish the Swedish version so that it may be used by other researchers.

  • 5.
    Adolfsson, Ann-Sofie
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obstetrics and gynecology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Wijma, Barbro
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Linköping.
    Berterö, Carina
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Nursing Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Guilt and emptiness: Women’s experiences of miscarriage2004In: Health Care for Women International, ISSN 0739-9332, Vol. 25, no 6, p. 543-560Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Women who lose an early pregnancy are shocked when they are first given the information that they have miscarried. Later they feel guilt and emptiness. Heideggerian interpretive phenomenology has been used with 13 women from southwest Sweden to uncover their lived experience of miscarriage. Women plan their future with a child during early pregnancy. When miscarriage occurs it is not a gore, an embryo, or a fetus they lose, it is their child. They feel that they are the cause of the miscarriage through something they have done, eaten, or thought. They feel abandonment and they grieve for their profound loss; they are actually in bereavement.

  • 6.
    Charonis, Georgios
    et al.
    Central Hospital, Skövde.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Prolonged use of intrauterine contraceptive device as a risk factor for tubo-ovarian abscess2009In: ACTA OBSTETRICIA ET GYNECOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, ISSN 0001-6349, Vol. 88, no 6, p. 680-684Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective. The intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is the most preferred method of reversible contraception in the world today. The Swedish Medical Products Agency currently recommends that women who had a copper IUCD inserted around age 40 do not need to have it extracted until one year after the menopause. Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Skovde Central Hospital, Sweden. Population. All 114 women receiving in-patient treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) over five years between January 2001 and December 2005. Methods. Comparison between cases of tubo-ovarian abscesses and salpingitis with focus on the effects of IUCDs used continually for andgt; 5 years after insertion. Main outcome measures. Age-adjusted risk of PID within or after five years of use, microbiological findings in blood, intraabdominal pus, cervical secretions or on extracted IUCDs. Results. There were 31 cases of tubo-ovarian abscesses, 63 of salpingitis, four of endometritis, and 16 of mild genital infection. When comparing women with the same IUCD andgt; 5 years to women having the same IUCD andlt;= 5 years, the risk of tubo-ovarian abscess was higher than the risk of salpingitis (OR 19.7; 95% CI 4.5-87.2). The risk remained significant after adjustment for age, both on multiple regression analysis (OR 13.5; 95% CI 2.5-72.9) and in stratified analysis for the age group 35-50 years (OR 12.0; 95% CI 1.8-81.7). Blood or abdominal cultures from patients operated upon were positive in 47.7% of the sampled cases. Intestinal tract microbes and upper respiratory tract microbes were more common than sexually transmitted infection microbes. Conclusions. The current Medical Products Agency recommendation that a woman nearing the end of her reproductive phase can safely use the same IUCD for a period exceeding five years is challenged.

  • 7.
    Donders, G G G
    et al.
    University Hospital Gasthuisberg.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Platz-Christensen, J J
    University of Gothenburg.
    Hallen, A
    Uppsala University.
    van der Meijden, W
    University of Rotterdam.
    Wolner-Hanssen, P
    Lund University.
    Variability in diagnosis of clue cells, lactobacillary grading and white blood cells in vaginal wet smears with conventional bright light and phase contrast microscopy2009In: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS and GYNECOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY, ISSN 0301-2115, Vol. 145, no 1, p. 109-112Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: Study the reproducibility of wet smear interpretation of clue cells, lactobacillary grades and leukocyte dominance with conventional bright light and phase contrast microscopy. Study design: Sets of vaginal specimens were taken from unselected consecutive women attending an outpatient gynaecology clinic. Air-dried vaginal fluid on a microscope slide was rehydrated with isotonic saline before examination by six independent international investigators. Some investigators initially used a conventional bright light microscope, followed by phase contrast technique. Results: Using phase contrast microscopy, an excellent inter-observer agreement was obtained among all investigators for clue cells detection (Kappa values from 0.69 to 0.94) and lactobacillary grades (Kappa 0.73-0.93). When conventional light microscopes were used, poor agreement was obtained for these criteria (Kappa index 0.37-0.72 and 0.80, respectively), but switching to phase contrast microscopy by the same investigators, improved Kappa to 0.83-0.85 and 0.88, respectively. The inter-observer agreement for estimation of the leukocyte/epithelial cell ratio (Kappa index 0.17-0.67) was poor, irrespective of the type of microscopy applied. Intra-observer agreement of clue cell detection and lactobacillary grading was also found to be excellent if phase contrast microscopy was used (Kappa 0.87-0.93), and poor with conventional bright light microscopy (Kappa 0.45-0.66). Conclusion: Clue cells and the lactobacillary grades are reliably identified by phase contrast microscopy in wet smears, with excellent intra- and inter-observer reproducibility agreement, and better than when simple bright light microscopy was used. Evaluation of leukocyte grading, on the other hand, was inconsistent among the different microscopists, irrespective of the type of microscope used. We propose to grade the leukocytes in a different way than searching for leukocyte dominance over epithelial cells, namely by counting them per high power field and per epithelial cell.

  • 8.
    Eriksson, K
    et al.
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ålands Centralsjukhus, Finland.
    Forsum, Urban
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Clinical Microbiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Björnerem, A
    Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Regionssjukhuset, Tromsö, Norway.
    Platz-Christensen, JJ
    Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Malmö.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Gender and Medicine.
    Validation of the use of Pap-stained vaginal smears for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis2007In: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica (APMIS), ISSN 0903-4641, E-ISSN 1600-0463, Vol. 115, no 7, p. 809-813Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Papanicolaou-stained cervicovaginal smears (Pap smears) are used to screen for cervical cancer. Since there is a lack of consensus in published reports respecting the efficacy of Pap-stained smears in BV diagnostics, there is a need to validate their use for diagnosis of BV. Slides from the international BV00 workshop were Pap stained and independently analyzed by four investigators under a phase-contrast microscope. All workshop slides - whether Pap-stained, Gram-stained or rehydrated air-dried smears - were scored according to the same Nugent classification. The diagnostic accuracy of Pap smears for diagnosis of BV had a sensitivity of 0.85 and a specificity of 0.92, with a positive and negative predictive value of 0.84 and 0.93, respectively. The interobserver weighted kappa index was 0.86 for Pap-stained smears compared to 0.81 for Gram-stained smears, and 0.70 for rehydrated air-dried smears using the mean Nugent score as the criterion standard. Provided that the samples are taken from equivalent locations (the vaginal fornix) and analyzed according to the same scoring criteria, there is no discernable difference in the diagnostic accuracy of the three smear-staining methods. The Pap-stained vaginal smears can be used as a wholly adequate alternative to Gram-stained smears for BV diagnosis. © Apmis 2007.

  • 9.
    Eriksson, Katarina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Adolfsson, Ann-Sofie
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Forsum, Urban
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Microbiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    The prevalence of BV in the population on the Åland Islands during a 15-year period2010In: APMIS, ISSN 0903-4641, Vol. 118, no 11, p. 903-908Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of the study was to describe the prevalence and age distribution of bacterial vaginosis (BV) during an observation period of 15 years in a population study with cross-sectional samples of adult women living on the Aland Islands. The Aland Islands form an archipelago in the Baltic Sea and are a province of Finland. Every fifth year, specific age groups in the adult female population are invited to participate in a screening program for early diagnosis of cervical cancer using a papanicolaou (PAP)-stained vaginal smear. Women in the age groups of 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 years are called each year. BV diagnosis of the PAP-stained smears uses the classification according to Nugent. The PAP-stained smears from the screening program of cervical cancer 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008 were used in this study. A total of 3456 slides were investigated and 271 women could be followed for the 15-year observation period. The prevalence of BV declined from 15.6% in 1993 to 8.6% in 2008. The highest prevalence occurred among the age groups of 35 and 50 years. Among the 271 women who could be followed for the 15-year observation period, two-third showed normal/intermediate flora and one-third were infected with BV at least once. As this is a cross-sectional population study spanning 15 years, the prevalence of BV in the female adult population of the Aland Islands can be estimated. The prevalence has declined between 1993 and 2008 from 15.6% to 8.6%.

  • 10.
    Eriksson, Katarina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obstetrics and gynecology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Nilsson, Maud
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine.
    Forsum, Urban
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Microbiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Vaginal retention of locally administered clindamycin2011In: APMIS, ISSN 0903-4641, Vol. 119, no 6, p. 373-376Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Since bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by a lack of, or very few, lactobacilli and high numbers of small, mostly anaerobic bacteria, an obvious treatment modality would be eradication of the BV-associated bacterial flora followed by reintroduction of lactobacilli vaginally. As probiotic treatment with lactobacilli is one tool for improving the cure rate when treating BV, it is necessary to know the length of time after treatment that clindamycin can be found in the vagina and if this could interfere with the growth of the probiotic lactobacilli. We evaluated the vaginal concentration of clindamycin in 12 women for 8 days to obtain data on the concentration of clindamycin in the vagina after intravaginal treatment with the drug. The participants were examined five times between two menstrual periods: before treatment, the day after treatment was finished, and 3, 5 and 8 days post-treatment. The first day post-treatment clindamycin 0.46 x 10-3 to 8.4 x 10-3 g/g vaginal fluid (median 2.87 x 10-3) was found. Thereafter, the concentration of clindamycin decreased rapidly. In 10 patients clindamycin was found after 3 days. A very low concentration was still present 5 days after treatment in four patients. After 8 days no clindamycin was found. Clindamycin is rapidly eliminated from the vagina, within 3-8 days, after local administration. Our results indicate that treatment with probiotic lactobacilli could be problematic if carried out within 5 days after cessation of clindamycin treatment.

  • 11.
    Forsum, Urban
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Microbiology . Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Microbiology .
    Hallen, A.
    Hallén, A., Dept. of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine .
    Bacterial vaginosis - A laboratory and clinical diagnostics enigma: Review article II2005In: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica (APMIS), ISSN 0903-4641, E-ISSN 1600-0463, Vol. 113, no 3, p. 153-161Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Diagnosing bacterial vaginosis (BV) has long been based on the clinical criteria of Amsel et al., whereby three of four defined criteria must be satisfied. Though there are other criteria and scoring methods which function well in comparison (i.e. Nugent scoring), it is not certain that they will always identify the same category of patients. Point-of-care methods based on various combinations of microbial products, presence of RNA, or more complex laboratory instrumentations such as sensor arrays, have also been introduced for the diagnosis of BV No method for diagnosing BV can at present be regarded as the best. It could be that - based partly on tacit knowledge on the part of the clinical investigators scoring in the clinic - various scoring systems have been chosen to fit a particular BV-related problem in a particular population. In this review we critically examine these pertinent issues influencing clinical scoring and laboratory diagnostics of BV. Copyright © APMIS 2005.

  • 12.
    Forsum, Urban
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Clinical Microbiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Holst, E
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Clinical Microbiology.
    Vasquesz, A
    Jakobsson, Tell
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Clinical Microbiology.
    Mattsby-Baltzer, I
    Bacterial vaginosis - A microbiological and immunological enigma2005In: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica (APMIS), ISSN 0903-4641, E-ISSN 1600-0463, Vol. 113, no 2, p. 81-90Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The development of bacterial vaginosis (BV) among women of childbearing age and the resulting quantitative and qualitative shift from normally occurring lactobacilli in the vagina to a mixture of mainly anaerobic bacteria is a microbiological and immunological enigma that so far has precluded the formulation of a unifying generally accepted theory on the aetiology and clinical course of BV. This critical review highlights some of the more important aspects of BV research that could help in formulating new basic ideas respecting the biology of BV, not least the importance of the interleukin mediators of local inflammatory responses and the bacterial shift from the normally occurring lactobacilli species: L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. jensenii, and L. iners to a mixed flora dominated by anaerobic bacteria. Copyright © APMIS 2005.

  • 13.
    Georgios, Charonis
    et al.
    Skövde .
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Obstetrics and gynecology.
    Use of pH/whiff test or QuickVue Advanced® pH and Amines test for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis and prevention of postabortion pelvic inflammatory disease2006In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-6349, E-ISSN 1600-0412, Vol. 85, no 7, p. 837-843Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background. Untreated bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a risk factor for postabortion pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Methods. Eight hundred and eight women who requested therapeutic abortion were consecutively examined for the presence of BV, using either pH/whiff test or QuickVue Advanced® pH and Amines test. All patients who tested positive to BV were treated with clindamycin or metronidazole prior to abortion. Results. Based on the wet smear examination, the incidence of BV was 21.6%. Positive pH and whiff test had a sensitivity of 53%, specificity of 98% and Kappa index 0.59 ( n =239). Values for QuickVue Advanced® pH and Amines test were 53%, 97%, and 0.58 respectively ( n =508). The incidence of PID among all patients was 2.4% after pharmacological abortion and 4.9% after surgical abortion. Among the patients with microscopic presence of BV diagnosed positive by the pH/whiff test or QuickVue Advanced® pH and Amines test and treated with antibiotics, no PID occurred. Patients with negative pH/whiff test or QuickVue pH and amines test who consequently did not receive preoperative antibiotics, but who later demonstrated microscopic presence of BV, had an incidence of 14.3% (5/35) postoperative PID compared to women with normal lactobacilli flora 4.3% (10/234) (OR 3.73, 95% CI 1.21-9.21). Conclusions. Although the pH/whiff test and QuickVue pH and Amines test failed to ascertain BV in almost half of the participants later found to have BV, we found that preabortal screening and subsequent treatment of those who test clinically positive does lower the incidence of postabortion PID.

  • 14.
    Haahr, Thor
    et al.
    Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark and the Fertility Clinic, Skive Regional Hospital, Skive, Denmark.
    Clausen, Tine Dalsgaard
    Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark.
    Thorsen, Jonathan
    COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Rasmussen, Morten A.
    COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section of Chemometrics and Analytical Technologies, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
    Mortensen, Martin S
    Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Lehtimäki, Jenni
    COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Shah, Shiraz A.
    COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Hjelmsø, Mathis H
    COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Bønnelykke, Klaus
    COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Chawes, Bo L.
    COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Vestergaard, Gisle
    Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
    Jacobsson, Bo
    Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skaraborg Hospital Skövde, Skövde, Sweden.
    Brix, Susanne
    Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
    Sørensen, Søren J
    Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Bisgaard, Hans
    COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Stokholm, Jakob
    COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section of Microbiology and Fermentation, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address stokholm@copsac.com.
    Vaginal dysbiosis in pregnancy associates with risk of emergency caesarean section: a prospective cohort study2022In: Clinical Microbiology and Infection, ISSN 1198-743X, E-ISSN 1469-0691, Vol. 28, no 4, p. 588-595Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives: To investigate changes in vaginal microbiota during pregnancy, and the association between vaginal dysbiosis and reproductive outcomes.

    Methods: A total of 730 (week 24) and 666 (week 36) vaginal samples from 738 unselected pregnant women were studied by microscopy (Nugent score) and characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A novel continuous vaginal dysbiosis score was developed based on these methods using a supervised partial least squares model.

    Results: Among women with bacterial vaginosis in week 24 (n = 53), 47% (n = 25) also had bacterial vaginosis in week 36. In contrast, among women without bacterial vaginosis in week 24, only 3% (n = 18) developed bacterial vaginosis in week 36. Vaginal samples dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.20–0.60) and Lactobacillus iners (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.23–0.68) in week 24 were significantly more stable by week 36 when compared with other vaginal community state types. Vaginal dysbiosis score at week 24 was associated with a significant increased risk of emergency, but not elective, caesarean section (OR 1.37, 955 CI 1.15–1.64, p < 0.001), suggesting a 37% increased risk per standard deviation increase in vaginal dysbiosis score.

    Conclusions: Changes in vaginal microbiota from week 24 to week 36 of pregnancy correlated with bacterial vaginosis status and vaginal community state type. A novel vaginal dysbiosis score was associated with a significantly increased risk of emergency, but not elective, caesarean section. This was not found for bacterial vaginosis or any vaginal community state type and could point to the importance of investigating vaginal dysbiosis as a nuanced continuum instead of crude clusters. 

  • 15.
    Klebanoff, Mark A.
    et al.
    Nationwide Childrens Hosp, OH 43205 USA; Ohio State Univ, OH USA; Ohio State Univ, OH USA; Ohio State Univ, OH USA.
    Schuit, Ewoud
    Univ Utrecht, Netherlands; Univ Utrecht, Netherlands.
    Lamont, Ronald F.
    UCL, England; Univ Southern Denmark, Denmark.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Skaraborg Hosp, Sweden.
    Odendaal, Hein J.
    Stellenbosch Univ, South Africa.
    Ugwumadu, Austin
    Univ London, England.
    Kiss, Herbert
    Med Univ Vienna, Austria.
    Petricevic, Ljubomir
    Med Univ Vienna, Austria.
    Andrews, William W.
    Univ Alabama Birmingham, AL USA.
    Hoffman, Matthew K.
    Christiana Hlth Serv, DE USA.
    Shennan, Andrew
    Kings Coll London, England.
    Seed, Paul T.
    Kings Coll London, England.
    Goldenberg, Robert L.
    Columbia Univ, NY USA.
    Emel, Lynda M.
    Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Epidemiology/VIDD, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA.
    Bhandaru, Vinay
    The Biostatistics Center, Milken School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
    Weiner, Steven
    The Biostatistics Center, Milken School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
    Larsen, Michael D.
    The Biostatistics Center, Milken School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, St. Michael's College, Colchester, Vermont, USA.
    Antibiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis to prevent preterm delivery: Systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis2023In: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, ISSN 0269-5022, E-ISSN 1365-3016, Vol. 37, no 3, p. 239-251Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BackgroundBacterial vaginosis (BV) increases preterm delivery (PTD) risk, but treatment trials showed mixed results in preventing PTD. ObjectivesDetermine, using individual participant data (IPD), whether BV treatment during pregnancy reduced PTD or prolonged time-to-delivery. Data SourcesCochrane Systematic Review (2013), MEDLINE, EMBASE, journal searches, and searches (January 2013-September 2022) ("bacterial vaginosis AND pregnancy") of (i) ; (ii) Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; (iii) World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform Portal; and (iv) Web of Science ("bacterial vaginosis"). Study Selection and Data ExtractionStudies randomising asymptomatic pregnant individuals with BV to antibiotics or control, measuring delivery gestation. Extraction was from original data files. Bias risk was assessed using the Cochrane tool. Analysis used "one-step" logistic and Cox random effect models, adjusting gestation at randomisation and PTD history; heterogeneity by I-2. Subgroup analysis tested interactions with treatment. In sensitivity analyses, studies not providing IPD were incorporated by "multiple random-donor hot-deck" imputation, using IPD studies as donors. ResultsThere were 121 references (96 studies) with 23 eligible trials (11,979 participants); 13 studies (6915 participants) provided IPD; 12 (6115) were incorporated. Results from 9 (4887 participants) not providing IPD were imputed. Odds ratios for PTD for metronidazole and clindamycin versus placebo were 1.00 (95% CI 0.84, 1.17), I-2 = 62%, and 0.59 (95% CI 0.42, 0.82), I-2 = 0 before; and 0.95 (95% CI 0.81, 1.11), I-2 = 59%, and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.72, 1.12), I-2 = 0, after imputation. Time-to-delivery did not differ from null with either treatment. Including imputed IPD, there was no evidence that either drug was more effective when administered earlier, or among those with a PTD history. ConclusionsClindamycin, but not metronidazole, was beneficial in studies providing IPD, but after imputing data from missing IPD studies, treatment of BV during pregnancy did not reduce PTD, nor prolong pregnancy, in any subgroup or when started earlier in gestation.

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  • 16.
    Lamont, Ronald F.
    et al.
    UCL, England; University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
    Keelan, Jeffrey A.
    University of Western Australia, Australia.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Children's and Women's health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Skaraborg Hosp, Dept Obstet and Gynecol, Skovde, Sweden.
    Jörgensen, Jan S.
    University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
    Comments: The treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy with clindamycin to reduce the risk of infection-related preterm birth: a response to the Danish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology guideline groups clinical recommendations (2017In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-6349, E-ISSN 1600-0412, Vol. 96, no 2, p. 139-143Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Preterm birth is the major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Infection/inflammation is responsible for a significant percentage of preterm birth, particularly at early gestations. A recent clinical recommendation by a guidelines group of the Danish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology advised against the use of clindamycin for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm birth based on lack of evidence of efficacy. We believe that the evidence for the use of clindamycin for this indication is robust and that this recommendation was reached erroneously on the basis of flawed inclusion criteria: the inclusion of an unpublished study with poorly diagnosed bacterial vaginosis and the exclusion of an important pivotal study on the use of clindamycin in early pregnancy for the prevention of preterm birth. Had these errors been corrected, the conclusions would have been different.

  • 17.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine .
    Bergstrom, M.
    Bergström, M., Department of Gynecology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Forsum, Urban
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Microbiology . Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Microbiology .
    Jacobsson, B.
    Perinatal Center, Department of Obstetrics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden, North Atlantic Neuro Epidemiological Alliance (NANEA), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
    Strand, A.
    Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Wolner-Hanssen, P.
    Wölner-Hanssen, P., Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
    Bacterial vaginosis transmission, role in genital tract infection and pregnancy outcome: An enigma2005In: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica (APMIS), ISSN 0903-4641, E-ISSN 1600-0463, Vol. 113, no 4, p. 233-245Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Whether bacterial vaginosis (BV) is acquired from an endogenous or an exogenous source is subject to controversy. Despite findings of an association between sexual behaviour and BV, some data indicate that BV is not a sexually transmitted infection in the traditional sense, while other data indicate that BV is an exogenous infection. A third aspect of BV is its tendency to go unnoticed by affected women. All of this will have a strong impact on how physicians view the risks of asymptomatic BV This review focuses on whether or not BV should be regarded as a sexually transmitted infection (STI), its role in postoperative infections and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and on whether or not treatment of BV during pregnancy to reduce preterm delivery should be recommended. The reviewed studies do not lend unequivocal support to an endogenous or exogenous transmission of the bacteria present in BV For women undergoing gynaecological surgery such as therapeutic abortion, the relative risk of postoperative infection is clearly elevated (approx. 2.3-2.8). A weaker association exists between BV and pelvic inflammatory disease. Data on treatment of BV as a way of reducing preterm delivery are inconclusive and do not support recommendations for general treatment of BV during pregnancy. The discrepant associations between BV and preterm birth found in recent studies may be explained by variations in immunological response to BV. Genetic polymorphism in the cytokine response - both regarding the TNF alleles and in interleukin production - could make women more or less susceptible to BV, causing different risks of preterm birth. Thus, studies on the vaginal inflammatory response to microbial colonization should be given priority. Copyright © APMIS 2005.

  • 18.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine .
    Carlsson, Bodil
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Microbiology . Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Microbiology .
    Fåhraeus, Lars
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obstetrics and gynecology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Linköping.
    Jakobsson, Tell
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obstetrics and gynecology .
    Forsum, Urban
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Microbiology . Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Microbiology .
    Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis: need for validation of microscopic image area used for scoring bacterial morphotypes2004In: Sexually Transmitted Infections, ISSN 1368-4973, E-ISSN 1472-3263, Vol. 80, no 1, p. 63-67Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) is often made according to Nugent's classification, a scoring system based on bacterial counting of Gram stained slides of vaginal secretion. However as the image area of the microscope field will influence the number of morphotypes seen there is a need to standardise the area. Methods: A graph intended for recalculation of number of bacterial morphotypes seen by the observer using 1000 x magnification from various microscope set-ups was constructed and applied to data sets typical for scoring BV. The graph was used in recalculation of Nugent scores, which were also compared with the Ison/Hay scores to evaluate the consequences for the diagnosis of BV. Results: The observed image area differed by 300% among the investigated microscope set-ups. In two different data sets, one treatment study and one screening study, a considerable change in the number of women classified as intermediate was seen when the graph was used to standardise the image area. The recalculated numbers were also compared to the Ison/Hay classification. Weighted kappa indexes between the different methods were 0.84, 0.88, and 0.90, indicating that the methods are comparable. Conclusion: Because of the considerable differences among image areas covered by different microscope set-ups used in Nugent and Ison/Hay scoring, there is a need to standardise the area in order to reach comparable scores reflecting the diagnosis of BV in different laboratories. The differences in the intermediate group will have a considerable effect on the results from both treatment and prevalence studies, even though the kappa indexes indicate very good agreement between the methods used.

  • 19.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine .
    Forsum, Urban
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Microbiology . Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Microbiology .
    Bacterial vaginosis - A disturbed bacterial flora and treatment enigma2005In: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica (APMIS), ISSN 0903-4641, E-ISSN 1600-0463, Vol. 113, no 5, p. 305-316Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The syndrome bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by a disturbed vaginal microflora in which the normally occurring lactobacilli yield quantitatively to an overgrowth of mainly anaerobic bacteria. As BV is a possible cause of obstetrics complications and gynaecological disease - as well as a nuisance to the affected women - there is a strong impetus to find a cure. In BV treatment studies, the diagnosis criteria for diagnosis of BV vary considerably and different methods are used for cure evaluation. The design of study protocols varies and there is no consensus respecting a suitable time for follow-up visits. For the purpose of this review, available data were recalculated for 4-week post treatment cure rates. For oral metronidazole the 4-week cure rate was found not to exceed 60-70%. Treatment regimens with topical clindamycin or topical metronidazole have the same cure rates. It can thus be said that no sound scientific basis exists for recommending any particular treatment. There is no evidence of beneficial effects on BV engendered by partner treatment, or by addition of probiotics or buffered gel. Long-term follow-up (longer than 4 weeks) shows a relapse rate of 70%. With a primary cure rate of 60-70%, and a similar relapse rate documented in the reviewed literature, clinicians simply do not have adequate data for determining treatment or designing clinical studies. This is unfortunate since - apart from the obvious patient benefits - clinical studies can often serve as a guide for more basic studies in the quest for underlying disease mechanisms. In the case of BV there is still a need for continued basic studies on the vaginal flora, local immunity to the flora and host-parasite interactions as an aid when designing informative clinical studies. Copyright © APMIS 2005.

  • 20.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Gender and Medicine.
    Fåhraeus, Lars
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Obstetrics and gynecology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Linköping.
    Carlsson, Bodil
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Clinical Microbiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Jakobsson, Tell
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Clinical Microbiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Forsum, Urban
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Clinical Microbiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Late miscarriage and preterm birth after treatment with clindamycin: A randomised consent design study according to Zelen2006In: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ISSN 1470-0328, E-ISSN 1471-0528, Vol. 113, no 6, p. 629-637Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: To screen for bacterial vaginosis (BV) and to investigate the effect of treatment with vaginal clindamycin in order to observe the effect on late miscarriage and delivery prior to 37 completed weeks (primary outcome). Design: Randomised consent design for clinical trials according to Zelen. Setting: Southeast region of Sweden. Population: A total of 9025 women were screened in early pregnancy. Methods: A total of 819 women with a Nugent score of 6 and above were considered to have BV and treated according to Zelen allocation. The incidence of late miscarriage and spontaneous (noniatrogenic) preterm birth was assessed. Main outcome measures: Late miscarriage and spontaneous preterm delivery before 37 weeks. Results: Therapy with vaginal clindamycin had no significant impact on the incidence of spontaneous preterm delivery prior to 37 completed weeks, OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.40-2.02 (primary outcome variable). However, only 1 of 11 women in the treatment group versus 5 of 12 in the control group delivered prior to 33 completed weeks, OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.02-0.95. Treatment was associated with 32 days longer gestation for the 23 participants who had late miscarriage or spontaneous preterm birth (P= 0.024, Mann-Whitney U test) and significantly fewer infants had a birthweight below 2500 g (secondary outcome). A follow up of infants born preterm 4 years postnatally indicated that extending gestational age did not increase the number of sequelae. Conclusions: Clindamycin vaginal cream therapy was associated with significantly prolonged gestation and reduced cost of neonatal care in women with BV. Early screening for BV and treatment with clindamycin saved approximately €27 per woman. © RCOG 2006 BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.

  • 21.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Gender and medicine .
    Platz-Christensen, JJ
    Cent Hosp Skovde, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, S-54185 Skovde, Sweden Sahlgrenska Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Gothenburg, Sweden Cent Hosp Boras, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Boras, Sweden Linkoping Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Linkoping, Sweden Cent Hosp Jonkoping, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Jonkoping, Sweden Univ Lund Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Lund, Sweden Haukeland Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, N-5021 Bergen, Norway Ulleval Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Oslo, Norway Aker Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Oslo, Norway.
    Dalaker, K
    Cent Hosp Skovde, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, S-54185 Skovde, Sweden Sahlgrenska Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Gothenburg, Sweden Cent Hosp Boras, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Boras, Sweden Linkoping Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Linkoping, Sweden Cent Hosp Jonkoping, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Jonkoping, Sweden Univ Lund Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Lund, Sweden Haukeland Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, N-5021 Bergen, Norway Ulleval Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Oslo, Norway Aker Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Oslo, Norway.
    Eriksson, K
    Fåhraeus, Lars
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Obstetrics and gynecology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Linköping.
    Irminger, K
    Cent Hosp Skovde, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, S-54185 Skovde, Sweden Sahlgrenska Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Gothenburg, Sweden Cent Hosp Boras, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Boras, Sweden Linkoping Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Linkoping, Sweden Cent Hosp Jonkoping, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Jonkoping, Sweden Univ Lund Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Lund, Sweden Haukeland Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, N-5021 Bergen, Norway Ulleval Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Oslo, Norway Aker Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Oslo, Norway.
    Jerve, F
    Cent Hosp Skovde, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, S-54185 Skovde, Sweden Sahlgrenska Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Gothenburg, Sweden Cent Hosp Boras, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Boras, Sweden Linkoping Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Linkoping, Sweden Cent Hosp Jonkoping, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Jonkoping, Sweden Univ Lund Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Lund, Sweden Haukeland Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, N-5021 Bergen, Norway Ulleval Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Oslo, Norway Aker Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Oslo, Norway.
    Stray-Pedersen, B
    Cent Hosp Skovde, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, S-54185 Skovde, Sweden Sahlgrenska Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Gothenburg, Sweden Cent Hosp Boras, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Boras, Sweden Linkoping Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Linkoping, Sweden Cent Hosp Jonkoping, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Jonkoping, Sweden Univ Lund Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Lund, Sweden Haukeland Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, N-5021 Bergen, Norway Ulleval Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Oslo, Norway Aker Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Oslo, Norway.
    Wolner-Hanssen, P
    Cent Hosp Skovde, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, S-54185 Skovde, Sweden Sahlgrenska Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Gothenburg, Sweden Cent Hosp Boras, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Boras, Sweden Linkoping Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Linkoping, Sweden Cent Hosp Jonkoping, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Jonkoping, Sweden Univ Lund Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Lund, Sweden Haukeland Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, N-5021 Bergen, Norway Ulleval Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Oslo, Norway Aker Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Oslo, Norway.
    Treatment with 2% clindamycin vaginal cream prior to first trimester surgical abortion to reduce signs of postoperative infection: A prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter study2000In: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-6349, E-ISSN 1600-0412, Vol. 79, no 5, p. 390-396Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and intermediate flora is known risk-factor for post-operative infection after surgical termination of pregnancy. Vaginal application of 2% clindamycin cream is an efficacious treatment for BV, but it is not known whether preoperative administration of clindamycin cream might reduce the signs of post-abortion infection after surgical termination of pregnancy. Aim. To evaluate whether preoperative treatment with clindamycin cream might reduce the signs of post-abortion infection after legal abortion. Design. Prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Material and methods. Consecutive women attending for surgical termination prior to 11 + 4 gestational weeks were approached. We randomized participants to preoperative vaginal treatment with 2% clindamycin cream or placebo cream in a double-blinded fashion. At all visits vaginal smears were air dried on microscopy slides to be stored. The rate of postoperative pelvic infection according to our definition was the main outcome variable, the cure rates of BV and of intermediate flora were secondary outcome variables. Results. Of 1655 enrolled women, 1102 were evaluable for analyses. Fifty-eight women developed signs of post-abortion infection. Preoperative treatment with clindamycin cream significantly (RR: 4.2, 95% C.I. 1.2-15.9) reduced the risk of post-abortion infection among women with abnormal vaginal Bora (BV and intermediate flora). Treatment with clindamycin cream in women with normal lactobacilli flora did not demonstrate any difference compared to the non-treatment group. Conclusion. Preoperative treatment for at least three days with clindamycin cream significantly reduced the risk for developing signs of post-abortion infection only among women with preoperative abnormal vaginal flora (BV and intermediate flora).

  • 22.
    Wolrath, Helen
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Clinical Microbiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Forsum, Urban
    Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Clinical Microbiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Larsson, Per-Göran
    Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Clinical Microbiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Borén, Hans
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Chemistry. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Analysis of bacterial vaginosis-related amines in vaginal fluid by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry2001In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, ISSN 0095-1137, E-ISSN 1098-660X, Vol. 39, no 11, p. 4026-4031Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The presence of various amines in vaginal fluid from women with malodorous vaginal discharge has been reported before. The investigations have used several techniques to identify the amines. However, an optimized quantification, together with a sensitive analysis method in connection with a diagnostic procedure for vaginal discharge, including the syndrome of bacterial vaginosis, as defined by the accepted “gold standard,” has not been done before. We now report a sensitive gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric method for identifying the amines isobutylamine, phenethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine in vaginal fluid. We used weighted samples of vaginal fluid to obtain a correct quantification. In addition, a proper diagnosis was obtained using Gram-stained smears of the vaginal fluid that were Nugent scored according to the method of Nugent et al. (R. P. Nugent et al., J. Clin. Microbiol., 29:297–301, 1991). We found that putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine occurred in high concentrations in vaginal fluid from 24 women with Nugent scores between 7 and 10. These amines either were not found or were found only in very low concentrations in vaginal fluid from women with Nugent scores of 0 to 3. There is a strong correlation between bacterial vaginosis and the presence of putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine in high concentrations in vaginal fluid.

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