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  • 1.
    Andersson, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users.
    Andrén, Peter
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.
    Henriksson, Per
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Stave, Christina
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Varför sker en cykelolycka egentligen: analys av händelser då Hövdingar har löst ut2023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In collaboration with Hövding, data has been collected to highlight how different aspects can explain events where the helmet is deployed. The helmet records accelerations, and when a helmet is deployed, this information is sent to Hövding. They then invited the cyclist to participate in a web- survey and an interview. Thus, to increase our understanding of why bicycle accidents occur, data have been collected from the helmets, from a web-survey and from interviews. A total of 196 participants completed the web-survey while 50 participants were interviewed. In addition, data from the helmets were collected from 355 cyclists, of which 264 have had the helmet deployed.

    One main result is that it is on an ordinary day, during an ordinary journey to or from work, by experienced cyclists that are highly educated. Cyclist were aware of traffic rules and what is happening around them – when "it suddenly happens" and it is not until then the cyclists realize how vulnerable they are. The study shows how a complex pattern emerge from the data sources used to understand why a bicycle accident actually occurs. For example, slippery conditions increase the risk of an event, and if "slippery" is combined with darkness the risk increases even further. The data from the helmets could confirm the results from the web-survey and the interviews, but also demonstrate that the helmet, on journeys which ended with the helmet being deployed, had higher levels of activation compared to journeys where it was not deployed. Furthermore, on trips made after the deployment, the helmet also had lower levels of activation which can be understood as the cyclists adapting their behaviour by, for example, cycling more carefully (but not slower). Finally, the results show differences between conventional and electric bicycles in terms of involvement in events where Hövding was deployed.

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  • 2.
    Andersson, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users.
    Björklund, Gunilla
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Lättman, Katrin
    SAMOT/CTF, Karlstad University, Sweden.
    Adell, Emeli
    Trivector, Sweden.
    The complexity of changes in modal choice: A quasi-experimental study2023In: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, ISSN 1369-8478, E-ISSN 1873-5517, Vol. 96, no July, p. 36-47Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Changes in modal choice is argued to be one way to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Increasing modal choices in favour of more environmentally friendly travel modes requires a better understanding of how these choices are actually made. The first aim of this study is therefore to examine how modal choice is related to subjective experiences as perceived accessibility, perceived satisfaction , habit, both before , after an intervention promoting public transport. The second aim is to examine how modal choice is affected by the intervention. Finally, the third aim is to examine how subjective experiences as perceived accessibility, perceived satisfaction, and habit are affected by the intervention.

    Method: The design used is a before-and after-study with free public travel passes as the intervention (30-or 14-days free travel pass). Altogether, 52 travelers - distributed on two intervention groups and one control group - participated in the study. The 30-days free travel pass group constitutes 18 participants, the 14-days free travel pass group constitutes 19 participants while the control group constitutes 15 participants. During the before -period the participants were asked to register their modal choice using a digitalized application downloaded on their smart phones (the TravelVu app), to complete a short app-based questionnaire, and a web-based questionnaire. During the after-period, they were once again asked to register their modal choice and to complete a web-based questionnaire. All data collected were analyzed by variance or correlation analyses using the change between before-and after period as the dependent variable.

    Conclusion: The intervention did not affect the modal choice or the subjective experiences. Over time, the participants did however increase their use of public transport and their cognitive evaluation of their everyday travel overall, while they decreased their use of car and became less reflective and less interested in trying out new alternative travel modes. These changes might be attributed to their participation in the present study.

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  • 3.
    Andersson, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users.
    Patten, Christopher
    Transportstyrelsen, Sverige.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Andersérs, Caroline
    Transportstyrelsen, Sverige.
    Ahlström, Christer
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, The Human in the Transport system..
    Ceci, Ruggero
    Trafikverket, Sverige.
    Jakobsson, Liza
    Trafikverket, Sverige.
    Bicycling during alcohol intoxication2023In: Traffic Safety Research, ISSN 2004-3082, Vol. 4, article id 000028Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The number of bicycling fatalities was 19 450 between 2010 and 2018 in Europe. The number of bicyclists killed when intoxicated by alcohol is harder to establish given the lack of reliable data. In Sweden, drunk bicycling is socially acceptable and legal (unless reckless). This experiment aimed to investigate how alcohol intoxication affect bicycling stability performance, executive functions, and self-rated ability. The experiment was completed on a wide treadmill that allowed control of several influencing factors such as speed and physical effort. Intoxicated and sober participants bicycled on the treadmill for five 10 minute sessions. Alcohol as administered incrementally to reach a target breath alcohol concentration level of 0.8‰. Stability decreased with intoxication; especially roll rate measurements were identified as being adequate indicators of bicycling instability. Executive function was negatively affected, and ability ratings decreased due to intoxication. The intoxicated participants were aware of their reduced ability to bicycle in a safe manner on a group level but not on an individual level. However, this insight does not affect their intention to bicycle intoxicated.

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  • 4.
    Andersson, Jan
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users.
    Patten, Christopher
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Andersérs, Caroline
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users.
    Jakobsson, Liza
    Trafikverket.
    Ceci, Ruggero
    Trafikverket.
    Cykling under alkoholpåverkan: hur påverkas stabiliteten, kognitiva funktioner och självskattningar av berusning2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Antalet dödsfall på cykel var 19 450 mellan 2010 och 2018 i Europa. Antalet cyklister som dödats när de var berusade av alkohol är svårare att fastställa med tanke på bristen på tillförlitliga uppgifter. I Sverige är det socialt acceptabelt och lagligt att cykla om du har druckit alkohol så länge du inte uppträder vårdslöst.

    Syftet med experimentet var att undersöka hur olika nivåer av berusning påverkade cykelprestationen (stabilitet), kognitiva funktioner och självskattad cykelförmåga. I experimentet studerade vi även hur dessa tre mått var relaterade till attityder och intentionen att cykla när de var berusade.

    Experimentet genomfördes på ett brett rullband med möjlighet att kontrollera flera påverkande faktorer såsom hastighet och fysisk ansträngning. Berusade och nyktra deltagare cyklade på rullbandet fem gånger á 10 minuter och BrAC-nivåerna mättes 5 gånger. Deltagarna försågs med alkohol till dess att de nådde en alkoholnivå på 0,8 ‰.

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  • 5.
    Andersson, Jan
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Trafik och trafikant,TRAF.
    Patten, Christopher
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Mobilitet, aktörer och planering, MAP.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Mobilitet, aktörer och planering, MAP.
    Andersérs, Caroline
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Trafik och trafikant,TRAF.
    Jakobsson, Liza
    Trafikverket.
    Ceci, Ruggero
    Trafikverket.
    Cykling under alkoholpåverkan: hur påverkas stabiliteten, kognitiva funktioner och självskattningar av berusning2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Antalet dödsfall på cykel var 19 450 mellan 2010 och 2018 i Europa. Antalet cyklister som dödats när de var berusade av alkohol är svårare att fastställa med tanke på bristen på tillförlitliga uppgifter. I Sverige är det socialt acceptabelt och lagligt att cykla om du har druckit alkohol så länge du inte uppträder vårdslöst.

    Syftet med experimentet var att undersöka hur olika nivåer av berusning påverkade cykelprestationen (stabilitet), kognitiva funktioner och självskattad cykelförmåga. I experimentet studerade vi även hur dessa tre mått var relaterade till attityder och intentionen att cykla när de var berusade.

    Experimentet genomfördes på ett brett rullband med möjlighet att kontrollera flera påverkande faktorer såsom hastighet och fysisk ansträngning. Berusade och nyktra deltagare cyklade på rullbandet fem gånger á 10 minuter och BrAC-nivåerna mättes 5 gånger. Deltagarna försågs med alkohol till dess att de nådde en alkoholnivå på 0,8 ‰.

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  • 6.
    Andersérs, Caroline
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Sweden.
    Andersson, Jan
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    The importance of individual characteristics on bicycle performance during alcohol intoxication2024In: Traffic Safety Research, E-ISSN 2004-3082, Vol. 6, article id e000042Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Bicycling accidents are a well-known problem for traffic safety globally. Alcohol intoxication is one possible factor, although the exact number of accidents due to intoxication is difficult to establish. Not all bicyclists act in the same way, particularly when under the influence of alcohol, i.e., bicycling performance might be related to a bicyclist's personal characteristics. This study aimed to investigate if the bicyclist's characteristics (bicycling experience, physical fitness, or sensation seeking scores) influence bicycling stability, cognitive performance, or self-rated bicycling ability ratings at different levels of alcohol intoxication. The experiment was completed on a wide treadmill, which allowed control of several influencing factors such as speed and physical effort. Intoxicated and sober participants bicycled on the treadmill five times for 10 minutes each time, and breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) levels were measured five times. Participants were given doses of alcohol up to a BrAC level of 0.8%. 

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  • 7.
    Bagdadi, Omar
    et al.
    Transportstyrelsen.
    Wallen Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Fyrhjulingars köregenskaper och förarnas kunskap om dessa egenskaper2016Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Riding quad bikes differs in many ways from driving passenger cars and the rider is not always aware of the differences required to maintain control of a vehicle that they are not trained to ride. One of the major differences with quad bikes compared to driving a car is that a quad bike has a tendency to roll over during sharp cornering. The purpose of this study was to compare both static vehicle characteristics and driving dynamics of motorcycle-registered quad bikes of different models to identify any difficulties that may arise when using quad bikes in road traffic. The aim was also to study how driving style affects the quad bike’s driving dynamics and identify the riders' knowledge of these.

    The study consists of three parts of which the first two concerns vehicle handling characteristics studied by performing a series of 1) static and 2) dynamic performance tests. The static tests consisted of measuring the angle at which the vehicle rolled over sideways by means of a hydraulic tilting table. The dynamic test consisted of performing a series of test runs on different test tracks in order to study the dynamic behaviour of the quad bike. The third part addressed the question whether riders have the necessary knowledge to drive quad bikes safely by conducting focus group interviews with persons with different driving license categories and driving experience.

    The results of the static test showed that the rollover threshold of the quad bikes is affected by the weight of the rider due to the relative lightweight of the quad bike. The dynamic tests verified that the rider could, by using his/her own body weight, compensate for the physical forces acting upon the vehicles’ tendency to roll over by using an active driving style. The focus group interviews showed that most of the interviewed persons believe that an active driving style is needed to drive safely and that the current training for the driving license lacks necessary training for driving a quad bike.

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  • 8.
    Barnard, Yvonne
    et al.
    ITS, University of Leeds.
    Lai, Frank
    ITS, University of Leeds.
    Carsten, Oliver
    ITS, University of Leeds.
    Merat, Natasha
    ITS, University of Leeds.
    Hjälmdahl, Magnus
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human-vehicle-transport system interaction.
    Dukic, Tania
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human-vehicle-transport system interaction.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Enjalbert, Simon
    UNIVAL.
    Pichon, Marianne
    UNIVAL.
    Vanderhaegen, Frederic
    UNIVAL.
    Specification of test procedures for the simulator experiments2010Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In Deliverable 3.1 of Workpackage 3, we discuss the methodology developed and applied in the European ITERATEproject (IT for Error Remediation And Trapping Emergencies). This methodology has as its objective to design experiments that will provide data to seed the ITERATE model. In the ITERATE project a high-level theoretical model of vehicle operator behaviour has been developed in Workpackage 1, specifying the factors that play a role in the influence of innovative support systems on vehicle operation in potentially dangerous situations. Themodel isapplicable for different surface transport modes: road vehicles, rail transport and ships. Themodel will be calibrated by experiments investigating how the different factors interact. One hundred and sixty car drivers and 160 train drivers in five countries will drive with a static driving simulator, and 64 drivers (both train and car) with full motion simulators. Finally an executable simulation model will be constructed with the aim to predict the effects of support systems on operator behaviour and risk.

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  • 9.
    Eriksson, Jenny
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System.
    Liu, Chengxi
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics.
    Forward, Sonja
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Forsman, Åsa
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System.
    Niska, Anna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.
    Tapani, Andreas
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Säkerhetseffekten av ökat cyklande: kartläggning av nuläget för att planera för framtiden2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    During the last decades, cycling has been highlighted as a travel mode with many positive qualities. The documents of Swedish national strategy reveal a trend of an increased cycling. At the same time, it is important that the safety of cyclists must be improved so that an increased cycling does not contribute to more injuries and fatalities in accidents. To cope with the increased cycling without compromising the safety, there is fore example, a need for better understanding of the relationship between the cycling flow and the injuries in various traffic environments.

    In this project, three different studies were carried out to understand how the trend of cycling changes over time and how cyclists' injury risk is influenced by the cycling flow and the traffic environment. In the first study, a travel demand model has been developed that includes both mode choice and destination choice for cycling. In the second study, models for cyclists’ injury risks have been developed for different types of accidents and traffic environments. In the third study, interactions between different road users have been observed, to study how these are affected by the level of bicycle flow. Overall, the studies in this project have shown that bicycle flow is an important factor influencing cyclists’ accident risks. Higher bicycle flow corresponds to fewer interactions per cyclist and a lower risk of injury in a single bicycle accident as well as in a collision accident with motorised vehicles. We have also been able to demonstrate that it is possible to model travel choices and destination choice of cyclists and to develop models that describe cyclists’ injury risk. However, to provide better estimates, data with better quality are necessary for the model inputs, especially when it comes to the cycling and the description of cycling infrastructure.

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  • 10.
    Forward, Sonja
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Wallen Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Berg, Jessica
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    En utvärdering av den utökade riskutbildningen för B-körkort: delstudie 42010Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    On 1 July 1999 the mandatory skid training for learner drivers was replaced by a new expanded risk education program. The aim was to put emphasis on teaching pupils’ risk awareness instead of how to handle critical situations. The purpose of this report is to present the results from an evaluation conducted before and after the implementation of the new training program. The study used a postal survey and the target group was learner drivers aged 18 to 24 years. Results are based on 1,403 people. The results show that participants in the after study believed that they learnt more about drink/drug driving and fatigue than the participants in the before study. They also believed that they learnt less about driving on slippery road surfaces, ABS brakes and traction control.

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  • 11.
    Kircher, Katja
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, The Human in the Transport system..
    Forward, Sonja
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Cycling in rural areas: an overview of national and international literature2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Cycling in rural areas is different from cycling in urban areas in that speeds of motorised vehicles are usually higher, and the interactions with other traffic almost exclusively consist of encountering oncoming traffic or being overtaken at the discretion of other traffic. Most cycling related research and politics focus on urban areas and the acquired knowledge cannot always be transferred to rural areas. The aim of this report is to provide an overview of the literature focusing on cycling in rural areas mainly with respect to safety, comfort, adequacy for cycling, and barriers and enablers for cycling. Findings and results are presented and discussed by topic, followed by a higher-level discussion focusing on issues and possibilities for increased and safe cycling. This also includes an identification of knowledge gaps. 

    Presently, cycling is marginalised as a mode of transportation in the public discourse, in policies, provision of infrastructure, financing and research, and this is even more distinct for cycling in rural areas. For cycling to increase substantially in modal share, it is not enough to increase the number of cycling trips made by people who already cycle today. It is necessary that also people who do not cycle must take up cycling, which means that provisions have to be made that cater to those people’s needs. While further research is necessary here, it is known that bikeable routes that are well connected are a basic precondition, which must be coupled with effective incentives to increase cycling. This requires a remaking of the transportation policy as a whole with a systematic prioritisation of sustainable travel, which incorporates the heterogeneity of current and prospective cyclists. Special care must be taken to also consider the conditions in rural areas, to make the most of the total potential for cycling.

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  • 12.
    Niska, Anna
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.
    Henriksson, Malin
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Anund, Anna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Eriksson, Jenny
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System.
    Ihlström, Jonas
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Svedberg, Wanna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Environment.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Wehtje, Philip
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Transport economics.
    Cykling bland barn och unga: en kunskapssammanställning2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Cycling among children and young adults has decreased, resulting in negative effects on their health and independent mobility. The Swedish government has commissioned VTI to review and compile knowledge on plausible reasons, based on literature reviews, contacts with relevant players and analyses of travel surveys and accident statistics. The statistics showed that the number of individuals who cycle has decreased, whereas the cycled distance remains unchanged. Above all, recreational cycling among children and young adults has decreased, which could be explained by longer distances to recreational activities, more parents working full-time and children’s everyday lives having become more institutionalised. Cycling to school has also decreased. Among other things, families being able to choose what school the children attend has resulted in greater distances between the home and the school. Other reasons include households owning more cars, changes in the way children play and communicate, and inadequate actual and perceived safety conditions along cycle lanes combined with parents’ perceptions of their children’s highway skills. Cycling has been partially replaced by car journeys, but mainly by walking and use of public transport. Cycling has decreased the most among older children. As they have primarily replaced cycling by public transport, one explanation could be that more of them are offered free bus passes. There is a great commitment and competency among various players regarding cycling among children and young adults. However, there is a great need for better coordination and for actions and measures taken to be systematically evaluated.

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  • 13.
    Nuruzzaman, Robin
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Forward, Sonja
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Eriksson, Linnea
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    AI ur ett humanistiskt och samhällsvetenskapligt perspektiv2023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I det här projektet, Artificiell intelligens ur ett humanistiskt och samhällsvetenskapligt perspektiv, har fyra delstudier genomförts för att förstå vilka konsekvenser för samhället som utvecklingen av AI och maskininlärning (ML) för med sig och vilka behov av framtida forskning det finns. I studien ingick två olika litteraturstudier, en dokumentanalys och intervjuer. Den första litteraturstudien fokuserade på etik, risker och nyttor och den andra på policy, planering, användare, och samspel mellan människa och maskin. Syftet med dokumentanalysen av nationella policy- och planeringsdokument i Sverige var att undersöka hur beslutsfattare ser på AI. Intervjuerna genomfördes med potentiella användare för att få en förståelse för hur de ser på teknikutvecklingen och för att testa hur användare kan studeras inom detta område.

    Resultatet från de fyra delstudierna visar att AI/ML-system i allt högre grad kommer att ha en djupgående inverkan på hur vår framtid utformas, från regering och politik, genom industri och arbete, till våra personliga och sociala rum. Vi måste därför se till att den nya smarta tekniken gagnar mänskligheten och inte vice versa. För att lyckas med detta behöver AI styras sociopolitiskt, i termer av vart vi vill gå, snarare än hur snabbt vi kan komma dit.

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  • 14.
    Nyberg, Erik
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Environment.
    Andersson, Jan
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users.
    Torstensson, Peter
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Environment.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Impact of DAC on production personnel at marshalling yards: Deliverable D 5.12023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The current deliverable is an outcome of the EU-project titled DACcelerate part of WP4 (Infrastructure, capacity and modal shift/Green deal) in the European DAC Delivery Programme (EDDP, under the WP structure valid until end-2022). EDDP WP4 has been led by Trafikverket who is also in various leading positions/WPs in TRANS4M-R and EDDP neo. The overall objective DACcelerate WP5 is to investigate the changes in work environment at marshalling yards that a transition from screw couplers to Digital Automatic Couplers (DAC)entails. Production at the main marshalling yards of Sweden and Austria is analysed and compared. These two marshalling yards represent significant differences in terms of traffic throughput, physical design and organisation of production personnel. Job tasks performed by different professional roles at the marshalling yard has been surveyed as well as how personnel interact in accordance with current work processes. The research method applied in the current work has primarily involved workplace visits and interviews and hence the investigation has required a close collaboration with operators of marshalling yards. For the case studies in Sweden and Austria this has meant a comprehensive and trustful cooperation with the operator Green Cargo and the Austrian federal railways ÖBB. The current project has been integrated in WP4 of the EDDP programme as well as aligned with unions and other stakeholders through workshop sheld during the period when the project was carried out.

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  • 15.
    Ozturk, Ibrahim
    et al.
    Middle East Technical University, Turkey; University of Leeds, England.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Ozkan, Turker
    Middle East Technical University, Turkey.
    Automation Preferences by Traffic Climate and Driver Skills in Two Samples From Countries with Different Levels of Traffic Safety2022In: Transportation Research Record, ISSN 0361-1981, E-ISSN 2169-4052Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Automated systems present great capabilities with a wide range of options. In this respect, vehicle preferences and factors affecting these preferences are important for the future of automated systems. While automated systems offer varied features and improvements for drivers and general traffic safety, the relationship between drivers' perceptions of traffic systems and driver skills have not been studied. The present study, therefore, focuses on country differences and the relationships between traffic climate and driver skills and their impact on the preferred level of vehicle automation for drivers in Turkey and Sweden. The study was conducted with 318 drivers (age: mean [M] = 22.41, standard deviation [SD] = 2.77) from Turkey and 312 drivers (age: M = 28.80, SD = 8.53) from Sweden in 2020. A questionnaire package asking for demographic information and preferred levels of vehicle automation-Traffic Climate Scale (TCS) and the Driver Skill Inventory (DSI)-was completed. A series of analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), hierarchical regression, and moderated moderation analyses were conducted. Drivers from Turkey preferred higher automation levels than drivers from Sweden. Drivers with higher perceived safety skills, with lower perceived perceptual-motor skills or perceiving the traffic system as more externally demanding preferred higher automation levels. Drivers' automation preferences were affected by various individual and country-level factors. For the first time, drivers' automation preferences were elaborated in relation to traffic climate and driver skills in two countries with different levels of traffic safety. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed in the light of the literature.

  • 16.
    Patten, Christopher
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human-vehicle-transport system interaction.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Tekniska system: krav vid införande av ny teknik i förarmiljöer inom alla trafikslag2015Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this project was to study vehicle rules, regulations, directives and standards pertaining the development and introduction of technically advanced driver/operator support systems for all mode of transport, commissioned by the Swedish Transport Agency. The inventory of the process for introducing new technology systems into the operator’s environment suggests that the Swedish national regulations for all four modes of transport are to a large degree steered outside of the national arena. The Swedish Transport Agency should therefore consider spearheading their efforts internationally if they are to exert influence on the formation of new rules and regulations. Some additional recommendations for the Swedish Transport Agency regard the utilisation of function based requirements as a complement to the detailed based rules, including the compulsory use of test pilots for all modes of transport. It is however important to use validated evaluation methods with the development of valid measures. The use of pass/fail criteria should be considered. The evaluation criteria (and measures) should be mapped to the operator’s cognitive abilities (to e.g. process information) but must also be based on the operator’s cognitive workload for all modes of transport and in a number of typical journey types. It is important that the authorities’ decisions are based on solid empirical data.

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  • 17.
    Patten, Christopher
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human-vehicle-transport system interaction.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Bagdadi, Omar
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human-vehicle-transport system interaction.
    Syns jag bättre med en gul plexiglasskiva framför strålkastaren?: en studie om motorcyklisters synbarhet i trafiken2015Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Approximately half of the motorcyclists that are killed or injured occur when interacting with other vehicle-users. These accidents are typically intersection, head-on or rear-end collisions. A contributing factor to these collisions can be the difficulties that other road users have in detecting the motorcyclists and thereby correctly deducing their position and speed. All motorised vehicles in Sweden have a mandatory daylight running lights (DRL) requirement. The main purpose of this project was to examine possibilities of increasing the conspicuity of motorcyclists by using a yellow Plexiglas disc or sheet (yellow glass) placed in front of the motorcycle’s headlight. The project comprised four studies viz. 1) a field study, 2) a laboratory study, 3) an interview study and 4) a questionnaire study. The results from the field and laboratory studies suggest that the maximum amount of conspicuity is achieved when yellow and white light are combined; one with yellow and one without. The results from the interview and questionnaire studies show that the motorcyclists that drive with the yellow glass, perceive that their own conspicuity had increased. They believe that they are detected by other road users earlier and more easily especially in certain traffic environments and ambient lighting/weather conditions. This had also contributed to an increased sense of security by the yellow glass group. Am I more conspicuous with yellow glass? The results from this project suggest that the answer is yes, in certain circumstances. This must however, be qualified by the limitations of the studies in this project where all traffic situations, weather conditions and lighting conditions have not been assessed.

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  • 18.
    Patten, Christopher
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Hawke, Emma
    Dalarna University.
    How close is close?: an experimental study of cycling safety related to cycling on rural roads2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In Sweden, as well as in many countries in Scandinavia and in northern Europe, there is a growing trend towards daily sport and exercise cycling and cycle commuting. Cycling on rural roads is, whether for health, exercise, sports, leisure or commuting, is hampered by feelings of insecurity and risk caused by motorised traffic passing too close to the cyclist sharing the rural road. A cyclist is often overtaken by cars and other motorised vehicles and does not have control over the distance between them and the other vehicles. However, if the cyclist had control over the distance between themselves and the motor vehicle/object, how much space would they give themselves?

    The aim of this study was to investigate a scenario where the cyclists had control over the distance between themselves and a fictive motor vehicle or road side object and assess how much space they would give themselves.

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  • 19.
    Patten, Christopher
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Sörensen, Gunilla
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System.
    Hjulburna oskyddade trafikanter på landsväg2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The background to this collection of three sub-studies; 1) Two-minus-one bicycle lanes on rural roads, 2) How close is close? and 3) Pilot study on road friction testing for motorcycles, is to highlight any problems that two-wheeled unprotected road users have on Swedish roads. Studies 1 and 2 are about cyclists on country roads, while study 3 is about motorcyclists. Study 1 is a survey of a new road design, two-minus-one rural roads. Study 2 is an experimental study that highlights the issue of the width of a cycle path/hard-shoulder from the perspective of the cyclist. Study 3 is friction measurements carried out on a measurement method that is more adapted to the situation of motorcyclists. The three sub-studies resulted in the following recommendations: i) stretches of rural roads that are intended to be two-minus-one rural roads should be chosen carefully and in places where sight-lines are obscured (by hedgerows, topography, etc.), alternative solutions should be considered. ii) The speed limitation on the two-minus-one rural roads should not exceed 50 km/h. In order to reduce speeding, signage in combination with surveillance and/or infrastructure measures should be considered to reduce speed violations. iii) The introduction of two-minus-one rural roads should be done in dialogue with local populations and preceded by information efforts so that everyone knows what rules apply. iv) A single carriageway cycle path/hard-shoulder on a two-minus-one rural road with mixed traffic should be at least 120 cm laterally from the middle of the bicycle path to the motor vehicles’ carriageway. v) Friction measurements should be linked to the driver's experience of grip. vi) Develops a measurement method/protocol for friction testing where the measurement section is ≥ 1 m in different levels of wetness on the roadway, which can also be used to evaluate blackspots on road sections that are linked to “temporary” road repairs.

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  • 20.
    Sörensen, Gunilla
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic safety, society and road-user.
    Forward, Sonja
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Wallen Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Hellsten, Helena
    Helsäker Konsult AB.
    Simonsson, Lennart
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Känsla och förnuft: utvärdering av utbildningsprogram för alkohol- och trafikinformation i gymnasieskolor2010Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The main aim of this study was to evaluate how different educational programmes affect young people's attitude to drink driving. The question was if they would be more influenced by an emotional message than by one based on facts or if a combination of both emotion and facts needed? A further aim was to explore young people's attitudes to alcohol and traffic in general, and describe what predicts their intentions to drink and drive, travel with somebody who has been drinking alcohol and prevent somebody from drinking and driving. The evaluation was conducted in the form of a before and after study comparing four different groups: three groups who took part in the educational program and one control group. The sample consisted of 1 178 students aged 15 to 20 years (mean age 16.5 yrs) from six different senior high schools (75% response rate).

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  • 21.
    Wallen Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Åberg, Lars
    Uppsala Universitet.
    Drivers' tendency to commit different aberrant driving behaviours in comparison with their perception of how often other drivers commit the same behaviours2014In: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, ISSN 1369-8478, E-ISSN 1873-5517, Vol. 27, no PA, p. 37-43Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of the present study is to examine the difference between drivers' self-reported tendency to commit different aberrant driving behaviours in comparison with their perception of how often other drivers commit the same behaviours measured by the driver behaviour questionnaire (DBQ) in Sweden and Turkey, respectively. A sample of 228 Swedish and 302 Turkish drivers completed a questionnaire including questions based on the DBQ. The results showed that in both Sweden and Turkey, the participants reported committing aberrant driving behaviours less frequently than their perception of how often other drivers commit the same behaviours. The size of this difference does, however, vary depending on the DBQ-item and it is suggested that this variation could be used as a clue for understanding social acceptability.

  • 22.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Beliefs about riding a bicycle when mildly alcohol intoxicated2021In: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, ISSN 1369-8478, E-ISSN 1873-5517, Vol. 76, p. 384-392Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Alcohol intoxication appears to be a contributing factor to many bicycle crashes with serious consequences. Despite this, there is no specific limit on the blood alcohol concentration permissible when cycling in Sweden, and there is very little knowledge of the perception of sobriety associated with cycling. The aim of this study is therefore to identify the behavioural, normative, and control beliefs underpinning cyclists’ attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control associated with riding a bicycle when mildly alcohol intoxicated. A total of 34 participants answered questions based on the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991). The results indicate that the participants saw great advantages (practical, free, safe, nice, and better than taking the car), but also disadvantages (impaired ability, danger to oneself, and danger to others) from cycling when mildly alcohol intoxicated. Furthermore, they identified both factors making it easier (small amounts of alcohol, bicycle-friendly infrastructure/conditions, poor alternatives, group pressure, and emergency situations) and more difficult (large amounts of alcohol, aggravating circumstances, bicycle-unfriendly infrastructure/conditions, good alternatives, social censure, group resistance, parenthood, and experience) to opt to cycle when mildly alcohol intoxicated. Finally, some participants believed that certain people (e.g. students, people with poor finances, and nearly everyone) think that it is acceptable to cycle when mildly alcohol intoxicated, while others (e.g. parents, responsible people, and nearly no group) think that it is unacceptable. These results support the use of information dissemination/campaigns to reduce the incidence of cycling when alcohol intoxicated and/or the amount of alcohol consumed in connection with cycling. At the same time, they do not support the introduction of a specific limit on the blood alcohol concentration permissible when cycling, and the potential of improved public transport to reduce the number of inebriated cyclists is uncertain.

  • 23.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Gymnasieungdomars syn på förarlösa fordon2016Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka gymnasieungdomars inställning till förarlösa fordon på NHTSAs Nivå 4: Fullständigt autonom körning där föraren är helt passiv medan fordonet sköter hela färden. Totalt besvarade 172 gymnasieungdomar från tre skolor i Falun och en skola i Ludvika enkäten.

    Resultaten av studien visar att nästan hälften av deltagarna inte hört talas om förarlösa bilar innan de deltog i studien. Efter att läst den inledande beskrivningen av förarlösa bilar var ungefär hälften av deltagarna rent allmänt positiva till förarlösa bilar och nästan hälften trodde dessutom att antalet trafikolyckor skulle minska med förarlösa bilar i trafiken. En majoritet av deltagarna ansåg att de skulle känna en viss oro med förarlösa fordon i trafiken. De flesta fördelar som nämndes med förarlösa bilar kopplades till praktiska saker så som tidsbesparing och ökad mobilitet. 

    För att få en hög acceptans av framtida teknikutveckling krävs därför ett ökat fokus på trafikanternas upplevelse av tekniken oavsett om de befinner sig inuti de förarlösa fordonen eller om de i egenskap av fotgängare, cyklister, mopedister och motorcyklister delar trafikmiljön med de förarlösa fordonen. Detta är inte minst viktigt med tanke på att mindre än hälften av deltagarna i dagsläget själva är intresserade av att ha tillgång till en förarlös bil och därmed framför allt skulle komma i kontakt med tekniken som medtrafikanter i en trafikmiljö där förarlösa fordon ingår.

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  • 24.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Polisliknande varselväst för motorcyklister: hur påverkas samspelet i trafiken?2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    To be easily detected by other road users, many motorcyclists use different types of high visibility vests. Even high visibility vests resembling those used by the police occurs both nationally and internationally. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate whether and, if so, how motorcyclists’ interaction with protected road users (mostly car drivers) is influenced by the motorcyclists’ use of traditional high visibility vest and police-like high visibility vest. To study this, the interaction with protected road users was filmed using action cameras mounted on a motorcyclist who alternately drove with all black textile protective clothing without a high visibility vest, with a traditional high visibility vest or with a police-like high visibility vest. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the all black textile protective clothing without a high visibility vest, with a traditional high visibility vest or with a police-like high visibility vest regarding problemfree interactions (i.e. the interaction is unimpeded) and non-problem-free interactions (i.e. the interaction is disrupted in some way). On the other hand, there were significant differences between the drives with police-like high visibility vest and the all black textile protective clothing without a high visibility vest and the traditional high visibility vest, with regards to the distribution within the non-problem-free category. During the drives with police-like high visibility vests, a greater proportion of interactions were categorized as unexpected non-problem-free interactions (e.g. a protected road user suddenly slows down to legal speed), while a minor proportion of interactions were categorized as speed-related non-problem-free interactions (e.g. a protected road user drives faster than the speed limit when overtaking). In summary, the findings show that the use of police-like high visibility vests increase the proportion of unexpected non-problem-free interactions while reducing the rate of speedrelated non-problem-free interactions.

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  • 25.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Using direct and belief-based measures of the theory of planned behaviour to predict intention to cycle when mildly intoxicated2023In: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, ISSN 1369-8478, E-ISSN 1873-5517, Vol. 93, p. 133-142Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Alcohol intoxication seems to be an important contributing factor to cyclist injury and death in traffic. The first aim of this study was to examine how much of the variance in intention to cycle when mildly alcohol intoxicated during the coming year could be explained by only three direct measures of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control, and by indices constructed from the belief-based measures, respectively. The second aim was to identify the belief composites that contributed to the prediction direct measures of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and intention, regarding cycling when mildly alcohol intoxicated during the coming year. A sample of cyclists (n = 196) completed a postal questionnaire including both direct and belief-based measures of the latent variables in the theory of planned behaviour. The results indicated that the three direct measures of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control contributed more to the prediction of drivers’ intention to cycle when alcohol intoxicated than did the 33 indices constructed from belief-based measures. This suggests that three items is sufficient to predict peoples intention. Standard multiple regressions then showed which of the belief composites contributed to the prediction of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control, as well as intention. These identified beliefs could be used to, for example, develop effective road safety campaigns, but it is important to remember that these beliefs might not be directly transferable to other groups of people and that all campaigns must be based on the beliefs of their specific target audience.

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  • 26.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Andersson, Jan
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users.
    Hurtig, Anders
    Högskolan Dalarna, Sverige.
    Andersérs, Caroline
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Ceci, Ruggero
    Trafikverket, Sverige.
    Andrén, Peter
    Andréns Datamani, Sverige.
    Cykelförmåga under alkoholpåverkan: Testbanestudie2024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Even though cycling under the influence of alcohol increases the risk of injury and accidents, we still have limited knowledge about how alcohol affects the cyclist. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of increasing alcohol intoxication on several abilities required to cycle safely on a test track. Twenty-eight participants, 19 in an experimental group and nine in a control group, cycled a test course set up in a canceled parking lot. The participants' task was to i) cycle slalom around nine plastic cones, ii) cycle as straight as possible on a line drawn in the middle of a cone-shaped cornet and sometimes ring the bell, iii) cycle as slowly as possible and stop to put a foot down at each stop line and iv) stop with both feet and the whole bike within each stop square. The participants in the experimental group were repeatedly provided with alcohol (the goal was that they should reach 1.0 per mille) while the participants in the control group were sober throughout the trial. During the trial, we measured how the intake of alcohol affected alcohol concentration, perceived alcohol intoxication, cycling performance, self-rated cycling ability, cognition, and perception. Furthermore, we measured thrill-seeking as well as attitude, norm, control, intention, and also past and subsequent behaviour to cycle under the influence of alcohol in real traffic. The results indicate that many abilities required to cycle safely were impaired by the influence of alcohol. This impairment was statistically significant from an average alcohol concentration of 0.7 per mille. From an average alcohol concentration of 0.2 per mille a tendency towards deterioration could however be seen. At the same time, the results show that cycling under the influence of alcohol was relatively common among the participants.

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  • 27.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Andersson, Jan
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users.
    Patten, Christopher
    Swedish Transport Agency, Sweden.
    Shared space: Different age groups’ perspectives2022In: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, ISSN 1369-8478, E-ISSN 1873-5517, Vol. 90, p. 167-180Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Shared spaces, in the context of road transport, often refer to areas shared by unprotected and protected road users and intended to facilitate a living city space for every-one. A basic idea behind shared spaces is to create traffic safety by inducing some uncertainty. This study investigates how young, middle-aged, and elderly pedestrians experience shared space, as well as whether and, if so, how two shared space designs (without and with large flowerpots) affect this experience.

    Method: Thirty-seven participants, divided into three age groups, participated in the study, conducted in Fisherman's Square, Västervik, Sweden. An adjacent non-signal-regulated pedestrian crossing was used as a control. Two studies – visual scanning and Q studies – were combined. In the visual scanning study, eye-tracking examined how the two designs affected the participants’ visual scanning behaviour (i.e., what participants looked at) as pedestrians. In the Q-study, Q-methodology was used to examine how the two designs affected the participants’ experiences as pedestrians.

    Results: The visual scanning study showed that different age groups were affected in different ways by designs without and with large flowerpots in the shared space. While the middle-aged participants always glanced more often at traffic-relevant objects, and young participants always glanced equally often at traffic-relevant and non-traffic-relevant objects, the elderly participants changed their visual scanning behaviour depending on the design. Without large flowerpots deployed, the elderly participants glanced more often at traffic-relevant than non-traffic-relevant objects. No such difference was obtained when large flowerpots were deployed. The Q-study showed that participants, regardless of age, experienced no great uncertainty in this shared space. The perceived uncertainty, which nevertheless existed, was reduced with large flowerpots deployed to recreate the traditional division with clear zones where pedestrians could stay in relatively car-free areas while motor vehicles had clear paths to travel along.

    Conclusion: The results suggest that shared space, without large flowerpots, succeeded in inducing some uncertainty, especially among middle-aged and elderly pedestrians. However, deploying large flowerpots seemed to decrease this uncertainty, especially among elderly pedestrians. The major concern prompted by these results is how this decreased uncertainty affects traffic safety. Shared space also needs to be studied from the car driver's perspective to understand the interaction between different road user groups. © 2022 The Author(s)

  • 28.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Björklund, Gunilla
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Trafikolyckor under polisens utryckningskörning2023In: Framtidens Skadeplats 2023 / [ed] Erik Prytz & Susanna Lönnqvist, Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023, Vol. 194Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Polisens utryckningskörning innebär alltid en ökad risk för olyckor. Syftet med denna studie var därför att öka kunskapen om trafikolyckor som skett under polisers utryckningskörningar. Resultaten i presentation kommer från en intervjustudie med sex poliser som varit inblandade i minst en olycka under brådskande ärende eller trängande fall. Intervjustudien ingår som en av tre delstudier i ett större projekt som slutfördes under 2022. Resultaten visar bland annat att förarutbildningen skiljer sig åt mellan olika orter och att det finns en brist på fort-/vidareutbildning. Formella mentorer saknas men äldre och mer erfarna kollegor stöttar ändå ofta de yngre. Förutom att nyutexaminerade poliserna ofta är unga, och ännu inte hunnit skaffa sig erfarenhet inom polisyrket, är många av dem även oerfarna bilförare. Samtliga deltagare körde oftare i brådskande ärende än i trängande fall där de använde blåljus och siren, åtminstone delar av körningen. Att köra i trängande fall upplevdes som en positiv kick, men även som påfrestande och riskfyllt. Det stresspåslag som upplevdes behövde dessutom inte bara vara kopplat till själva körningen utan kunde även vara kopplat till ärendet. Deltagarna hade tillsammans varit förare vid sju olyckor. Bidragande orsaker kopplade till föraren ansågs framför allt handla om bristande erfarenhet. Slutligen framhöll flera deltagare att det är viktigare att över huvud taget komma fram, än att komma fram så fort som möjligt. Utifrån dessa resultat kommer ett antal rekommendationer att presenteras. 

  • 29.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Björklund, Gunilla
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Transport economics. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Andersson, Jan
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users.
    Using a three-stage model of change to understand people's use of bicycle, public transport, and car2021In: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, ISSN 1369-8478, E-ISSN 1873-5517, Vol. 82, p. 167-177Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    More active ways of travelling (e.g., walking, cycling, and public transport) would benefit both individuals and society. To encourage people's transition to more active travelling, it is important to understand the decision-making process regarding modal choice. The first aim of this study is therefore to combine a three-stage version of the transtheoretical model of change (TTM; Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983) with the theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) to advance our understanding of the nature of the TTM stages. The second aim is to examine certain characteristics (i.e., age, gender, importance of everyday exercise, importance of environmental issues, perceived accessibility, and satisfaction with travel) of these three stages of change. The study used a web-based questionnaire, an app-based questionnaire, and an app-based travel diary completed by 306 people in the Stockholm area. The observed behaviour measured using the app-based travel diary showed that the three-stage model used in this study was consistent with the participants’ self-reported travel behaviour in using bicycles, public transport, and cars. Interventions focusing on attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control appear to have potential to move people from one stage to another regardless of initial stage. To make interventions as effective as possible, the stage of change as well as the behavioural, normative, and control beliefs underpinning attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control must be considered. Finally, more research is needed to advance our knowledge of the relationship between the three stages of change and other variables. © 2021 The Author(s)

  • 30.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Björklund, Gunilla
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Henriksson, Per
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Polisers inblandning i trafikolyckor under utryckningskörning2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Police officers do not always have to follow the traffic rules. Depending on the circumstances and the priority of the task, exceptions from traffic rules may be made. Making exceptions, however, entails an increased risk and can lead to accidents, especially when they must yield the right of way requiring other road users to respond. The purpose of this study is therefore to increase our understanding about the type of traffic accidents that occurred during police emergency driving, what characterizes the drivers of police vehicles who were involved in traffic accidents during emergency driving and what role the human factor played. 

    The study consists of three sub-studies: i) a database study including data from the Legal, Financial and Administrative Services Agency and the Police Authority, ii) a survey completed by 386 police officers who worked in the field, and iii) an interview study with six police officers who were involved in at least one accident during emergency driving. 

    Based on the results, we recommend: i) that the Police Authority compares the results of this study with, for example, that of the region, gender and age distribution of those police officers working in the field in order to identify overrepresented groups, ii) that the categorization of accidents at the Legal, Financial and Administrative Services Agency is reviewed to enable relevant follow-up studies, especially with regard to the type of driving and cause of the accident, and iii) that the Police Authority internally collects the type of information needed to identify causes of traffic accidents to find the right action. 

    We also recommend that the Police Authority review the need for i) some form of minimum driver experience before they are allowed to drive in an emergency, ii) further improvement to the quality of driver training, iii) more regular advanced driver training, and iv) the possibility of mentoring for newly graduated police officers.

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  • 31.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Forsman, Åsa
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System.
    Gustafsson, Susanne
    NTF.
    Ihlström, Jonas
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Nyberg, Jonna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Alkohol och cykling: en multidisciplinär studie2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Although previous studies have shown that alcohol impairment can be a contributing factor in cycling accidents, there is currently relatively little knowledge of the connection(s) between alcohol and cycling. The overall aim of this study was therefore to increase the knowledge of alcohol associated with cycling. The study is divided into two different parts; an analysis of the Swedish Road Administration’s in-deep data on killed cyclists and an interview study analyzed from three different perspectives; a social psychological, an emotional sociological and a phenomenographic. While the analysis of the in-deep data resulted in detailed statistics on the accidents involving alcohol impaired cyclists, the interview study resulted in a deeper understanding of cyclists' beliefs, emotions and perceptions regarding alcohol and cycling. Based on these results, information and/or campaigns to reduce the prevalence of alcohol impaired cycling as well as the amount of alcohol associated with cycling, is recommended. However, the introduction of a legal alcohol limit or improved public transport is not recommended in order to reduce the number of cyclists affected by alcohol and/or to improve the safety of those bicycling during alcohol impairment.

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  • 32.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Gustafsson, Susanne
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic safety, society and road-user.
    Nyberg, Jonna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Patten, Christopher
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human-vehicle-transport system interaction.
    Fyrhjulingsförares beteenden och felhandlingar2015Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    As quadbikes are becoming more and more common the number of accidents also increases. The first aim of this project was therefore to increase our knowledge of the accidents whilst the second aim was to increase our knowledge of how and where quadbikes are used, the mistakes and violations that are made and what situations and behaviours drivers consider as risky. The project was divided into two sub-studies. In the first sub-study 51 road traffic accident registered in Strada-police were analyzed and in the second 7 injured drivers (involved in any one of the 51 road accidents registered in Strada) and 22 non-injured drivers were interviewed. The results show that quadbikes are popular vehicles with many capabilities; as tools, as recreational vehicles and as vehicles for transport. Inexperienced drivers’ lack of knowledge, alternatively experienced drivers’ stress and/or carelessness combined with the quadbikes special characteristics; underage drivers; quadbike-driving under the influence of alcohol and excessive speed may however lead to accidents. Without a helmet the consequences of an accident might become more severe. Based on the results of this study, the authors recommend a series of measures to reduce the number of serious quadbike accident.

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  • 33.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Henriksson, Per
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Patten, Christopher
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes. VTI.
    Alkohol- och drogprevalens hos cyklister: en enkätstudie2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I dagsläget vet vi väldigt lite om både förekomsten och om riskerna med alkohol och andra droger i samband med cykling. För att kunna intensifiera det förebyggande trafiksäkerhetsarbetet krävs därför ökad kunskap. Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga alkohol- och drogprevalensen hos cyklister. Droger definieras i detta sammanhang som cannabis, kokain, amfetamin, spice och andra olagliga substanser såsom olagliga läkemedel och kroppsbyggarpreparat. Totalt 1 769 personer mellan 18 och 65 år (55 procent män och 44 procent kvinnor) besvarade en enkät med bakgrundsfrågor och frågor om hur ofta de använt alkohol eller andra droger rent generellt samt hur ofta de cyklat efter att ha använt alkohol eller andra droger under 2018.

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  • 34.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Johansson, Carl
    Lunds universitet.
    Laureshyn, Aliaksei
    Lunds universitet.
    Henriksson, Per
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Andersson, Jan
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users.
    Shared space: utifrån bilisters perspektiv2023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Shared spaces are meant to be a living urban space for everyone while ensuring road safety by removing the traditional division between vulnerable and protected road users. The idea behind the removal of the traditional division is that it should create a certain degree of uncertainty which in turn should contribute to greater caution. The aim of this project was therefore to investigate car drivers’ subjective experience, speed and position of their vehicles in shared spaces. Furthermore, the aim was to investigate the effect of external factors such as alternative design and amount of pedestrian traffic. The results show that car drivers prefer the traditional division (in this case created by deployment of large flowerpots) with clear paths to travel along. At the same time, large flowerpots contribute to them driving more slowly and spreading out over a smaller area of the square. Finally, car drivers drive more slowly with many pedestrians present, regardless of design. From car drivers’ perspective, we therefore recommend that common areas are designed with clear paths for car drivers to travel along. At the moment, there is however a lack of knowledge about shared spaces from cyclists’ and electric scooter drivers’ perspective and further research is therefore needed to ensure that shared spaces are experienced as an inviting traffic safe urban space for all road user groups.

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  • 35.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Niska, Anna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.
    Forward, Sonja
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Björklund, Gunilla
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Eriksson, Jenny
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System.
    Kircher, Katja
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Patten, Christopher
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Gustafsson, Susanne
    NTF.
    Nygårdhs, Sara
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    En modell för säker cykling2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The main aim of the multi-disciplinary scientific research programme A strong research environment in the field of non-motorised vulnerable road users is to increase our knowledge of unprotected twowheeled or non-motorised road users and their special requirements in the road traffic environment. The aim being to, in the long-term, to contribute to the Swedish national road safety goals. The objective of the Model for Safe Cycling report is to summarise the results and suggested actions from the eight projects that were conducted within the framework of the research programme; a literature study; and other programme related activities, in a conceptual model based on Haddon’s matrix. With a model, in this case, we mean that a list of suggested implementation actions, structured according to Haddon’s matrix and embellished with prerequisites directed towards the cyclist, the bicycle and the road environment. Each of the suggested actions or implementation suggestions, are organised along the chain of events from the prerequisite phase to the crash phase. Stakeholders are identified for each of the suggested actions for implementation. In summary, the results suggest one must look at the (road) transport system as a whole to provide a system for safe cycling. To be able to acquire a holistic approach, cooperation between stakeholders is necessary. Finally, more research is required to find optimal solutions and designs tailored to the actions that must also be evaluated to assure that the desired effects are reached.

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  • 36.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Nyberg, Jonna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Gustafsson, Susanne
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic safety, society and road-user.
    Patten, Christopher
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human-vehicle-transport system interaction.
    A behavioural study of quadbike drivers2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As quadbikes are becoming more and more common in Sweden the number of accidents also increases. The first aim of this study was therefore to increase our knowledge of how and where quadbikes are used, the mistakes and violations drivers make and what situations they consider as hazardous. The second aim was to increase our knowledge of the accidents. Seven injured and 22 non-injured quadbike drivers were interviewed. The results show that quadbikes are highly appreciated as tools, as vehicles for recreation and as means of transport. Inexperienced drivers’ lack of knowledge, alternatively experienced drivers’ stress and/or carelessness combined with the quadbikes special characteristics; underage drivers and passengers; quadbike-driving under the influence of alcohol and excessive speed are all factors that could contribute to accident involvement; and without a helmet the consequences of these accident might become more severe. To combat these problems, and to reduce the number of quadbike accidents, the authors suggest changes to the law for helmets, a short specialized course focusing on practical quadbike driving in combination with a theoretical education focusing on risk awareness as well as a national mobilization against quadbike driving under the influence of alcohol and underage drivers.

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  • 37.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Patten, Christopher
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    An evaluation of re-designed rural roads2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In Sweden, there is a strong political desire to shift car traffic to cycling. While the number of road fatalities among motor vehicle occupants have seen a substantial decrease, the same positive trend has, not been found among cyclists. To increase safe cycling, different traffic safety measures is therefore needed. One such attempt is the Swedish Transport Administration’s re-design of five rural road-segments in the southern part of Sweden. On the re-designed segments, the hard shoulders on each side of the road are broadened to give more space to cyclists. At the same time, the area for motor vehicles is narrowed to a single lane where the motor vehicle drivers are forced to adapt their driving to the flow of cyclists when meeting another motor vehicle. The aim of the present study was to evaluate these re-designed rural road segments, focusing on the beliefs underpinning the road users’ attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control associated with these segments.

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  • 38.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes. VTI.
    Patten, Christopher
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Utökad utvärdering av bygdevägar2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med denna utökade utvärdering var att kartlägga acceptansen av bygdevägarna hos cyklisterna som cyklar på bygdevägar. Totalt intervjuades 19 cyklister längs någon av de 10 bygdevägssträckorna där vi stod. Resultaten visade att många tyckte om tanken med bygdeväg eftersom det gav dem som cyklister ett existensberättigande på vägen. Samtidigt upplevde många också en del problem – framför allt relaterat till bilisternas beteende. En knapp majoritet av cyklisterna tyckte dock att bygdeväg trots allt var bättre än landsväg utan vägren medan många påpekade att en separat gång- och cykelväg hade varit den bästa lösningen.

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  • 39.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Mobilitet, aktörer och planering, MAP.
    Patten, Christopher
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Mobilitet, aktörer och planering, MAP.
    Utökad utvärdering av bygdevägar2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med denna utökade utvärdering var att kartlägga acceptansen av bygdevägarna hos cyklisterna som cyklar på bygdevägar. Totalt intervjuades 19 cyklister längs någon av de 10 bygdevägssträckorna där vi stod. Resultaten visade att många tyckte om tanken med bygdeväg eftersom det gav dem som cyklister ett existensberättigande på vägen. Samtidigt upplevde många också en del problem – framför allt relaterat till bilisternas beteende. En knapp majoritet av cyklisterna tyckte dock att bygdeväg trots allt var bättre än landsväg utan vägren medan många påpekade att en separat gång- och cykelväg hade varit den bästa lösningen.

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  • 40.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Patten, Christopher
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human-vehicle-transport system interaction.
    Vägtjänster i Europa: intervjuer med vägmyndigheter2016Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The assignment was to map how other national road authorities in Europe use – describe, implement and follow up – on the term and concept of a road service. After a literature study, eight European countries (Cyprus, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Luxemburg, Croatia, the Netherlands and Germany) were contacted. The results suggest that in Europe, just like in Sweden, the road authorities develop direct, indirect and other functions needed but the concept of road service is not used. To examine the possibility of introducing road service as a unifying concept for functions provided by road authorities, a follow-up study was conducted.

    The results from three countries (the Netherlands, Cyprus and Iceland) show that these road authorities are almost exclusively responsible for the road use by providing different groups of road users access to roads and rest areas while the remaining direct, indirect and other functions are provided by other governmental or private actors. The Swedish model, with TRV being responsible on a national level both for the different transport modes and for different types of functions, creates a unique possibility to introduce the concept of road service and to describe, implement and evaluate the concept within the same authority. For the concept to be introduced and used in a uniform manner throughout TRV a rigorous amount of internal coordination is, however, required.

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  • 41.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Patten, Christopher
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Sörensen, Gunilla
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System.
    Shared space: utifrån olika åldersgruppers perspektiv2019Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A shared space, in the context of road transport, often refers to an area that is shared by unprotected and protected road users and is intended to facilitate a living city space for everyone. The purpose of this study was to investigate how young, middle-aged and elderly people experience shared space from a pedestrian perspective, but also to investigate whether, and if so, how an alternative design of the area (with or without large flower pots) affects their experience. In the study, two different methods were combined; an eye tracking study and a Q-study. The Q method is a research method that is used in psychology and social sciences to investigate people's subjective views on a particular matter, phenomenon or topic. In this study, the Q method is used to investigate pedestrian experiences of two different design configurations - with or without large flower pots deployed - on the Fiskaretorget (eng. Fisherman’s Square) in Västervik. A total of 37 participants, divided into the three age groups, participated in the study, which was carried out at the Fiskaretorget and an adjacent non-signal-regulated pedestrian crossing in Västervik. About half of the participants carried out the experiment with, and half without large flower pots placed on the square. The results of the eye tracking study show that middle-aged pedestrians seemed to experience increased risk awareness, in the absence of the traditional division between unprotected and protected road users. Young and older, on the other hand, looked about the same amount of traffic-related objects, regardless of whether there were large flower pots placed or not. At the same time, the Q-study shows that pedestrians, regardless of age, did not experience any great uncertainty on this type of common areas. The perceived uncertainty, which nevertheless existed, was further reduced with large flower pots that recreated the traditional division with clear zones or stretches, pedestrians can stay in a relatively car-free area while the motor vehicles get clear paths to travel along. Based on these results, we recommend that, instead of a shared space design, designing common areas should have clear safe zones where pedestrians can stay in relatively car-free areas.

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  • 42.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Mobilitet, aktörer och planering, MAP.
    Patten, Christopher
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Mobilitet, aktörer och planering, MAP.
    Sörensen, Gunilla
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Trafiksäkerhet och trafiksystem, TST.
    Shared space: utifrån olika åldersgruppers perspektiv2019Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A shared space, in the context of road transport, often refers to an area that is shared by unprotected and protected road users and is intended to facilitate a living city space for everyone. The purpose of this study was to investigate how young, middle-aged and elderly people experience shared space from a pedestrian perspective, but also to investigate whether, and if so, how an alternative design of the area (with or without large flower pots) affects their experience. In the study, two different methods were combined; an eye tracking study and a Q-study. The Q method is a research method that is used in psychology and social sciences to investigate people's subjective views on a particular matter, phenomenon or topic. In this study, the Q method is used to investigate pedestrian experiences of two different design configurations - with or without large flower pots deployed - on the Fiskaretorget (eng. Fisherman’s Square) in Västervik. A total of 37 participants, divided into the three age groups, participated in the study, which was carried out at the Fiskaretorget and an adjacent non-signal-regulated pedestrian crossing in Västervik. About half of the participants carried out the experiment with, and half without large flower pots placed on the square. The results of the eye tracking study show that middle-aged pedestrians seemed to experience increased risk awareness, in the absence of the traditional division between unprotected and protected road users. Young and older, on the other hand, looked about the same amount of traffic-related objects, regardless of whether there were large flower pots placed or not. At the same time, the Q-study shows that pedestrians, regardless of age, did not experience any great uncertainty on this type of common areas. The perceived uncertainty, which nevertheless existed, was further reduced with large flower pots that recreated the traditional division with clear zones or stretches, pedestrians can stay in a relatively car-free area while the motor vehicles get clear paths to travel along. Based on these results, we recommend that, instead of a shared space design, designing common areas should have clear safe zones where pedestrians can stay in relatively car-free areas.

    Download full text (pdf)
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  • 43.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Sörensen, Gunilla
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System.
    Varför väljer cyklister att cykla alkoholpåverkade?: En enkätstudie2019Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Alcohol impairment seems to be an important contributing factor to cyclists being killed or injured in traffic. Nevertheless, there is currently relatively little known about people's view of alcohol impaired cycling. The aim of this questionnaire study was therefore to examine how beliefs, which according to the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), underpin people’s attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control influence the decision to cycle alcohol impaired. The survey of 196 cyclists shows that their attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control together could explain a greater portion of the variance in their intention to cycle alcohol impaired than what the underpinning beliefs could do. Therefore, if the main interest is to predict cyclists' decisions to cycle alcohol impaired, one should focus on attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. If, on the other hand, one is interested in understanding cyclists’ decisions to cycle alcohol impaired one should focus on the underpinning beliefs. The results further show that campaigns challenging cyclists' perception of how nice it is to cycle home even though they are alcohol impaired and/or urges cyclists to leave their bicycles at home during social events with alcohol should have the potential to reduce alcohol impaired cycling. These campaigns should focus on specific groups, with high prevalence of alcohol impaired cycling, rather than on cyclists in general. Improved public transport services should also have a potential to reduce alcohol impaired cycling. 

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  • 44.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Psychology.
    Åberg, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Psychology.
    Drivers’ beliefs about exceeding the speed limits2008In: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, ISSN 1369-8478, E-ISSN 1873-5517, Vol. 11, no 5, p. 376-389Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to examine drivers’ view on their own speeding behaviour by focusing on belief based measures as suggested by the theory of planned behaviour. A sample of car owners (N = 162) completed a questionnaire including both direct and belief based measures of the latent variables in the theory of planned behaviour. The results showed that indices constructed with direct measures of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control made a larger contribution to the prediction of drivers’ intention to exceed the speed limits in both urban and rural environments, than did indices constructed with belief based measures. An extensive set of belief composites was produced and standard multiple regressions showed which of these contributed to the prediction of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control, as well as intention. The use of these findings is discussed.

  • 45.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Psychology.
    Åberg, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Psychology.
    Driver's decision to speed: a study inspired by the theory of planned behavior2006In: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, ISSN 1369-8478, E-ISSN 1873-5517, Vol. 9, no 6, p. 427-433Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Using structural equation modeling (LISREL 8.71), drivers' everyday speeding behavior was predicted using the theory of planned behavior as a frame of reference. One hundred and twelve test drivers had a device installed in their vehicles that continuously logged their speeding behavior in a large area under an extended period of time. The test drivers also completed a questionnaire including questions inspired by the theory of planned behavior. It was found that the independent variables stipulated in the theory afforded a level of prediction of drivers' self-reported speeding as well as of their logged speeding. Attitude towards speeding, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were significant determinants of self-reported speeding. Self-reported speeding, and subjective norm, but not perceived behavioral control, did then contribute to the prediction of drivers' logged speeding. The fact that perceived behavioral control did not directly contribute to the prediction of drivers' logged speeding may be due to the possibility that drivers with several years of experience already take into account the actual control they have over the target behavior. As the theory of planned behavior can be used as a frame of reference to predict drivers' everyday speeding behavior, it is suggested that the drivers might decide on a target behavior and in living up to this decision they continuously monitor their target speed during everyday driving. 

  • 46.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Psychology.
    Åberg, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Psychology.
    The long term effects of an ISA speed-warning device on drivers’ speeding behaviour2008In: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, ISSN 1369-8478, E-ISSN 1873-5517, Vol. 11, no 2, p. 96-107Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Different systems of intelligent speed adaptation (ISA) have already been tested in the field and large-scale implementation is being discussed. But do we really know how these systems affect drivers during long-term use?Between 2000 and 2003 a total of 61 test drivers had an ISA speed warning device installed in their vehicles. Data from these trials show that,initially, the device greatly reduced the amount of time the majority of test drivers spent above the speed limit, and to some extent also reduced their mean speeds, but this effect decreased with time. Further analyses of 27 of the 61 test drivers then showed that the activation of the warning system affected different drivers in quite a homogenous way, with regards to attitude, subjective norm and self-reported behaviour, but not with regards to perceived behavioural control. After activation,long-term use did, however, affect the test drivers in a homogenous way with regards to attitude, subjective norm and self-reported behaviour, as well as perceived behavioural control. When considering these results it must be remembered that the device tested was a first generation ISA speed-warning device and with more research we think that different ISA-systems could be improved and the effects made more stable during long-term use.

  • 47.
    Warner, Henriette Wallen
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Forward, Sonja
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    The effectiveness of road safety interventions using three different messages: Emotional, factual or a combination of both messages2016In: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, ISSN 1369-8478, E-ISSN 1873-5517, Vol. 36, p. 25-34Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present study is an evaluation of a road safety intervention programme dealing with alcohol in traffic. The intervention was based on a programme developed by the Swedish Road Administration using three different messages. The aim of the study was to evaluate which message (emotional, factual or a combination of both messages) had the largest effect on the variables included in the theory of planned behaviour (TPB).

    Of the 930 Senior High School Students who took part in the study 265 received an emotional message, 251 received a factual message, 254 received a combination of both messages and 160 were assigned to a control group who did not receive any message. Two scenarios were used describing situations where the participants would receive a lift from someone who had drunk two 'strong' beers and was either someone they did not know very well or their best friend.

    The results showed that the intervention combining the emotional and the factual message had the largest effect on the variables included in the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Attitude was affected the most by the interventions while further activities need to be taken in order to better target perceived behavioural control and especially subjective norm and thereby also intention.

  • 48.
    Warner, Henriette Wallén
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Psychology.
    Factors influencing drivers’ speeding behaviour2006Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Every year many people all over the world are killed and severely injured in road traffic accidents. Even though driving too fast is a behaviour well known to contribute to both the number and the outcome of these accidents, drivers are still speeding. The general aim of this thesis, and its five empirical studies, is therefore to further the knowledge about drivers speeding behaviour by using the theory of planned behaviour and the model underpinning the driver behaviour questionnaire as frames of reference. The behavioural data used is obtained from field trials with intelligent speed adaptation and the speed reducing potential of this system is also examined. The results show that attitude towards exceeding the speed limits, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and moral norm from the theory of planned behaviour, but also violations and inattention errors from the model underpinning the driver behaviour questionnaire, can be used to predict drivers’ everyday speeding behaviour. These two models can also be combined in order to gain further knowledge about the causes of speeding. Identification of drivers’ beliefs about exceeding the speed limits gives further insight into the underlying cognitive foundation of their attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. This provides valuable information for future design of speed reducing measures. Regarding intelligent speed adaptation, the results show that the ISA speed-warning device greatly reduces the amount of time drivers spend above the speed limits, and to some extent also reduces their mean speeds, but that this effect decreases with time. Although the drivers are not totally satisfied with the experience of the ISA speed-warning device, they like the idea and can see its usefulness. As the device tested is a first generation ISA speed-warning device, further research has the potential to greatly improve the system.

  • 49.
    Warner, Henriette Wallén
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Psychology.
    ISA i mobiltelefonen: Utvärdering av användaraspekter2010In: Transportforum, Linköping, 2010Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 50.
    Warner, Henriette Wallén
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Psychology.
    The theory of planned behaviour within traffic psychology2007In: International Cooperation on Theories and Concepts in Traffic Safety (ICTCT) Workshop, Valencia, Spanien, 2007Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The theory of planned behaviour is a well-known theory within social psychology. According to this theory people’s attitude towards the behaviour, their subjective norm and their perceived behavioural control determine their behaviour (a defined action) indirectly via their intention (a willingness to try to perform the behaviour). Attitude towards the behaviour is determined by behavioural beliefs, which are beliefs about the likely consequences of the behaviour (behavioural belief strength), weighted by the evaluation of how good or bad these outcomes would be (outcome evaluation). Subjective norm is determined by normative beliefs, which are beliefs about what important others think of the behaviour (normative belief strength), weighted by the motivation to comply with these important others (motivation to comply). Perceived behavioural control is determined by control beliefs, which are beliefs about factors that may facilitate or impede performance of the behaviour (control belief strength), weighted by the perceived power of these factors (control belief power). A positive attitude and subjective norm together with a large perceived behavioural control results in a strong intention to perform the behaviour. Given enough actual control over the behaviour, people are expected to carry out their intention as soon as an opportunity is given. For behaviours over which people have incomplete volitional control it is also useful to consider perceived behavioural control as a codeterminant (together with intention) of the behaviour. The relationship between perceived behavioural control and behaviour is however dependent on the accuracy of people’s perception of their control over the behaviour. Within traffic psychology the theory of planned behaviour has been successfully used as a frame of reference to predict and explain behaviours such as drinking and driving, dangerous overtaking, close following, lane discipline and speeding. A short review of different studies using the theory of planned behaviour will be presented and pros and cons with the theory will be discussed.

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