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  • 1.
    Hakamies-Blomqvist, Liisa
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Östlund, Joakim
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Henriksson, Per
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Heikkinen, Satu
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Äldre bilförare i simulator: en valideringsstudie2000Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med denna studie var att granska simulatorns validitet för studier av körbeteende hos äldre (65+) bilförare. Äldre bilförare är det snabbast växande segmentet i förarpopulationen. I förhållande till fältstudier är en körsimulator fördelaktig så tillvida att den verkliga trafikens olycksrisk undviks och att beteendet i situationer som skulle innebära en oacceptabel risk i en fältstudie kan observeras och mätas. Dessutom har man har fullständig kontroll över den experimentella situationen. Nackdelen är att även de bästa simulatorerna inte kan producera en helt övertygande illusion av verklig bilkörning, vilket rimligen påverkar körbeteendet. I studien jämfördes hur äldre försökspersoner körde samma rutt med en instrumenterad bil i verklig trafik och med VTI:s simulator. Dessutom samlades intervju- och testdata. Resultaten visar att försökspersonerna körde i stort sätt på samma sätt i simulatorn som i den instrumenterade bilen. De viktigaste skillnaderna mellan simulator och mätbil var följande: 1. Medelhastigheten var lägre i simulatorn på 70-sträckor. 2. Försökspersonerna körde längre åt höger på vägbanan i simulatorn. 3. Variationen i hastighet, sidoläge och rattutslag var större i simulatorn. 4. Försökspersonerna bromsade betydligt oftare och hårdare i simulatorn. 5. Inlärningseffekter, såsom ökad hastighet och mindre variation i hastighet och sidoläge, uppträdde i betydligt större grad i simulatorn.

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  • 2.
    Heikkinen, Satu
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Dukic, Tania
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human-vehicle-transport system interaction.
    Henriksson, Per
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Höye, Alena
    Transportøkonomiskt Instittut (TØI).
    Peters, Björn
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human-vehicle-transport system interaction.
    Sagberg, Fridulv
    Transportøkonomiskt Instittut (TØI).
    Åtgärder för äldre bilförare: effekter på trafiksäkerhet och mobilitet2010Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The report describes and evaluates traffic safety measures for older drivers in Norway. Firstly, a literature review with a focus on current resarch since the year 2000 gives an overall picture of existing measures. Secondly, a review of existing and possible self-evaluation tests is made. Thirdly, the literature review and the review of self-evalution tests forms the basis for evaluating the effects of measures on traffic safety, mobility, safe mobility and viability. Seven measures of action which could be implemented in Norway are presented.

    • The current Norwegian driving licence policy of mandatory medical certificates for car drivers 70 years old and older should be evaluated
    • The current Norwegian policy with restricted driving licences should be evaluated
    • Education and training for older drivers should continue and develop to increase the effects on safe mobility
    • Self-evaluation tests should be implemented step-by-step and their use should be evaluated
    • Dissemination of checklists and advice to older drivers to facilitate choosing a car beneficial to safe mobility should be stimulated
    • A separate signal phase for left turning vehicles in intersections regulated by traffic lights, possibly complemented by a separate lane should when possible be introduced
    • Complex intersections without traffic lights should when possible be turned into roundabouts
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  • 3.
    Heikkinen, Satu
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Hakamies-Blomqvist, Liisa
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Aktörer på äldrebilförar-arenan2000Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The increasing number of elderly persons in the population is one of the major social issues today. The transport sector is no exception. Elderly motorists are a frequently discussed group at the same time as there is little knowledge of how they are influenced by different actors. This report therefore describes how different organisations influence elderly drivers seen from a broad perspective. Both road safety and mobility are discussed.

    On the political front, an investigation concerning elderly car drivers had earlier been made, in which the focus was on road safety from the perspective of traffic medicine. We could not find any comparative investigation focusing on elderly car drivers and their mobility. The pattern was reflected among other actors. Although there was an awareness of elderly car drivers in relation to road safety, little attention was paid to their mobility. Internationally, it was possible to distinguish another trend where the lack of mobility was identified as possibly the greatest problem for the elderly. In the social sector, there appeared to be an awareness of reduced mobility among the elderly which can be expensive for the community if they become passive and unable to manage independent living. However, the relationship of car driving to mobility had not been studied. A general view of the dependence of the transport sector on other sectors has begun to appear. It is increasingly realised that community planning affects the need for mobility. Many actors regarded the disabled and the elderly as a single group, due to which certain groups among the elderly appeared to be forgotten.

    The method was qualitative and explorative. Many sources were used to obtain information: interviews, web sites, literature, and others. A number of specific sources were chosen to create informative descriptions of the organisations. Government departments, the National Road Administration, County Administrative Boards, County Councils, municipalities, insurance companies, driving schools and organisations for the elderly were among the actors included in the study.

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  • 4.
    Heikkinen, Satu
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Henriksson, Per
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Äldres resvanor: äldre trafikanter som heterogen grupp och framtida forskningsbehov2013Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med detta notat är att ge en översikt av viktiga forskningsresultat om äldres resmönster samt att diskutera och problematisera hur heterogeniteten beaktas i forskning om äldres resmönster. Sammanställningen av forskningsresultat har gjorts i två steg. För det första bygger översikten på ett antal avslutade och pågående projekt från år 2008 och framåt där VTI har medverkat. För det andra har riktade litteratursökningar gjorts. Tvärsnittsstudier har utgjort en viktig grund för att illustrera hur äldre åldersgrupper reser mindre än åldersgrupper i medelålder, detta gäller såväl genomsnittlig restid, reslängd och antal resor. Detta är ett stabilt mönster i flertalet industrialiserade länder. En viktig del i minskningen utgörs av en minskning i arbetsresor i de högre åldersgrupperna. Samtidigt är det viktigt att notera att tvärsnittstudierna också pekar på att det inte är alla restyper som minskar utan inköps-, service-resor och fritidsresor är fortsatt vanliga i äldre åldersgrupper nära pensionsåldern. Det är först i de allra högsta åldrarna som resorna blir något färre. Tvärsnittsstudier illustrerar också hur de äldre åldersgrupperna reser mindre än medelåldersgrupper när det gäller de flesta färdmedel. Ett viktigt undantag är gång. Gång uppvisar en U-formad kurva där yngre liksom äldre åldersgrupper går mer än grupper i medelåldern. Viktigt att notera är att resultaten i tvärsnittsstudier både är beroende av individuella åldrandeprocesser och samhällelig förändring. En central fråga i forskning om äldres resvanor berör också utveckling över tid vilket studeras i longitudinella studier. Även prognoser för framtiden är viktiga. Äldres resande har ökat över tid vilket framförallt handlar om ett ökat bilresande. Det sker också en förändring där både inköps- och serviceresor liksom fritidsresor har ökat. I notatet beskrivs också den aktuella forskningstrenden att beskriva heterogeniteten hos äldre trafikanter. Vi beskriver studier baserade på sociodemografiska variabler likväl som en trend att konstruera nya kategorier av äldre baserat på resmönster. Även en trend där fokus ligger på livsloppsrelaterade förändringar som inverkar på mobilitet snarare än kronologisk ålder per se beskrivs.

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  • 5.
    Heikkinen, Satu
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Meng, Annette
    Technical University of Denmark, Department of Transport.
    Alauzet, Aline
    IFSTTAR - French institute of science and technology for transport, development and networks.
    Bell, Daniel
    FACTUM Chaloupka & Risser OHG .
    Dankova, Lenka
    Centrum Dopravního Výzkumu (Transport Research Centre).
    Kureckova, Veronika
    Centrum Dopravního Výzkumu (Transport Research Centre).
    Lang, Britta
    TRL Limited Transport Research Laboratory.
    Marin-Lamellet, Claude
    IFSTTAR - French institute of science and technology for transport, development and networks.
    Monterde-i-Bort, Hector
    Universitat de Valencia .
    Parkes, Andrew
    TRL Limited Transport Research Laboratory.
    Pokriefke, Eike
    FACTUM Chaloupka & Risser OHG .
    Snopek, Mojmir
    Centrum Dopravního Výzkumu (Transport Research Centre).
    Strnadova, Zusana
    Centrum Dopravního Výzkumu (Transport Research Centre).
    Stakeholders and practices in the field of senior safety and mobility: Work package 4 Report2013Report (Other academic)
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    CONSOL WP 4 report
  • 6.
    Isaksson, Karolina
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Heikkinen, Satu
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Kollektivtrafik för lokal och regional utveckling: förutsättningar för strategiskt kollektivtrafikarbete i Dalarna och Östergötland 2000-20112013Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report describes a study examining the institutional conditions that have shaped public transport policy and planning at regional and local level in Sweden during the past decade. An empirically grounded understanding of these conditions, including formal and informal factors, is essential for longterm, strategic public transport policy and planning. The empirical material originated from the Swedish counties of Dalarna and Östergötland. The results show that there have been many challenges in local and regional public transport policy and planning during the time period in focus: 2000-2011. One of the crucial issues centres on the relationship between owners (local municipalities and county council) and regional public transport companies. Another important question concerns the cost models used in each county, and what incentives they have created for a long-term, strategic public transport policy and planning. A third crucial issue in the two counties concerns the capacity and/or ambition to establish and maintain an overall strategic view of public transport as a tool for local and regional development. Overall, the study provides a number of examples of challenges and drivers for more strategic, long-term public transport planning. In practice, a combination of formal and informal institutional conditions often determines the effectiveness of local and regional strategic public transport planning processes. The study is concluded by a discussion about the new public transport legislation, valid since 1 Jan 2012. In many respects, this new legislation is an attempt to solve some of the problems that characterised public transport planning in the early 2000s. One of the remaining concerns is however the relationship between regional public authorities and municipalities, who through the strong tradition of local self-government (which includes a local spatial planning monopoly) largely determine the potential for public transport to become a more functional and attractive alternative for personal travel. It remains to be seen how the new legislation functions in this respect. It is important to set out an approach for close monitoring and analysis of progress, in terms of both formal and informal institutional conditions, in strategic public transport work locally and regionally.

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  • 7.
    Levin, Lena
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Dukic, Tania
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Heikkinen, Satu
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Henriksson, Per
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Linder, Astrid
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Mårdh, Selina
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Nielsen, Benny
    Nygårdhs, Sara
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Peters, Björn
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Äldre i transportsystemet: mobilitet, design och träningsproblematik2007Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Generally, more elderly will be travelling and be out on the roads as active road-users in the future. Research exists on the travelling habits of the elderly; but more in-depth knowledge on the elderly's preferences as license-holders, drivers, road-users and actors in public transport is required. The aim of this report is to give an overview of previous research as well as to indicate a number of directions for future research on the mobility of the elderly as actors within the transport system. The work has a clear multidisciplinary approach, with knowledge from social science, behavioural science and technical research on transport and the elderly. However, the main weight lays on social science and behavioural science issues. The report is divided into eleven chapters: 1) contains a short background, purpose and method questions; 2) discusses the project's scientific and social relevance; 3) provides theoretical background and theoretical concepts; 4) mentions previous research on the elderly as car drivers; 5) is a chapter on license-less vehicles; 6) discusses traffic and road design for the elderly; 7) discusses the elderly as pedestrians and bicycle road-users; 8) is about the elderly in public transport and 9) is about the training of elderly drivers. Chapter 10) consists of a final discussion and chapter 11) summarises point by point the need for research on issues which have come to light in the report

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  • 8.
    Levin, Lena
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Heikkinen, Satu
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Journeys of life in a neighbourhood: mobility, life course stories and ageing2010Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 9. Siren, Anu
    et al.
    Heikkinen, Satu
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Hakamies-Blomqvist, Liisa
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Older female road users: a review2001Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    The present study reviews and critically discusses existing research on older female road users. A first finding was that research literature on older women in traffic is scarce. In addition, the methods used in the studies reviewed for this report were predominately quantitative and there were few observable attempts to a deeper understanding of the central concepts, or of the main findings. However, the existing research evidence shows that women and men do indeed travel differently. The women’s travel is in general limited to geographically smaller areas and it is more influenced by social factors than men’s travel is. To some extent, such gender-related differences decrease with age. The nature and causes of gender differences in travel and traffic behavior defy easy explanations. In the current literature, the concepts of traffic, age, and gender have not been problematized and specific methodological problems related to the study of gender or of aging were not often mentioned. It is suggested that a wider perspective including an increasing use of qualitative methods might be useful for future research trying to fill in the present gaps of knowledge and understanding in this field.

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