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  • 1.
    Abdi Mohammed, Farhan
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    A Said, Mahdi
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Möjligheten att utföra LCA i en totalentreprenad: En studie om LCA i en totalentreprenad2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The environment is an important issue in society today. Emissions contribute to medium temperature rises gradually allowing the consequences on the nature, climate and society. The construction industry accounts for approximately 40 % of all energy use in Sweden. The environment in various ways, namely that different lifestyles and ways of life such as heating residences, waste management, travel to and from work affects the adverse impact on the environment. With the help of the growing awareness of the environment and the impetus given to it by the public authorities to reduces the environmental impact and energy use. LCA is a systematic analysis that is new in the construction industry where construction processes measured by the flow of energy and material usage. LCA can help decision makers by performing the LCA can be developed in analytical evaluations environmentally. Without LCA would investment, costs may be the most important thing for the decision makers than the environmental benefits. The aim of this work is to perform a life cycle assessment in the construction process with total construction and following questions is: • Possibilities to perform LCA in this construction form? • What demands are made from the client? • Possibilities and difficulties with total construction to perform LCA? The aim of this thesis is to illustrate how a life cycle analysis can be performed in a total construction. The study will highlight the role of the client. The focus will be on project Kungsljuset in Borlänge. The method of accounting analysis of the life cycle of the construction project is used and performed in a total construction. Interviews with the project management for this object. The result was unfortunately that there was a lack of data for the implement of LCA in this project. The reason was the knowledge and interest of the lack of both the client and the material supplier. It is required that the client demands on the material supplier and entrepreneur to specify the material and other resources used in this construction project.

  • 2.
    Ackemo, Sandra
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Hästanpassade vägar: I Leksands Kommun2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Approximately 13 000 persons get injured every year in Sweden while riding or handling a horse. Due to regulations, a horse is not allowed on to the walk- and cycle path or the sidewalks. Since some places don’t have paths developed for the horse, the equipage is forced out in trafficked roads. The horse is a prey animal, they run first and then they stop to see what the potential threat was. This, in combination with car driver´s general lack of knowledge about horses, could increase the possibility of an accident.The purpose of this project is to evaluate if the equestrian practitioners find it difficult to be in traffic environment with the horse and how commonly practitioners use public roads with the horse. The purpose is also to provide a review of how well the equestrian practitioners are aware of the traffic rules regarding horses in traffic. The main purpose of this thesis is, however, to offer suggestions on how road design should be improved with regard to road safety, security and accessibility for equestrian practitioners.

    The study was carried out with a questionnaire and studying literature. The questionnaire was handed out to 38 members of the riding club of Leksand. The results show that the knowledge of traffic rules could be increased among the ones who answered the questionnaire. They also think that the horse needs to be a part of the community and infrastructure planning and that all road-users need to learn more about horses in traffic, to better understand its behavior. Other proposals are lowered speed limits for motorized traffic at

  • 3.
    Agirman, Nesim
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Ali, Mustafa
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    U-värde av isoleringsmaterial i en kassett: En experimentell jämförelse mellan en fönsterkassett som har isolering och en utan isolering2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Insulation and insulation material is one of the most important components in the construction industry and has a wide range of applications and therefore the demand is huge. Because of the high costs on the market, new and different researches take place every day to find alternative insulation materials. The technology make the opportunities greater to find and use cheaper materials. Therefore, it is not un common to see insulations made of different materials every day.

    The purpose of this study is to investigate two Moniflexcassettes, one with insulation and one without, in a climate chamber, to then compare their u-values.

    The results showed the influence on the insulation, that the u-value was lower on the cartridge with the insulation, and therefore a proof that the insulation can use as an additional insulation. This applied especially for windows and glass portions who have a high u-value, which mean that windows and glass portions do not have to change to newer windows with lower u-values.

    The company Isolight´s current u-value of the cassette with the isolation was not the same as with the tested U-value in Högskolan Dalarnas climate chamber. On the cassette without insulation, there has been no comparison between the tested value and the value of the company because the company does not have a u-value for that.

  • 4.
    Albatrok, Husam
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Våningspåbyggnad i trä på befintligt betong bostadshus2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    During the years 1965–1975, the politicians chose to start a large housing development, which resulted in a million homes being built in 10 years. It was called Miljonprogrammet. Tjärna Ängar is an area located in Borlänge where some of those building took place. The area has 1,179 apartments in 3-storey slab houses and the Tjärna Angar area is divided into three different blocks: Kornstigen, Klövern and Plogstigen. These are built next to Tjärna center, with good bus connections to the rest of Borlänge.

    The purpose of this work was to produce a storey building for an existing slab of concrete. the reference building is at Kornstigen 25.

    With the help of Drawings, the existing building will be studied. Information search will be done on the subject regarding floor buildings and the history of the million program and construction. Walls and ceilings will be developed and an extension for the lift. Finally, a model is made in a Cad-programe that illustrates the result.

    The result of the storey building was a wooden walkway with a total of 10 apartments. Two corner apartments became three rooms and the kitchen while the rest became two rooms and kitchens in varying surfaces. Storey building wood is a good way to be able to build on the heigt, but many aspects considered and be and checked before a storey buildig takes place.

  • 5.
    Ali, Samir
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Hanna, David
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Hjälpmedel till resenärer i kollektivtrafiken som inte kan ta till sig vanliga skyltar på ett enkelt sätt2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This report aims at investigating how traffic management can help disabled and elderly. Although more than 800,000 people travel with SL every day, many elderly and disabled find it difficult to travel using public transportation. Through interviews, different associations representing different disabilities have reported that they feel a lack of information and they feel insecure. Many choose not to travel with public transportation. The investigation has resulted in two different solutions, the advantages and disadvantages of the different solutions are discussed as well. A WEFEEL bracelet that communicates with both the passenger and the bus driver via signals to facilitate the perception that the correct bus is on its way, signal if the traveller has a need for assistance, etc. The second solution proposal WEFIND is ground plates with diodes in the form of arrows that show the path when traffic disturbances occurs and redirects the passengers. Both solutions work for many different groups and also for travellers without special needs (arrows). The solutions take into consideration the environmental issue but have not been further investigated in terms of instalment and economy. The conclusion is that the suggested solutions can help travellers feel safer and thus travel more using public transport.

  • 6.
    Alsén, Felix
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Gustafsson, Niklas
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Utformning av dragband i en KL-T konstruktion med hänsyn till olyckslast: En beskrivande studie hur kraven för olyckslast bestäms och hur sammanfogning av dragband kan utföras i en KL-T konstruktion2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The interest to build in wood has increased in combination with grown knowledge in the subject. CL-T are wooden board that can be shaped in many different form, beams, pillars, wall and floor elements can all be made as CL-T elements. Ration between strength and weight is one aspect that has contributed entrepreneurs and designers to see the benefits of building in wood. CL-T is a product that reduce the weaknesses of the wood in different fiber directions since the slats are glued together crosswise. The rapidly increasing use of CL-T has left knowledge gaps, one of these knowledge gaps is how the robustness of a building can be increased to handle accident loads.

    Progressive collapse occurs when a local failure creates a collapse in surrounding structural elements and then propagate from element to element, leading to collapse of whole or part of the building. To counteract this a certain level of robustness must be achieved. There are various methods to create robustness in a building, one of these methods are to tie the walls to the floor with tension ties as described in Appendix A of SS-EN-1991-1-7. This method is called indirect method and is frequently used today for all types of structures. But for concrete structures it is considerably more well developed with general methods of how to tie the structure together. How vertical and horizontal ties should be designed in a CL-T construction need distinct methods that meets meet the capacity requirement set by the regulations.

    The purpose of the thesis is to create and understanding of the current regulations and to provide concrete examples of how tension ties can be carried out to meet the new requirements in EKS 11. It should also show what the indirect method is and how the requirements are met using it.

    The thesis shows the capacity of three different types and tension ties set in scenarios where they are used as both vertical and horizontal ties. Calculations show that the different types of ties behave differently depending on if they act a vertical or horizontal tie and which location in the building they have. Furthermore, the capacity requirements and the formulas adaption to CL-T designs are discussed.

    To create conditions that the industry can take on, reduction of the minimum requirements for tie capacity in constructions with a lightweight structural system needs to be made clearer when dimensioning against accidental loads with the indirect method.

    Download full text (pdf)
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  • 7.
    Andersson, Adam
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Berggren, Pontus
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Utvärdering av träbjälklag i ett äldre flerbostadshus med avseende på stegljud och nedböjning: Mätningar och möjliga åtgärder och åtgärdsförslag2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    New buildings will only maginally contribute to future quantity of residential housing. Therefor new knowledge of past building technics are required, to asses which action propsals are suitable when interventions are considered. Objective. This study aims to evaluate lightweight timber joist floors in a multi-story residential building from 1903, with regard to footfall noise and deflection. Method. Data has been collected with a survey and through measurements of footfall noise and deflection. The purpose of the survey is to evaluate the residentals subjective perception of footfall noise and deflection. Footfall noise has been measured with a tapping machine in accordance with Swedish Standards. The deflection has been measured with Leica NA2 paired with a parallel-plate micrometer, GFS1, for precise leveling assessment. Results. The survey shows that the residents don’t experience any issues with regard to footfall noise and deflection. The measurements show a L’nT,w+CI,50-2500 level of 55 dB and an average deflection of 0.320 mm/kN. Conclusion. Footfall noise- and deflection levels satisfy today’s requirements according to Swedish Standards and therefor the results doesn’t motivate any action proposals or interventions.

  • 8.
    Andersson, Linnea
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Ekeblad, Jenny
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Energieffektivisering av klimatskal - miljonprogrammets flerbostadshus: Tjärna Ängar, Borlänge2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    During The Million Homes Programme, 1964 – 1975, over one million homes were built and it’s now time for an extensive modernization of these buildings.

    The purpose of this work was to see how the building envelope of a multifamily building from the Million Homes Programme can be energy efficient. This was done through enquiries and calculations, and by comparing these to current and future requirements of energy use. The enquiries that have been conducted were tests of impermeability and thermography. The calculations suggest both individual and combined actions to improve the building envelope.  The enquiries and calculations do not consider installations, architectural values, or economy, only how much the energy use can be optimized through improving the building envelope. 

    The best result achieved through combined actions was a reduction of energy use by 32,3 %. The individual action with the best result was the replacement of windows and balcony door: 16,4 % reduction of energy use.

    Only the building envelope has been taken in to account in this rapport which means that a greater improvement is possible if installations also is included.

    An important conclusion of the project is that the building envelope has a great effect on a building’s energy usage. The requirements of energy use that come into effect January 1, 2021 can be accomplished by only correcting the deficiencies in the building envelope.

  • 9.
    Andersson, Mikael
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Lind, Christoffer
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Genomstansning i betong: En jämförelsestudie mellan Eurokod 2, Strusoft Winstatik Punching och Eurocode Software caeEc230.2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Computers have become invaluable for advanced calculation tasks in most industries.

    Formerly, designers had to rely on his skills and knowledge to perform calculations.

    Nowadays, designers can execute a calculation without the need to use the actual formulas

    behind. It is recommended by experienced designers that some of the programs used in the

    building industry, which are based on the European Eurocodes needs to be validated.

    The aim of this study has been to calculate the punching capacity of ordinary reinforced

    slab and to design the shear reinforcement, according to Eurocode 2. The method was a

    theoretical study of the Eurocodes. A calculation sheet for punching capacity was made in

    Mathcad. The calculations from the sheet were compared to Winstatik Punching and

    caeEc230. The work has been defined to include only an inner column on a concrete slab

    with a circular cross section without any column heads or other reinforcements. In order to

    achieve realistic calculations, nine cases with different slab thicknesses and spans were

    manipulated.

    The capacities from the three calculations were nearly identical, both at the columns

    perimeter and at the control perimeter. The greatest differences were found in the design of

    the shear reinforcement. They showed similar amount of reinforcement in terms of area, but

    offered no guidance on the design. CaeEc230 suggested about double the amount of rebar

    cuts than the calculations in Mathcad. Winstatik Punching reported no total at all.

  • 10.
    Andreason, Ellen
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Grundvattenhantering i vägskärning: Överväganden, problem och bedömningar kring grundvattnet genom planerandet och byggandet2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Questions and problems related to groundwater management are important in road construction, especially at a cutting slope. The thesis describes the problems encountered during the construction of a road caused by high levels of groundwater. The aim of the thesis was to follow up considerations, problems and assessments considering groundwater connected to the building phase. Four specific aims were formulated; description of erosion control and of the assessments made considering groundwater and its effect on the construction, monitoring groundwater levels during the building phase and to do a simple theoretical calculation of the groundwater levels. 

    To meet the objective several methods were selected, literature review, surveys, interviews with people professionally related to the project and field measurements of groundwater tables.

    Measures to prevent erosion can be divided into vegetative and landscaped, either with soil and rock fills on the slopes or with various ditches. During the project, the design for the road and hillsides changed. Problems with groundwater and erosion have been important for the modified construction. Groundwater levels outside the intersection first increased, probably due to the deforestation and then dropped during the excavation. All but one pipe at the intersection show a lowering of the groundwater during the excavations and a smaller increase during snowmelt than in previous years. The calculated level of groundwater shows in one pipe a level far below the measured, indicating a continuing decrease, in the other pipe a higher level is calculated.

    Advanced vegetative erosion control systems are relative uncommon in Sweden today. Measurements of the groundwater tables should be carried out for a long time to provide a reliable reference level. Knowledge of the soils in the cutting intersection is important in the context of groundwater management together with a sufficient communication between those involved in the construction process. The groundwater levels in the intersection will probably continue its declining trend. Reliable calculations of groundwater tables are complex and their result can still be questioned.  

  • 11.
    Andrée Back, Johan
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Rolin, Tomas
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Behovsstyrd ventilation: En fallstudie för zonstyrd ventilation i ett flerbostadshus2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The construction sector accounts for a large part of the primary energy use globally. In order to prevent global warming and to achieve the goals set by Sweden together with the EU, major changes are required in the sector. Energy requirements to heat and cool properties is an important part of this change and for people's well-being. The problem with many of today's system is that they are using more energy than needed and energy efficiency is a must to achieve the goals. Through innovative and smart systems, human needs can be safeguarded while energy requirements is reduced. The purpose was to investigate, through a case study, whether a new ventilation system for apartment buildings could make energy consumption more efficient while at the same time a high indoor comfort could be obtained. Only one apartment is considered which is located in Hedemora, Dalarna. The method was to install a demand-controlled ventilation system in the apartment and measure air quality, air temperature and air flow rate with the help of sensors The new ventilation system is then compared with two common ventilation strategies (extract air and natural ventilation).The energetic evaluation is based on measured air flow rates solely. The result was then compared to government recommendations regarding carbon dioxide levels. The measurement data shows that the demand-controlled ventilation system in most cases reaches the recommendations while the energy demand is lower. An important conclusion from the degree thesis is that ordinary ventilation strategies such as natural draft and exhaust air give a worse indoor climate compared to the demand-controlled system.

  • 12.
    Argårds, Mattias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Analys av lägenhetsskiljande bjälklag: Fallstudie av produktion av flerbostadshus i Sälenfjällen2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In construction of apartments several parameters determines the choice of production method. Costs and production time for the various operations are two important parts , As early as the planning stage it is important to have a clear picture of the different solutions' and its prerequisites to simplify the choice of production method.

    For new construction projects in Sälenfjällen the tight production times makes it important to know whether any solution could involve considerable delays in production time. On the other hand faster construction methods may also lead to higher costs.

    The thesis has been limited to four different floor constructions which are Finjas “Combi bjälklag”, “plattbärlag”, cross laminated timber and Dala cements “Daladekk”. The calculation has been linked to a reference building in Sälenfjällen and a supposed new production of four similar buildings.

    With the help of the structural design calculations were carried out to estimate the costs each approach brings, it also performed one simple analysis of the time spent.

    The result shows that it is best economical to build with "plattbärlag", followed by cross laminated timber. At the same time plattbärlaget and its construction has a risk for delayed production times, which mean it may be advantageous to chose the solution with cross laminated timber.

  • 13.
    Bergkvist, Johanna
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Strandberg, Linda
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    En pedagogisk byggnad för hållbar utveckling: Utformning av en programhandling för ett kretsloppshus med fokus på social och ekologisk hållbarhet2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this thesis is to establish a functional program for an eco-cycle building where people can bereached with knowledge of sustainable development. The background to this is that the municipality ofBorlänge approved a plan program with the vision of creating a new, climate neutral district and therebybecome a precursor for sustainable construction in the region. For instance, the functional program is meantto investigate the background and the prerequisites that existed. In the municipality’s plan program, thebuilding is described to have an educational function for the district and for Borlänge; a place which focuseson practical demonstrations and education for students and residents in recycling issues for energy, waterand waste/material in a comprehensible and compelling way. The eco-cycle building is planned to beestablished near the new school, with classes from 6 to 9, to make a cooperation possible.Requests from the municipality is that the eco-cycle building can work like a hub in the new district, butalso become a new place of interest and put Borlänge on the map for sustainable construction. Sustainableconstruction includes resource management, minimized energy use and renewable energy sources, but alsothat resources like energy, waste and water circulate in an eco-cycle. Theory has been obtained fromliterature focusing on how we should build our houses and cities if we want to join and create a sustainablesociety.Part of the purpose of this thesis was to explore how to disseminate information on environmental andcircular issues in an educational way. The theoretical part of the thesis is therefore focusing on selected partsof education obtained from previous research in children and youth learning for sustainable development,since studies show that it is important that children learn about these issues early in life. Education forSustainable Development is an important prerequisite for achieving the sustainability goals set by the UNuntil 2030. Upcoming generations must learn a sustainable way of life right from the start while the existingpopulation must drastically change their lifestyle.In order to gather empiricism, interviews were held with people who have been involved in the planningwork with the new district. It turned out that there were former driving spirits who introduced the idea of theeco-cycle building, but that it doesn’t currently are the major priority in the ongoing work with the newschool and housing.Engaging the users at an early stage provides better conditions for achieving a result that is effective andsatisfying for all parties. The theory of design dialogues has therefore been studied to demonstrate theimportance of a good dialogue to quickly identify needs and develop ideas in design work.The result of the thesis, the functional program, can be seen as a draft on conceptual level with features andexpressions that can be applied to a building of this kind, and an inspiration for continued work. In thefunctional program, our interpretations form how the eco-cycle building would meet the requests andfunctions that’s been requested in the plan program, in order to benefit as much as possible in themunicipality's future work with the building.Conclusions are that there are no precursors of the eco-cycle building as a concept. Despite a large numberof sources of inspiration from various aspects, no example was found that combines all the aspects we havethe ambition to develop for this building. The eco-cycle building as a concept could play an important rolefor how to handle sustainable issues in a district or in a whole city. However, further work is required toinvestigate how the building should be run and managed, as well as more extensive studies of whichtechnical solutions to apply. Further work is also required to optimize the building for the future location,and the size of the building that are appropriate. There is a great interest in the building from variousparticipants in Borlänge, but to implement the idea of the eco-cycle building, one or more people need toembrace the project with the commitment that previously existed in the organization.

    Download full text (pdf)
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  • 14.
    Bergkvist, Johanna
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Strandberg, Linda
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    En pedagogisk byggnad för hållbar utveckling: Utformning av en programhandling för ett kretsloppshus med fokus på social och ekologisk hållbarhet2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this thesis is to establish a functional program for an eco-cycle building where people can be

    reached with knowledge of sustainable development. The background to this is that the municipality of

    Borlänge approved a plan program with the vision of creating a new, climate neutral district and thereby

    become a precursor for sustainable construction in the region. For instance, the functional program is meant

    to investigate the background and the prerequisites that existed. In the municipality’s plan program, the

    building is described to have an educational function for the district and for Borlänge; a place which focuses

    on practical demonstrations and education for students and residents in recycling issues for energy, water

    and waste/material in a comprehensible and compelling way. The eco-cycle building is planned to be

    established near the new school, with classes from 6 to 9, to make a cooperation possible.

    Requests from the municipality is that the eco-cycle building can work like a hub in the new district, but

    also become a new place of interest and put Borlänge on the map for sustainable construction. Sustainable

    construction includes resource management, minimized energy use and renewable energy sources, but also

    that resources like energy, waste and water circulate in an eco-cycle. Theory has been obtained from

    literature focusing on how we should build our houses and cities if we want to join and create a sustainable

    society.

    Part of the purpose of this thesis was to explore how to disseminate information on environmental and

    circular issues in an educational way. The theoretical part of the thesis is therefore focusing on selected parts

    of education obtained from previous research in children and youth learning for sustainable development,

    since studies show that it is important that children learn about these issues early in life. Education for

    Sustainable Development is an important prerequisite for achieving the sustainability goals set by the UN

    until 2030. Upcoming generations must learn a sustainable way of life right from the start while the existing

    population must drastically change their lifestyle.

    In order to gather empiricism, interviews were held with people who have been involved in the planning

    work with the new district. It turned out that there were former driving spirits who introduced the idea of the

    eco-cycle building, but that it doesn’t currently are the major priority in the ongoing work with the new

    school and housing.

    Engaging the users at an early stage provides better conditions for achieving a result that is effective and

    satisfying for all parties. The theory of design dialogues has therefore been studied to demonstrate the

    importance of a good dialogue to quickly identify needs and develop ideas in design work.

    The result of the thesis, the functional program, can be seen as a draft on conceptual level with features and

    expressions that can be applied to a building of this kind, and an inspiration for continued work. In the

    functional program, our interpretations form how the eco-cycle building would meet the requests and

    functions that’s been requested in the plan program, in order to benefit as much as possible in the

    municipality's future work with the building.

    Conclusions are that there are no precursors of the eco-cycle building as a concept. Despite a large number

    of sources of inspiration from various aspects, no example was found that combines all the aspects we have

    the ambition to develop for this building. The eco-cycle building as a concept could play an important role

    for how to handle sustainable issues in a district or in a whole city. However, further work is required to

    investigate how the building should be run and managed, as well as more extensive studies of which

    technical solutions to apply. Further work is also required to optimize the building for the future location,

    and the size of the building that are appropriate. There is a great interest in the building from various

    participants in Borlänge, but to implement the idea of the eco-cycle building, one or more people need to

    embrace the project with the commitment that previously existed in the organization.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 15.
    Björling, Jimmy
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Digitala ritningar2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In todays building industry there is a need for using of digital construction

    drawings. The purpose of this report is to inquire into, the will of the employers in

    Byggpartners to use digital drawings in their daily work and if the different

    drawing systems distinguishes from each other

    The method selections in this report is survey, semi structured interviews, and

    time experiments. The studies show that the new digital technique worked well

    and gave reliable and useful results. One important conclusion of this project is

    that digital drawings are more time saving comparing to paper drawings. By

    reviewing the use of digital drawings, one can easily prevent some problems

    which might otherwise be associated with the opposition of digital drawings out

    in the building place.

  • 16.
    Block, Matteus
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Johansson, Rikard
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Undersökning av ny metod för analys av konstruktionsanläggningar2019Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Sweco Civil är ett företag som bland annat arbetar med att besikta broar åt Trafikverket. När en besiktning av en bro görs vill man ta reda på om den håller för trafikflödet. För att kunna räkna ut om den håller behövs kännedom om brons armeringstyp, cc-mått samt tjocklek i underkant av bron och i brons stöd. Idag bilar man fram armeringen i betongen och detta tar både tid och skadar bron. I denna rapport har en ny metod för att ta reda på armeringen i betongen testats. Den nya metoden består av att använda sig av en maskin vid namn C-thrue ifrån IDS georadar. Maskinen använder sig av elektrisk polarisation för att hitta armeringen i betongen. Det maskinen scannar fram projekteras på en bild som sedan tolkas. Maskinen prövades först på en bro där armerings ritningarna analyserades innan mätningarna. Efter att mätarna visste hur mätningarna skulle tolkas prövades maskinen på två andra broar där mätarna inte fick information från armeringsritningarna förens efter mätningarna. Maskinen fungerade bra för att mäta cc-mått på mindre broar men när broarna blev större och mer armering var placerad i underkant av bron blev mätresultaten för svåra att tolka för att kunna få ut ett cc-mått. Maskinen kunde inte heller med precision visa armeringens diameter eller typ.

  • 17.
    Blomqvist, Stina
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Helgesson, Robin
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Framtagning av yttervägg för småhus: En analys med hänsyn till kommande energikrav2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Today is the specific requirements for the building’s energy use in new buildnings. These requirements come under the EU directive to be tightened firmly to the year 2020. This work was the basis of an interpretation of the coming energy requirements, 2020 requirements, designing a new energy-efficient exterior wall construction. This has been done with Fiskarhedenvillan and the construction has been valued in terms of material cost, assembly and the square meter price.

    By calculations and fact finding, demonstrated how energy in small houses could be reduced by replacing the insulating material to a material with lower heat conductivity. The method was to interpret the coming energy requirements and analyze Fiskarhedenvillan current wall construction. Next, search for information and facts about various insulation materials and then design a new proposal on the exterior wall construction.

    The outer wall construction is a crucial factor for the building envelope energy efficiency. Because Fiskarhedenvillan chosen to focus only on the outer wall, this work is delimited to that part of the building envelope.

    An important conclusion of this work is that the 2020 objectives can be met by improving the exterior wall construction and that it is possible to make a design that meets the requirements in entire Sweden

  • 18.
    Brinkebäck, Eric
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Jönsson, Johan
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Fallstudie av moderna timmerhus: Kvalitetskontroll av nybyggda timmerhus mot FST:s kvalitetsnormer och BBR:s kommande energihushållningskrav2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    A study has been conducted to investigate how log houses will meet the new requirements regarding U-value and specific energy use with primary energy factor as a basis, which will be put into use in 2017. In the study, two houses have been investigated. Both houses were constructed with 200 mm thick logs without any additional isolation. Both houses have geothermal heating systems. The study found that the new requirements will be rough against timber house constructions with geothermal or electricity as a heating system, since a primary energy figure of 1.6 will be multiplied by the total energy consumption when heated by electricity.

  • 19.
    Brosius, Isabelle
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Utfackningsväggar i trä: En tid- och kostnadsjämförelse mellan prefabricerade och platsbyggda byggmetoder2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    To win procurements today, it is important that you as an entrepreneur choose the most effective resource and production methods. That already in the calculation stage, decide how high degree of prefabrication the project should have, is favorable to promptly adapt the workplace in order to get the best output.

    In Mora, Skanska has a block workshop that among other things manufactures curtain walls. Skanska has expressed a desire for a study of the differences in time and cost between their precast curtain walls and site-built curtain walls in order to see for which construction projects it may be appropriate to make use of their precast curtain walls.

    The purpose of this project is to facilitate the choice of production method for the manufacture of curtain walls, depending on the construction project's requirements regarding:

    • If the project has a short or long timetable.
    • How many square meters of curtain-wall the project needs.
    • Distance to block workshop.

    The work is defined to include construction projects that have a bearing frame with lightweight curtain walls of wood. The production methods studied for building curtain walls in wood is prefabrication and site-built.

    The production cost has defined to only conclude the cost of the work and the expenses of the workplace, no costs for the materials that are built-in are included. The cost of the built-in materials is assumed in this work to be the same whether the curtain walls are site built or prefabricated.

    With unit times from the block workshop, has a production time for prefabrication of curtain walls been calculated. For the site-built curtain wall, unit times from Nybyggnadslistan 1999 has been retrieved and used to calculate a manufacturing time for building the wall in place. A cost benefit analysis has been done comparing the different manufacturing cost. The cost benefit analysis show the amount of wall area required to choose prefabricated over place built at the highest profit.

    The result shows that to manufacture and mount one square meter of prefabricated curtain wall takes 0,135 hours less time than that place build the same amount. Time on site is reduced by 0,578 hours per square meter when using precast curtain walls.

    The result also shows that the cost to manufacture one square meter of curtain-wall is 32.77 SEK lower than that place build the same amount of curtain-wall. The thing that pulls up the cost of precast curtain walls is the transport. A fully loaded truck with 370 m² of wall can be transported 43 Swedish miles before profitability ceiling is reached.

    The time at the construction place, is getting shorter when using prefabricated curtain walls, leading to reduced costs in the workplace.

    For a construction project located at a distance of 30 Swedish miles from block workshop, is it profitable to choose prefabricated curtain walls, if the object needs 256 m² or more square meters of wall. For construction projects that require a smaller number of square meters of curtain walls, it is more profitable to use the site-built curtain walls. Especially if the construction project is located at a far distance from the block workshop.

    Important conclusions from this thesis are:

    • Shorter production time for precast curtain walls, which results in a lower production cost.
    • The time on the construction site is reduced by the use of precast curtain walls.
    • For long trips, a larger number of square meters precast curtain walls is needed to make the use of prefab to be profitable.
    • The use of precast curtain walls means less need for storage of materials on the construction site.
  • 20.
    Campanyim, Sunitda
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Laine, Jenny
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Samband mellan vägytans textur och buller i vägfordon2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Today, there are several authorities in Sweden that have responsibilities toregulate noise emission levels to limits that are not too disruptive to theenvironment. Currently there are no guidelines or recommendations for interiornoise in vehicles. Since there are no clear requirements for noise levels invehicles, there is also no standard method to measure noise inside the vehicle.The aim of this thesis was to develop correlations between the road surfacetexture and noise levels in vehicles and suggest appropriate research methodswhen studying how noise generated in the contact area between tire and roadsurface affects the inside of the vehicle.

    The study was divided into two phases: a measurement of road texture ondifferent coating types and a noise examination with different vehicles atselected test sections.

    The study showed that the methods used did not work properly and gaveunreliable results. Road surface texture has to some degree influence on thenoise generated by the traffic but to find a good correlation between the roadsurface texture and noise inside vehicles, other sources of error have to beminimized.To develop a reliable method more investigations are needed.

  • 21.
    Candell, André
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Ehn Jansson, Oskar
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Synsättet på förnyelsebara elkällor inom fastighetsbranschen2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Between the years 1965 and 1975 one million residences in Sweden were built.

    Today the work of renovating these buildings has begun, in connection with this

    work there are many measures taken to reduce energy usage.

    The purpose of this work was to find out what is the most economical choice of

    various green power sources.

    Also the thoughts and beliefs of the property owners are set in relation to the

    conclusions of the calculations to get an idea of how different the property

    owner’s beliefs are compared to the calculations.

    To avoid making the work too large and demanding these boundaries have been

    set:

     To get appropriate conclusions the work has been limited to the region

    of Dalarna.

     The work has also been limited to examining the economic factor when

    choosing between various green power sources.

    Two surveys were conducted with several different property owners as

    participants and then two calculations of the payback period for solar power,

    wind power, and green electricity were conducted. These two results were then

    compered to each other to be able to analyze and present these conclusions.

    Conclusions:

     Wind power is not profitable at today’s electricity prices.

     Real estate owners are uncertain of what choice gives the best

    profitability of wind power, solar power or green power.

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  • 22.
    Danielsson, Christoffer
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Hansson, Christopher
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Planindikatorer som utvärderingsverktyg för hållbar fysisk planering: En konsekvensbedömning på detaljplanenivå2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The urbanization that has occurred in the last century results in an increasing awareness of urban planning and assessment tools are increasingly used to demonstrate that development in the direction of sustainable occurs.

    The purpose of this study is to produce indicators and analyze how the municipality development plans for the station area in Borlänge meet the national-, regional- and local objectives in terms of sustainable urban planning. The method applied in the development of indicators is based on Boverkets and Naturvårdsverkets model that was developed in conjunction with the SAMS-project. Applying this method has resulted in eleven indicators that have been applied to the present situation and the development plans in which the result shows that any major change to the assessment ladder has not occurred.

    As a result of some municipal goals beeing vaguely designed, the difficulty in meeting them increases. This creates a difficulty in applying the assessment tools in the form of indicators that can guide planning in the right direction. The development plans extent is not enough for the municipal goals to be met. The produced planning indicators can be the basis for a dialogue with the municipality in order to sharpen the objectives and generate a better goal achievement.

  • 23.
    Dellfjord, Veronica
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Kunskap hos privatpersoner om fukt på kallvind2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    It is common that homeowners are recommended to add an insulation layer on the attic to lower building heating energy, however many do not realize the problem with complementary insulation compared to what the building and the building shell is adapted for. The lack of knowledge of the homeowners, can result in that they accidentally fill the longitudinal ventilation slits on the cold roof that is there to maintain the natural ventilation and prevent air from drying out any moisture.

    The aim is to find thus out:

    • How much knowledge do the homeowners have about the risk of moisture problems in the cold roof, and how to prevent future moisture damage in the best way, depending on the design of the roof?

    • Is there a risk of moisture problems for the objects studied, based on moisture measurements and high moisture content?

    The method chosen for the study was semi-structured interviews, containing sixteen questions, with homeowners and measurements of relative humidity of air and wood and the moisture content in the wood. The study was limited to the spring of 2016 and to four homeowners.

    It turned out to differ little among the interviewers on how much knowledge they had about moisture in cold roofs and how much knowledge they possess today. Some had enough knowledge to prevent moisture damage while others needed more information. Several felt that the insurance company is where they have to acquire information from, preferably in the form of a leaflet with short questions, sent out annually.

    The measurements proved to give good results with little risk of moisture damage to the cold roofs. There were no high moisture content in neither truss nor inside roof.

  • 24.
    Djärv, Jesper
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Israelsson, Daniel
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Uttorkning i betong: En jämförelse av uttorkningstider mellan bascement och byggcement.2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In construction projects, moisture problems have been discovered in concrete slabs where plastic mats have been released from the substrate. One of the problems reported in the media is the change from Portland cement to fly ash cement. Fly ash cement is a cement with 14% fly ash mixed with portland clinker. The reason that cement manufacturers use fly ash, which is a residual product from powder-fired coal power plants, is that it reduces the amount of portland clinkers that release large amounts of carbon dioxide during production.

    Cement is the concrete binder and when fly ashes are used, less amount of water is bound in the concrete's hydration process. To investigate the difference in dehydration found in concrete with fly ash cement and Portland cement, two concrete samples were obtained with the same concrete recipe and VCT numbers, but with different cement types. These concrete samples were stored in a heated local with low relative humidity. Moisture measurements were carried out according to the current regulations. These results were compared with the moisture predictions from TorkaS and BI Dry, which are the most commonly used moisture calculation programs. At the same time, various actors from the construction industry were interviewed to investigate how they perceived the problem of dehydration in concrete.

    The moisture measurements showed no significant difference between concrete with base cement and building cement. When compared with the forecasted values from the moisture calculation programs, it was found that the Dry values were very close to the measured moisture values, while BI Dry's values were well below the measured values. The interviews revealed that the construction industry has many questions about dehydration in concrete. On the other hand, there are difficulties in determining what is the basis for the problems. If there is a change from the portland cement to the fly ash cement, or the handling of the concrete at an early stage after the casting affects. However, if the moisture issue is taken up early in the construction process, it is possible to save both time and money. The construction industry needs to be educated how the process of desiccation works to increase understanding of the problem.

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  • 25.
    Edvardsson, Karin
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Magnusson, Rolf
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Road Technology.
    Impact of fine materials content on the transport of dust suppressants in gravel road wearing courses2011In: Journal of materials in civil engineering, ISSN 0899-1561, E-ISSN 1943-5533, Vol. 23, no 8, p. 1163-1170Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A significant problem when dust-suppressing agents are used on gravel roads is that they tend to leach during rainfall. The purpose of this study is to illustrate this problem by using laboratory studies and studies in situ. Both capillary rise and leaching of suppressants were examined by using cylinders filled with wearing course material. Chloride was more prone than lignosulphonate to transport upwards by means of capillary rise, and therefore, it showed a more effective performance over a longer period of time. Optimal percentages of fine material for minimal lignosulphonate and chloride leaching were found to be 15% by weight and 10-15% by weight, respectively. Ions of calcium chloride seemed to flocculate clay particles, which probably prevents them from leaching. To study the in situ longevity of fine material in general, calcium carbonate, mesa, was used as a marker. The fine material in gravel wearing courses must be replenished regularly. Mesa loss was up to 80% after 1 year. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000282. (C) 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.

  • 26.
    Emborg, Emma
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Miljöbetong för hållbart byggande: En analys av betongblandningar med mer miljövänliga tillsatsmaterial2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis aims to study how concrete can be made more environmentally friendly with as well as without fly ash and how this can then be evaluated using a new computer program for the Environmental Product Declarations (EPD). This work also includes studies using a simulation tool, Production Planning Concrete (PPB) on the temperature and strength development of concrete.

    Concrete is an important construction material that has been used for thousands of years. The concrete ingredients are mostly natural materials that have a low environmental impact: stone, gravel, sand and water. The cement is, however, a material that still requires high energy consumption during manufacturing and produces large carbon emissions, at present about 2-3% of Sweden's total amount of carbon emissions.

    Environmental impact is an important topic and building industry operators today are keen to develop building materials that make as little environmental impact as possible. The materials must also be evaluated in a fair and timely manner in order to be compared with each other. There are new rules for the admixtures used in concrete, which means that it is now possible to add, for example, fly ash or slag in the mix at the concrete factory to produce concrete with less environmental impact. Cement and Concrete Research Institute (Cement- och Betonginstitutet), together with the trade association Swedish Concrete (Svensk Betong) also developed a tool to make declarations for these more environmentally friendly concrete mixes. These declarations are called Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs). At the same time, there is now on the market a new program that calculates early strength growth in various production scenarios. The program is called Production Planning Concrete (PPB).

    The work has involved a literature review and preparation of background data to insert in the two calculation programs used. The theory addresses the environmental impact of the various constituent materials of the concrete, how the concrete's properties are determined and what these mean, and what EPDs are and how they are made. After the literature review, calculations and simulations have been done in computer programs, which have resulted in a variety of charts and tables presented in the report.

    One of the conclusions of the work is that the production of cement is the part of the concrete that has the largest impact on the environment, and by replacing a portion of the cement with fly ash reduces the environmental impact evidently. Another conclusion from the work is that concrete with fly ash has a slower rate of strength development and are more likely to freeze in the early stages, which should be taken into consideration in the planning and design of the building process.

    The work also shows that the results of the EPD calculations and strength simulations can be useful for concrete manufacturers developing new products, while they also can be used by clients and contractors to get information about a concrete's environmental impact and characteristics.

  • 27.
    Embretsen, Erik
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Häggström, Joel
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Slitlager på broar: En kunskapssammanställning om slitlager på broar med fokus på slitbetong2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This report is the result of a study conducted to try to identify the most important factors affecting the choice of surface course on bridges. The study also aimed to clarify the reasons for which surface course were previously chosen and should be chosen in the future. The result of the study is that the surface course are likely to be chosen on unclear grounds without a clear motivation and unclear guidelines. It is often that private opinions have a big influence on the choice of the surface course. Economics, type of contract or aesthetics are other crucial factors in choosing of the surface course. The study has been conducted using in-depth interviews with people having knowledge in the field.

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  • 28.
    Eriksson, Emma
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Samarbetsutveckling i traditionella entreprenader: Riktlinjer för ökat samarbete och färre konflikter kopplade till ÄTA-arbeten2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Background:

    The construction industry has been criticized for the relationship between the client and the contractor. The

    contractor is perceived to take low cost contracts and then claim compensation for correctional and additional work,

    CAW. Compensation requirements for CAW is one of the main reasons for conflicts in the construction industry. Clients

    are suspicious of the contractor's claim for compensation, which reduces trust. Partnering is advocated as the solution to

    conflicts associated with CAW. The client and the contractor then work loyally instead of only seeking their own interests

    and focusing on what is best for the project. A working co-operation climate reduces negative discussions, and to achieve

    this, cooperation and various cooperative activities are required. Implementation of cooperation activities has a major

    impact on cooperation. There is a significant benefit in establishing a way of working that allows for a tractable handling

    of correctional and additional work.

    Purpose:

    The purpose of the study is to develop guidelines for how cooperation between client and contractor in

    construction contracts can increase, thus reducing conflicts associated with correctional and additional work.

    Restrictions:

    The study was restricted to include execution and total contracts within the framework of AB04 and

    ABT06. Only public clients were interviewed and from contractors, employees of NCC Sverige AB. Collaborative

    activities and tools on which the study is based are present in partnering projects and Extended Collaboration Level 1. The

    study was geographically restricted to actors in the Dala / Gävleborg / Uppsala region.

    Method:

    A literature study was conducted regarding the handling and regulation of correctional and additional work in

    AB04 and ABT06 as well as tools and activities for development of cooperation. A qualitative data collection was

    conducted with semi structured interviews.

    Result:

    Both client and contractor benefit from collaborating. Cooperation must permeate the entire corporate

    organization and the right people with the right will and conditions are a must. The parties must get to know each other

    early. A good relationship provides a smooth management of CAW, a clear and transparent dialogue must be conducted.

    The contractor does not earn money on CAW, as it is difficult to get paid for the disturbance. The clients believe that they

    reach far enough without Partnering.

    Conclusion:

    The study leads to the guidelines: Work for cooperation to permeate the business organization, appoint

    collaborator, early activity for the parties to get to know each other, establish common goals, meetings for collaborative

    development, transparency on economics and risks, study the extent of the contract, change attitude towards AB04 and

    ABT06 as well as establishing a clear and transparent dialogue regarding correctional and additional work.

  • 29.
    Eriksson, Jimmy
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Nilsson, Jonas
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Partnering: Arbetsuppgifter och egenskaper hos arbetsledning i produktion2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor of Fine Arts), 5 credits / 7,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Partnering is a way of work that is becoming more and more popular within the

    construction industry. The interest for partnering and the idea for this thesis

    came through a lecture that was held for the students at Högskolan Dalarna. The

    purpose of this theisis project was primarily to investigate if there were any

    differences in work tasks in leadership in a total contract versus a partnering

    contract. A secondary purpose was to see which personal qualities were

    considered important to have in partnering.

    The chosen method of carrying out the work became a more extended literary

    study. The literary study was then compared with interviews with people with

    good insight into partnering and the management situation.

    Partnering is a collaborative form that occurred in the united states in the 1980´s.

    The engineer group that created partnering aimed at getting a more productive

    way of working in the construction industry, and also to make it more similar to

    the automotive industry.

    There are a few factors that must occur in order for a partnering project to be

    called a partnering project. These factors are presented in the report.

    There is not much that differs from the tasks contained in a total contract versus

    a partnering contract. Although the way the tasks are conducted may differ.

    Some important conclusions that are drawn from this work, among other things

    are that work tasks do not significantly differ and that personal qualities such as

    openness, responsiveness, commitment and accuracy appear as desired

    characteristics.

  • 30.
    Eriksson, Magnus
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Denkji, Jack
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Vattenskador i byggnader: Hur de teoretiska branschreglerna fungerar i praktiken2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Water damages in buildings cost more than 6 billion SEK per year in Sweden. It is a figure

    that the insurance companies want and are working for to decrease.

    Sweden are constantly building new constructions, today's technology is a much more

    advanced one then it was in the past and the need for greater knowledge is a requirement to

    not build errors. The materials and the construction methods become more and more complex

    by time. Now days the materials interact with each other and are built in inside the walls

    where it is not visible if there is a leak. More professionals should collaborate with each other

    because it’s more complex there are more laws and rules that must be followed. The artisans

    must be trained theoretically today to gain knowledge and understanding of their job.

    The aim with this work was primarily to investigate how the theoretically under the laws and

    rules should be built and how it actually performed in practice.

    The report deals with water damage that occurs inside the villas. The theoretical laws and

    industry regulations examined in this report will be the newest versions that apply today.

    The method that was used in this work is essentially meetings and contact with the people in

    the industry. The people who will be interviewed are plumbers, vocational school, adult

    education, insurance, tilers, carpet layers, materials dealers other companies in the industry.

    Cooperation with Länsförsäkringar Dalarna AB will take place throughout the project.

    The result of the surveys was that there is a gap between what is theoretically being carried

    out and how it is carried out in practice. Since the law says it should be built so that there will

    be no water damage, but it still occur water damages. It suggests that there is a problem

    between theory and practice. The problems for the artisans include stress, industry

    regulations, coordination, customers and price etc.

    Industry rules problem is that they can be misinterpreted and are too academically written.

    Coordination between the different professional groups is too poor, provide training to the

    carpenters so that they have more knowledge about plumbing fitter profession.

    The conclusion of this work is that there is a gap between what is theoretically being carried

    out and how it is carried out in practice. Industry rules must be even better written and

    designed.

    One example is clear that there is a problem with how the industry rules are designed, is that

    most interview participants in this survey felt that ROT rules were too vague and difficult to

    read.

    Very many also believe that ROT rules do not work as they should in the practice as it is in

    practice very difficult to motivate the customer economical to build entirely by industry

    regulations. The renovation work can be very large and expensive changes to achieve the

    industry standard rules. Then craftsmen use deviations that customers do not have much

    knowledge of and what they mean.

  • 31.
    Eriksson, Marie-Louise
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Korrelation mellan spårriktningsåtgärder och befästningstyp, ballastålder, rälåder samt rälvikt2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish Transport Administration has stated that the maintenance of the Swedish railway network has been neglected. To maintain adequate supply of transport in the long term preventative measures are required. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze how fastening, ballast age, rail age and rail weight influence the need for tamping action on the Swedish railway network. The purpose is also to clarify if the used method is useful for further analysis on the topic.

    The work was based on the Swedish Transport Administrations infrastructure data from the years 2007-2013 consisting of information about tamping, fastening, rail, ballast, freight traffic, passenger traffic, tonnage and traffic volume. A selection was carried out to simplify the study and then Excel was used to correlate data. Analysis about fastening was conducted per track meter, while the analysis for the rail and ballast was conducted per line section.

    An analysis, weighted for the volume of traffic in terms of gross tonnage and number of trains show that the type of fastening that requires the most tamping actions is Rail Spike while the fastening that is currently used for new construction, Pandrol Fastclip, is one type that requires few tamping actions. The median age for tamping actions was 22 years regarding both ballast and rail. The rail mean weight that requires the most tamping actions is according to the results 50 kg/m, which is also the most common rail weight.

    The method used in this thesis provides a good foundation for further study but should be evaluated and developed for use in preparation of economic effect models of maintenance for the Swedish railway network.

  • 32.
    Erlingsson, Mattias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Tillskottseffektens påverkani klimatkammare: En fallstudie av U-värdet för en massivträskiva2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Näringslivet i Dalarna har efterfrågat möjligheten att testa byggkomponenters energiprestanda för att utveckla dessa ytligare ur energisynpunkt. Högskolan Dalarna har i och med det investerat i en klimatkammare. I klimatkammaren skapas det två klimat, ett kallt utomhusklimat och ett varmt inomhus klimat.

    En av de första byggkomponenter som testades var en massivträskiva. De initiala mätningarna av massivträskivan påvisade ett bättre U-värde än teoretiskt förväntat. Detta stärkte behovet av att innan fortsatta mätningar kunde göras utreda orsaken till avvikelsen. Därmed ändrades huvudinriktningen på examensarbetet till att utveckla metoden för klimatkammaren. Fokus lades på att ta fram beräkningsmodeller för tillskottseffekt till mätlådan i klimatkammaren, då denna tillskottseffekt inte var implicerad.

    Massivträskivan testades vid fyra olika ute temperaturer, +10°C, 0°C, -10°C och -20°C. Resultatet från massivträskivan var att U-värdet förbättrades vid kallare temperatur men de var alla bättre än teoretiskt förväntat.

    Tre olika beräkningsmodeller för tillskottseffekt har arbetats fram och applicerats på mätdata för en kalibreringsvägg med kända termiska egenskaper. Resultatet från beräkningsmodellerna visar att kalibreringen av klimatkammaren är bristfällig vid 0°C då kalibreringsväggens U-värde är cirka 4.5 % bättre än vad de borde vara, vid de andra kalibrerings temperaturer är skillnaden endast 1 %.

    Slutsatsen är att klimatkammaren på Högskolan Dalarna behöver finjusteras och om kalibreras för att få verifierbara resultat för U-värdes mätningar.

  • 33.
    Fiedler, Frank
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Bales, Chris
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Persson, Jannika
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Gustavsson, Marcus
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Kovacs, Peter
    RISE.
    Hemlin, Olleper
    RISE.
    Ollas, Patrik
    RISE.
    Thuvander, Liane
    Chalmers Tekniska Högskolan.
    Femenías, Paula
    Chalmers Tekniska Högskolan.
    Lundin, Michelle
    Chalmers Tekniska Högskolan.
    Larsson, David
    Solkompaniet.
    Miljontak Delprojekt 2: Sammanfattning av litteratursammanställning2018Report (Other academic)
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  • 34.
    Fjellander, Liv
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Ranhagen, Ulf
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction. Sweco.
    Resource effectiveness through shared space in Sweden: Shared space as the norm. A sector report from the IVA project Resource Effectiveness and the Circular Economy (ReCE)2020Report (Other academic)
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  • 35.
    Franzon, Joffe
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Hur en armerad betongbalk dimensioneras för hål i livet2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In the design stage, conflicts between installations and bodies often arise. In multi-story

    buildings huge profits can be made from being able to make holes in concrete beams in

    order to carry an installation through the beam. But the knowledge of how the beam is to

    be dimensioned for larger holes is not generally known.

    Two concrete manuals with different calculation methods have therefore been analyzed to

    evaluate which of these could be the basis for a calculation template. The prerequisites

    were defined as beams without prestressed concrete, with rectangular cross-sections and

    square or rectangular holes.

    The Mathcad calculation program was used to make two calculation templates for the

    Swedish and Norwegian methods. As a calculation example, dimensions and loads were

    used from an experimental study in Egypt 2005. In that study, the beam was exposed to

    loads that brought it to failure. Their theoretical failure capacity was in line with the

    practical values.

    A comparison of the amount of reinforcement and execution was made between the three

    different models. It turned out that the Norwegian model was the most similar to the

    Egyptian. The reinforcement of the Norwegian model was the most similar to that of the

    Egyptian model, but the amount of reinforcement was slightly less.

    The Swedish model was not considered reliable for design purposes. As the Norwegian

    model had a little less reinforcement, it was considered necessary to add a safety factor or

    perform a load capacity test in order to ensure the beam’s capacity.

  • 36.
    Fredin, Andreas
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Snöborgs, Oscar
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Energimässig och kostnadsmässig jämförelse av FTX och FX system i landet: Jämförelse av två alternativa renoverings lösningar för värmeåtervinning i flerbostadshus2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This report includes an energy- and geographical comparison between two alternative renovation solutions for heat recovery in apartment buildings. The survey includes a typical apartment building that is representative of the ‘Miljon Program’, and was carried out because of the ongoing debate about which system works best for the renovation of apartment buildings. The project work was carried out with simulations through an Excel-based program called TMF Energy 2.2 developed by SP, Sweden’s Technical Research Institute.

    he purpose of this project was to develop two geographical representations of Sweden that would show where in the country the two different ventilation and heat recovery systems worked most efficiently regarding primary energy and energy costs for heating.

    The results showed that there was no threshold, boundary of grey area in the country, one of the systems was more efficient in terms of primary energy use and the other system was more energy cost efficient.

    The discussion section of this report includes a variety of topics such as primary energy factors, how to manage requirements, why airtightness affects the systems differently and energy costs for district heating.

    The conclusions that were drawn from the results includes that the FTX-system is the most primary energy efficient and that the FX-system is the most energy cost efficient. There was no boundary or grey area in the country for the chosen building, and the FTX-system is affected more by varying airtightness than the FX-system.

  • 37.
    Frid, Mikael
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Solcellsdrivet FTX-system för miljonprogramshus: Tjärna Ängar, Borlänge2013Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The project is a feasibility study of including the installation of solar cells and an FTX ventilation system in the renovation of a Swedish million program multi-family ouse. The question concerns whether the energy production of the PV system can match with the energy consumption of the FTX-system. Input data was obtained from:

    • Databases, literature and interviews.
    • Simulations of photovoltaics modules in the computer program PVSYST
    • Modulation of the vents in the computer program MagiCAD

    The aim was primarily to investigate whether it was possible to get a theoretical working system. The economy of the project should also be investigated depending on the results.

    The study showed that it should be theoretically possible to install photovoltaics for electricity generation that is able to cover the FTX system's electricity needs on a yearly basis. The photovoltaics are also expected to produce enough electricity for some other equipment that requires electricity for much of the year. It was also found that it should be possible to get the photovoltaics modules economically viable if a pay-back time of 14 years was used. The method used for these results is thoroughly described and with small changes applicable to a large number of buildings in the Swedish building stock.

    An important conclusion from the project is that if property owner can see 14 years into the future with an investment in solar energy, there is much to be gained. There are already skills, available technologies and products available in order to recover a large portion of the properties' electricity needs through solar energy.

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  • 38.
    Gesar, Daniel
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Hansson, Erik
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Uppvärmningslösningars klimat- och resurspåverkan i Dalarna: Jämförelse mellan fjärrvärme och andra uppvärmningslösningars klimat- och resurspåverkan beroende på renoveringsstrategi och geografisk placering i Dalarna2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    För att nyttja jordens resurser på bästa sätt är det viktigt att använda rätt energityp till dess mest effektiva ändamål. Att energieffektivisera och minska utsläppen av växthusgaser är något som har fått mycket uppmärksamhet under 2000-talet och är fortsatt en högt prioriterad fråga i dagens samhälle.

    Detta examensarbete syftar till att jämföra byggnaders klimat- och resurspåverkan inom Dalarnas fjärrvärmenät. Genom olika renoveringssenarier påverkas en byggnads primärenergianvändning och utsläpp av koldioxid olika beroende på vart i Dalarna den är placerad. I arbetet ingår även en jämförelse av vanliga värmesystem jämfört med Dalarnas kommuners fjärrvärmesystem. Vid jämförelserna användes data från en byggnadssimulering för att simulera olika förhållanden i byggnaden. Beräkningar och jämförelser av resultaten belyser vilka faktorer som har stor inverkan på energianvändning, utsläpp samt vilka åtgärder som ger den bästa förändringen.

    Resultaten visar att variationen är stor mellan fjärrvärmesystemen i Dalarnas kommuner och de olika värmesystemen, där kommunernas bränslemix har en stor inverkan på resultatet. Bränslen med höga primärenergifaktorer leder till en stor ökning av primärenergianvändningen. Eftersom el har en hög primärenergifaktor är det viktigt att minimera elanvändningen. Renoveringsresultaten tyder på att en sänkning av inomhustemperaturen ger den största förändringen i primärenergianvändning och koldioxidutsläpp. Att installera en frånluftsvärmepump till fjärrvärmesystemet är överlag sämre ur miljösynpunkt. Att byta till en oljepanna är mycket dåligt i samtliga kommuner medan en pelletspanna kan minska koldioxidutsläppen i stora kommuner.

  • 39.
    Goldheim Jämthagen, Fredrik
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Reyier, Marcus
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Behovsstyrning av ett småhus: Behovsstyrning av värme, ventilation, belysning och dess påverkan på energianvändningen i ett småhus2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    All people use some kind of energy to live. A disadvantage of this is that it has a

    impact on the climate, because energy consumption is greater than the Earth is

    capable of. Sweden has set a goal that energy use should be 20% more

    effective by year 2020. Boverket’s building rules have several instruments where

    energy use is greatly affected. Among other things, the energy performance is

    measured in primary energy. BBR provides guidelines for air turnover and flows.

    These affect the use of heating energy in a building. The rules makes a

    possibility of reducing flow and turnover when no need exists. In order to effect

    the use of energy in a building, demand control of energy systems can be used.

    The indoor climate can then be affected depending on whether people are in the

    room or not. The purpose of the study is to investigate differences in purchased

    energy between demand controlled and no demand controlled indoor climate. In

    order to assume a single-family house, the study was based on Dalarnas villa. It

    is a modern two-story house with large windows. The house is built between

    Borlänge and Falun. Demand control of a single house is a relatively unexplored

    area. RISE performs a study at the time of writing. They investigate the

    possibility of demand control ventilation in homes. In order to enable efficient

    demand control, several sensors and set points are required, as well as a

    control system that enables communication between the sensors. The test

    object was used to calculate energy use with different grade of demand control.

    The calculations were performed in three different ways to verify the result.

    These three were: hand calculation, TMF energi 7.11 and IDA ICE. The different

    ways consider different parameters and data. With IDA ICE, a theoretical model

    was built and several simulations were performed. The results of the calculations

    differ relatively slight between the different calculations. What all the calculations

    indicate is that there is a possibility for reducing energy use with demand

    control. When lighting, heating and ventilation are controlled, a reduction of 26 %

    (exclude hot water and equipment electricity) in energy consumption can be

    achieved by using demand control. This is due to the fact that heat loss is

    effectively reduced with less airflow and lower indoor temperature when no

    person is present in the room. The possibility of demand control in this small

    house is seen to be good, but in order to have an efficient demand control, a

    well-adjusted control system is required.

  • 40. Gu, Yaxiu
    et al.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Myhren, Jonn Are
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Han, Mengjie
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Microdata Analysis.
    Chen, Xiangjie
    Yuan, Yanping
    Techno-economic analysis of a solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) concentrator for building application in Sweden using Monte Carlo method2018In: Energy Conversion and Management, ISSN 0196-8904, E-ISSN 1879-2227, Vol. 165, p. 8-24Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The solar energy share in Sweden will grow up significantly in next a few decades. Such transition offers not only great opportunity but also uncertainties for the emerging solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) technologies. This paper therefore aims to conduct a techno-economic evaluation of a reference solar PV/T concentrator in Sweden for building application. An analytical model is developed based on the combinations of Monte Carlo simulation techniques and multi energy-balance/financial equations, which takes into account of the integrated uncertainties and risks of various variables. In the model, 11 essential input variables, i.e. average daily solar irradiance, electrical/thermal efficiency, prices of electricity/heating, operation & management (OM) cost, PV/T capital cost, debt to equity ratio, interest rate, discount rate, and inflation rate, are considered, while the economic evaluation metrics, such as levelized cost of energy (LCOE), net present value (NPV), and payback period (PP), are primarily assessed. According to the analytical results, the mean values of LCOE, NPV and PP of the reference PV/T connector are observed at 1.27 SEK/kW h (0.127 €/kW h), 18,812.55 SEK (1881.255 €) and 10 years during its 25 years lifespan, given the project size at 10.37 m2 and capital cost at 4482–5378 SEK/m2 (448.2–537.8 €/m2). The positive NPV indicates that the investment on the selected PV/T concentrator will be profitable as the projected earnings exceeds the anticipated costs, depending on the NPV decision rule. The sensitivity analysis and the parametric study illustrate that the economic performance of the reference PV/T concentrator in Sweden is mostly proportional to solar irradiance, debt to equity ratio and heating price, but disproportionate to capital cost and discount rate. Together with additional market analysis of PV/T technologies in Sweden, it is expected that this paper could clarify the economic situation of PV/T technologies in Sweden and provide a useful model for their further investment decisions, in order to achieve sustainable and low-carbon economics, with an expanded quantitative discussion of the real economic or policy scenarios that may lead to those outcomes.

  • 41.
    Gunnars, Malin
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Byggsats till attefallshus av sandwichkonstruktioner: Hur en byggsats planeras och kan sammanfogas2019Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Sandwichkonstruktioner används för att tillverka många olika produkter och konstruktionerna har hög hållfasthet och låg vikt. Företaget Dala Laminat tillverkar och säljer sådana konstruktioner. Nu vill de bredda sin marknad och börja tillverka hus. De har tagit fram konstruktioner till en 1,5-plansvilla och vill testa dessa i ett attefallshus. I detta examensarbete ska en ritningssats till attefallshuset tas fram. Syftet med arbetet är att se till att kundens önskemål i möjligaste mån uppfylls och att tillämpliga lagkrav och bestämmelser följs för attefallshuset samt att ta fram ritningar. Handlingarna ska kunna användas direkt i Dala Laminats fabriker för att tillverka de element som behövs för att bygga huset. Det finns lagar och regler som gäller för attefallshus, dessa handlar bland annat om måttbestämmelser kopplade till borttaget krav av bygglov. Det finns även bestämmelser vad gäller installationer i ett hus som måste följas. Arbetet gjordes som en fallstudie. Det var viktigt att Dala Laminat hela tiden granskades och sågs mer som en beställare än som en källa. Referenser vad gäller husbyggsatser och sammanfogningsmetoder presenterades och granskades. Även Dala Laminats konstruktioner och företagets produktionsförutsättningar presenterades. Därefter förde slutkunden fram sina önskemål om attefallshusets utformning och funktioner. Baserat på dessa förutsättningar och krav togs kompletta ritningar över attefallshuset fram. Eftersom attefallshuset ännu inte är byggt är det svårt att veta hur det kommer att fungera i praktiken även om alla regler och bestämmelser har följts. Sammanfogningarna valdes att göras som förslag i och med den låga erfarenheten av materialet. Sandwichkonstruktioner är ett komplicerat material att räkna på i teorin. Dock är det ett enkelt material i praktiken vad gäller att tillverka och hantera. En felkälla i arbetet är de tolkningar som gjorts vid granskningen av arbetets referenser. Metoden för hur byggsatsen har gjorts kan tillämpas för många olika slags byggsatser. Eftersom inga tidigare studier i ämnet påträffades kommer arbetet att bidra med kunskap i ämnet.

  • 42.
    Gustafsson, Anna
    et al.
    Göteborgsregionen.
    Ranhagen, Ulf
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction. Chalmers tekniska högskola.
    Det urbana stationssamhället: vägen mot ett resurssnålt resande2020Report (Other academic)
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  • 43.
    Gustafsson, Annica
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Granberg, Per
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Energieffektivisering av klimatskal i tropiskt klimat: Fallstudie av en byggnad i Surabaya, Indonesien2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Studien omfattar en undersökning av en byggnad i Surabaya, Indonesien

    belägen på universitet UBAYA. Användningen av luftkonditionering ökar kraftigt i

    utvecklingsländer. Detta gör att behovet av förbättringar i såväl

    klimatanläggningar som i byggnader kommer att vara nödvändiga för att inte

    orsaka ytterligare påfrestningar på miljön genom ökad energianvändning

    Syftet med studien är att hitta energibesparande åtgärder på byggnadens

    klimatskal med hänsyn till det tropiska klimatet utan att orsaka fuktproblem i

    ingående byggnadsdelar.

    Byggnaden fungerar i dagsläget bra ur fuktsynpunkt och har inga direkt synliga

    skador orsakade av fuktproblem i konstruktionen. Däremot påvisar det höga uvärdet

    för byggnaden dess ineffektivitet gällande energibehov. Fyra olika

    åtgärdsförslag med utgångspunkt i den nuvarande konstruktionen presenteras i

    studien. Åtgärdsförslagen utvärderas ur fuktsynpunkt med programmet WUFI

    samt ur ett energimässigt perspektiv med programmet Polysun.

    Resultatet visar att störst energibesparing kan ske genom att isolera taket då det

    visar sig vara en stor värmekälla till byggnaden. Denna åtgärd innebär samtidigt

    en viss risk för fuktproblem på grund av höga relativa fukthalter och

    temperaturer. Även en tätning av de nuvarande läckagen i byggnaden påverkar

    energiförbrukningen i stor utsträckning, vilket gör dessa två åtgärder till den

    bästa kombinationen för att sänka energiförbrukningen. Att byta ut nuvarande

    englaskassetter mot tvåglas samt isolera de befintliga ytterväggarna är de

    åtgärder som påverkar energibehovet minst.

    Några av de slutsatser som dras ur studien är att totalt sett kan byggnadens

    energiförbrukning sänkas med 50 % om samtliga åtgärdsförslag genomförs.

    Fuktriskerna ökar vid isoleringsåtgärder men är genomförbara.

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  • 44.
    Gustafsson, Elina
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Persson, Jannika
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Miljövänliga material i villakonstruktion: En jämförande studie av fyra olika vägg- och vindsbjälklagsförslag gällande miljö och hälsa, med fuktanalys och U-värdesberäkningar.2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Environmental awareness today is larger than ever, and continues to expand. The increasing knowledge has led to a rising demand of using environmental friendly materials and the interest of building and living in a way that is good for the health and environment has grown with it. The small house manufacturer Fiskarhedenvillan, has noticed this demand and that is why this study has been done.

    The purpose of this study is to investigate what opportunities there is to replace one or some of the chosen materials from Fiskarhedenvillans construction to materials that fulfills higher demands at being environment- and healthfriendly. The U-value of the suggestions should be equivalent or improved. The most important aspect otherwise was to investigate how well the new suggestions manage moisture impact. The suggested materials have been windbarrier board, insulation, waterproofing, vapour barrier, tape and interior lining.

    The study was performed by a thorough investigation of the materials that could be of interest. This was done by searching for relevant information through databases, reports, manufacturers homepages and from other construction related books and internet sources. The moisture simulations and U-value calculations were done in the simulation program WUFI pro 5.3. A survey was sent out to Fiskarhedenvillans agents to investigate the housing markets interest in changing to environmental-friendly materials.

    The investigations resulted in four functional suggestions on external wall construction with loft floor, which was chosen based on the purposes. The results show that all constructions successfully handled the moisture exposure, except the wallconstruction with cellulose based insulationboards, where the relative humidity during the whole year stays at such high levels that risk of mould- and moisturedamage is existing. The result of the U-value calculations shows that the suggestions have similar U-value to Fiskarhedenvillans current constructions. However, the proposal with hempinsulation had to be extended 10cm in order to meet this requirement. For the loft floor with hempinsulation it was accepted that the U-value was somewhat lesser than the others. The result from the survey shows that more than half of the agents have experienced a demand from potential customers to change materials to more environment-friendly.

    The most important conclusion is that it is possible to change materials in a house and maintain its construction capacity while managing the impact of moisture as well. Since customers appear willing to pay more for changing materials, we believe that it would not be a problem for Fiskarhedenvillan to establish at least one construction possibility with environmental-friendly materials.

  • 45.
    Gustafsson, Marcus
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy and Environmental Technology. KTH.
    Bales, Chris
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy and Environmental Technology.
    Myhren, Jonn Are
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Holmberg, Sture
    KTH.
    Techno-economic analysis of three HVAC retrofitting options2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Accounting for around 40% of the total final energy consumption, the building stock is an important area of focus on the way to reaching the energy goals set for the European Union. The relatively small share of new buildings makes renovation of existing buildings possibly the most feasible way of improving the overall energy performance of the building stock. This of course involves improvements on the climate shell, for example by additional insulation or change of window glazing, but also installation of new heating systems, to increase the energy efficiency and to fit the new heat load after renovation. In the choice of systems for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), it is important to consider their performance for space heating as well as for domestic hot water (DHW), especially for a renovated house where the DHW share of the total heating consumption is larger.

    The present study treats the retrofitting of a generic single family house, which was defined as a reference building in a European energy renovation project. Three HVAC retrofitting options were compared from a techno-economic point of view: A) Air-to-water heat pump (AWHP) and mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR), B) Exhaust air heat pump (EAHP) with low-temperature ventilation radiators, and C) Gas boiler and ventilation with MVHR. The systems were simulated for houses with two levels of heating demand and four different locations: Stockholm, Gdansk, Stuttgart and London. They were then evaluated by means of life cycle cost (LCC) and primary energy consumption. Dynamic simulations were done in TRNSYS 17.

    In most cases, system C with gas boiler and MVHR was found to be the cheapest retrofitting option from a life cycle perspective. The advantage over the heat pump systems was particularly clear for a house in Germany, due to the large discrepancy between national prices of natural gas and electricity. In Sweden, where the price difference is much smaller, the heat pump systems had almost as low or even lower life cycle costs than the gas boiler system. Considering the limited availability of natural gas in Sweden, systems A and B would be the better options. From a primary energy point of view system A was the best option throughout, while system B often had the highest primary energy consumption. The limited capacity of the EAHP forced it to use more auxiliary heating than the other systems did, which lowered its COP. The AWHP managed the DHW load better due to a higher capacity, but had a lower COP than the EAHP in space heating mode. Systems A and C were notably favoured by the air heat recovery, which significantly reduced the heating demand.

    It was also seen that the DHW share of the total heating consumption was, as expected, larger for the house with the lower space heating demand. This confirms the supposition that it is important to include DHW in the study of HVAC systems for retrofitting.

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  • 46.
    Gustafsson, Marcus
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy and Environmental Technology. KTH.
    Dermentzis, Georgios
    Univeristy of Innsbruck.
    Myhren, Jonn Are
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Bales, Chris
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy and Environmental Technology.
    Ochs, Fabian
    Univeristy of Innsbruck.
    Holmberg, Sture
    KTH.
    Feist, Wolfgang
    Energy performance comparison of three innovative HVAC systems for renovation through dynamic simulation2014In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 82, p. 512-519Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, dynamic simulation was used to compare the energy performance of three innovativeHVAC systems: (A) mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) and micro heat pump, (B) exhaustventilation with exhaust air-to-water heat pump and ventilation radiators, and (C) exhaust ventilationwith air-to-water heat pump and ventilation radiators, to a reference system: (D) exhaust ventilation withair-to-water heat pump and panel radiators. System A was modelled in MATLAB Simulink and systems Band C in TRNSYS 17. The reference system was modelled in both tools, for comparison between the two.All systems were tested with a model of a renovated single family house for varying U-values, climates,infiltration and ventilation rates.It was found that A was the best system for lower heating demand, while for higher heating demandsystem B would be preferable. System C was better than the reference system, but not as good as A or B.The difference in energy consumption of the reference system was less than 2 kWh/(m2a) betweenSimulink and TRNSYS. This could be explained by the different ways of handling solar gains, but also bythe fact that the TRNSYS systems supplied slightly more than the ideal heating demand.

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  • 47.
    Gustafsson, Marcus
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy and Environmental Technology. KTH.
    Myhren, Jonn Are
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Bales, Chris
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy and Environmental Technology.
    Comparison of two HVAC renovation solutions: A case study2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Within the aging building stock of Europe, there is great potential of saving energy through renovation and upgrading to modern standards, and to thereby approach the internationally set goals of lower energy use. This paper concerns the planned renovation of the building envelope and HVAC systems in a multi-family house in Ludwigsburg, Germany. Five systemic HVAC solutions were compared, with special focus on two systems: A) Balanced ventilation with HRC + Micro heat pump, and B) Forced exhaust ventilation + Heat pump with exhaust air HRC + Ventilation radiators. Given the predicted heating demand and ventilation rate of the house after renovation, the performance of the two systems was compared, alongside three common systems for reference. Calculations were made using TMF Energi, a tool developed by SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden.

       Both systems A and B were found to have the lowest electrical energy use together with the ground source heat pump system for the assumed conditions. For other assumptions, including different climate and degree of insulation, some differences between these three systems were noted. Most significant is the increased electrical use of system B for higher heating loads due to limitations in the power available from the heat source, exhaust air, which is dependent on the ventilation rate.

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    fulltext
  • 48.
    Gustafsson, Marcus
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy and Environmental Technology. KTH.
    Swing Gustafsson, Moa
    Falu Energi och Vatten.
    Myhren, Jonn Are
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Bales, Chris
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy and Environmental Technology.
    Holmberg, Sture
    KTH.
    Economic and environmental analysis of energy renovation measures for a district heated multi-family houseManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Renovation of existing buildings plays an important part in the work towards European climate and energy goals. The present paper treats energy efficiency renovation measures for a district heated Swedish multi-family house, evaluated through dynamic simulation. Five HVAC systems were studied in combination with three renovation levels, starting from basic renovation to maintain functionality and then adding 1) better insulating windows and flow-reducing water taps, and 2) additional insulation on roof and façade. The HVAC systems were based on the existing district heating substation and included mechanical ventilation with heat recovery and different configurations of exhaust air heat pump. Life cycle cost, discounted payback period, primary energy consumption, CO₂ emissions and non-renewable energy use were assessed for all combinations.

    The system with the lowest cost and environmental impact was, in most cases, the one where district heating and heat pump were combined for both heating and DHW. Low-temperature heating improved the performance factor of the heat pump, but reduced the heat output and increased the need for backup heating. Changing windows and water taps was found to be profitable, while additional insulation reduced the environmental impact but increased the life cycle cost.

  • 49.
    Gustafsson, Marcus
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Swing Gustafsson, Moa
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Myhren, Jonn Are
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Bales, Chris
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Holmberg, Sture
    Techno-economic analysis of energy renovation measures for a district heated multi-family house2016In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 177, p. 108-116Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Renovation of existing buildings is important in the work toward increased energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact. The present paper treats energy renovation measures for a Swedish district heated multi-family house, evaluated through dynamic simulation. Insulation of roof and façade, better insulating windows and flow-reducing water taps, in combination with different HVAC systems for recovery of heat from exhaust air, were assessed in terms of life cycle cost, discounted payback period, primary energy consumption, CO2 emissions and non-renewable energy consumption. The HVAC systems were based on the existing district heating substation and included mechanical ventilation with heat recovery and different configurations of exhaust air heat pump.Compared to a renovation without energy saving measures, the combination of new windows, insulation, flow-reducing taps and an exhaust air a heat pump gave up to 24% lower life cycle cost. Adding insulation on roof and façade, the primary energy consumption was reduced by up to 58%, CO2 emissions up to 65% and non-renewable energy consumption up to 56%. Ventilation with heat recovery also reduced the environmental impact but was not economically profitable in the studied cases. With a margin perspective on electricity consumption, the environmental impact of installing heat pumps or air heat recovery in district heated houses is increased. Low-temperature heating improved the seasonal performance factor of the heat pump by up to 11% and reduced the environmental impact.

  • 50.
    Hammar, Mimmi
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Utformning av arbetsmetod för betongreparationer med PPA, preplaced aggregate2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Vanlig betong består av ballast, cement, vatten och eventuellt tillsatsmedel. Detta

    blandas samman till en homogen massa som sedan placeras i form där det härdar

    under värmeutveckling. Under härdningen uppstår krympningar i cementen som

    orsakar spänningar. Genom att använda sig av större andel ballast i betongen kan

    krympningen reduceras.

    Fram till 1980-talet var en metod där ballasten först packades i en gjutform och sedan

    injekterades med cementbruk som band samman stenarna vanlig för att bygga och

    reparera betongkonstruktioner. Denna betong kallas bland annat för

    injekteringsbetong, two-stage concrete eller preplaced aggregate (PPA). Genom

    reparationen av Gamla Årstabrons valv 2007 fick PPA-betong en pånyttfödelse då

    reparationen krävde en betong med minimal krympning för att krympspänningarna

    inte skulle slita sönder underliggande konstruktion.

    Vid byggandet av Citybanans järnvägsbro, som sträcker sig mellan Älvsjö och

    Årstaberg i Stockholm, upptäcktes skador på undersidan av de balkar som gjutits för

    att bära delar av spårbanan. Dessa skador behövde åtgärdas och beställaren,

    Trafikverket, valde att reparera bron med PPA. Tack vare entreprenören E-Schakt har

    författaren fått möjligheten att följa arbetet med PPA-reparationerna och

    sammanställa denna rapport vars syfte var att utveckla arbetsmetoden och försöka

    hitta alternativa lösningar till utförandet.

    Arbetet genomfördes genom platsbesök och intervjuer med personer som bidrog med

    information, erfarenheter och nyttiga infallsvinklar. En litteraturstudie gjordes för att

    samla grundläggande information om vilka egenskaper betong och PPA har och hur

    dessa egenskaper påverkar utförandet

    Rapporten visar att form utav plexiglas och en helt rund ballast skulle kunna förenkla

    arbetet och förbättra resultatet. Dessutom framkommer att samarbete, engagemang

    och gemensam uppfattning om varför just PPA används är viktigt för ett lyckat

    slutresultat.

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