Negative attitudes towards out-groups have been of academic interest for many years — and even more so with the increased levels of migration to European countries in recent years. Building on insights from intergroup contact theory, this paper seeks to extend our knowledge of the association between contact and negative attitudes toward immigrants among youth in Sweden. Multiple regression analysis and fixed effects models are used to analyze a large, high-quality dataset on Swedish adolescents based on representative survey information, complemented with extensive registry data and official statistics. Our objective is to measure contact on different levels in order to better understand the importance of these different contact variables’ associations with negative attitudes. The results of the analysis indicate that high-quality contact in the form of friendship is associated with a reduction in negative attitudes among Swedish adolescents, even after controlling for background variables. Superficial forms of contact — measured on the school level — are, on the other hand, associated with an increase in negative attitudes.

The two books highlight two different views on the way that private security is governed in the African states under review. The Governance of Private Security by Marco Boggero. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. xvii + 199 pp., £99.99 hardcover 978‐3‐319‐69592‐1, £79.50 e‐book 978‐3‐319‐69593‐8 Private Security in Africa: From the Global Assemblage to the Everyday edited by Paul Higate and Mats Utas. London: Zed Books, 2017. 192 pp., £24.99 paperback 9781786990259

The purpose of this study is to analyze if the workmethods in the European Commission's crisis management had post-bureaucratic characteristics, more specifically less hierarchy, horizontal communication, collective decision-making and own responsibility, during the Greek debt crisis 2010-2015. To carry out an analysis this study identifies four characteristics of a post-bureaucratic organization, in order to use the theory as a tool to clearly identify if there are any post-bureaucratic characteristics in the Commission's workmethods during the Greek crisis 2010-2015. The material used in the study is based on published reports from the European Parliament, European Court of Auditors, International Monetary Fund and the European Commission where facts on the European Commission’s crisis management are presented. This study's analysis shows that post-bureaucratic characteristics can be identified on the workmethods the Commission used in some situations during the Greek debt crisis 2010-2015. The study's conclusion is summarized by the fact that the European Commission’s workmethods in relation to post-bureaucratic characteristics are only found in some instances. Therefore the study can not conclude that the European Commission is a post-bureaucratic organization during the Greek crisis 2010-2015.

This study aims to analyze the policy success of the two economic adjustment programmes introduced to solve the Greek debt crisis to better understand the EU's change and development after dealing with crises. The analysis uses McConnell’s (2010) policy evaluation framework, which enables the study to see what degree/spectrum of policy success occurred and which of the five policy areas were more or less successful. The findings of this study conclude that the crisis management policies are leaning towards the spectrum of success and that there is an incentive to suggest that policy success is a factor contributing to the EU's organizational change and development, but that more research is needed to confirm it as a significant factor. Furthermore, the study does reveal which policy success areas can be a bigger cause for the EU’s change and development, them being more achieved implementation, the targeted policy group/actor seeing benefit without damaging other groups/actors, and there being minor opposition aimed towards the policies introduced in crises.

Abstract

India and Pakistan are at war with each other for over 70 years. To date, the two countrieshave four full scale wars. This thesis evaluates whether the dispute between Pakistan andIndia is linked with the economic development of the rival country or there are otherreasons for it such as terrorism, border disputes, etc. In the analysis, special attention ispaid to tensions related to Kashmir which started in 1948 and are still there. Kashmirplays a vital role in development of Pakistan in a broader context because The IndusRiver, which is the lifeline to Pakistan, flows through the Jammu and Kashmir. Casestudy method was employed, based on secondary data from the existing studies. Thisthesis is based on theories of international politics to explore the Indus Water Treaty andChina Pakistan Economic Corridor in relation to the economic development of Pakistan.The findings reveal that, contrary to the popular belief of the people of the two countriesthat India and Pakistan are fighting over Kashmir’s territory, much of the problems arerelated to economic issues. Indus Water Treaty and China Pakistan Economic Corridorare helping Pakistan in coming out of the vicious circle of poverty and moving towardsdevelopment. Economic development in Pakistan is not beneficial for India, as Pakistanand India compete in their export markets. So, India is creating hurdles in the economicdevelopment of Pakistan. The violation of Indus Water Treaty by India and India’sinterferences in China Pakistan Economic Corridor are two such examples of it. TheChina Pakistan Economic Corridor will increase foreign investment in Pakistan whichwill lead to economic development of Pakistan. This may strengthen Pakistan’s exportsector and challenge India in its international export markets. Therefore, India is creatinghurdles for Pakistan. Moreover, efficient utilization of water may lead to an increase inpower generation in Pakistan which would help it in overcoming energy shortageproblem, especially electricity. If this problem will be resolved, industry and exportsector will be developed, and Pakistan may compete India in export markets. It wasconcluded that major reason of conflicts between India and Pakistan are economic, notpolitical, geographical, or military.

his is a qualitative study. The purpose of the study is to examine what prevailing discoursesthe media portray about ethnic others, and what positions of power they are attributed to. Themethod used is discourse analysis and the empirical study consists of media articles from twoof Sweden's most read newspapers, Aftonbladet and Svensk Dagbladet respectively. Thetheories used in the analysis are the framing theory, ethnic others and the concept of power,which is the theoretical framework of the study. The analysis showed that there are severaldiscourses that are addressed regarding the ethnic others. These discourses are presented in theform of themes and analyzed on the basis of the theory and the chosen theoretical concepts.The results of the study show that there are ambiguous discourses that are repeated about theethnic others, the negatively charged discourses were remarks and that ethnic others areincreasingly attributed to subordinate positions of power.

The FOCUS project is undertaking a range of research and piloting tasks which aim to improve understanding of dynamic integration and to assist the implementation of effective practices. As part of this work a detailed programme of qualitative research has been undertaken in four countries. This report presents the country-specific findings of this research, which will be further consolidated in a cross-site analysis to be completed in the coming months. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with members of the receiving communities and with members of the arriving communities in a total of 10 site in four countries which have different experiences of migration from Syria in recent years (Sweden, Germany, Jordan, Croatia). 

When Nordic Migration Research (NMR) was launched in 2008, there was total agreement among the founding members that one of the primary objectives of the organization was to establish a high-quality, interdisciplinary Nordic journal for research on international migration and migration-related issues in an international and transnational setting. Accordingly, the NMR statutes define the aim of the Nordic Journal for Migration Research (NJMR) as "devoted to publishing high-quality, peer -reviewed research in different aspects of international migration and ethnic relations, such as integration, ethnicity/race, culture, religion, marginalization, citizenship, nationalism, discrimination and racism". The statutes further specify that the NJMR aims to develop into "a forum for both applied and theoretical research, seeking to attract high-quality, original contributions from both Nordic and non-Nordic countries", and that an important part of its mission and raison d'etre would be to focus particularly, although not exclusively, on the areas mentioned above with respect to their relevance to and impact on "the Nordic countries in a global perspective" (Hedetoft & Sicakkan 2011: 1).

This study explores the causes of hate crimes, especially among young people in Malmö,using a qualitative approach. Three young individuals with a personal connection to hatecrime participate in discussions about motivation, views of victims and strategies to combathate crime. Strain theory is used as a theoretical framework to explain how dissatisfaction can lead to deviant behavior, including hate crimes. The results point to negative behavior patterns, nationalist tendencies and intolerance towards religions or ethnicities with areligious connection as contributing factors to hate crimes. The importance of this study is highlighted by the limited amount of research in a Swedish context where perpetrators havebeen interviewed.

This thesis aims to investigate the refugees' experiences when it comes to their participation within the Extra Service job; which is the subsidized job that the Public Employment Service offers to the refugees as part of their integration process. This thesis investigates the thoughts, perspectives, and experiences of the refugees involved in the Extra Service jobs based on conducting fifteen semi-structured interviews. The research findings indicate that the Extra Service job had a positive impact on many refugees, as they used their refugees' agency to gain new human capital, however, this thesis suggests that being involved in such a subsidized job could lead to imprisoning the refugees within the low ranked jobs in the labor market. Throughout this thesis, Human Capital Theory, Segmented Dual Labor Market Theory, and the refugees' agency were used as the theoretical background of the thesis. The thesis contributes to understanding the subjective side of integration in addition to enriching the literature of subsidized jobs when they are to be used for the sake of the refugees' integration.

Keywords: Extra Service job, subsidized job, refugee agency, human capital, dual labor market, secondary segment. 

Segregation is frequently described as a consequence of the global restructuring of social, economic, and political expansions in which multicultural cities, like Malmö, become part of them. This study aims to highlight how visions of housing segregation and exclusion in the city of Malmö has been represented in the local policy documents (Master Plans) through the last three decades and to understand how a newly emerged glocal actor, known as BID Malmö, have impacted the urban governance in the city. In order to investigate these developments, this study applies two analytical frameworks. In terms of policy analysis, it employs a what’s the problem represented to be? (WPR) approach and for the conceptualization of BID Malmö applies the theory of the Global City. Policy analysis shows that urban segregation has been persistent in the city of Malmö through the last three decades, however the representation of problem has shifted vibrantly from placing citizens as the main cause of housing segregation during 1990s to an arena that includes contingent processes and practices that need to be tackled. Policy analysis also shows that Malmö municipality, through shifting the burden of responsibility, now promotes partnership between public and private actors to reduce exclusion based on specific district needs. Moreover, this study argues that the city of Malmö, because of the cross-border network of global cities, is now a space where one can identify formation of new types of global politics of place where informal political actors are emerging and can actually impact the urban governance. Finally, this study maintains that the city of Malmö, along with its newly emerged glocalized actor, fit into the theory of the Global City, by Saskia Sassen. Therefore, this study has also a deductive qualitative analysis.

Abstract 

The purpose of the study is to unaccompanied children's experiences of the communal management of transit and asylum accommodation in Malmo looks as well as to what part they feel that their needs are satisfied in the asylum accommodation. The study is accomplished on an asylum accommodation in Malmö. Five unaccompanied children/youth were interviewed for this study.  

The main question is: How do the children experience municipality's handling of their asylum accommodation while awaiting a decision from the Swedish Migration Board regarding their asylum applications? 

The following questions are: 

1. How do the unaccompanied children experience treatment and the receiving from the authorities like the Social Services and the Migration Board? 

1. How does the unaccompanied children understand their being at the accommodation? 

1. What social network (family, residential staff, friends, public officials) are understand as important by unaccompanied children while in transit? 

1. What are the unaccompanied children future plans? 

This study shows a satisfaction about the authorities receiving the unaccompanied children. The method that have been used is interviews. The theories that have been used in the analysing discussion is Bourdieu´s theories about field, habitus and capitals and Maslows need stairway. 

Keywords: unaccompanied children, authorities, asylum accommodations, Malmö.  

Hip hop today is one of the largest genres within the music industry. Since the beginning of its existence it has been a thourougly male dominated field, but there has been a feminist change that is rarely talked about. Hip hop is also often associated with issues like ethnicity and class, especially considering how it keeps on growing into a worldwide genre. This study seeks to examine, with intersectional theory, the ways that rappers and artists write their music, how they portray themselves and people around them, and subjects like violence, criminality and drug abuse. This paper will focus on eight songs, four of which are performed by women and the other four by men. It has been done from a critical discourse analytical viewpoint and examines each song from this perspective.In sum, it will present how the intersectional perspective is important when it comes to understanding society’s norms and how the power structure affects us, especially considering the way we present ourselves to other people. The paper will also present subjects like masculinity and how it enables attention to the ambivalences of gender discourses.

This study aims to investigate challenges within the provision of integration support to quota refugees and municipal integration staffs understanding of these challenges in Skåne. It was conducted through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with municipal integration staffs in Skåne. The research findings indicate three key challenges in the reception of quota refugees namely lack adequate housing, lack of financial resources from the region and government, and lack of provision of psychosocial support. Further challenges are connected to the lack of translators available to municipalities in the quota refugees’ mother tongue, the lack of English or major refugee languages among quota refugees, and often poor mental health which slow down Swedish language learning process and affect integration negatively. As its contribution, this study provides a broader view on challenges with the provision of integration support by municipalities regarding reception capacity, housing, and integration programs to quota refugees simultaneously. Thereby, it points out the differences among municipalities in terms of resource allocation for integration, as well as the political will to integrate quota refugees which create unequal chances for integration.

This chapter shows that the manner an organisation approaches strategic planning matters. A case study reflecting on Joseph's analytic work that was rooted in stewardship, service and divine endowments, and not 'fire and fury games'. It develops theoretical findings drawn from biblical strategy and blended with contemporary strategic human resource management. This virtuousness- common good approach to formulation of strategies through knowledge management is examined, particularly in regard to how managers can find a way for their organizations to best fit into the environment. It advances literature d related to spirituality at work (SAW) and spiritual leadership theory (SLT) to show that we are accompanied to work with our emotions and spirits. It concludes that ethics is not only related to application and discernment of principles of right and wrong that have virtual understanding of social cause and effect but also includes matters related to practical wisdom (phronesis). 

Entrepreneurship is a stressful role for any person. Every enterpriser gets a pailful of stress, but how they handle it differ. To be in charge of leading people, making decisions, and determining the fate of your venture with your actions is not easy. The purpose of this paper is to fill this void by examining the depth and range of psychological stressors and strains that entrepreneurs encounter in their new venture creation. To further, clarify the confusion and inconsistencies in being self-employed. A three-stage research programme was devised. 24 South African-based entrepreneurs were interviewed and a total of 192 questionnaires administered to conference attendees. The study suggests that entrepreneurship is richly satisfying on one hand, but severely stressful on the other. Income usually doesn't buy happiness. Hence, by raising awareness, small business owners can come to terms with stress, thereby enhancing their careers, and lengthening their lives. The chapter concludes perhaps that stress is the psychological price of entrepreneurship.

As a country of high migration, Sweden presents an interesting case for the study of belongingness. For the children of migrants, ethnic and national identification, as well as ascriptive identity, can pose challenges to feelings of belongingness, which is an essential element for positive mental health. In this article, survey data were collected from 626 Swedes whose parents were born in the following countries: Somalia, Poland, Vietnam, and Turkey. The results show that Poles significantly felt they received more reflective appraisals of ascription than any other group. However, despite not feeling as if they were being ascribed as Swedish, most group members (regardless of ethnic origin) had high feelings of belongingness to Sweden. Overall, individuals who felt that being Swedish was important for their identity indicated the highest feelings of belongingness. Further, individuals across groups showed a positive correlation between their national identification and ethnic identification, indicating a feeling of membership to both. These results mirror previous research in Sweden where individuals' ethnic and national identities were positively correlated. The ability to inhabit multiple identities as a member of different groups is the choice of an individual within a pluralistic society. Multiple memberships between groups need not be contradictory but rather an expression of different spheres of inhabitance.

This article aims to explore the interrelation between post racialism, colorblind ideology, and the perception of Swedishness. Through 40 interviews and surveys conducted in Malmo, Sweden, participants were asked to reflect on race, ethnicity, and Swedishness. Multiple meanings were present in the participants' responses, half of whom were white and half non-white. For white participants, boundaries around the in-group construction of 'Swedishness' were based in whiteness, yet these participants held overwhelmingly negative attitudes towards the use of words race or racialization. On the other hand, non-white participants viewed race and racialization with less negative connotations, yet they also endorsed the need to be white in order to be perceived as being Swedish. The results support the notion that abandonment of the word race does not always equate to an abandonment of whiteness. This article builds upon and expands previous findings in the U.S. context while contributing to an emerging body of literature on race and racialization in Sweden. Additionally, it seeks to challenge dominant narratives and assumptions of 'Swedishness' and its connection to whiteness.

This dissertation explores the connections between the group construction of Swedishness, whiteness, and belongingness, exploring how these dynamics shape individuals' experiences of belongingness and non-belongingness. Employing a social-psychological lens, the research investigates the interplay between race and ingroup construction, shedding light on the complexities of Swedish identity within the broader global context. The dissertation comprises of a introduction (Kappa) and three stand alone articles, each contributing to the academic discourse while intersecting in their themes.

The first article utilizes quantitative data to examine the feelings of belongingness among individuals from different ethnic backgrounds in Sweden. Results indicate a positive correlation between national and ethnic identifications, allowing for concurrent membership in various groups without contradiction, yet also suggests an empirical link between being appraised as Swedish and being white. The second article presents qualitative data, revealing that 'Swedishness' is closely tied to whiteness, particularly among white participants who also espoused hesitancy and adversion to the concept of ‘race’. In contrast, non-white participants display a more nuanced perspective on race and racialization. The third article investigates whether majority ethnic in-group and non-majority out-group members perceive and agree upon broad and specific representations of 'Swedishness' through a classic social categorization experiment. Results suggest a prevalence of associating 'Swedishness' with white individuals, despite efforts towards multicultural representation.

Through these investigations, the dissertation provides valuable insights into the construction of Swedish group identity and its implications for both in-group and out-group members. By addressing research gaps and employing diverse methodologies, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of intergroup relations and identity dynamics in contemporary Swedish society.

This study investigated the understanding of the superordinate identity of 'Swedishness' among ethnic majority in-group members and minority out-group members in Sweden. Utilizing the Ingroup Projection Model (IPM) and theories related to mental representations, it was hypothesized and confirmed that both in-group and out-group members associate 'Swedishness' predominantly with white individuals, encompassing both broad and specific mental representations. Furthermore, all group members were also observed to hold an ethnically characterized specific mental representation of 'Swedishness,' reaffirming the saliency of white individuals as prototypical exemplars, suggesting an ethnic understanding of this superordinate identity. Yet interestingly, the broad mental representations relating to both groups picture of Sweden as a nation, reflected an increasingly diverse and multicultural outlook highlighting the evolving nature of this identity construct. These findings contribute to the understanding of the Ingroup Projection Model, particularly in contexts where the superordinate identity can connotate either a national or ethnic identity. The implications of these findings are significant for addressing issues related to intergroup dynamics, identity, and multiculturalism in contemporary societies. 

In recent decades, the international community has been dominated by discussions about the legitimacy of humanitarian interventions. In connection with this discussion, we have been able to see different point of views from different actors, including world leaders, where the question is whether emphasis should be placed on sovereignty or on the protection of human rights. The humanitarian intervention in Kosovo in 1999 carried out by NATO, led by the United States, is a clear example where there were divided opinions on whether an intervention is necessary and in accordance with the norms of the international community. Previous research shows that world leaders' positions and actions in the international arena can be explained by norms and by constructivist theory

This essay examines statements made by the key actors and former presidents, Bill Clinton and Slobodan Milosevic, in connection with the intervention in Kosovo in 1999. With the aim of examining the norms and principles that support world leaders' arguments in connection with humanitarian interventions, with the support of an argumentative analysis. The analysis shows that there are similarities between Clinton's and Milosevic's norms and perceptions of the world in general, despite their opposing views on the intervention in Kosovo. 

This study delves into the conflict landscape in the form of a case study of the Central African Republic, with a specific focus on the involvement of the private military company Wagner Group, framed within Mary Kaldor's theory of New Wars. The theory emphasises that since the 1990s wars have been carried out in the name of identity politics, are between the state and non-state actors, that violence is directed at civilians and that the global economy is a driving condition. These characteristics are generally true for the conflict in CAR. The Wagner Group's role remains largely unexplored within academic circles, necessitating a closer examination of its impact on conflict dynamics to better understand the broader implications for regional stability and global power dynamics. Since CAR became independent in 1960, CAR has been imprinted by armed conflict and widespread violence against civilians. In 2018 the government ceded parts of its monopoly on violence to the Wagner group through an agreement where the group protects the state in exchange for access to natural resources. The Wagner group's presence also contributes to increased regional conflict dynamics and can lead to increased violence and criminal activity.

African immigrants in Sweden are often problematized in political and media debates, especially in relation to the lack of integration into the Swedish labour market. The study is based on primary and secondary data analysis of the challenges Ugandan immigrants experience during the process of navigating themselves in the Swedish labour market. The aim of this study is to examine the challenges experienced by Ugandan immigrants in and within the Swedish labour market.My empirical material was based on the primary data gathered from interviews (semi-structured interviews), which are real-life experiences from immigrants and secondary data from the literature review that formed the study's theoretical background. The theories used during research are human capital, social capital, and integration. During the study, findings revealed that discrimination, the lack of social network, lack of human capital poor knowledge of the Swedish language, and non-recognition of foreign academic qualifications and skills were the major barriers experienced by Ugandan immigrants from entering the Swedish labour market. However, the Swedish government has been able to acknowledge some of those challenges and considered plans have been put in place to tackle these challenges.

The theme of the work is very central and is often addressed during debates, in the media and in general in society. Second-generation immigrants may find it difficult to understand the conflicts that exist around fitting into a society and shaping themselves according to social reality.

Therefore, the aim of this study is to highlight, on the basis of second-generation immigrants with roots in the Balkans, the concept of identity that is formed at the intersection of the values of the majority society and the cultural background of immigrant parents. 

This study consists of primary data through qualitative, semi-structured interviews. Interview technology is based on predetermined questions based on my chosen themes. The chosen theoretical perspectives include: Symbolic Interactionism and the impact of ethnicity in social interaction.

The conclusions of this study are that second-generation immigrants are being squeezed with their cultural affiliation because they cannot be fully accepted, either in Sweden or in their parents home country. Furthermore, second-generation immigrants are formed on the basis of both their parents cultural background and the majority society. 

This thesis investigates the link between child sexual abuse (SCA) and subsequent commecial sexual exploitation (CSE), focusing on the patterns of sexual revictimization among survivors. Utilizing feminist theory, particularly the feminist theory of power and feminist trauma theory, the study analyzes how patriachal structures and power dynamics contribute to the persistance of sexual violence. The methodology includes a survey assessing experiences of CSA and CSE, categorizing abuse types and perpetratiors, and examining revicitmization patterns. Results indicate a significant correlation between early CSA and later CSE, with distinct patterns emerging based on the type of abuse and perpetraitor characteristics. The study highligts critical knowledge gaps, including the need for intersectional analysis and longitudinal research. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of addressing systemic factors, improving interventions, and advocating for policy reforms to better support survivors and prevent further exploitation. 

This study explores the influence of social media on Iranian students’ migration decisions, specifically choosing Sweden as their study destination. The study contributes to addressing identified gaps in understanding major factors and drivers of migration decisions and social media’s potential role in the process. A quantitative approach was utilized to collect data through the online survey of Iranian students currently residing in Sweden. The online survey aimed to research the key migration influencers and assess the impact of social media on respective decisions. The analysis indicates that migration decisions are influenced by a combination of internal and external factors. Generally, migration decisions are influenced by economic factors, related to the country of relocation, political climate, and personal development potential. Social media, specifically Instagram and Telegram, was a valuable source of information and social interactions; its impact was moderate compared to identified influencers. Despite a clear role in creating migration perceptions, economic, social, and safety factors drive these decisions to this point.

My thesis will dispute one of the most essential threats experienced by the young South Caucasian states since restoring their state sovereignity from Russia. Russia follows an agressive foreign political course and implements a direct menace for these newly independent states. It became obvious due to the military occupation of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in August of 2008 and supporting the local separatists. The main goal of thesis is to analyse and eloborate on the main motivations of the Russian government's policy towards Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. My research question seeks to examine how domestic and international political factors formulated and structured the foreign policy of Russia towards the South Caucasian states. In addition, the theoretical framework will take into consideration the neo-classical realism theory of international relations. I wll use qualitative research methods for data collection and analysis and it will help me to analyse three essential factors formulated the Russian policy in the South Caucaus. The thesis recognized the fact that the Russian elite consider the close cooperation of the Caucasian states with NATO as a danger for their interests in their traditional zone of influence. The thesis will underline the significance of President Putin in Russia since the state is authoritarian and he could be considered as the main desicion-maker in foreign policy. Yet, Vladimir Putin is not an absolute power symbol as Joseph Stalin and modern Russia is not the Soviet Union. Putin depends on the statements of the various fractions in Russian society. The thesis will complete with idea that three factors explain the reasons of the assertive forein policy of Russia towards the South Caucasian states. 

This thesis examines how member nations manage their national identities within the supranational context of the Eurovision Song Contest (ESC) and the significance of the ESC in creating a shared European identity. Patterns of identification and attitudes relating to culture, ethnicity/nationality, religion/faith, and gender/sex are discovered by studying the winning submissions from 1998 to 2022 through content analysis and discourse analysis. The ESC acts as a soft power instrument by encouraging member nations' sense of solidarity and cultivating respect for and understanding of other cultures. It serves as a platform for cross- cultural dialogue, self-promotion, and nation branding, fostering diplomatic connections and providing opportunities for commercial and cultural exchanges. 

The ESC emphasizes the dichotomy between national and European identity, but it also demonstrates how these identities intersect and support one another. It advances the formation of a European identity while giving states a forum to showcase their national and cultural identities. The ESC influences notions of European identity and defines what it means to be European. 

This research paper has focused on Twitter and Meta (Facebook). The research paper will present their commitments towards human rights as stated within their CSR reports. The company’s will be compared through comparative method and the material will be coded with a content analysis method. The material selected is CSR reports, NGO reports, law cases and official statements. With institutional theory and stakeholder theory the research paper presents a human rights perspective and discuss the credibility of the companies. The focus will be on selected variables, these variables being: Access to information, Right to privacy, and Freedom of expression. A comparison will be the structure of the analysis. The findings will be presented within the conclusion and the research questions will be answered in an adequate way and discuss the credibility and legitimacy of the companies. The discussion will present the variables and the future within social media.

Som följd av Rysslands invasion av Ukraina har Sveriges säkerhetspolitik varit högt upp på dagordningen. Därför undersöker uppsatsen varför Sverige skickade stöd till Ukraina efter den ryska invasionen. Frågeställningen som besvaras är "På vilka sätt kan realismen och liberalismen förklara varför den svenska regeringen valde att skicka stöd till Ukraina?" Och på vilka sätt har realismen och liberalismen påverkat det praktiska genomförandet av svenskt stöd till Ukraina?" Material som har varit grunden för undersökningen är presskonferenser och pressmeddelande från Sveriges regering. Teorin som styr analysen är två idétraditioner, realism och liberalism. Metoden som används är kvalitativ textanalys, där materialet klassificeras och sedan analyseras kritiskt utifrån idétraditionerna. Tidigare forskning visar på att realism och liberalism har haft påverkan på länders agerande i krig genom historien. Realismen har förklarat Rysslands agerande mot Ukraina vid annekteringen av Krimhalvön. Det grundade sig i den ryska statens rädsla för hotet mot statens överlevnad, och den ryska statens makt runt om i världen. USA:s ändamål med kriget mot Irak var enligt liberalismen, spridningen av den amerikanska demokratin och friheten. Uppsatsens slutsats ser likheter mellan Sveriges agerande och Rysslands agerande. Den svenska statens överlevnad är hotad, enligt realismen, på grund av Ryssland invasion av Ukraina. Liberalismens förklaring är hotet mot den europeiska säkerhetsordningen som därmed påverkar Sverige.

This essay examines the implementation of Agenda 2030 in Malmö municipality. The study uses three theoretical approaches: implementation theory “can, understand and want” along with top-down bottom-up theory and institutionalism to examine how Malmö municipality dealt with integration of Sustainable development goals into their organization. In order to attain the goal an empirical analysis was conducted where vision of Malmö municipality, governing documents, goals, and activities of Malmö municipality were examined. An interview study was also conducted to examine the level of understanding of Agenda 2030, as well as public officials' discretion. The implementation and integration of Agenda 2030 in Malmö municipality was understood and explained by using the theories. The result of this study reveals that there’s a decent condition and resources in place in order to implement the Agenda 2030. Moreover, the implementation of Global goals in Malmö city has advancement to some extent. However, there is challenges that needs to be solved continuously during implementation period. At the local level, Malmö municipality plays an important role in the implementation of Global goals. Furthermore, adaptation to Agenda 2030 as a global model and action plan has been a significant factor in Malmö municipality. Therefore, it’s important to examine whether the adaptation takes place on the outer level or deep integrated into all levels of Malmö municipality. 

This study contributes to the literature on the implementation of Agenda 2030 by using a mixture of theories. Additionally, it provides valuable insight for the Malmö municipality and other municipalities that strive to integrate the Global goals with subgoals. 

This paper examines the writings of European travelers, chaplains, and resident doctors on pandemics in the Mediterranean regions from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Using French comparative literary theory, the article highlights how Muslim communities in Egypt, Turkey, Aleppo, and Mecca were stereotyped based on their belief in predestination, their failure to avoid contamination, and their lack of social distancing during plague outbreaks. This paper argues that travelers were influenced by Renaissance humanism, Ars Apodemia, religious discourses, and texts, such as plague tracts, model town concepts, the book of orders, and tales, and that they essentialized Mediterranean Islamicate societies by depicting contamination motifs supposedly shaped by the absence of contagion theory in prophetic medicines. Regarding plague science, this paper concludes that Christian and Muslim intellectuals had similar approaches until the Black Death and that Arabs were eclectic since the Abbasid period. This paper further maintains that the travelers' approaches fostered chauvinism and the cultural hegemony of the West over the Orient since the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods, driven by eschatology, conversion, and power structure narratives.

This thesis aims to investigate how the problem of climate change and the view of responsibility is constructed discursively in a weighty governing document such as the Paris Agreement, and how this contributes to the construction of the discourse around climate-driven migration. This is examined using critical discourse analysis and a discourse framework with three ideal-type discourses that construct the migrant and the view of responsibility differently: the security discourse, the rights discourse and the resilience discourse. The results show that the Paris Agreement formulates the problem of climate change in a way that downplays the burden of responsibility for the rich countries, which are responsible for the historically largest share of greenhouse gasemissions. Furthermore, the agreement helps to reproduce a resilience discourse and thereby construct an image of the migrant as an entrepreneurial subject who is responsible for having chosen to migrate due to a changing climate. This risks having effects in policy and decision-making where the climate issue is depoliticized and an increasingly smaller responsibility is imposed on historically responsible countries in the form of political actions such as emission reductions, and an increasing responsibility is placed on those affected by climate change to adapt to these through, for example, migration.

This open access book brings novel perspectives to the scholarship on transnational migration. The book stresses the complexity of migration trajectories and proposes multi-sited field studies to capture this complexity. Its constituent chapters offer examples of onward migration spanning all major world regions. The contents exemplify a range of interdisciplinary approaches, including both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The result is an impressive remapping and reconceptualisation of global migration and mobility, of interest to students and policy-makers alike. 

This introductory chapter sets the scene for the book. It defines onward migration as a migration trajectory that involves extended stays in two or more destination countries and distinguishes it from competing and overlapping terms like stepwise and transit migration. Onward migration is a growing phenomenon within overall global migration dynamics, although statistics to document the scale and trends of this type of migration are scarce. The main aim of the chapter is to examine how onward migration and transnationalism are connected. This is achieved both by reference to a range of existing literature and by citing evidence from the succeeding chapters in the volume. We demonstrate both how transnationalism can shape onward migration and, the reverse, how different onward migration trajectories may result in different forms of transnationalism. In this latter context, we identify inter-generational, split, widening and re-routed transnationalism, again drawing on examples both from the book and from the wider literature. The final section of the chapter consists of a methodological discussion on the practicalities of researching onward migration and multi-sited transnationalism, in which the technique of multi-sited ethnography is discussed, critiqued and modified.

This thesis aims to investigate social integration experiences of Nigerian students in the United Kingdom, focusing on the influence off participating in social activities and building connections with the local community. The research aims to understand how these factors contribute to the overall social integration of Nigerian students in the United Kingdom. Study shows that many of the participants form meaningful social connections with natives in their host communities. However, few expressed a preference for maintaining cultural boundaries and avoiding social connections. Findings show that, sense of belonging within the host community was found to be influenced by personal ideologies, experiences, cultural background, and attitudes. The outcome of this study provides deeper understanding of the challenges faced by migrants during the process of acculturation, it also reiterates the significance of establishing inclusive and supportive environments to facilitate migrants’ integration into the host community.

This study has analyzed five different judgments from the colonial anti-sodomy law Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code using the frameworks of Foucauldian genealogical discourse, and Judith Butler’s heterosexual matrix. The aim was to understand and expose how sexuality and lesbianism were constructed within these judgments and to make the norms within the discourses visible.

The findings showed sexuality as dependent on a heterosexual and gender-binary norm. Gender hierarchy creates structures of the gender binary that positioned the man in the center of sexual interaction, desire, and sexuality. In contrast, the woman played a passive and often invisible, and nonsexual role. Further, the gender hierarchy produced a sexual hierarchy with natural heterosexuality as the most desirable. To maintain good heterosexuality, differentiation was crucial hence the undesirable and perverted male homosexuality acted as a hostile opposition. Due to the role of women as passive lesbianism appeared invisible. The discourse of the nonsexual woman made lesbian sexuality unimaginable. As a consequence, the lesbian was assumed asexual.

Successful leaders are the precursors of success and the source of brilliant ideas in any business. This chapter shows that “good intentions” ahead of profits and indeed ahead of the “social realities are crucial and the manner an organization approaches corporate integrity and wisdom matters. A case study reflecting on Biblical Joseph’s analytic work that was rooted in stewardship, service, and divine endowments was utilized. It develops theoretical findings drawn from ancient wisdom and spiritual values and blended with contemporary strategic human resource management. Implications for research on leaderfollower personality congruence are considered for present and future managers who hope to practice from an integrative strategic perspective. © 2021 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Quality is like a fire that ignites peoples’ desire, energy, commitment, and performance. Consequently, an abductive renewed analysis of Deming’s philosophy is offered here to build “the road map to being “better than the best.” In the broadest sense, we now know that quality should be incorporated to every level of a firm, and become part of the essence and everything the organization does. From typing or answering the phone calls to assembling products and serving the end customer, quality is fundamental to organizational success. However, one big omission left out by virtually all quality management researchers and literature was how to manage quality with leadership and bringing quality awareness to employees or communicate the quality policy to customers or consumers and the society. We provided an answer to this literature gap (under-explored missing piece). In framing the world, quality/leadership was contrasted with the social psychology’s post- Gordon Allport’s notion of stereotypes, prejudice, xenophobia, and outgroup discrimination, (ultra-complex human phenomena that are apparent today), fueled by antiimmigrant rhetoric, hate, negative biases, GF’s I can’t breathe police brutality, and raw resentment. Overall, the chapter offers managerial, philosophical, and practical interpretations of a possible alliance of leadership and total quality management (TQM + L= QL 2.0).

The ecology of content goals with skill development, needs, and benefits focuses was explored in a corporate training and coaching program. Without a thorough understanding of the rationale for developing a training or job coaching program and identifying the need for, and the cost and benefits for the firm, training and coaching efforts may amount to a hopeless waste of time. Organizations must evaluate the efficiency of their training and coaching programs to ensure that the benefits will be generated. This program was part of a larger organizational change strategy aimed at improving the relationship, technology, and change process in the workplace. Organizations that learn fastest are the best because they adapt well to changing environments and perform the best with time and overtime. Implications for future research from the perspectives of experiential learning and on leader-follower personality congruence and transformational leadership behavior are considered. 

For centuries, emotion has been a conundrum for scholars because it punctuates, marks or changes magnitude of all major events in human and organizational lives. Each individual's human emotional experience is culturally constructed or socio-culturally created under specific conditions, with the involvement of other human agents or variables to the causal processes. To advance research, we draw from theories and philosophical thoughts across cultures, from ancient times to modern era. In that context, emotion is the sine qua non of the totality of Yorùbá's beliefs about reality and it is the heart and soul of connectedness between people or places. The present study assessed human emotion factors among a business-oriented population and compared these views with distinctions proposed in the literature. Using a repeated-measure multiple discriminant function analysis for individual items across raters. Neither the Interest subscale or Surprise subscale nor the Guilt subscale demonstrated significant retest correlations in a comparison of the General and Specific Depression conditions; and also, of the Specific Depression and pre-examination conditions. More specifically, culturally mediated beliefs, values and traditions associated with socialization practices (political skills in case of workplace), have been hypothesized to play a role in the kinds of emotions display. Alternative interpretations of the data are examined and theoretical issues in need of further clarification are discussed. By discussing caveats, the chapter laid foundations for artifacts that can guide future thoughtful research and the potential utility of this measure, and the likes for several areas of organizational, social and business research phenomena. 

The geopolitical boundaries are fading in importance as corporations take on a more global perspective, and the technology of the 'new social media age' take a bird's-eye survey of this changing corporate terrain especially in turbulent times. This chapter concerns the real-world significance of global organizational science for the success or failure of organizations and human interactions. The science of organizations leads to the understanding of applications and interventions that benefit employees, work teams, organizations, management, customers, stakeholders, the community, and the larger society in which organizations are involved. The authors propose conceptualizing the science of organization as the world of work from multiple perspectives and paradigms in its goals of integrating the diverse insights of these other core disciplines and applying them to contemporaneous real-world challenges and opportunities for future inquiry in this domain. The authors next offer a taxonomy of a variety of reasons why global organizational sciences matter in an ever-changing business environment. A review and description of several emerging trends that are impacting organization life may tell us more about organizational science. The authors then summarize the evidence showing that organizational science's disputes and ongoing debates on the paradigmatic development are warranted. That striking an amicable balance can stimulate consensus that will later promote 'strong presence of mind, sense of professional confidence and of one another, and technological assurance'. This may indirectly affect the status of the discipline or field for better or for worse, and we conclude by saying without theory and method, that organizational practice is uninformed. Without practice, organizational theory is non-dynamic, stagnant, and moribund. Without a global organizational science, an organization or business firm loses tremendous diversity, synthesis in organizational research and theory, and substantial epistemology in the crucial need to connect to practice. High-performing corporations 'in a changing corporate terrain' operate like a well-oiled machine that operates capably through the effective coordination of many parts -- networks, culture, information systems, and talent mobility. The former issue: "Someone who works under you" has changed to "Someone who is a team member." Indeed, organizational hierarchies are collapsing, in successful global corporations, to promote cooperation and a winning attitude, much, like a sports team, comes together to win a game. Global organizational science is everyone's business and everyone's duty; it has the potential to become a touchstone in the lives of organizations. This is not the twilight of neutrality, but the twilight glow of dawn.

Like indicators of time, season and weather, hours or days, and dates of spring, summer, fall, and winter, social indicators guide and monitor social conditions of human beings. This chapter presents a new composite indicator. The Happy Well-Being Index (HWI) is based on general utilitarian principle and the assumption that underlying cultural values will ‘always be crucial in promoting technology and design’ in determining human actions and behavior and the measurement of happiness, wisdom and human well-being. Designed with a value of a function of ecological footprint per capita, subjective life satisfaction and life expectancy at birth, to guide, monitor, and promote a truly sustainable development process—a development that improves the quality of human life and support ecosystems at the global level. With the near-arithmetic structure of some of the best-known multidimensional well-being measures, it is built to ensure extensive democratic support for the choices to be converted to sustainable growth and development. As an index it covers the essential things that are important to humans—well-being, sustainability, long life, and happiness that can be perceived through the spectrum of planetary well-being and human well-beings, with the assumption that both are commonly linked and positively influenced each other.

Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child makes explicit reference to children’s right to say what they think about matters relating to the quality of their lives and to have these opinions taken into account in accordance with their levels of competence and maturity. The voting results showed that over two-thirds (68.1%) of the children polled “educating every child” as their first top priority; the issue “putting children first and caring for every child” was placed second by 65.4% of the respondents; 50.1% of them placed the issue “fighting poverty and HIV/AIDS” as their third priority; followed by 37.6% who said “hearing and listening to children’s voices” is very crucial; 35.6% placed their fifth priority to be “not using children as weapons of war” while 27% of the children said “protecting the earth—investing in children” must be sixth on their list of top priorities. Other things thought to be important by these children included stopping crime, child abuse and family violence, racism/xenophobia, muti (black magic) ritual killing of children (especially the albinos), forced child marriage (Ukuthwala), racism and xenophobia, rape, drugs and shooting at schools, and other evils. They also advocate better education in general for children, computer literacy, good parenting, child-friendly government, peace and tranquility (absence of stress), and active involvement in environmental planning. The full burden of children’s rights has to be “shouldered” and internally operationalized by UN specialized agencies. Within that context, the Sangraal of successful implementation and cross-cultural sustainability of children’s rights can be limned as resemblant to the proper alignment of the sun, the moon, and the stars. “Irokotinditindi Irokotinditindi” phenomenon. Sadly, competing agendas—HIV/AIDS, Russian invasion of Ukraine, and COVID-19 pandemics implementation of Education for All and Millennium Development goals have taken priority over the pursuit of children’s rights models, in many countries. A rights approach built on effective health promotion model and based on an interlace of Bourdieu’s Sociology that helps break poverty cycles and depicts children as social actors, and by all means an end in themselves is recommended. Suggestions for future research and practice are also discussed.

The purpose of this study is to compare cross-cultural variability to learning in Australian, Canadian, Hong Kong, Nigerian and South African global samples using Learning Process Questionnaire (LPQ: Biggs, The learning process questionnaire (LPQ) manual. Australian Council for Educational Research, 1987; Australian Psychologist, 23, 197–206, 1988; British Journal of Educational Psychology, 63, 3–19, 1993). Different formal indices aimed at identifying the motives and strategies that comprise those approaches that emphasise creative, analytical, learning skills, as well as practical thinking or open-minded reasoning and memory-related skills, were identified and operationalized. The empirical exploration of the framework was applied to the analysis of 602 participants; data subsumed to different robust constructs. The assumption of male variability in learning strategies is questioned. The interaction of gender and culture is likened to two sides of the same coin (proverbial hedgehog vs fox), which is meant to enhance human learning. Results uphold cross-cultural support for the dimensions of deep and surface strategies; despite the differences in learning conceptualizations, the strategies utilized by students in the Western educational context are similar to those used by their African counterparts. In addition, discussion focuses on the implications of this desideratum for scale development, taxonomy construction, and theory building that are generalizable to a wide range of cultures.  Of course, a full examination of these novel differences requires more thorough, systematic fine-ingrained inquiry.