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  • 1.
    Abdalla Mohamed Ahmed, Fayad
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Energy Audit in Educational Buildings: Case study of Fridhemsskolan in Gävle2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The global share from buildings towards energy usage in residential and commercial buildings have been increasing constantly reaching between 20% to 40% in developed countries and has overtook the other major sectors: industrial and transportation. Energy demand reduction in the building sector is important for Sweden to achieve national energy aims for reduced energy use in the future.  For this reason, energy efficiency measures in buildings today is one of the main objective for energy policy towards 2020 goals.

     

    This project moves on the same path to find energy efficiency potential in Fridhemsskolan buildings in Gävle, Sweden by performing energy audit using IDA-ICE software to simulate energy performance for the buildings under study. In addition, measurements have been made on three of the school buildings named Hus 1, Hus 2 and Hus 3.

     

    The results include different energy efficiency retrofits on each building and economic analysis of these retrofits for each building individually and for the whole buildings together. The presented measures are reducing working hours of the ventilation system in Hus 2, change of CAV system with VAV system in (Hus 1 and Hus 2) and lights changing to LED, s efficient lights and building envelope improvement which includes walls and roof extra insulation and windows replacement.

     

    Replacement of the CAV system in Hus 1 and Hus 2 were not economically beneficial when considering their high cost compared to energy reduction that can be achieved by applying them. On the other hand, energy retrofits analysis showed that combination of the following energy efficiency measures is the most effective and profitable: extra insulation (walls and roof), windows replacement and lights change to LED in the three buildings. In addition to these measure is reducing running hours of the ventilation system in Hus 2.

     

    Implementation of the recommended energy efficiency measures will save 120, 737 kWh/ year of the district heating and 21, 962 kWh/year electricity consumption with capital investment of 417, 396 SEK and 98, 957 SEK/ year cost saving with payback period of 4.2 years. These figures represent 40.3% and 18.1% reduction in district heating and electricity energy use respectively.

     

    Since reducing working hours of ventilation system measure has no capital investment and have the highest figure of energy reduction it reduces payback period significantly. In case the amount of money saved by this measure doesn’t consider; payback period for the other measures which require capital investment will be 13.5 years and the energy saving in terms of cost will be 30, 874 SEK/ year. 

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  • 2.
    Akander, Jan
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Cehlin, Mathias
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system. Department of Management and Engineering, Division of Energy Systems, Linköping University.
    Assessing the Myths on Energy Efficiency When Retrofitting Multifamily Buildings in a Northern Region2017In: Sustainable High Rise Buildings in Urban Zones: Advantages, Challenges, and Global Case Studies / [ed] Ali Sayigh, Cham: Springer Publishing Company, 2017, 1, p. 139-161Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In the light of EU’s requirements to achieve a major cut in energy use by 2050, Sweden has the same target. The built environment must by 2020 reduce energy use by 20 and 50 % by 2050. The size of the future building stock will naturally increase and regardless of how energy efficient future buildings will be, the energy performance of the old stock must be improved in order to reach those goals. In major renovation projects involving multifamily buildings in large residential areas in the cities, 50 % reduction can be achieved. This is cost-effective and profitable even if the rent is increased.

    Gävleborg is a sparse region in the North, with few cities. Multifamily buildings are generally much smaller than in large cities and owners are reluctant to impose changes that increase rents due to the housing situation in the region. In consequence, the Regional Council and the University of Gävle set out to assess the potential and feasibility of reducing energy use and carbon dioxide emissions in this region’s multifamily buildings. Eleven real buildings were investigated, each having various ownership forms, different technical attributes and heating sources. Energy audits and measurements were conducted to assess the condition of each building. Performances of the buildings and proposed improvements were simulated with building energy simulation programs, whilst life cycle cost analyses were conducted to study viability. Carbon dioxide emission (CO2) reductions were estimated for each improvement.

    Based on the results, a concluding discussion is made on whether or not some myths on energy use and retrofitting are true. The following is concluded: It is possible to reach a 50 % reduction, but it is not economical with the costs involved and with today’s energy prices and moderate price increase over time.

    Retrofitting or improvements made in the building’s services systems (HVAC) are more economical than actions taken to improve performance of building by constructions. HVAC improvements give about 20 % reduction in energy use. However, mechanical ventilation systems with heat recuperation are not economical, though these may or may not substantially reduce use of thermal energy.

    Solar energy is, despite the latitude of the region, economically viable—especially PV solar energy. Photovoltaic panels (PVs) are becoming viable—the combination of PVs and district heating is beneficial since saving electricity is more important than thermal energy in district-heated areas.

  • 3.
    Akander, Jan
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Morberg, Åsa
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Educational sciences, Educational science.
    Sustainability of world heritage: who inherits the ownership of decorated farmhouses of Hälsingland?2017In: A Good Life for All: Essays on sustainability celebrating 60 years of making life better / [ed] Fagerström, Arne and Cunningham, Gary M., Mjölby: Atremi AB , 2017, 1, p. 139-161Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This chapter discusses sustainability of Sweden’s most recent World Heritage (WH) site, the Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland. A general overview presents what WH is, why it is special and why it should be preserved for future generations. The views of WH farm owners on managing a WH site and how they feel about the task have been assessed. WH must be preserved for future generations and it is necessary for the farms to interact sustainably with their local communities. Most WH farms are privately owned and have been within the same family for centuries. Will this continue in the future or are there problems with succession?

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  • 4.
    Al hamdany, Yarub
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Simulering och energieffektivisering för en kontorsbyggnad iForsmark2018Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 180 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The society changes rapidly and is heavily dependent on energy. The Energy usage in buildings account for about 40% of total Sweden's energy usage, where energy is used by buildings for electricity, cooling and heating. Therefore, energy is an important issue in today's society from an energy use approach to stop the global warming. In this work, a survey was carried out by an office building in Forsmark Kraftgrupp AB to find out about energy use and create a basis for energy-saving measures. The IDA ICE 4.7.1 program was used to simulate the building's energy use by creating a base model of the building. After that, the base model has been compared with different energy efficiency measures to check where the biggest and least energy saving potentials occur. The result shows that the total energy use in the office building is 198 125 kWh / year. The simulations show that energy efficiency measures could reduce energy use in the building by 81 962 kWh / year, which corresponds to 41.4% of the total energy use. Time control of ventilation systems gives the largest energy savings of 51, 2 kWh / m2, year.

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    examensarbete-11
  • 5.
    Ameen, Arman
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Efficient Cooling with multiple impinging jets: Obtaining boundary condition and verification for a CFD model2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Saving energy and optimizing industrial processes are major priorities for companies around the world. In this study the cooling process (with air) of large rollers are examined. The result of these examinations are used to create a computational fluid dynamic model. These examination consists of geometry, volume flows, velocities, velocity profiles, temperature and pressure. A complication in the measurements occurred due to the nonsymmetrical installation of the nozzles in the cooling setup. The results highlights how this nonsymmetrical installation affects the cooling. Multiple methods were used to carry out this work, and some additional side project were implemented. The results in this thesis is not enough to create a CFD model and further work have to be carried out in the future.

  • 6.
    Amiri, Shahnaz
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system. Department of Management and Engineering, Division of Energy Systems, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
    Weinberger, Gottfried
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Increased cogeneration of renewable electricity through energy cooperation in a Swedish district heating system - A case study2018In: Renewable energy, ISSN 0960-1481, E-ISSN 1879-0682, Vol. 116, p. 866-877Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present study of the district heating (DH) system in the city of Kisa, Sweden, shows how, through energy cooperation with a nearby sawmill and paper mill, a local energy company contributes to energy-efficient DH and cost-effective utilization of a new biofuel combined heat and power (CHP) plant. Cases of stand-alone and integrated energy systems are optimized with the linear program MODEST. The European power market is assumed to be fully deregulated. The results show clear advantages for the energy company to cooperate with these industries to produce heat for DH and process steam for industry. The cooperating industries gain advantages from heat and/or biofuel by-product supply as well. The opening to use a biofuel CHP plant for combined heat supply results in cogenerated electricity of almost 29 GWh/a with an increased biofuel use of 13 GWh/a, zero fuel oil use and CO2 emission reductions of 25,800 tons CO2/a with coal-condensing power plant on the margin and biofuel as limited resource. The total system cost decreases by −2.18 MEUR/a through extended cooperation and renewable electricity sales. The sensitivity analysis shows that the profitability of investing in a biofuel CHP plant increases with higher electricity and electricity certificate prices.

  • 7.
    Andersson, Daniel
    et al.
    Radarbolaget.
    Björsell, Niclas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Ottoson, Patrik
    Radarbolaget.
    Rönnow, Daniel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.
    Sandberg, Mats
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Radar Images of Leaks in Building Elements2015In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 78, p. 1726-1731Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Through leakage in the building envelope there is a penetration of air, water vapor and particles. The degree of leakage of air can be quantified by existing methods. However, the location of adventitious openings is often not known. In order to overcome the limitations in existing methods, a non-contact and non-destructive method based on ultra-wide bandwidth radar technology is suggested. A test-bed is designed that can measure with different polarization to be able to detect flaws in different directions. Initial measurements shows promising results for further development of the method of using radar images to find leaks in building elements.

  • 8.
    Andersson, David
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Olsson, Philip
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Hur kan en skola med högre energianvändning än det svenska genomsnittet energieffektiviseras?: Energikartläggning2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The European Union as a whole is one of the largest energy users and has one of the world's largest greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce global warming, targets have been set to ensure that the average temperature on the earth does not increase more than 2 degrees since the pre-industrial time. Nearly 40% of Sweden's total energy use comes from the building and services sector which in context with that the 2020 targets approaching contributes to the increased need of higher energy efficiency of buildings. Energy audits is a tool for determining what has the greatest potential for saving energy before efficiency measures occurs.

    The thesis includes an energy audit of Trödje primary and middle school, administered by Gavlefastigheter. The study was performed using IDA Indoor Climate and Energy simulation tool. IDA ICE was used to modulate the existing building where all data for the school was included. The vision of the thesis is to investigate how much energy which is possible to save through energy saving measures and which action that is most effective.

    The potential energy saving in the school is high, the school uses 42.6 kWh/m2year more than the average for Gavlefastigheter schools, which corresponds to 21 %. The results show that the complexity of the school and the reconstruction, also called the paviljong, are a major factor in the high energy consumption. The school's energy use has a potential to decrease by 17 %, which did not correspond to the 25 % target set for the work. The work shows that the greatest savings potential exists through the exchange of windows and heat exchangers in the ventilation system, but also that the measures that are assumed to give the greatest savings are not always the most effective.

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  • 9.
    Andersson, Harald
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Cehlin, Mathias
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Energy-Saving Measures in a Classroom Using Low Pressure Drop Ceiling Supply Device: A Field Study2016In: 2016 ASHRAE Winter Conference Papers, ASHRAE, 2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Between 1990 and 2006 the energy use by ventilation systems in Swedish schools doubled. This is explained by high airflows in schools because of the high occupant density. Studies show that 87% of Swedish schools use constant air volume (CAV), and it is estimated that a change to variable air volume (VAV) could save 0.12-0.33 TWh (4.1*10(12) - 1.1*10(13) Btu) per year. Therefore the aim of this study is to investigate whether it is possible to replace displacement ventilation (DV) with mixing ventilation (MV) to create a comfortable indoor climate in a typical classroom and at the same time decrease the energy use by using VAV and Low Pressure Drop Ceiling Supply Device (LPDCSD). The study used two LPDCSDs which consist of circular channels with 190/228 round jets placed in an interlocking pattern, with a horizontal one/two-way-direction. The field study was carried out in a school which is intended to be extensively renovated. The school currently has DV and CAV. The study was carried out by installing MV with LPDCSD in one of the typical classrooms. Several different air-flow rates were investigated using tracer-gas technology to measure the local mean age of the air in the occupied zone. Simultaneously, thermal comfort and vertical temperature gradients were measured in the room. The results show nearly uniform distribution of the local mean age of air in the occupied zone, even in the cases of relatively low air-flow rates. Since the mixing of air is more or less the same in the entire occupied zone VAV can be used to reduce air-flow rate based on the desired CO2-level. Because of the number of students in each classroom and the fact that changes in air-flow rates have no significant effect on the degree of mixing, it is possible to reduce the air-flow rates for extended periods of time. Finally, since the LPDCSD has a lower pressure-drop than the currently used supply devices and it is possible to use VAV to lower the airflows in cases with reduced heat loads, it is possible to significantly reduce the energy usage in the school while maintaining the IAQ, increasing the thermal comfort and the available floor area of the occupied zone.

  • 10.
    Andersson, Harald
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Cehlin, Mathias
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Experimental and numerical investigations of a new ventilation supply device based on confluent jets2018In: Building and Environment, ISSN 0360-1323, E-ISSN 1873-684X, Vol. 137, p. 18-33Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In developed countries, heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for more than 10% of national energy use. The primary function of a HVAC system is to create proper indoor environment. A number of ventilation strategies have been developed to minimize HVAC systems’ energy use whilst still maintaining a good indoor environment. Among these strategies are confluent jet ventilation and variable air volume. In this study, an air supply device with a novel nozzle design that uses both of the above-mentioned strategies was investigated both experimentally and numerically at three different airflow rates. The results from the numerical investigation using the SST k - ω turbulence model regarding velocities and flow patterns are validated by experimental data carried out by Laser Doppler Anemometry. The results from both studies show that the flow pattern and velocity in each nozzle is directly dependent on the total airflow rate. However, the flow pattern does not vary between the three different airflow rates. The numerical investigation shows that velocity profiles for each nozzle have the same pattern regardless of the airflow rate, but the magnitude of the velocity profile increases as the airflow increases. Thus, a supply device of this kind could be used for variable air volume and produce confluent jets for the airflow rates investigated.

  • 11.
    Andersson, Martin
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Berge, Nils
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Energi- och miljökonsekvenser vid energieffektivisering av belysning och installation av solceller på Nacka Forum i Stockholm2016Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The use of energy is increasing worldwide and due to the threat of global warming more and more discussions are made about how the consumption could be reduced and at the same time more sustainable solutions is requested.Buildings consume 40 % of the total global energy where most of it comes from fossil fuels. To reduce the impact of the environment the EU (European Union) has set several goals for that where one is reducing its CO2-emission with 20 % compared to 2008 by the year 2020. One way to do so is from using more efficient technology. This work was made to reduce Nacka Forums electricity bills and that after it had been requested of their owner Unibail-Rodamco. The authors have only looked for solution in areas which the property owners are responsible for like services areas and public spaces. Ideas for reducing their energy use were obtained through studying literature. That study also showed that shopping malls use a lot of energy, especially electricity which mostly is consumed by the building’s lighting. Something that is becoming increasingly more common on buildings is solar cells. Solar cells do not only cut the electricity costs but also decreases the demand on fossil fuels. The shopping mall seemed to have good conditions for such an installation so an investigation was made to see if that could be useful. A plant with a power of 100 kWp was calculated to need 920 m2 roof surface and would yearly produce 93 534 kWh which the authors conclude that it would be a good investment and also highlights that an even bigger plant should be considered. After observing the lights two new solutions were proposed where LED-lamps was considered to be the best source for replacement. Just changing all the light sources would cut the electricity costs a lot but since the existing luminaires was considered to be at the end of their technical lifetime the best solution would therefore be to change both luminaires and light sources. Such solution would decrease the energy use with 544,4 MWh/year and has a payback period of 3,3 years. That energy saving would decrease the CO2-emission with 218 ton/year.This work shows that regardless of which solution that is chosen both of them would decrease the energy use and CO2-emission with 50 %.One of the stores in the shopping mall was using a lot of light which caused problem with the thermal comfort. Despite that, the store does not exceed the limit of 50 W/m2 that is set from the property owner. Such low requirements might hinder any efforts to reduce the energy use and also contribute to unnecessary heat.

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  • 12.
    Andersson, Niklas
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Energieffektivisering av byggnad med enkla medel: en fallstudie på Hofors mödravårdscentral2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In the central parts of Hofors a healthcenter is located which is included in Hoforshus AB's building stock, the building itself is divided into a main building and a smaller one in which the child health center and maternity care is located. The buildings are connected by a corridor substantially glazed. Now they are interested in maping the building's energyusage as this is relatively high, in addition, the users of the building had been dissatisfied with the indoor climate in both summer and winter. Because of the healtcare activities the owners were most interested in finding solutions that would not interfere with it.

    The study conducted has had a primary focus on the building envelope and above all on the glazed corridor’s impact on the rest of the building. One can assume that the high proportion of glass in this part of the building affects the indoor climate negatively keeping in mind the low U-value of the glass and the solar heat load, this gives during the summer when heat gain is not desired. A literature study to investigate how people perceive the climate as well as how to make a reliable simulation model of a building has been completed. The study resulted in an understanding of how the indoor climate is perceived and quantified, and also in an understanding of what is important in the collection of data for the simulation model.

    Keeping in mind how data should be collected according to the literature reviwe- have as much data as possible measured through surveys and own observations, blueprints have been studied and their validity has been investigated by measuring the building, blower door has been performed and temperature- and relative humidityloggning. Instantaneous values of the FTX system was made to calculate its efficiency. Linear thermal bridges have been investigated by finite element method in the program COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5. For validation of the simulated model the results of it were compared with the acutal measured energyconsumption of the building. The simulations were performed in BV2.

    The results of the study show, as expected, the glazed corridor’s negative impact on the building's indoor climate. Temperature was logged between 160412-160509 highest temperature was 30 ° C and minimum 15 ° C, which is more widespread than in other areas where the temperature was logged. The simulations that were performed on the glazed corridor shows that it consumes between 5000-5500 kWh on the area of 13.5 m2. Finally the study resulted in recommendations for the building that includes additional insulation of the attic, replacement of a smaller wall section, lowering the temperature by 1 ° C, as well as some maintenance measures to improve the indoor climate. The measures are believed to be possible to implement without significant interference with the health care acitivities. In addition the proposed measures seem profitable according to the pay of method.

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  • 13.
    Antoniou, Nestoras
    et al.
    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
    Montazeri, Hamid
    Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
    Wigö, Hans
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Neophytou, Marina
    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
    Blocken, Bert
    Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
    Sandberg, Mats
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    CFD and wind-tunnel analysis of outdoor ventilation in a real compact heterogeneous urban area: evaluation using “air delay”2017In: Building and Environment, ISSN 0360-1323, E-ISSN 1873-684X, Vol. 126, p. 355-372Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Outdoor urban ventilation in a real complex urban area is investigated by introducing a new ventilation indicator – the "air delay". Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed using the 3D steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approaches. The up-to-date literature shows the lack of detailed evaluations of the two approaches for real compact urban areas. This study further presents a systematic evaluation of steady RANS and LES for the assessment of the ventilation conditions in a dense district in Nicosia, Cyprus. The ventilation conditions within the urban area are investigated by calculating the distribution of the age of air. To better assess the outdoor ventilation, a new indicator, the "air delay" is introduced as the difference between the local mean age of air at an urban area and that in an empty domain with the same computational settings, allowing the comparison of the results in different parts of the domain, without impact of the boundary conditions. CFD results are validated using wind-tunnel measurements of mean wind speed and turbulence intensity performed for the same urban area. The results show that LES can accurately predict the mean wind speed and turbulence intensity with the average deviations of about 6% and 14%, respectively, from the wind-tunnel measurements while for the steady RANS, these are 8% and 31%, respectively. The steady RANS simulations overestimate the local mean air delay. The deviation between the two approaches is 52% at pedestrian level (2 m).

  • 14.
    Arcos Usero, Lucía
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Analysis and improvements of outdoor hot benches in Gävle2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Five exterior hot benches have been installed in Gävle, in Kyrkogatan street by the company Gävle Energi with the aim of achieving the wellnes of people that sit on them. This system uses the residual heat from the district heating, representing consequently a non-polluting system. However, the temperature desired on the surface, 35°C is not always achieved before different exterior conditions. For this reason, Gävle Energi is interested in carrying out a study about enhancements that could be made in the system in order to take them into account for future projects of this kind of technology.

     

    The aim of this project is analysing if it would be possible to achieve the requirements established by Gävle Energi, changing with this objective all the necessary system parameters of the current system such as diameter of the pipes, materials, number of turns... These requirements consist of working with a supply temperature of 40, 45 and 50°C when the exterior conditions are 0, -5 and -10°C respectively, accomplishing always 35°C on the surface. Moreover, in case that it was not possible, providing the company with the characteristics of the system that would make the system as efficient as possible, specifying for different exterior temperatures the mass flow, pressure drop, velocity and needed power.

     

    The study has been developed by different simulations with the software COMSOL, whose use requires a high knowledge on heat transfer. After several simulations, it has been checked that it is not possible to accomplish the requirements established by the company. However, a new more efficient design has been designed because the supply temperatures of the system to accomplish an average temperature of around 35°C on the surface have been minimised. For that, several changes have been carried out. The number of pipes turns have been increased from 12 to 17, their total diameter from 20mm to 30mm and the distance between the centres of the pipes from 5.5cm to 4cm. The 2mm of outer plastic thickness of the pipes has been replaced by copper and the height of the pipes has been moved 2cm upwards.

     

    With all these changes, the final length of the pipes inner the stones has a value of 40.6m and the supply temperatures reach 46, 47 and 49°C for the 0,-5 and -10°C exterior conditions respectively. Apart from the supply temperatures for the study cases, the ones necessary to accomplish always the temperature desired on the surface for other exterior temperatures have been provided together with the amount of power necessary, velocity flow, volumetric flow and pressure drop for all the different cases. These values would allow the company to work always at the optimum point as well as to design the heat pump for the system.

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    Thesis project Lucía Arcos
  • 15.
    Arghand, Taha
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Karimipanah, Taghi
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Awbi, Hazim
    School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading, United Kingdom.
    Cehlin, Mathias
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Larsson, Ulf
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Linden, Elisabet
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, BMG laboratory.
    An experimental investigation of the flow and comfort parameters for under-floor, confluent jets and mixing ventilation systems in an open-plan office2015In: Building and Environment, ISSN 0360-1323, E-ISSN 1873-684X, Vol. 92, p. 48-60Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a new trend to convert the workplaces from individual office rooms to open offices for motivating money saving and better communication. With such a shift the ability of existing ventilation systems in meeting the new requirements is a challenging question for researchers. The available options could have an impact on workers' health in terms of providing acceptable levels of thermalcomfort and indoor air quality. Thus, this experimental investigation focuses on the performances of three different air distribution systems in an open-plan office space. The investigated systems were: mixing ventilation with ceiling-mounted inlets, confluent jets ventilation and underfloor air distribution with straight and curved vanes. Although this represents a small part of our more extensiveexperimental investigation, the results show that all the purposed stratified ventilation systems (CJV and UFAD) were more or less behaving as mixing systems with some tendency for displacement effects. Nevertheless, it is known that the mixing systems have a stable flow pattern but has the disadvantage of mixing contaminated air with the fresh supplied air which may produce lower performance and in worst cases occupants' illness. For the open-plan office we studied here, it will be shown that the new systems are capable of performing better than the conventional mixing systems. As expected, the higher air exchange efficiency in combination with lower local mean age of air for corner-mounted CJV and floor-mounted UFAD grills systems indicates that these systems are suitable for open-plan offices and are to be favored over conventional mixing systems.

  • 16.
    Arnaiz Remiro, Lierni
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Modelling and assessment of energy performance with IDA ICE for a 1960's Mid-Sweden multi-family apartment block house2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The present thesis has been carried out during the spring of 2017 on behalf of Gavlegårdarna AB. This is a public housing company in Gävle (Sweden) which is a large energy consumer, over 200 million SEK per year, and has the ambitious goal of reduce its energy consumption by 20 % between 2009 and 2020. Many multi-family apartment blocks were built during the "million programme" in the 60’s and 70’s when thermal comfort was the priority and not the energy saving. Nevertheless, this perspective has changed and old buildings from that time have been retrofitted lately, but there are many left still. In fact, one of these buildings will be retrofitted in the near future so a valid model is needed to study the energy saving measures to be taken. The aim of this thesis is to get through a calibration process to obtain a reliable and valid model in the building simulation program IDA ICE 4.7.1. Once this has been achieved it will be possible to carry out the building’s energy performance assessment. IDA ICE has shown some limitations in terms of thermal bridges which has accounted for almost 15 % of total transmission heat losses. For this reason, it is important to make a detailed evaluation of certain joints between elements for which heat losses are abundant. COMSOL Multiphysics® finite element software has been used to calculate these transmittances and then use them as input to IDA ICE to carry out the simulation.

    Through an evidence-based methodology, although with some sources of uncertainty, such as, occupants’ behaviour and air infiltration, a valid model has been obtained getting almost the same energy use for space heating than actual consumption with an error of 4% (Once the standard value of 4 kWh/m2 for the estimation of energy use in apartments' airing has been added). The following two values have been introduced to IDA ICE: household electricity and the energy required for heating the measured volume of tap water from 5 °C to 55 °C. Assuming a 16 % of heat losses in the domestic hot water circuit, which means that part of the heat coming from hot water heats up the building. This results in a lower energy supply for heating than the demanded value from IDA ICE. Main heat losses have been through transmission and infiltration or openings. Windows account 11.4 % of the building's envelope, thus the losses through the windows has supposed more than 50 % of the total transmission losses. Regarding thermal comfort, the simulation shows an average Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) of 12 % in the worst apartment. However, the actual value could be considerably lower since the act of airing the apartments has not been taken into account in the simulation as well as the strong sun's irradiation in summer which can be avoided by windows shading. So, it could be considered an acceptable level of discomfort. To meet the National Board of Housing Building and Planning, (Boverket) requirements for new or rehabilitated buildings, several measures should be taken to improve the average thermal transmittance and reduce the specific energy use. Among the energy saving measures it might be interesting replace the windows to 3 pane glazing, improve the ventilation system to heat recovery unit, seal the joints and intersections where thermal bridges might be or add more insulation in the building’s envelope.

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  • 17.
    Arnfelt, Emma
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    En byggnads energiprestanda: En utredande och jämförande studie av Boverkets författningssamling BEN12017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This report is an exploratory and comparative study of Boverkets constitution BEN1. In this study the constitution BEN1 is examined, why the constitution was established, when is it applicable and what advantages and disadvantages will come with it. Today the housing and service sector is using a major part of Europe’s final energy use, in addition to this, these sectors also represents a major part of the total carbon dioxide emissions. The EU-commission aims to reduce the housing and service sectors energy use and emissions. In 2002 the European parliament established directives and demands for buildings energy performance. These directives were changed in 2009-2010, which led to an inspection of the already existing Swedish constitution, this was found to be inadequate by the EU-commission. Sweden decided to create a new constitution in order to satisfy EU’s new directives and demands. The focus is on a normal usage of the building in a normal year in the new constitution, BEN1. 

    The reader should receive an idea and understanding about BEN1 and why it was established in this report. Beyond this, the study will show the changes that happen to a buildings energy performance after the constitution is applied and what advantages and disadvantages this could bring. 

    This study was performed by simulating the buildings energy use with the input from BEN1 in a simulation tool, IDA Indoor Climate and Energy. 

    The study shows that the energy performance will change but it also shows that further studies should be made in order to obtain a more carefully drawn and common conclusion.

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    En byggnads energiprestanda
  • 18.
    ATEGEKA, WINFRED KAKOOZA
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system. Royal Institute of Technology / KTH University.
    APPRAISAL OF FOOD RESIDUE (WASTE) BASED FUEL BRIQUETTES IN DOMESTIC COOKING APPLICATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF UGANDA2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 80 credits / 120 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The research focuses on developing and evaluating the performance of low cost, low technology food residue based fuel briquettes as an alternative to the widespread use of wood fuels (charcoal and firewood) for domestic cooking applications.

    In view of the declining accessibility of wood fuels, inadequate electrification coverage and ever-rising prices of cooking gas and kerosene in Uganda, harnessing energy from within reach, alternative sustainable energy sources such as food residues has been regarded as a viable solution to domestic cooking energy.

     

    In this research, both desktop reviews of earlier studies and laboratory investigations of the developed food residue based fuel briquettes have been considered. Carbonized sweet potato, banana (matooke) and cassava peelings were mixed in different proportions with either sweet potato or banana stem pulp (1 or 2kgs) and later densified using a hand operated molder to develop the food residue based briquettes. The drop test method was used to determine the resilience of the produced briquettes to disintegrating forces in particular during transportation and storage. An oxygen bomb calorimeter was used to determined the Higher Heating Value (HHV) of the briquettes and it ranged from 13.6 – 26 MJ/kg with cassava peelings char: sweet potato peelings char: sweet potato stem pulp 1kg giving the lowest HHV and cassava peelings char: sweet potato peelings char: banana stem pulp 2kg giving the highest HHV. Generally the tests results revealed that the type of natural binder used had an effect on both the HHV and mechanical strength of the produced briquettes.

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    APPRAISAL OF FOOD RESIDUE (WASTE) BASED FUEL BRIQUETTES IN DOMESTIC COOKING APPLICATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF UGANDA
  • 19.
    Bahilo Rodríguez, Edgar
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Power Plant Operation Optimisation: Unit commitment of gas turbines using Machine Learning and MILP programming2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 30 credits / 45 HE creditsStudent thesis
  • 20.
    Bahilo Rodríguez, Edgar
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Swedish and Spanish electricity market: Comparison, improvements, price forecasting and a global future perspective2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This report aims to make a comparison between the Swedish and Spanish electricity market, the design of new improvements that could achieve a better operation for both markets as well as the price forecasting for both spot markets. These enhancements are oriented to decrease electricity prices, energy use and the system CO2 emissions.

    Also, the main organizations of the market and their roles has been characterized, clarifying the functions of the Market Operator and the System Operator. In addition, the different markets, the trading products and the price formation have been explained and the picture of the market structure has been achieved with enough depth.

    Moreover, some of the most used methods in Time Series Analysis has been enumerated to understand which techniques are needed for forecast the electricity prices and the methodology used (Box-Jenkins Method) has been explained in detail. Later, all these methods have been implemented in an own code developed in Python 3.6 (TSAFTools .py) with the help of different statistics libraries mentioned during the method chapter.

    On the other hand, the description of the market situation has been carried out for both countries. Power installed capacity, electricity generation, average prices, main renewable technologies and policies to increase the renewable energy share has been analysed and corresponding described.

    Then, to estimate the market’s future spot electricity prices, ARIMA models have been selected to analyse the evolution of the day-ahead price using the TSAFTools.py. The final models show a proper performance in the two markets, especially in the Nordpool, achieving an RMSE: 37.68 and MAPE: 7.75 for the year in 2017 in Nordpool and a RMSE: 270.08 and MAPE: 20.24 in OMIE for 2017. Nordpool spot prices from 2015 to 2016 has been analysed too but obtaining a result not as good as the year 2017 with an RMSE: 49.01 and MAPE: 21.42.

    After this analysis, the strengths and weaknesses of both markets are presented and the main problems of the Spanish electricity system (power overcapacity, fuel dependency, non-cost-efficient renewable energies policies, lack of interconnexion capacity etc.) and the Swedish electricity system (dependency for nuclear power, uncertainty for solar electricity Generation) are presented.

    Finally, due to the quick development of the energy sector in the last years and the concern of the European Committee to reach a new design for the electricity market, different kinds of recommendations for the future have been considered.

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    Swedish and Spanish electricity market: Comparison, improvements, price forecasting and a global future perspective
  • 21.
    Björling, Mikael
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental engineering.
    Akander, Jan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Steen Englund, Jessika
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    On Measuring Air Infiltration Rates Using Tracer Gases in Buildings with Presence Controlled Mechanical Ventilation Systems2016In: Indoor Air 2016: The 14th International Conference of Indoor Air Quality and Climate, July 3-8 2016, Ghent, Belgium: Conference Proceedings / [ed] E. Van Kenhove, J. Laverge, P. De Vlieger, ISIAQ , 2016, article id 875Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The ventilation and air leakage of a school building was investigated. Information was collected from the parameters of the mechanical ventilation system and from measurements of the local mean age of air using the homogeneous emission method. While the average local mean ages of air can be accurately measured by passive integrative samplers, the estimation of the average room specific air change rate by taking the inverse of the measured average local mean age of air did not give correct results. The main problem is that integrative sampling represents a linear averaging process that is inappropriate to capture the average of nonlinearly related properties. This problem is accentuated when the ventilation rates for different periods differ a lot. A simple computational model was developed to discuss the system behavior. A partial solution to the measurement problem is to actively sample the different populations of air change rates separately.

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    fulltext
  • 22.
    Björling, Mikael
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental engineering.
    Mattsson, Magnus
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Akander, Jan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Infiltration of Air into two World Heritage Farmhouses in Sweden during Winter Conditions2018In: Roomvent & Ventilation 2018: Excellent Indoor Climate and High Performing Ventilation / [ed] Risto Kosonen, Mervi Ahola, Jarkko Narvanne, Helsinki, Finland, 2018, p. 1079-1084Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As a part of an ongoing study, we report measurements of air infiltration during winter conditions into two Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. In winter these two-storied farmhouses are rarely heated, except for special occasions. In this measurement one farmhouse  was  unheated,  whereas  one  room  was  heated  for  a  brief  period  in  the  other  one.  The observed local mean ages of air measured with tracer gas techniques generally increase with height, both  locally  within  each  room  and  between  floors.  The  average  temperature  and  humidity  also increases from the first to the second floor. The indoor temperature follows the outdoor temperature with a time lag. The differences in water content between inside and outside air correlate with changes of the indoor relative humidity. The correlation is stronger for humidity increase than for humidity decrease, possibly due to moisture absorption by interior text.

  • 23.
    Bodell, Erik
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Åhlander, Simon
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Energianalys av byggnad med installerat ångsystem för matlagningsprocesser: Kan ånga vara mer effektivt än el för matlagning?2017Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    There is a great need to reduce energy use in the world. By reducing energy demand, this reduces the negative environmental impact. In a constantly growing world, where it is built at an ever faster pace, the energy demand also increases. By increasing energy efficiency inexisting buildings, energy requirements may stagnate or even decrease despite expansion. By increasing energy efficiency, more of the energy demand can be used instead of standing for energy losses.

    Fortifikationsverket has a building they believe use too much energy. This building contains a restaurant that uses a steam system to heat its food, which makes the building's energy system unique. In order to reduce the energy consumption of the building, an energy audit is completed and analyzed in this report. This case study is conducted with a literature study to develop the knowledge in the field. Then measurements in the building are performed which are subsequently analyzed and presented to indicate any deviations and deficiencies.

    During the work it was discovered that a fuse was incorrectly installed to measure the electricity consumption of one of the boilers. By correcting this in order to be able to bill correctly, Fortifikationsverket saves almost 170,000 SEK per year as the boiler goes. In addition to this, the steam system was analyzed and estimates were made to respond if steam is more effective than electricity for cooking. It turns out that the steam system can be effective if a large amount of food is cooked. Considering nights, weekends and days when less food is cooked, electrical equipment is more effective because it completely turns off when not in use. Unlike the steam system that has to cover the energy losses to keep temperature and pressure, even when the system is not in use. By replacing the steam system with equivalent electrical equipment, it couldsave 205 MWh/year, according to estimates.The steam system accounts for 35% of the building's total electricity demandand is the largest item for energy use and is therefore the most focused area.

    In addition to the steam system, other energy usage was analyzed to provide energy savings. Many of the proposals are based on certain estimates and assumptions which must be considered. Some examples of savings that can be made is lowering the indoor temperature to save 50 MWh/year, install additional windows to save up to 140 MWh/year, install more efficient cooling units -200 MWh/year, install better ventilation control systems-50 MWh/year, install better controls for indoor lighting -40 MWh/year.

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  • 24.
    Bravo Jimenez, Ismael
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Detection and removal of wind turbine ice: Method review and a CFD simulation test2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Nowadays, the energy sector is facing a huge demand that needs to be covered. Wind energy is one of the most promising energy resources as it is free from pollution, clean and probably will arise as one of the main energy sources to prevent global warming from happening. Almost 10% of the global energy demand is coming from renewable resources. By 2050 this percentage is expected to grow to 60%. Therefore, efforts on wind turbine technology (i.e. reliability, design…) need to be coped with this growth.

    Currently, large wind energy projects are usually carried out in higher altitudes and cold climates. This is because almost all of the cold climates worldwide offer profitable wind power resources and great wind energy potential. Operating with wind turbines in cold climates bring interesting advantages as a result of higher air density and consequently stronger winds (wind power is around 10% higher in the Nordic regions). Not only benefits can be obtained but extreme conditions force to follow harsh conditions. Low temperatures and ice accretion present an important issue to solve as can cause several problems in fatigue loads, the balance of the rotor and aerodynamics, safety risks, turbine performance, among others. As wind energy is growing steadily on icy climates is crucial that wind turbines can be managed efficiently and harmlessly during the time they operate.

    The collected data for the ice detection, de-icing and anti-icing systems parts was obtained through the company Arvato Bertelsmann and is also based on scientific papers. In addition, computer simulations were performed, involving the creation of a wind tunnel under certain conditions in order to be able to carry out the simulations (1st at 0ºC, 2nd at -10ºC) with the turbine blades rotating in cold regions as a standard operation.

    In this project, Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) simulation on a 5MW wind turbine prototype with ice accretion on the blades to study how CL and CD can change, also different measures of ice detection, deicing and anti-icing systems for avoiding ice accumulation will be discussed. Simulation results showed a logical correlation as expected, increasing the drag force about 5.7% and lowering the lift force 17,5% thus worsening the turbine's efficiency.

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  • 25. Broberg Viklund, Sarah
    et al.
    Johansson, Maria T.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Technologies for utilization of industrial excess heat: Potentials for energy recovery and CO2 emission reduction2014In: Energy Conversion and Management, ISSN 0196-8904, E-ISSN 1879-2227, Vol. 77, p. 369-379Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Industrial excess heat is a large untapped resource, for which there is potential for external use, which would create benefits for industry and society. Use of excess heat can provide a way to reduce the use of primary energy and to contribute to global CO2 mitigation. The aim of this paper is to present different measures for the recovery and utilization of industrial excess heat and to investigate how the development of the future energy market can affect which heat utilization measure would contribute the most to global CO2 emissions mitigation. Excess heat recovery is put into a context by applying some of the excess heat recovery measures to the untapped excess heat potential in Gavleborg County in Sweden. Two different cases for excess heat recovery are studied: heat delivery to a district heating system and heat-driven electricity generation. To investigate the impact of excess heat recovery on global CO2 emissions, six consistent future energy market scenarios were used. Approximately 0.8 TWh/year of industrial excess heat in Gavleborg County is not used today. The results show that with the proposed recovery measures approximately 91 GWh/year of district heating, or 25 GWh/year of electricity, could be supplied from this heat. Electricity generation would result in reduced global CO2 emissions in all of the analyzed scenarios, while heat delivery to a DH system based on combined heat and power production from biomass would result in increased global CO2 emissions when the CO2 emission charge is low. 

  • 26.
    Brunke, Jean-Christian
    et al.
    Institute for Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy (IER), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany .
    Johansson, Maria
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system. Department of Management and Engineering, Division of Energy Systems, Linköping University.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Department of Management and Engineering, Division of Energy Systems, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden .
    Empirical investigation of barriers and drivers to the adoption of energy conservation measures, energy management practices and energy services in the Swedish iron and steel industry2014In: Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN 0959-6526, E-ISSN 1879-1786, Vol. 84, no 1, p. 509-525Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish iron and steel industry is focused on the production of advanced steel grades and accounts for about 5% of the country's final energy consumption. Energy efficiency is according to the European Commission a key element for the transition towards a resource-efficient economy. We investigated four aspects that are associated with the adoption of cost-effective energy conservation measures: barriers, drivers, energy management practices and energy services. We used questionnaires and follow-up telephone interviews to collect data from members of the Swedish steel association. The heterogeneous observations implied a classification into steel producers and downstream actors. For testing the significance, the Mann–Whitney U test was used. The most important barriers were internal economic and behavioural barriers. Energy service companies, in particular third-party financing, played a minor role. In contrast, high importance was attached to energy management as the most important drivers originated from within the company. Energy management practices showed that steel companies are actively engaged in the topic, but need to raise its prioritisation and awareness within the organisation. When sound energy management practices are included, the participants assessed the cost-effective energy conservation potential to be 9.7%, which was 2.4% higher than the potential for solely adopting cost-effective technologies.

  • 27.
    Buccolieri, R.
    et al.
    Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
    Wigö, Hans
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Sandberg, Mats
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Sabatino, S. D.
    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Italy.
    On the drag force distribution over arrays of cubical buildings: Wind tunnel experiments2017In: HARMO 2017 - 18th International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes, Proceedings, Hungarian Meteorological Service , 2017, p. 384-388Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we discuss the distribution of drag force along aligned arrays of cubes of different packing density. The distribution is evaluated via wind tunnel measurements performed on individual cubes located along the middle column of the array using a balance provided by a standard load cell. Results are compared with the drag force estimated by a pressure-derived method and clearly show a change of the distribution of the drag force. The force is uniform at low packing densities, while mostly acting on first rows of the arrays at large packing densities. This work leaves room for research tailored to a better parameterization of urban effects in dispersion models.

  • 28.
    Buccolieri, Riccardo
    et al.
    Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
    Wigö, Hans
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Sandberg, Mats
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Di Sabatino, Silvana
    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
    Direct measurements of the drag force over aligned arrays of cubes exposed to boundary-layer flows2017In: Environmental Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 1567-7419, E-ISSN 1573-1510, Vol. 17, no 2, p. 373-394Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Wind tunnel measurements of the total drag force for aligned arrays of cubes exposed to two different boundary-layer flows at three flow velocities are discussed. The drag force for eight different building packing densities λp (from 0.028 to 1) is measured with a standard load cell generating a novel dataset. Different λp are reproduced by increasing the number of buildings on the same lot area; this represents a real situation that an urban planner is faced with when a lot area of a given (fixed) size is allocated to the development of new built areas. It is assumed that the surrounding terrain is uniform and there is a transition from a given roughness (smooth) to a new roughness (rough). The approaching flow will adjust itself over the new surface within a distance that in general may be larger than the horizontal length covered by the array. We investigate the region where the flow adjustment occurs. The wide range of packing densities allowed us to analyse in detail the evolution of the drag force. The drag force increases with increasing packing densities until it reaches a maximum at an intermediate packing density (λp = 0.25 in our case) followed by a slight decrease at larger packing densities. The value of the drag force depends on the flow adjustment along the array which is evaluated by introducing the parameter “drag area” to retrieve information about the drag distribution at different λp. Results clearly suggest a change of the distribution of the drag force, which is found to be relatively uniform at low packing densities, while most of the force acts on first rows of the arrays at large packing densities. The drag area constitutes the basis for the formulation of a new adjustment length scale defined as the ratio between the volume of the air within the array and the drag area. The proposed adjustment length scale automatically takes into account the change in drag distribution along the array for a better parameterization of urban effects in dispersion models. 

  • 29.
    Bueno Rosete, Isabel
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Energy Audit of an industrial building in Sweden: Case study of a CNC processed components’ producer company2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The industrial sector accounts for almost 40 % of the Swedish energy use and in order to meet the EU’s 2020 targets, an efficient production of high quality and great finish goods are more and more in demand. Moreover, it is important to develop the activities with the lowest environmental impact possible. 

    The energy audit process is an effective tool to achieve it. Thus, in this document the energy audit of an industrial company, Automat Industrier in Gävle, Sweden, was carried out.

    The energy balance of the building and the potential energy efficiency measures were analyzed with the IDA ICE simulation.

    The proposed energy retrofitting was apropos of the building envelope, the lighting system, the ventilation system and the installation of a PV system on the roof of the building.

    The survey indicated that the potential energy savings of the company accounted for 62.5 % of the current electricity use and 48.8 % of the current DH use if all the proposed ameliorations were performed. The main promoter of the electricity savings is the installation of the PV system, with 85 % of influence. Almost 90 % of the DH savings are due to the measures in the ventilation system.

    Financially, these savings can reach the amounts of 531 597 SEK/year for electricity and 174 201 SEK/year for DH.

    Nevertheless, the ameliorations regarding the building envelope have very long payback periods. Thus, it was recommended to not pursue them. Fortunately, the energy efficiency measures providing the greatest savings’ payback periods are between 3.47 years and 10.22 years long. As they are independent from each other, the owner has the freedom to decide whether to apply them or not and when if so.

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    Energy Audit of an industrial building in Sweden
  • 30.
    Cabral, Diogo
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system. Solarus Sunpower Sweden AB.
    Simulation of Electrical Performance of a Newly Developed Symmetrical Low Concentrator PVT Solar Collector: Low Latitudes2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
  • 31.
    Cabral, Diogo
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Costeira, João
    Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minho, Portugal.
    Gomes, João
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Electrical and thermal performance evaluation of a district heating system composed of asymmetric low concentration PVT solar collector prototypes2018In: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ISES EUROSUN 2018 CONFERENCE - 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLAR ENERGY FOR BUILDINGS AND INDUSTRY / [ed] Haberle, A., INTL SOLAR ENERGY SOC , 2018, p. 755-763Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) solar collectors generate electricity and heat from the same gross area. The annual electrical and thermal yields of these systems are dependent on the PVT collector technology, as well as the climate and the type of solar thermal system implemented. This review presents an evaluation of a district heating system composed of 20 asymmetric hybrid low concentrator PVT (C-PVT) solar collector prototypes. The system is installed in a South wall facade in order to maximise the available space (with a tilt of 20 degrees and an orientation of 5 degrees W). The thermal system is connected to the district heating network, thus heating the University buildings. On the other hand, the electrical system is grid-connected, where it feeds the grid directly. Real measurement data has been collected and compared with a thermal (through ScenoCalc tool) and electrical performance models. The annual thermal and electrical yield achieved 86% and 89% of the simulated thermal and electrical yield, respectively.

  • 32.
    Cabral, Diogo
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Gomes, João
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system. Solarus Sunpower Sweden AB, Gävle, Sweden.
    Dostie-Guindon, Paul-Antoine
    Ecole Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
    Karlsson, Björn O.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Ray tracing simulations of a novel low concentrator PVT solar collector for low latitudes2017In: ISES Solar World Congress 2017 - IEA SHC International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry 2017, Proceedings, International Solar Energy Society , 2017, p. 1068-1079Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    One way to reduce solar collector's production costs is to use concentrators that increase the output per photovoltaic cell. Concentrating collectors re-direct solar radiation that passes through an aperture into an absorber. The current study evaluates electrical performance of symmetric C-PVT solar collectors with a vertical bifacial receiver, through a numerical ray tracing model software, Tonatiuh. Several designs have been analysed, such as the Pure Parabola (PP) and MaReCo CPC geometries, both symmetric. Parameters such as concentration factor, electrical performance, transversal and longitudinal IAM (Incidence Angle Modifier), the influence of optical elements and influence of the length of the reflector in the shadow effect have been studied for different geometries. The simulations were performed for Mogadishu, Somalia and showed good results for the Pure Parabola collector (PPc) annual received energy, 379 and 317 kWh/m2/year for a focal length of 15 e 30 mm, respectively. A symmetrical double MaReCo CPC collector has been simulated with the annual received energy of 315 kWh/m2/year. The addition of the optical elements will decrease the annual received energy of the PPc by around 11.5%, where the optical properties (7.1%) and glass (4.1%) have the biggest impact in the annual received energy. Overall, symmetric geometries proved to be the most suitable geometries for low latitudes applications, being the geometry f1 (focal length of 15 mm) the best one. 

  • 33.
    Cabral, Diogo
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Karlsson, Björn O.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Electrical and thermal performance evaluation of symmetric truncated C-PVT trough solar collectors with vertical bifacial receivers2018In: Solar Energy, ISSN 0038-092X, E-ISSN 1471-1257, Vol. 174, p. 683-690Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    One way to reduce solar collectors’ production costs is to use concentrators that increase the output per photovoltaic cell. Concentrating collectors re-direct solar radiation that passes through an aperture into an absorber/receiver. Symmetrical truncated non-tracking C-PVT trough collectors based on a parabola and compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) geometries have been developed. The collector type has a central vertical bifacial (fin) receiver and it was optimized for lower latitudes. In this paper, the electrical and thermal performance of symmetric truncated non-tracking low concentrator PVT solar collectors with vertical bifacial receivers is analysed, through a numerical ray-tracing model software and a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment. A thermal (quasi-dynamic testing method for liquid heating collectors described in the international standard for solar thermal collectors ISO 9806:2013) and electrical performance models were implemented to evaluate the design concepts. The evaluation was made for heating Domestic Hot Water for a Single Family House in Fayoum (Egypt), where CPC geometries with a concentration factor of 1.6 achieved 8 to 13%rel higher energy yields (in kWh/m2/year) than the Pure Parabola geometries.

  • 34.
    Cehlin, Mathias
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Karimipanah, Taghi
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Prediction of indoor airflow close to a supply device using SST-SAS Model2015In: Ventilation 2015 - Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Industrial Ventilation / [ed] Taipale A., Li Z., Li X., and Zhang X, International Conference on Industrial Ventilation , 2015, Vol. 2, p. 681-688Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Modern diffusers applied in the field of ventilation of rooms are often complex in terms of geometry, including perforated plates, dampers, guide rails, curved surfaces and other components inside the diffuser, with the intention to create satisfying thermal comfort for the occupants. Also connecting ducts can be different for the same diffuser in different situations, affecting the supply velocity profile. It is obvious that simulation of airflow and air temperature particularly in rooms with displacement ventilation is very troublesome, particularly if the near-zone of the diffuser is of interest. Experiments commonly indicate very high turbulence intensities in the near-zone of displacement ventilation supply devices, especially close to the floor where high mean flow gradient occurs. This indicates that the air flow from inlet devices designed for displacement ventilation might be very unsteady; the position of the stream leaving the diffuser and entering the room is changing with time, hence diffusion of momentum and temperature are increased. Also Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities occurs, resulting in mixing and entrainment of surrounding air into the gravity current. These effects are not captured correctly in RANS simulations, since it is performed with the assumption of time-independent conditions. In this paper URANS simulations were performed for prediction of velocity and temperature distribution close to a complex air supply device in a room with displacement ventilation. The presented study show that URANS with the SST-SAS ᅵᅵ - ᅵᅵ turbulence model predicts the air velocities and air temperatures very well close to the air supply device. The URANS computation using the SST-SAS model seems to successfully contribute to the reproduction of large-scale unsteady flow patterns in the near-zone of the supply device, and therefore enable more accurate prediction of the velocity and temperature distributions compared to the steady-RANS computation and dissipative URANS models.

  • 35.
    Cehlin, Mathias
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Karimipanah, Taghi
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Larsson, Ulf
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Unsteady CFD simulations for prediction of airflow close to a supply device for displacement ventilation2014In: Indoor Air 2014 - 13th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, 2014, p. 47-54Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Modern diffusers applied in the field of ventilation of rooms are often complex in terms of geometry, including perforated plates, dampers, guide rails, curved surfaces and other components inside the diffuser, with the intention to create satisfying thermal comfort for the occupants. Also connecting ducts can be different for the same diffuser in different situations, affecting the supply velocity profile. It is obvious that simulation of airflow and air temperature particularly in rooms with displacement ventilation is very troublesome, particularly if the near-zone of the diffuser is of interest. Experiments commonly indicate very high turbulence intensities in the near-zone of displacement ventilation supply devices, especially close to the floor where high mean flow gradient occurs. This indicates that the air flow from inlet devices designed for displacement ventilation might be very unstable; the position of the stream leaving the diffuser and entering the room is changing with time, hence diffusion of momentum and temperature are increased. This effect is not captured in RANS simulations, since it is performed with the assumption of time-independent conditions. In this paper URANS simulations were performed for prediction of velocity and temperature distribution close to a complex air supply device in a room with displacement ventilation. The presented study show that unsteady simulations with the realizable turbulence k-ε model generates too high eddy viscosity and therefore damps out the unsteadiness of the flow especially inside the diffuser.

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  • 36.
    Cehlin, Mathias
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Larsson, Ulf
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Chen, Huijuan
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Division of Built Environment - Energy and circular economy, Borås, Sweden.
    Numerical investigation of Air Change Effectiveness in an Office Room with Impinging Jet Ventilation2018In: Proceedings of the 4th international Conference on Building Energy & Environment / [ed] K. Inthavong*, C.P Cheung, G. Yeoh, J.Y. Tu, Melbourne: Conference On Building Energy & Environment - COBEE2018, Melbourne Australia , 2018, p. 641-646Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Providing occupant comfort and health with minimum use of energy is the ultimate purpose of heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems. This paper presents the air-change effectiveness (ACE) within a typical office room using impinging jet ventilation (IJV ) in combination with chilled ceiling (CC) under different heat loads ranging from 6.5 - 51 W per square meter floor area. In this study, a validated CFD model based on the v2f turbulence model is used for the prediction of air flow pattern and ACE. The interaction effect of chilled ceiling and heat sources results in a complex flow with air circulation. The thermal plumes and air circulation in the room result in a variation of ACE within the room but also close to the occupant. For all studied cases, ACE is above 1.2 close to the occupants, indicating that IJV is more energy efficient than mixing ventilation.

  • 37.
    Chen, Huijuan
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system. Linköpings universitet, Energisystem.
    Experimental and numerical investigations of a ventilation strategy – impinging jet ventilation for an office environment2014Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A well-functioning, energy-efficient ventilation system is of vital importance to offices, not only to provide the kind of comfortable, healthy indoor environment necessary for the well-being and productive work performance of occupants, but also to reduce energy use in buildings and the associated impact of CO2 emissions on the environment. To achieve these goals impinging jet ventilation has been developed as an innovative ventilation concept.

    In an impinging jet ventilation system, a high momentum of air jet is discharged downwards, strikes the floor and spreads over it, thus distributing the fresh air along the floor in the form of a very thin shear layer. This system retains advantages of mixing and stratification from conventional air distribution methods, while capable of overcoming their shortcomings.

    The aim of this thesis is to reach a thorough understanding of impinging jet ventilation for providing a good thermal environment for an office, by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) supported by detailed measurements. The full-field measurements were carried out in two test rooms located in a large enclosure giving relatively stable climate conditions. This study has been divided into three parts where the first focuses on validation of numerical investigations against measurements, the second addresses impacts of a number of design parameters on the impinging jet flow field and thermal comfort level, and the third compares ventilation performance of the impinging jet supply device with other air supply devices intended for mixing, wall confluent jets and displacement ventilation, under specific room conditions.

    In the first part, velocity and temperature distributions of the impinging jet flow field predicted by different turbulence models are compared with detailed measurements. Results from the non-isothermal validation studies show that the accuracy of the simulation results is to a great extent dependent on the complexity of the turbulence models, due to complicated flow phenomena related to jet impingement, such as recirculation, curvature and instability. The v2-f turbulence model shows the best performance with measurements, which is slightly better than the SST k-ω model but much better than the RNG k-ε model. The difference is assumed to be essentially related to the magnitude of turbulent kinetic energy predicted in the vicinity of the stagnation region. Results from the isothermal study show that both the SST k-ω and RNG k-ε models predict similar wall jet behaviours of the impinging jet flow.

    In the second part, three sets of parametric studies were carried out by using validated CFD models. The first parametric study shows that the geometry of the air supply system has the most significant impact on the flow field. The rectangular air supply device, especially the one with larger aspect ratio, provides a longer penetration distance to the room, which is suitable for industrial ventilation. The second study reveals that the interaction effect of cooling ceiling, heat sources and impinging jet ventilation results in complex flow phenomena but with a notable feature of air circulation, which consequently decreases thermal stratification in the room and increases draught discomfort at the foot level. The third study demonstrates the advantage of using response surface methodology to study simultaneous effects on changes in four parameters, i.e. shape of air supply device, jet discharge height, supply airflow rate and supply air temperature. Analysis of the flow field reveals that at a low discharge height, the shape of air supply device has a major impact on the flow pattern in the vicinity of the supply device. Correlations between the studied parameters and local thermal discomfort indices were derived. Supply airflow rates and temperatures are shown to be the most important parameter for draught and stratification discomfort, respectively.

    In the third part, the impinging jet supply device was shown to provide a better overall performance than other air supply devices used for mixing, wall confluent jets and displacement ventilation, with respect to thermal comfort, heat removal effectiveness, air exchange efficiency and energy-saving potential related to fan power.

  • 38.
    Chen, Huijuan
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system. Linköpings universitet.
    Janbakhsh, Setareh
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system. Linköpings universitet.
    Larsson, Ulf
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system. Linköpings universitet.
    Numerical investigation of ventilation performance of different air supply devices in an office environment2015In: Building and Environment, ISSN 0360-1323, E-ISSN 1873-684X, Vol. 90, p. 37-50Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to compare ventilation performance of four different air supply devices in an office environment with respect to thermal comfort, ventilation efficiency and energy-saving potential, by performing numerical simulations. The devices have the acronyms: Mixing supply device (MSD), Wall confluent jets supply device (WCJSD), Impinging jet supply device (IJSD) and Displacement supply device (DSD). Comparisons were made under identical set-up conditions, as well as at the same occupied zone temperature of about 24.2°C achieved by adding different heat loads and using different air-flow rates. Energy-saving potential was addressed based on the air-flow rate and the related fan power required for obtaining a similar occupied zone temperature for each device. Results showed that the WCJSD and IJSD could provide an acceptable thermal environment while removing excess heat more efficiently than the MSD, as it combined the positive effects of both mixing and stratification principles. This benefit also meant that this devices required less fan power than the MSD for obtaining equivalent occupant zone temperature. The DSD showed a superior performance on heat removal, air exchange efficiency and energy saving to all other devices, but it had difficulties in providing acceptable vertical temperature gradient between the ankle and neck levels for a standing person. 

  • 39.
    Chen, Lan
    et al.
    School of Amopheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, HaiZhu, Guangzhou, China.
    Hang, Jian
    School of Amopheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, HaiZhu, Guangzhou, China.
    Sandberg, Mats
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Claesson, Leif
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, BMG laboratory.
    Di Sabatino, Silvana
    Department of Physics and Astronomy - DIFA, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
    The Influence of Building Packing Densities on Flow Adjustment and City Breathability in Urban-like Geometries2017In: Procedia Engineering, ISSN 1877-7058, E-ISSN 1877-7058, Vol. 198, p. 758-769Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    City breathability refers to the air exchange process between the flows above and within urban canopy layers (UCL) and that of in-canopy flow, measuring the potential of wind to remove and dilute pollutants, heat and other scalars in a city. Bulk flow parameters such as in-canopy velocity (Uc) and exchange velocity (UE) have been applied to evaluate the city breathability. Both wind tunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were used to study the flow adjustment and the variation of city breathability through urban-like models with different building packing densities. We experimentally studied some 25-row and 15-column aligned cubic building arrays (the building width B=72 mm and building heights H=B) in a closed-circuit boundary layer wind tunnel. Effect of building packing densities (λp=λf=0.11, 0.25, 0.44) on flow adjustment and drag force of each buildings were measured. Wind tunnel data show that wind speed decreases quickly through building arrays due to strong building drag. The first upstream building induces the strongest flow resistance. The flow adjustment length varies slightly with building packing densities. Larger building packing density produces lower drag force by individual buildings and attains smaller velocity in urban canopy layers, which causes weaker city breathability capacity. In CFD simulations, we performed seven test cases with various building packing densities of λp=λf=0.0625, 0.11, 0.25, 0.36, 0.44 and 0.56. In the cases of λp=λf=0.11, 0.25, 0.44, the simulated profiles of velocity and drag force agree with experiment data well. We computed Uc and UE, which represent horizontal and vertical ventilation capacity respectively. The inlet velocity at 2.5 times building height in the upstream free flow is defined as the reference velocity Uref. Results show that UE/Uref changes slightly (1.1% to 0.7%) but Uc/Uref significantly decreases from 0.4 to 0.1 as building packing densities rise from 0.0625 to 0.56. Although UE is induced by both mean flows and turbulent momentum flux across the top surface of urban canopy, vertical turbulent diffusion is found to contribute mostly to UE.

  • 40.
    Chen, Lan
    et al.
    School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
    Hang, Jian
    School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Earth Climate and Environment System, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
    Sandberg, Mats
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Claesson, Leif
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, BMG laboratory.
    Di Sabatino, Silvana
    University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
    Wigö, Hans
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    The impacts of building height variations and building packing densities on flow adjustment and city breathability in idealized urban models2017In: Building and Environment, ISSN 0360-1323, E-ISSN 1873-684X, Vol. 118, p. 344-361Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Improving city breathability has been confirmed as one feasible measure to improve pollutant dilution in the urban canopy layer (UCL). Building height variability enhances vertical mixing, but its impacts remain not completely explored. Therefore, both wind tunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations are used to investigate the effect of building height variations (six height standard deviations σH = 0%–77.8%) associated to building packing densities namely λp/λf = 0.25/0.375 (medium-density) and 0.44/0.67 (compact) on city breathability. Two bulk variables (i.e. the in-canopy velocity (UC) and exchange velocity (UE)) are adopted to quantify the horizontal and vertical city breathability respectively, which are normalized by the reference velocity (Uref) in the free flow, typically set at z = 2.5H0 where H0 is the mean building height. Both flow quantities and city breathability experience a flow adjustment process, then reach a balance. The adjustment distance is at least three times longer than four rows documented in previous literature. The medium-density arrays experience much larger UC and UE than the compact ones. UE is found mainly induced by vertical turbulent fluxes, instead of vertical mean flows. In height-variation cases, taller buildings experience larger drag force and city breathability than lower buildings and those in uniform-height cases. For medium-density and compact models with uniform height, the balanced UC/Uref are 0.124 and 0.105 respectively, moreover the balanced UE/Uref are 0.0078 and 0.0065. In contrast, the average UC/Uref in height-variation cases are larger (115.3%–139.5% and 125.7%–141.9% of uniform-height cases) but UE/Uref are smaller (74.4%–79.5% and 61.5%–86.2% of uniform-height cases) for medium-density and compact models. 

  • 41.
    Chilo, Johannes
    et al.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Heinola, Niina
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Luftomsättningsmätning med avklingningsmetoden: fältmätningar med CO2 som spårgas.: Studie i en 3-plansvilla med självdragsventilation.2016Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the result of a study commissioned by the owners of a house of 1972 with natural ventilation. Discussion with the owners has revealed that they suspect that the ventilation is not adequate. If the ventilation is not working properly it can cause health problems for people through increased levels of humidity and air pollution. Boverket requires that the minimum air change rate should be 0.5 per hour or an outdoor air flow of 0.35 l/s per m2 in new- and reconstruction of buildings. The purpose of the study is to calculate air circulation by using tracer gas dilution method with CO2 as tracer gas accordance with ISO 12569: 2012. The aim is also to compile the legal requirements, guidelines and recommendations that apply to the air exchange and air flow indoors. The study is limited to the living space of the house. Tracer gas method is performed in four bedrooms, two WC and a bathroom; all with exhaust ventilation. WC, bathroom and one of the bedroom achieved the recommended requirement for air change rate. The bedroom with the lowest air change rate did not reach the recommendation probably due to the horizontal and longer air channel. Bedroom, with the exhaust ventilation canal beside the warm canal from the fire place, had faster air change when the fireplace is heated. The bedroom, with the exhaust ventilation canal isolated from the warm canal from the fire place, remained unaffected. Data collection of temperature, relative humidity and CO2 was measured in four bedrooms over two nights. One night with the door closed and one night with a open door. The air quality was better with the door open than with the door closed. CO2concentration did not reach harmful levels due to the large room volume. Tracer gas method in total living area had to be interrupted because homogeneous mixture of CO2 could not be achieved. The study shows that natural ventilation systems are sensitive to weather conditions. The air change rate in the building did not reach the recommendations. The positions of the ventilations are improperly according to the requirements of the Boverket and Folkhälsomyndigheten. They recommend that the supply ventilation should provide fresh air to bedroom and livingrooms, but in this study the building have exhaust ventilation in the bedrooms instead. The recommendation to the house owners is to not prevent the ventilations flow in while making reconstruction. For example, when replacing to new windows should supply ventilation be installed to increase the air supply. Ventilation systems should be reviewed by a ventilation expert if a conversion to a mechanical ventilation system is possible to ensure a good and healthy indoor environment. To enhance the outdoor air supply should the windows and doors open regularly. We recommend future studies to take measurements over longer periods and in different seasons

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  • 42.
    Chung, Juyeon
    et al.
    Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
    Lim, Eunsu
    Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
    Sandberg, Mats
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Ito, Kazuhide
    Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
    Returning and net escape probabilities of contaminant at a local point in indoor environment2017In: Building and Environment, ISSN 0360-1323, E-ISSN 1873-684X, Vol. 125, p. 67-76Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The quantified recirculation of a contaminant in a local domain is an essential property of the ventilation efficiency in a room. The returning probability of a contaminant (α) generated in a local domain and its net escape probability (NEP) are essential information for understanding the structure of the contaminant concentration distribution in a room and for controlling the indoor air quality. Here, we propose the fundamental definitions of α and NEP and discuss their potential relation with the net escape velocity (NEV) concept. NEP is defined at a local point and/or local domain as the probability that a contaminant is exhausted directly through an exhaust outlet and does not re-circulate to the target local point/domain again. In a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, the minimum local domain in a room corresponds to the control volume (C.V.) of discretization; hence, NEP in a C.V. is assumed as the probability in a point without volume. In this study, the calculation results of α, NEP, and NEV distributions in a simple two-dimensional model room and a three-dimensional room with push-pull type ventilation system are demonstrated and discussed.

  • 43.
    Compadre Senar, David
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Performance evaluation of a rooftop solar photovoltaic power plant in the Gävle Arenaby (Gävle, Sweden): Installation testing2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The current energy situation is taking a turn towards renewable energies, due to the new pacts to curb global warming. These agreements, together with governmental aid, are facilitating an escalation in the production and improvement of new energy systems and the price decrease due to a larger-scale production.

    Within these energy alternatives, solar energy is found, specifically the subject to be treated in this project is photovoltaic energy, due to its exponential growth in the last 10 years, new tools are being developed for its monitoring and modelling.

    Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to develop a method  for installation testing of a PV-system. The method should give the installed nominal power of the system and show if the maximum power point trackers work as expected.

    A large PV-system was installed on the roof of Gävle Arenaby during 2017. A measurement system for monitoring of the power of the system and of the solar irradiance was installed.

    Different parameters have been taken into account for the adjustment of the model that vary the performance of the system. These factors are: the irradiance received, the module temperature and the angle of incidence.

    It has been concluded that the results obtained indicate a correct adjustment of the theoretical power against the real power, which means, a correct operation of the generated model. Besides, the expected power follows a linear trend, reaching the power set by the manufacturer for Standard Test Conditions. The results show that the monitored modules-strings fulffill the promised performance and the method for installation testing work as expected. The linear correlation between corrected power and irradiance means that the maximum power point tracker in the inverter works independent of the power.

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  • 44.
    Contero, Francisco
    et al.
    University of Zaragoza.
    Gomes, João
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Gustafsson, Mattias
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Karlsson, Björn O.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    The impact of shading in the performance of three different solar PV systems2016Conference paper (Refereed)
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  • 45.
    Cordeiro, Roberto
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Energy Storage System for Wind-Diesel Power System in Remote Locations2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this thesis is to show how much fuel can be saved in a power system based in diesel generators with integrated wind turbine (WDPS – Wind Diesel Power System) when a storage system is integrated. Diesel generator is still the most used power system for remote locations where the conventional grid doesn’t reach and its integration with wind turbine is seen as a natural combination to reduce diesel consumption. However, the wind intermittency brings some challenges that might prevent the necessary diesel savings to the level that justifies the integration with wind turbine. The introduction of a storage system can leverage the wind energy that would otherwise be wasted and use it during periods of high demand.The thesis starts by describing the characteristics of energy storage systems (ESS) and introducing the major ESS technologies: Flywheel, Pumped Hydro, Compressed Air and the four main battery technologies, Lead Acid, Nickel-Based, Lithium-ion and Sodium-Sulphur. The aim of this step it to obtain and compile major ESS parameters to frame then into a chart that will be used as a comparison tool.In the next step, wind-diesel power systems are described and the concept of Wind Penetration is introduced. The ratio between the wind capacity and diesel capacity determines if the wind penetration is low, medium and high and this level has a direct relation to the WDPS complexity. This step also introduces important concepts pertaining to grid load and how they are affected by the wind penetration.Next step shows the development of models for low, medium and high penetration WDPS with and without integrated ESS. Simulations are executed based on these models in order to determine the diesel consumption for each of them. The simulations are done by using reMIND tool.The final step is a comparative study where the most appropriated ESS technology is chosen based on adequacy to the system, system size and location. Once the technology is chosen, the ESS economic viability is determine based on the diesel savings obtained in the previous step.Since this is a general demonstration, no specific data about wind variation and consumer demand was used. The wind variation, which is used as the input for the wind turbine (WT), was obtained from a typical Weibull Distribution which is the kind of distribution that most approximate a wind pattern for long term data collection. The wind variation over time was then randomly generated from this distribution. The consumer load variation is based on a typical residential load curves. Although the load curve was generated randomly, its shape was maintained in conformity with the typical curves.This thesis has demonstrated that ESS integrated to WDPS can actually bring a reasonable reduction in diesel utilization. Even with a wind pattern with a low mean speed (5.31 m/s), the savings obtained was around of 17%.Among all ESS technologies studied, only Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) showed to be a viable technology for a small capacity WDPS. Among the four BESS technologies studied, Lead-Acid presents the highest diesel savings with the lower initial investment and shorter payback time.

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  • 46.
    Costeira, João
    et al.
    University of Minho, Portugal.
    Vieira, Manuel
    University of Minho, Portugal.
    Hayati, Abolfazl
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Gomes, João
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Cabral, Diogo
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Development of a compact and didactic solar energy kit using Arduino2018In: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ISES EUROSUN 2018 CONFERENCE - 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOLAR ENERGY FOR BUILDINGS AND INDUSTRY / [ed] Haberle, A., INTL SOLAR ENERGY SOC , 2018, p. 1663-1667Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When the sun rises, so does the key element that will shape the future of the world energy landscape. It is not an understatement to say that the solar energy industry is beginning to lead the path towards a sustainable future for all of us. However, the awareness of the potential of this amazing source of energy must begin from the most basic levels of education all the way to university. The scope of this paper is to display a new compact and didactic solar energy kit with the potential to replace current high cost and complex solar energy kits. These solutions are often too expensive and therefore unavailable for most of Europe’s public schools. As such, an equipment was developed using an open-source platform called Arduino that will enable students to conduct practical experiments in a fast, effective and simple manner and thus allow students to acquire the proper expertise in areas like energy, electronics, and programming.

  • 47.
    Eliasson, Dennis
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Kyla med värme: En jämförelsestudie med huvudfokus på fjärrvärmedriven kyla2017Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this thesis is to evaluate and compare a number of selected chilling techniques, with a main focus on heat driven cooling. Mainly for an existing building, but also a more general comparison that can be used as a basis for other projects. This thesis has been carried out in cooperationwith ÅF in Borlänge.The building that has been investigated is located in Borlänge. All calculations and assumptions regarding the district heating network are based on Borlänge Energi’s district heating network. The main purpose has been to compare the different cooling techniques from an economical point of view, but also a slight comparison from an environmental point of view. In addition, the purpose has been to investigate how a district heating supplier can deliver cooling to its customers without having to dig down newdistrict cooling pipes.

    The cooling techniques compared in this thesis are absorption chillers, adsorption chillers, sorptive cooling and conventional electrical compression chillers. In order to compare the different techniques, the total life cycle cost has been calculated. Investment costs and data have been obtained from skillful salesmen representing variouscompanies. Operating costs have been calculated using data and energy prices from Borlänge Energi. Costs for installation, shipping and lifting are not included in this thesis.

    The most cost-effective solution for the existing building is to install an absorption chiller, closely followed by complementing the existing cooling system with free cooling. The absorption chillers has very low operating costs during the summer, when the price of the district heating is at its lowest. The most expensive technique are adsorption cooling, due to its expensive investment cost and its low efficiency.

    For the general comparison, it was found that the most cost-effective solution is absorption chiller as well, closely followed by the conventional compressor chiller. The absorption chillers has much lower operating costs than its competitors, but the compressor chiller has a lower investment cost and a much better efficiency.

    If Borlänge Energi were to sell district heat-produced cooling during the summerusing an adsorption chiller, they would have a payback time of only approximately 2 years, with a cooling power of 655kW. With a cooling power of 100 kW, the payback time would be approximately 5 years.

    Conclusions can be drawn from this thesis that buildings with higher cooling demand are better suited for heat-driven cooling.

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    fulltext
  • 48.
    Eriksson, Denise
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Energibalans för Norra stegvalsverket: En fallstudie på Sandvik AB i Sandviken2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In 2014, industrial operations in Sweden consumed nearly 40% of the total energy use. The steel and metal industry uses the second largest amount of energy in the industrial sector, only the pulp and paper industry uses more. A large part of the energy is waste heat and is often considered as waste. I many cases the waste heat can be used for district heating if it has sufficiently high temperature.

    This thesis has been taken as a case study at the steel industry Sandvik. The aim of this study is to develop an energy balance for one of the buildings at the plant. Another purpose is to investigate whether there is a possibility to reuse the heat from the cooling system. The building that has been investigated is called Norra stegvalsverket, which is a cold-pilger mill. To reach the goal with this study, a literature study has been conducted, a case study containing some measurements of flows and temperatures, as well as a variety of interviews. To generate an energy balance, it is required that the energy flow of the building is mapped. The energy that is added is electricity, steam, and internal heat. The energy that the building consumes is transmission, ventilation, cooling water, and uncontrolled ventilation. The study has been limited to one building and no technical solutions have been investigated.

    The result of this work show that the temperature of the cooling water is too low to be used for district heating unless it is upgraded to a higher temperature. One possible application for the cooling water is to preheat the ventilation air. The study also shows that there is too little detailed information regarding the use of electricity in the building. The problem was discovered at the end of the project, which meant that there was no time to make further measurements. Due to this problem, the study does not give a fair picture how the energy is distributed in Norra stegvalsverket. To develop this study, a thorough investigation of the electricity usage is required to find exactly how much electricity the building uses. A study could also be carried out to find out if there are technical and economic opportunities to preheat the ventilation air with the cooling water.

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    Energibalans för Norra stegvalsverket
  • 49.
    Eriksson, Martin
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Investigating fossil fuel utilization and the potential of reducing fossil fuels for heating in companies: The case of Gävleborg County2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Fossil fuels constitute roughly 80 % of the world’s energy supply and of this amount oil makes up almost one third. The combustion of these fossil fuels leads to increasing levels of greenhouse gases, causing a warming of the earth through the so called greenhouse effect. Because of this, several environmental and energy goals have been established by both the European Union and Sweden.

     

    The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how the use of fossil fuels can be reduced in companies that use oil for heating, in Gävleborg County. The thesis was divided into four problems to be solved. First, the companies that fit this description was identified by contacting energy advisors at municipalities. The second task was to investigate how willing these companies were to change to some other form of heating, which meant creating and sending a survey to them.

     

    It was also investigated what other aspects can affect a companies’ decision making, both technical and behavioural. The technical aspects meant listing and discussing some of the technical difficulties that can hinder a company from changing heating technology. Behavioural aspects were investigated using the comments left on the survey as well as research on the topic of barriers and driving forces that can affect companies.

     

    The final task was to estimate the reduction in CO2 emissions that could be achieved. This was done with data for the companies that answered that they wanted to change to some other form of heating and assumption regarding to the amount of emissions from different fuels.

     

    It was found that 95 companies use oil in Gävleborg County and 26 of these companies answered the survey to some extent, although results were only based on 24 of these answers. On the question of whether companies could consider changing to a different heating system, the same number (nine) that said “yes” also said “no”. There were many reasons for a company not wanting to change. Technical difficulties might be proximity to district heating net, not being able to install heat pumps, lacking infrastructure for biomass supply or being too close to a densely populated area to use biomass. Even so, it was concluded that for every company there is a possible technical solution.

     

    Behavioural aspects were also found to be numerous. Some companies answered that their reason for not changing was not owning their working facility and seeing the heating need as being too low to justify an investment. The research collected stated that lack of time, lack of money and having other priorities are important barriers. Meaning that to help companies change heating system, financial aid should be given, for example in the form of subsidies and soft loans. It can also be important to provide consulting assistance and informing companies of energy related issues and the benefits of dealing with them.

     

    The other answers to the survey varied a lot. The amount of oil used varied from 5 MWh to over 125000 MWh. The companies could also consider changing to all the optional heating systems, though district heating and heat pump were the most chosen with eight each. Ten companies said that they needed consultation and the same number said that they didn’t need it. Ten companies also said that they needed investment support and eight said that they did not need it.

    It was estimated that greenhouse gas emissions could be lowered by approximately 28900 tons, for the companies that took part in the survey. Two companies could also consider installing solar heating and assuming that this replaces 20 % of the total heating demand, a further reduction of roughly 1030 tons of greenhouse gas emissions is achieved.

     

    Based on past research, it was concluded that it is possible to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels in a region or company. This might come in the form of lowering overall energy use or replacing oil with biofuels. The responses to the survey also show that there is some interest in the companies asked. Even though they might have answered that they did not want to change heating, they did at least answer the survey. 

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    fulltext
  • 50.
    Falk, Anders B.
    et al.
    SLU.
    Lindström, Svante
    University of Gävle, Central University Administration.
    Mattsson, Magnus
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Energy system.
    Wright, Sandra A. I.
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Biology.
    Influence of some weather parameters on the susceptibility of apple fruit to postharvest grey mould attack2018In: Proceedings 2018, 2018, p. 124-127Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Several cultural and weather factors during the season influence the susceptibility of apple fruit to post-harvest pathogens. In the present study, the effect of different weather parameters on postharvest susceptibility of apples of the cv. ‘Ingrid Marie’ to grey mould was investigated. In 2015, apple fruit were collected from orchards in Southern Sweden, where local weather stations monitored different parameters. After harvest, the fruit were tested for susceptibility to grey mould by artificially inoculating them with%FLQHUHD. Lesion development was monitored over a 10-day-period. Analysis of results for a few orchards showed that cold weather for over a month preceding harvest and a low total number of growth degree days gave apples that were more susceptible to grey mould. This study was carried out in conventional orchards, but the conclusions can be important also for organic production, since they deal with the general effect of sunshine, temperature and rain, factors that may strengthen fruit during cultivation, regardless of production type. Future studies may focus on organic production to investigate whether these effects are general and also apply to organic production.

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