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  • 1.
    Abirifard, Mahmoud
    et al.
    Shiraz Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Earth Sci, Shiraz, Iran..
    Raeisi, Ezzat
    Shiraz Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Earth Sci, Shiraz, Iran..
    Zarei, Mehdi
    Shiraz Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Earth Sci, Shiraz, Iran..
    Zare, Mohammad
    Shiraz Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Earth Sci, Shiraz, Iran..
    Filippi, Michal
    Czech Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Vvi, Rozvojova 269, Prague 6, Czech Republic..
    Bruthans, Jiri
    Charles Univ Prague, Fac Sci, Albertov 6, Prague 12843 2, Czech Republic..
    Talbot, Christopher J.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Jahani Salt Diapir, Iran: hydrogeology, karst features and effect on surroundings environment2017In: International Journal of Speleology, ISSN 0392-6672, E-ISSN 1827-806X, Vol. 46, no 3, p. 445-457Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Jahani Salt Diapir (JSD), with an area of 54 km(2), is an active diapir in the Simply Folded Belt of the Zagros Orogeny, in the south of Iran. Most of the available studies on this diapir are focused on tectonics. The hydrogeology, schematic model of flow direction and hydrochemical effects of the JSD on the adjacent water resources are lacking, and thus, are the focus of this study. The morphology of the JSD was reevaluated by fieldwork and using available maps. The physicochemical characteristics of the springs and hydrometric stations were also measured. The vent of the diapir is located 250 m higher than the surrounding glaciers, and covered by small polygonal sinkholes (dolines). The glacier is covered by cap soils, sparse trees and pastures, and contains large sinkholes, numerous shafts, several caves, and 30 brine springs. Two main groups of caves were distinguished. Sub-horizontal or inclined stream passages following the surface valleys and vertical shafts (with short inlet caves) at the bottoms of nearly circular blind valleys. Salt exposure is limited to steep slopes. The controlling variables of flow route within salt diapirs are the negligible porosity of the salt rocks at depth more than about ten meters below the ground surface and the rapid halite saturation along the flow route. These mechanisms prevent deep cave development and enforce the emergence points of brine springs with low flow rates and small catchment area throughout the JSD and above the local base of erosion. Tectonics do not affect karst development, because the distributions of sinkholes and brine springs show no preferential directions. The type of spring water is sodium chloride, with a TDS of 320 g/l, and saturated with halite, gypsum, calcite and dolomite. The water balance budget of the JSD indicates that the total recharge water is 1.46 MCM (million cubic meter)/a, emerges from 30 brine springs, two springs from the adjacent karstic limestone, and flows into the Firoozabad River (FR) and the adjacent alluvium aquifer. The FR cuts through the northern margin of the salt diapir, dissolving the glacier salts at the contact with JSD, increasing the halite concentration of the 17.7 MCM/a of the FR from 100 mg/l to 12,000 mg/l. This is a permanent process because the active glacier flows rapidly down the steep slopes into the river gorge from the nearby vent. The possible relocation of the FR channel would enhance the FR water quality, but disrupt the natural beauty of the diapir.

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  • 2.
    Ahmadi, Omid
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Koyi, Hemin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Juhlin, Christopher
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Gessner, Klaus
    Geol Survey Western Australia, 100 Plain St, East Perth, WA 6004, Australia.
    Seismic signatures of complex geological structures in the Cue-Weld range area, Murchison domain, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia2016In: Tectonophysics, Vol. 689, p. 56-66Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Murchison domain forms the northwest part of the Youanmi Terrane, a tectonic unit within the Neoarchean Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia. In the Cue-Weld Range area the Murchison domain has experienced a complex magmatic and deformation history that resulted in a transposed array of greenstone belts that host significant iron, gold, and base metal deposits. In this study, we interpret the upper 2 s (about 6 km) of a deep crustal seismic profile TOGA-YU1, near the town of Cue, and correlate rock units and structures in outcrop with corresponding reflections. We performed 3D constant velocity ray-tracing and calculate the corresponding travel times for the reflectionsfor time domain pre-stack and post-stack seismic data. This allows us to link shallow reflections with mafic volcanic rocks of the Glen Group and basaltic rocks of the Polelle Group in outcrop. Based on our interpretation and published geological maps and data, we propose a model in which the local stratigraphy represents a refolded thrust system. To test our hypothesis, we applied 2D acoustic finite difference forward modeling. The corresponding synthetic data were processed in the same way as the acquired data. Comparisons between the acquired and the synthetic data show that the model is consistent with observations. We propose a new model for the subsurface of the Cue-Weld Range area and argue that some of the lithologies in the area are repeated structurally at different levels. Our approach highlights the benefit of imaging and modeling of deep seismic transects to resolve local structural complexity in Archean granite-greenstone terrains.

  • 3.
    Ali, Moamen
    et al.
    Khalifa Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Earth Sci, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates.;Khalifa Univ Sci & Technol, RICH Ctr Res & Innovat CO 2 & H 2, POB 127788, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates.;Assiut Univ, Dept Geol, Assiut, Egypt..
    Koyi, Hemin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Khalifa Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Earth Sci, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates..
    Bosworth, William
    Apache Khalda Corp LDC, 11 St 281, Cairo, Egypt..
    Ligi, Marco
    CNR, Ist Sci Marine, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy..
    Ball, Philip J.
    Keele Univ, Fac Nat Sci Geog Geol & Environm, William Smith Bldg, Newcastle Upon Tyne ST5 5BG, Northumberland, England..
    Decarlis, Alessandro
    Khalifa Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Earth Sci, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates.;Khalifa Univ Sci & Technol, RICH Ctr Res & Innovat CO 2 & H 2, POB 127788, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates..
    Geometry and kinematics of the Middle to Late Miocene salt tectonics, central Egyptian Red Sea margin2023In: Journal of Structural Geology, ISSN 0191-8141, E-ISSN 1873-1201, Vol. 176, article id 104955Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Red Sea basin includes a thick Middle to Late Miocene evaporitic succession that underwent halokinesis and caused intensive reshaping of the seafloor and the development of salt-tectonic structures. However, the ge-ometry and kinematics of these structures are still poorly understood. This study uses 2D and 3D seismic surveys and well data of the northern Egyptian Red Sea to systematically describe the distribution and morphology of salt structures, discuss their initiation, and construct a kinematic model for their origin. Our results indicate that the massive salt layer developed into five major NW-SE to NNE-SSW trending salt walls, characterized by relatively irregular crests and moderately dipping flanks. In addition, several symmetrical and asymmetrical folds and two categories of normal faults (subsalt and suprasalt) have been recognized. Based on our observations, salt mobilization in the study area started in the Late Miocene, during the precipitation of layered evaporites, and continued until the present day. In the northern Egyptian Red Sea, seismic interpretation indicates that hal-okinesis was triggered by a combination of thin-and thick-skinned systems, where the latter played a major role. The salt layer was welded during the Quaternary as several sags and grabens developed above the salt diapirs. Thick-skinned physical models are compatible with our observations, supporting the impact of basement faulting on Red Sea diapirism.

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  • 4.
    Almqvist, Bjarne
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Biedermann, Andrea
    Klonowska, Iwona
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Misra, Santanu
    Petrofabric development during experimental partial melting and recrystallization of a mica-schist analogue2015In: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, E-ISSN 1525-2027, Vol. 16, no 10, p. 3472-3483Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 5.
    Almqvist, Bjarne
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Björk, Andreas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences. CSIRO, Mineral Resources, Bradfield Road, West Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia.
    Mattsson, Hannes B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Hedlund, Daniel
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Solid State Physics.
    Gunnarsson, Klas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences, Solid State Physics.
    Malehmir, Alireza
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Högdahl, Karin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Bäckström, Emma
    Nordic Iron Ore, Ludvika, Sweden.
    Marsden, Paul
    Nordic Iron Ore, Ludvika, Sweden.
    Magnetic characterisation of magnetite and hematite from the Blötberget apatite-iron-oxide deposits (Bergslagen), south-central Sweden2019In: Canadian journal of earth sciences (Print), ISSN 0008-4077, E-ISSN 1480-3313, Vol. 56, no 9, p. 948-957Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rock magnetic measurements were carried out on drill core material and hand specimens from the Blötberget apatite-iron oxide deposit in the Bergslagen ore province, south-central Sweden, to characterise their magnetic properties. Measurements included several kinds of magnetic susceptibility and hysteresis parameters. Petrographic and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to independently identify and quantify the amount and type of magnetite and hematite. Two hematite-rich samples were studied with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to quantify the trace element chemistry in hematite and investigate the potential influence of trace elements on magnetic properties. Three aspects of this study are noteworthy. 1) Hematite-rich samples display strong anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, which is likely to affect the appearance and modelling of magnetic anomalies. 2) The magnitude-drop in susceptibility across Curie and Néel temperature transitions show significant correlation with the respective weight percent (wt%) of magnetite and hematite. Temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements can therefore be used to infer the amounts of both magnetite and hematite. 3) observations of a strongly depressed Morin transition at ca -60 to -70 C (200 to 210 K) are made during low-temperature susceptibility measurements. This anomalous Morin transition is most likely related to trace amounts of V and Ti that substitute for Fe in the hematite. When taken together, these magnetic observations improve the understanding of the magnetic anomaly signature of the Blötberget apatite-iron oxide deposits and may potentially be utilised in a broader context when assessing similar (Paleoproterozoic) apatite-iron oxide systems.

  • 6.
    Almqvist, Bjarne
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Koyi, Hemin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Bulk strain in orogenic wedges based on insights from magnetic fabrics in sandbox models2018In: Geology, ISSN 0091-7613, E-ISSN 1943-2682, Vol. 46, no 6, p. 483-486Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analysis is used as a petrofabric indicator for a set of four identical-setup sandbox models that were shortened by different amounts and simulate contraction in a fold-and-thrust belt. During model shortening, a progressive reorientation of the initial magnetic fabric occurs due to horizontal compaction of the sand layers. At the early stages of shortening, magnetic lineation (k(1) axis) rotates parallel to the model backstop with subhorizontal orientation, whereas the minimum susceptibility (k(3) axis) is subvertical, which indicates a partial tectonic overprint of the initial fabric. With further shortening, the k(3) axis rotates to subhorizontal orientation, parallel to shortening direction, marking the development of a dominant tectonic magnetic fabric. A near-linear transition in magnetic fabric is observed from the initial bedding to tectonic fabric in all four models, which reflects a progressive transition in deformation from foreland toward hinterland. Model results confirm a long-held hypothesis where the AMS pattern and degree of anisotropy have been suggested to reflect the amount of layer-parallel shortening, based on field observations in many mountain belts. Results furthermore indicate that grain rotation may play a significant role in low-grade compressive tectonic regimes. The combination of analogue models with AMS enables the possibility to predict magnetic fabrics in different tectonic settings and to develop quantitative links between AMS and strain.

  • 7.
    Almqvist, Bjarne
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Misra, Santanu
    Klonowska, Iwona
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Mainprice, David
    Majka, Jaroslaw
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Ultrasonic velocity drops and anisotropy reduction in mica-schist analogues due to melting with implications for seismic imaging of continental crust2015In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, ISSN 0012-821X, E-ISSN 1385-013X, Vol. 425, p. 24-33Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 8.
    Almqvist, Bjarne
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    van der Lelij, Roelant
    Högdahl, Karin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Lescoutre, Rodolphe
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Schönenberger, Jasmin
    Fossen, Haakon
    Sjöström, Håkan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Juhlin, Christopher
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Luth, Stefan
    Grigull, Susanne
    Viola, Giulio
    Brittle basement deformation during the Caledonian Orogeny observed by K-Ar geochronology of illite-bearing fault gouge in west-central Sweden2023In: Terra Nova, ISSN 0954-4879, E-ISSN 1365-3121, Vol. 35, no 3, p. 213-219Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study presents K-Ar ages of illite-bearing fault gouges in crystalline basement in central-western Sweden. Samples were taken from two faults that localized brittle deformation marginal to and within mafic dikes that intruded Paleoproterozoic granitoids. K-Ar ages from 10 separated grain fractions span from 823 to 392 Ma. Older ages obtained (823–477 Ma) were influenced by a mixture of illite and K-feldspar; the latter likely formed during a hydrothermal event prior to faulting. The remaining ages (442.1 ± 9.7 to 391.7 ± 6.1 Ma) were obtained from fractions from both faults hosting only authigenic illite and show that illite crystallized during the Scandian phase of the Caledonian orogeny. These results indicate that previously presumed autochthonous Caledonian basement was involved in continental contraction and subsequent collapse of the Caledonian orogen, influencing both the mode and depth of penetration of deformation into Baltica.

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  • 9.
    Amri, Zayneb
    et al.
    Water Res & Technol Ctr Borj Cedria, Georesources Lab, Tunis, Tunisia.;Carthage Univ, Fac Sci Bizerte, Tunis, Tunisia..
    Masrouhi, Amara
    Water Res & Technol Ctr Borj Cedria, Georesources Lab, Tunis, Tunisia.;Carthage Univ, Fac Sci Bizerte, Tunis, Tunisia.;King Abdulaziz Univ, Fac Earth Sci, Dept Struct Geol & Remote Sensing, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia..
    Naji, Chahreddine
    Water Res & Technol Ctr Borj Cedria, Georesources Lab, Tunis, Tunisia.;Carthage Univ, Fac Sci Bizerte, Tunis, Tunisia..
    Bellier, Olivier
    Aix Marseille Univ, Coll France, CEREGE, INRAE,IRD,CNRS, Aix En Provence, France..
    Koyi, Hemin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Mechanical relationship between strike-slip faulting and salt tectonics in the Northern Tunisian Atlas: The Bir-El-Afou salt structure2022In: Journal of Structural Geology, ISSN 0191-8141, E-ISSN 1873-1201, Vol. 154, article id 104501Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Wide variety of salt structures -from typical diapirs to large allochthonous salt sheets- are recognized in the Northern Tunisian Atlas. In this study, we present for the first time the presence of a diapiric structure, Bir-ElAfou Salt Structure (BEASS), which has formed in response to strike-slip tectonics. Structural mapping, mesoscale field observations, fault kinematic analysis, and interpretation of gravity data are used to interpret BEASS, which is currently associated with a restraining bend. The present-day NNE- trending restraining stepover is formed as a result of E-W dextral fault system. We assume that the restraining stepover is a product of the inversion of a pre-existing pull-apart basin that formed during the Cretaceous South Tethyan extension. Tectono-sedimentary relationship is used to argue for an early Cretaceous NW-SE regional extension and local transtension. During the opening of the pull-apart basin, salt movement took place in the southwestern corner of the basin which must have thinned due to its extension facilitating diapiric emplacement. Diapir growth during Aptian was followed by brief salt flow from the diapir crest towards the basin forming a salt sheet. A period of Tertiary contraction resulted in the inversion of the pull-apart basin and consequently, squeezing of BEASS.

  • 10.
    Andersson, Frida
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Svällskiffer i Östersund – Geologiska och kemiska förutsättningars samband till svällbenägenhet2024Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Jämtlands bedrock mainly consists of sedimentary rocks that has been metamorphosed during the Caledonian orogenesis. In the central parts of Östersund almost only black shale with a low grade of metamorphism is encountered. Damages on buildings has occurred due to swelling in shale in several places in Östersund. Swelling occurs when the bedrock is exposed to water and air. Pyrite and Calcite in the shale reacts and forms gypsum, which causes volume expansion. During this study laboratory swelling tests were performed, where one part of the samples was kept dry while the other part was exposed to water. The samples were examined with x-ray diffraction to quantify the mineral content. The swelling tests were performed with the purpose of evaluating XRD as a method for predicting the swelling risk in the early stage of planning for new facilities in the bedrock.To prevent damages caused by swelling several methods have been tested, where the attempts included shutting out oxygen from the bedrock by keeping it below the ground water level and by sealing the rock surface in different ways. There are multiple factors that affects the swelling risk, this work discusses influence from sulfur content, pH and temperature. Lastly <0,1wt% gypsum was observed in all samples from the survey area through XRD analysis, a low amount of pyrite and pyrrhotite was also seen in all samples. The low amounts in combination with standard deviation in the analysis made it difficult to prove any difference in mineralogy due to the swelling tests. Hence it is still important to keep in mind that the bedrock in the area has the right conditions for swelling even though the results show no difference in the amount of gypsum between the dry and wet samples. 

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  • 11.
    Andersson, Magnus
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Almqvist, Bjarne S. G.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Burchardt, Steffi
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Troll, Valentin R.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Malehmir, Alireza
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Snowball, Ian
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development.
    Kubler, Lutz
    Geol Survey Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Magma transport in sheet intrusions of the Alnö carbonatite complex, central Sweden2016In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 6, article id 27635Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Magma transport through the Earth's crust occurs dominantly via sheet intrusions, such as dykes and cone-sheets, and is fundamental to crustal evolution, volcanic eruptions and geochemical element cycling. However, reliable methods to reconstruct flow direction in solidified sheet intrusions have proved elusive. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) in magmatic sheets is often interpreted as primary magma flow, but magnetic fabrics can be modified by post-emplacement processes, making interpretation of AMS data ambiguous. Here we present AMS data from cone-sheets in the Alno carbonatite complex, central Sweden. We discuss six scenarios of syn- and post-emplacement processes that can modify AMS fabrics and offer a conceptual framework for systematic interpretation of magma movements in sheet intrusions. The AMS fabrics in the Alno cone-sheets are dominantly oblate with magnetic foliations parallel to sheet orientations. These fabrics may result from primary lateral flow or from sheet closure at the terminal stage of magma transport. As the cone-sheets are discontinuous along their strike direction, sheet closure is the most probable process to explain the observed AMS fabrics. We argue that these fabrics may be common to cone-sheets and an integrated geology, petrology and AMS approach can be used to distinguish them from primary flow fabrics.

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  • 12.
    Andersson, Malin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Iron and Oxygen Isotope Signatures of Magnetite in Iron Ore of Kiruna Type2020Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 30 credits / 45 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Stable isotope analysis of iron and oxygen isotopes in magnetite of Kiruna-type from Sweden and Chile have been conducted to further the understanding of the formation, and advance the analysis methods of these deposits. For this, data from SIMS (secondary ion mass spectroscopy), EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) and triple oxygen analysis (by laser fluorination) are used. Some researchers have found that crystal orientation can affect the oxygen and iron isotope ratios when analysing magnetite by SIMS, complicating the process. EBSD analysis therefore aided by finding the orientations of the crystals prior to SIMS analysis. Magnetite from Kiruna have been tested for use as SIMS reference material, but it did not prove to be suitable at present time. Further homoegeneity tests can be useful before declaring the sample as unsuitable. Preliminary iron isotope results from SIMS on magnetite from Kiirunavaara indicate an internal variation of δ 56 Fe between -0.72-0.70 per mil, with an uncertainty of 0.38 per mil (1σ). The variations could not be determined to match crystal orientations.

    Triple oxygen analyses show very low ∆'17 O on Kiruna samples, -357 to -171 ‰, indicating a strong MIF-O (mass-independently fractionated oxygen isotope composition) component. The MIF-O signal is also present in ∆'17 O records in evaporites from similar ages (1.7 - 1.9 Ga) (Crockford et al. 2019), which are known to partly contain oxygen derived from atmospheric O 2 . The MIF-O signal was not present in the Chilean magnetite samples, however, they are within the ∆'17 range of evaporites (Crockford et al.2019) from a similiar age (0 Ma vs 2 Ma). It is proposed that magmatic fluids interacted with evaporites, exchanging oxygen isotopes, before forming magnetite of Kiruna-type, thereby allowing the magnetite to contain part of the atmospheric isotopic record.

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  • 13.
    Andersson, Stefan
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Univ Helsinki, Dept Geosci & Geog, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
    Jonsson, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Geol Survey Sweden, Dept Mineral Resources, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Högdahl, Karin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Metamorphism and deformation of a Palaeoproterozoic polymetallic sulphide-oxide mineralisation: Hornkullen, Bergslagen, Sweden2016In: GFF, ISSN 1103-5897, E-ISSN 2000-0863, Vol. 138, no 3, p. 410-423Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Hornkullen mineralisation is situated in the westernmost part of the Bergslagen ore province, south-central Sweden. Here, polymetallic sulphides and oxides are hosted by an inlier of Svecofennian, c. 1.9Ga skarn-bearing metavolcanic units, enclosed in the c. 1.8Ga Filipstad granite belonging to the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt. The Ag- and Au-bearing mineralisation is dominated by veins and impregnations of magnetite, pyrrhotite, galena, chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite with subordinate pyrite, sphalerite, ilmenite, lollingite, Pb-Fe-Ag-Cu-Sb sulphosalts and rare gudmundite, pentlandite and molybdenite. Overall, a detailed textural and mineralogical study of the ore assemblages suggests significant deformation and remobilisation at high temperature, which is corroborated by sulphide geothermobarometry. The arsenopyrite geothermometer yields an average temperature of c. 525 degrees C, which is likely to be the result of metamorphic re-equilibration. Sphalerite geobarometry gives peak pressures of c. 300-400MPa, albeit with caveats. The combined observations suggest that the present mineralogical and textural nature of the ore assemblages at Hornkullen is primarily related to remobilisation during Svecokarelian regional metamorphism of a pre-existing, most likely syn-volcanic mineralisation. This scenario is likely to be applicable to many other Svecofennian metasupracrustal-hosted deposits in the Bergslagen ore province.

  • 14.
    Andersson, Stefan S.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Sahlström, Fredrik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences. Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway.
    Jonsson, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Department of Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Luth, Stefan
    Department of Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Lynch, Edward P.
    Department of Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Högdahl, Karin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Zack, Thomas
    Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden;Department of Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
    Gies, Nils
    Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Sädbom, Stefan
    Lovisagruvan AB, Stråssa, Sweden.
    Hansson, K.S. Alexander
    Orexplore AB, Kista, Sweden.
    Bergqvist, Mikael
    Orexplore AB, Kista, Sweden.
    Mineral paragenesis and sulphide trace element distribution in the metamorphosed Lovisa Zn-Pb deposit, Bergslagen (Sweden), as revealed by 3D X-ray tomography, ore petrography and LA-ICP-MS analysis2022In: Ore Geology Reviews, ISSN 0169-1368, E-ISSN 1872-7360, Vol. 140, article id 104611Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study encompasses the ore mineralogy, textures and sulphide trace element chemistry of the Palaeoproterozoic Lovisa stratiform Zn-Pb deposit and the stratigraphically underlying Lovisa Fe Formation in the Bergslagen ore province (Sweden). We investigate the relative timing of formation and subsequent modifications of its ores in relation to the c. 1.87–1.80 Ga Svecokarelian orogeny. The Lovisa Zn-Pb deposit consists of several different ore types. The massive sphalerite-galena ore is distinctly deformed, exhibiting a multiple-scale “ball ore” texture with rounded silicate clasts within a deformed, fine-grained sulphide matrix. Underlying the massive ore is a locally folded, sphalerite-rich laminated ore, interpreted to represent a metamorphosed relict primary lamination. Several generations of sphalerite-galena fracture fillings and veins occur adjacent to the main ore zones and they cross-cut early ductile structures and metamorphic features. The trace element signatures of the sphalerite-galena infillings generally mimic those of the two main ore zones, thus supporting an origin by localised remobilisation of the primary sulphide ore and demonstrating limited trace element redistribution during this process. In contrast, discrete sulphosalt-rich fracture fillings cross-cutting earlier galena-chalcopyrite-rich fracture fillings and veinlets in the Lovisa Fe Formation suggest a significant but still relatively localised redistribution of metals. Trace element mapping of sulphides from the Lovisa Zn-Pb deposit reveals that inclusion-free overgrowths on pyrite crystals are locally Co-enriched compared to the cores, which resulted from the redistribution of Co during late metamorphic processes. Combined textural and geochemical evidence suggest that the originally syngenetic exhalative sulphide ore at Lovisa was locally strongly affected by polyphase deformation and remobilisation. This was initiated during the first stage of amphibolite facies grade regional metamorphism and deformation (D1, c. 1.87–1.85 Ga) but is mostly evident from the later stages (D2) and the evolution to retrograde and brittle conditions (c. 1.83–1.80 Ga and later).

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  • 15.
    Andersson, Stefan S.
    et al.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Geosci & Geog, POB 64,Gustaf Hallstromin Katu 2a, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
    Wagner, Thomas
    Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Appl Mineral & Econ Geol, Wullnerstr 2, D-52062 Aachen, Germany.
    Jonsson, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Geol Survey Sweden, Dept Mineral Resources, Box 670, SE-75128 Uppsala, Sweden.
    Fusswinkel, Tobias
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Geosci & Geog, POB 64,Gustaf Hallstromin Katu 2a, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Appl Mineral & Econ Geol, Wullnerstr 2, D-52062 Aachen, Germany.
    Leijd, Magnus
    Leading Edge Mat Corp, Skolallen 2B, SE-82141 Bollnas, Sweden.
    Berg, Johan T.
    Chromafom AB, Banvaktsvagen 22, SE-17148 Solna, Sweden.
    Origin of the high-temperature Olserum-Djupedal REE-phosphate mineralisation, SE Sweden: A unique contact metamorphic-hydrothermal system2018In: Ore Geology Reviews, ISSN 0169-1368, E-ISSN 1872-7360, Vol. 101, p. 740-764Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish part of the Fennoscandian Shield hosts a variety of rare earth element (REE) deposits, including magmatic to magmatic-hydrothermal types. This paper focuses on the origin of the Olserum-Djupedal REEphosphate mineralisation located in the sparsely studied Vastervik region, SE Sweden. Here, mineralisation occurs in three main areas, Olserum, Djupedal and Bersummen. Primary hydrothermal REE mineralisation formed at high temperatures (about 600 degrees C), leading to precipitation of monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y), fluor apatite and minor (Y,REE,U,Fe)-(Nb,Ta)-oxides in veins and vein zones dominated by biotite, amphibole, magnetite and quartz. The veins are hosted primarily by metasedimentary rocks present close to, or within, the contact aureole of a local 1.8 Ga ferroan alkali feldspar granite pluton, but also occur within in the chemically most primitive granite in the outermost part of that pluton. In the Djupedal area, REE-mineralised metasedimentary bodies are extensively migmatised, with migmatisation post-dating the main stage of mineralisation. In the Olserum and Bersummen areas, the REE-bearing veins are cross-cut by abundant pegmatitic to granitic dykes. The field-relationships demonstrate a-protracted magmatic evolution of the granitic,pluton and a clear spatial and temporal relationship of the REE mineralisation to the granite. The major and trace element chemistry of ore-associated biotite and magnetite support genetic links between all mineralised areas. Biotite mineral chemistry data further demonstrate a distinct chemical trend from meta sediment-hosted ore-associated biotite distal to the major contact of the granite to the biotite in the granite hosted veins. This trend is characterised by a systematic decrease in Mg and Na and a coupled increase in Fe and Ti with proximity to the granite-hosted veins. The halogen compositions of ore-associated biotite indicate elevated contents of HCl and HF in the primary REE mineralising fluid. Calculated log(f(HF)/f(HCL)) values in the Olserum area suggest a constant ratio of about -1 at temperatures of 650-550 degrees C during the evolution of the primary hydrothermal system. In the Djupedal and Bersummen areas, the fluid locally equilibrated at lower log (f(HF)/f(HCl)) values down to -2. High Na contents in ore-associated biotite and amphibole, and the abundance of primary ore-associated biotite indicate a K- and Na-rich character of the primary REE mineralising fluid and suggest initial high-temperature K-Na metasomatism. With subsequent cooling of the system, the fluid evolved locally to more Ca-rich compositions as indicated by the presence of the Ca-rich minerals allanite-(Ce) and uvitic tourmaline and by the significant calcic alteration of monazite-(Ce). The later Ca-rich stages were probably coeval with low to medium-high temperature (200-500 degrees C) Na-Ca metasomatism variably affecting the granite and the wall rocks, producing distinct white quartz-plagioclase rocks. All observations and data lead us to discard the prevailing model that the REE mineralisation in the Olserum-Djupedal district represents assimilated and remobilised former heavy mineral-rich beds. Instead, we propose that the primary REE mineralisation formed by granite-derived fluids enriched in REE and P that were expelled early during the evolution of a local granitic pluton. The REE mineralisation developed primarily in the contact aureole of this granite and represents the product of a high temperature contact metamorphic-hydrothermal mineralising system. The REE mineralisation probably formed synchronously with K-Na and subsequent Na-Ca metasomatism affecting the granite and the wall rocks. The later Na-Ca metasomatic stage is probably related to a regional Na +/- Ca metasomatic and associated U +/- REE mineralising system operating concurrently with granitic magmatism at c. 1.8 Ga in the Vastervik region. This highlights the potential for discovering hitherto unknown REE deposits and for the reappraisal of already known deposits in this part of the Fennoscandian Shield.

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  • 16.
    Andersson, Stefan S.
    et al.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Geosci & Geog, POB 64,Gustaf Hallstromin Katu 2a, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
    Wagner, Thomas
    Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Appl Mineral & Econ Geol, Wullnerstr 2, D-52062 Aachen, Germany.
    Jonsson, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Geol Survey Sweden SGU, Dept Mineral Resources, SE-75128 Uppsala, Sweden.
    Fusswinkel, Tobias
    Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Appl Mineral & Econ Geol, Wullnerstr 2, D-52062 Aachen, Germany.
    Whitehouse, Martin J.
    Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Apatite as a tracer of the source, chemistry and evolution of ore-forming fluids: The case of the Olserum-Djupedal REE-phosphate mineralisation, SE Sweden2019In: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, ISSN 0016-7037, E-ISSN 1872-9533, Vol. 255, p. 163-187Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study explores the suitability of apatite as a tracer of the source(s), chemistry, and evolution of ore-forming hydrothermal fluids. This is tested by analysing the halogen (F, Cl, Br, and I), stable Cl isotopic, and trace element compositions of fluorapatite from the regional-scale Olserum-Djupedal rare earth element (REE) phosphate mineralisation in SE Sweden, which is dominated by monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y), and fluorapatite. The primary hydrothermal fluid flow system is recorded in a sequence from proximal granite-hosted to distal metasediment-hosted fluorapatite. Along this sequence, primary fluorapatite shows a gradual increase of Cl and Br concentrations and in (Gd/Yb)(N), a decrease of F and I concentrations, a decrease in delta Cl-37 values, in (La/Sm)(N), and partly in (La/Yb)(N) and (Y/Ho)(N). Local compositional differences of halogen and trace element concentrations have developed along rims and in domains adjacent to fractures of fluorapatite due to late-stage partial reaction with fracture fluids. These differences are insignificant compared to the larger deposit-scale zoning. This suggests that apatite can retain the primary record of the original ore-forming fluid despite later overprinting fluid events. The agreement between Br/Cl and I/Cl ratios of apatite and those of co-existing fluid inclusions at lower temperatures indicates that only a minor fractionation of Br from I occurs during apatite precipitation. The halogen ratios of apatite can thus be used as a first-order estimate for the composition of the ore-forming fluid. Taking the small fractionation factors for Cl isotopes between apatite and co-existing fluid at high temperatures into account, we propose that the Cl isotopic composition of apatite and the halogen ratios derived from the apatite composition can be used jointly to trace the source(s) of ore-forming fluids. By contrast, most trace elements incorporated in apatite are affected by the host rock environment and by fluid-mineral partitioning due to growth competition between co-crystallising minerals. Collectively, apatite is sensitive to changing fluid compositions, yet it is also able to record the character of primary ore-forming fluids. Thus, apatite is suitable for tracing the origin, chemistry, and evolution of fluids in hydrothermal ore-forming settings.

  • 17.
    Andersson, Stefan S.
    et al.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Geosci & Geog, POB 64,Gustaf Hallstromin Katu 2a, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland..
    Wagner, Thomas
    Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Appl Mineral & Econ Geol, Wullnerstr 2, D-52062 Aachen, Germany..
    Jonsson, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Geol Survey Sweden, Dept Mineral Resources, Uppsala, Sweden.;Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Villavagen 16, SE-75266 Uppsala, Sweden..
    Michallik, Radoslaw M.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Geosci & Geog,Gustaf Hallstromin Katu 2a, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland..
    Mineralogy, paragenesis, and mineral chemistry of REEs in the Olserum-Djupedal REE-phosphate mineralization, SE Sweden2018In: American Mineralogist, ISSN 0003-004X, E-ISSN 1945-3027, Vol. 103, no 1, p. 125-142Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The rapidly growing use of rare earth elements and yttrium (REE) in modern-day technologies, not least within the fields of green and carbon-free energy applications, requires exploitation of new REE deposits and deposit types. In this perspective, it is vital to develop a fundamental understanding of the behavior of REE in natural hydrothermal systems and the formation of hydrothermal REE deposits. In this study, we establish a mineralogical, textural, and mineral-chemical framework for a new type of deposit, the hydrothermal Olserum-Djupedal REE-phosphate mineralization in SE Sweden. An early, high-temperature REE stage is characterized by abundant monazite-(Ce) and xenotime-(Y) coexisting with fluorapatite and subordinate amounts of (Y,REE,U,Fe)-(Nb,Ta) oxides. During a subsequent stage, allanite-(Ce) and ferriallanite-(Ce) formed locally, partly resulting from the breakdown of primary monazite-(Ce). Alteration of allanite-(Ce) or ferriallanite-(Ce) to bastnasite-(Ce) and minor synchysite-(Ce) at lower temperatures represents the latest stage of REE mineral formation. The paragenetic sequence and mineral chemistry of the allanites record an increase in Ca content in the fluid. We suggest that this local increase in Ca, in conjunction with changes in oxidation state, were the key factors controlling the stability of monazite-(Ce) in the assemblages of the Olserum-Djupedal deposit. We interpret the alteration and replacement of primary monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y), fluorapatite, and minor (Y,REE,U,Fe)-(Nb, Ta) oxide phase(s), to be the consequence of coupled dissolution-reprecipitation processes. These processes mobilized REE,Th,U, and Nb-Ta, which caused the formation of secondary monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y), fluorapatite, and minor amounts of allanite-(Ce) and ferriallanite-(Ce). In addition, these alteration processes produced uraninite, thorite, columbite-(Fe), and uncharacterized (Th,U,Y,Ca)-silicates. Textural relations show that the dissolution-reprecipitation processes affecting fluorapatite preceded those affecting monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y), and the (Y, REE, U, Fe)-(Nb, Ta) oxide phase(s). The mineralogy of the primary ore mineralization and the subsequently formed alteration assemblages demonstrate the combined mobility of REE and HFSE in a natural F-bearing high-temperature hydrothermal system. The observed coprecipitation of monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y), and fluorapatite during the primary REE mineralization stage highlights the need for further research on the potentially important role of the phosphate ligand in hydrothermal REE transporting systems.

  • 18.
    Andersson Sundén, Erik
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Applied Nuclear Physics.
    Gustavsson, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Applied Nuclear Physics.
    Hjalmarsson, Anders
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Applied Nuclear Physics.
    Jacewicz, Marek
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, FREIA.
    Lantz, Mattias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Applied Nuclear Physics.
    Marciniewski, Pawel
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nuclear Physics.
    Ziemann, Volker
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, FREIA.
    Barker, Abigail
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Lundén, Karl
    SLU.
    Citizen Science and Radioactivity2019In: Nuclear Physics News, ISSN 1050-6896, Vol. 29, no 2, p. 25-28Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
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  • 19.
    Andrén, Margareta
    et al.
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Stockmann, Gabrielle
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Skelton, Alasdair
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Sturkell, Erik
    Univ Gothenburg, Dept Earth Sci, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Mörth, Carl-Magnus
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Guðrúnardóttir, Helga Rakel
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Keller, Nicole Simone
    Univ Iceland, Inst Earth Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland.
    Odling, Nic
    Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.
    Dahrén, Börje
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Broman, Curt
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Balic-Zunic, Tonci
    Univ Copenhagen, Nat Hist Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Hjartarsson, Hreinn
    Landsvirkjun, Reykjavik, Iceland.
    Siegmund, Heike
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Freund, Friedemann
    NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Earth Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
    Kockum, Ingrid
    NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Earth Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
    Coupling between mineral reactions, chemical changes in groundwater, and earthquakes in Iceland2016In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth, ISSN 2169-9313, E-ISSN 2169-9356, Vol. 121, no 4, p. 2315-2337Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected from a borehole at Hafralækur, northernIceland, from October 2008 to June 2015 revealed (1) a long-term decrease in concentration of Si and Naand (2) an abrupt increase in concentration of Na before each of two consecutive M > 5 earthquakes whichoccurred in 2012 and 2013, both 76 km from Hafralækur. Based on a geochemical (major elements and stableisotopes), petrological, and mineralogical study of drill cuttings taken from an adjacent borehole, we areable to show that (1) the long-term decrease in concentration of Si and Na was caused by constant volumereplacement of labradorite by analcime coupled with precipitation of zeolites in vesicles and along fracturesand (2) the abrupt increase of Na concentration before the first earthquake records a switchover tononstoichiometric dissolution of analcime with preferential release of Na into groundwater. We attributedecay of the Na peaks, which followed and coincided with each earthquake to uptake of Na along fracturedor porous boundaries between labradorite and analcime crystals. Possible causes of these Na peaks are anincrease of reactive surface area caused by fracturing or a shift from chemical equilibrium caused by mixingbetween groundwater components. Both could have been triggered by preseismic dilation, which was alsoinferred in a previous study by Skelton et al. (2014). The mechanism behind preseismic dilation so far from thefocus of an earthquake remains unknown.

  • 20.
    Barker, Abigail
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Ctr Nat Hazards & Disaster Sci CNDS, Villavagen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
    Hansteen, Thor H.
    GEOMAR Helmholtz Ctr Ocean Res Kiel, Wischhofstr 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
    Nilsson, David
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Unravelling the Crustal Architecture of Cape Verde from the Seamount Xenolith Record2019In: Minerals, E-ISSN 2075-163X, Vol. 9, no 2, article id 90Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Cape Verde oceanic plateau hosts 10 islands and 11 seamounts and provides an extensive suite of alkaline lavas and pyroclastic rocks. The volcanic rocks host a range of crustal and mantle xenoliths. These xenoliths provide a spectrum of lithologies available to interact with magma during transport through the lithospheric mantle and crust. We explore the origin and depth of formation of crustal xenoliths to develop a framework of magma-crust interaction and a model for the crustal architecture beneath the Cape Verde oceanic plateau. The host lavas are phononephelinites to phonolites and the crustal xenoliths are mostly mafic plutonic assemblages with one sedimentary xenolith. REE profiles of clinopyroxene in the host lavas are light rare-earth element (LREE) enriched whereas clinopyoxene from the plutonic xenoliths are LREE depleted. Modelling of REE melt compositions indicates the plutonic xenoliths are derived from mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-type ocean crust. Thermobarometry indicates that clinopyroxene in the host lavas formed at depths of 17 to 46 km, whereas those in the xenoliths formed at 5 to 20 km. This places the depth of origin of the plutonic xenoliths in the oceanic crust. Therefore, the xenoliths trace magma-crust interaction to the MORB oceanic crust and overlying sediments located beneath the Cape Verde oceanic plateau.

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  • 21.
    Barker, Abigail
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Centre of Natural Hazards and Disaster Sciences (CNDS), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Magnusson, E.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Troll, Valentin R.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development. Centre of Natural Hazards and Disaster Sciences (CNDS), Uppsala, Sweden;Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (iUNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35017, Spain.
    Harris, C.
    Mattsson, Hannes B.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Institute for Mineralogy and Petrology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
    Holm, P.M.
    Perez-Torrado, F.J.
    Carracedo, J.C.
    Deegan, Frances
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development. Centre of Natural Hazards and Disaster Sciences (CNDS), Uppsala, Sweden.
    Disequilibrium in historic volcanic rocks from Fogo, Cape Verde traces carbonatite metasomatism of recycled ocean crust2023In: Lithos, ISSN 0024-4937, E-ISSN 1872-6143, p. 107328-107328, article id 107328Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fogo, Cape Verde, located upon thick oceanic lithosphere, provides a window into processes occurring in the mantle where recycled ocean crust in an upwelling mantle plume interacts with ambient mantle. Our objective is to investigate the nature of the lithologies of the mantle sources involved in the petrogenesis of historic volcanic rocks from Fogo. We observe enclaves and mingling textures in the lavas combined with oxygen isotope disequilibrium between olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts. Olivine δ18O values display positive correlations with Zr/Hf and Zr/Y and a negative correlation with U/Th, whereas clinopyroxene δ 18O values correlate positively with Ba/Nb. Heterogeneity between crystal populations and within the groundmass indicates that multiple magma batches are mixed beneath Fogo. In terms of mantle endmembers and source lithologies, a HIMU endmember was generated by melting of carbonated eclogite as indicated by low δ 18O values, Zr/Hf, Ba/Nb and high U/Th ratios. In contrast, we show the EM1 endmember has high δ 18O, Zr/Hf, Ba/Nb and low U/Th ratios, derived from melting of variably carbonated peridotite. Additionally, Ba/Th ratio are high, indicating that carbonatite melts have contributed to alkaline magma compositions at Fogo.

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  • 22.
    Barker, Abigail
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Centre of Natural Hazards and Disaster Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Rydeblad, Elin M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences. Imperial College London.
    Silva, Sónia M. D. M.
    University of Cape Verde.
    Magma storage at Ocean Islands: insights from Cape Verde2021In: Crustal Magmatic System Evolution: Anatomy, Architecture and Physico-Chemical Processes / [ed] Matteo Masotta, Christoph Beier & Silvio Mollo, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2021, p. 45-78Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Cape Verde archipelago is a group of ocean islands in the Central Atlantic that forms two chains of islands trending northwest and southwest. Several of the islands are considered to be volcanically active, with frequent eruptions on Fogo. We examine the mineral chemistry and thermobarometry of the southern islands—Santiago, Fogo, and Brava—together with the Cadamosto Seamount. Our objective is to explore the magmatic storage system and implications for volcanic eruptions and associated hazards at Cape Verde. The volcanic rocks at Cape Verde are alkaline and dominantly mafic, whereas the island of Brava and the Cadamosto Seamount are unusually felsic. Clinopyroxene compositions range from 60 to 90 Mg# at Santiago and Fogo. In contrast, at Brava and the Cadamosto Seamount, the clinopyroxene compositions are 5 to 75 Mg#. Mineral chemistry and zonation records fractional crystallization, recharge, aggregation of crystals, magma mixing, and variations in thermal conditions of the magma at temperatures from 925 to 1250 °C. Magma storage depths at Santiago, Fogo, Brava, and the Cadamosto Seamount are between 12 and 40 km, forming deep sub-Moho magma storage zones. Transient magma storage in the crust is suggested by fluid inclusion re-equilibration and pre-eruption seismicity. A global compilation of magma storage at ocean islands suggests that deep magma storage is a common feature, and volcanic eruptions are often associated with rapid magma ascent through the crust. Shallow magma storage is more variable and likely reflects local variations in crustal structure, sediment supply, and tectonics. Petrological constraints on the magma plumbing system at Cape Verde and elsewhere are vital to integrate with deformation models and seismicity in order to improve understanding and mitigation of the volcanic hazards.

  • 23.
    Barker, Abigail
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Troll, Valentin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Univ Las Palmas, GEOVOL, La Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Spain.
    Carracedo, Juan Carlos
    Univ Las Palmas, GEOVOL, La Palmas Gran Canaria 35017, Spain.
    Nicholls, Peter A.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    The magma plumbing system for the 1971 Teneguía eruption on La Palma, Canary Islands2015In: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, ISSN 0010-7999, E-ISSN 1432-0967, Vol. 170, no 5-6, article id 54Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The 1971 Teneguía eruption is the most recent volcanic event of the Cumbre Vieja rift zone on La Palma. The eruption produced basanite lavas that host xenoliths, which we investigate to provide insight into the processes of differentiation, assimilation and magma storage beneath La Palma. We compare our results to the older volcanomagmatic systems of the island with the aim to reconstruct the temporal development of the magma plumbing system beneath La Palma.

    The 1971 lavas are clinopyroxene-olivine-phyric basanites that contain augite, sodic-augite and Aluminium augite. Kaersutite cumulate xenoliths host olivine, clinopyroxene including sodic-diopside, and calcic-amphibole, whereas an analysed leucogabbro xenolith hosts plagioclase, sodic-augite-diopside, calcic-amphibole and hauyne. Mineral and mineral-melt thermobarometry indicate that clinopyroxene and plagioclase in the 1971 Teneguía lavas crystallised at 20 to 45 km depth, coinciding with clinopyroxene and calcic-amphibole crystallisation in the kaersutite cumulate xenoliths at 25 to 45 km and clinopyroxene, calcic-amphibole and plagioclase crystallisation in the leucogabbro xenolith at 30 to 50 km.

    Combined mineral chemistry and thermobarometry suggest that the magmas had already crystallised, differentiated and formed multiple crystal populations in the oceanic lithospheric mantle. Notably, the magmas that supplied the 1949 and 1971 events appear to have crystallised deeper than the earlier Cumbre Vieja magmas, which suggests progressive underplating beneath the Cumbre Vieja rift zone. In addition, the lavas and xenoliths of the 1971 event crystallised at a common depth, indicating a reused plumbing system and progressive recycling of Ocean Island plutonic complexes during subsequent magmatic activity. 

  • 24.
    Barnes, C. J.
    et al.
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Jeanneret, Pauline
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Univ Bourgogne Franche Comte, Lab Chronoenvironm, Besancon, France..
    Kullerud, K.
    Univ Tromso, Dept Geol, Tromso, Norway.;Norwegian Min Museum, Kongsberg, Norway..
    Majka, Jaroslaw
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Schneider, D. A.
    Univ Ottawa, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Ottawa, ON, Canada..
    Bukala, M.
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Klonowska, I
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Exhumation of the High-Pressure Tsakkok Lens, Swedish Caledonides: Insights From the Structural and White Mica(40)Ar/Ar-39 Geochronological Record2020In: Tectonics, ISSN 0278-7407, E-ISSN 1944-9194, Vol. 39, no 7, article id e2020TC006242Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Integrated structural, geochemical, and geochronological investigations were conducted on metasedimentary rocks in the eclogite-bearing Tsakkok Lens of the Seve Nappe Complex (Scandinavian Caledonides) to resolve its exhumation history. Three deformation events are defined. D1 is likely related to the prograde to peak-metamorphic stages, represented by a locally preserved S1. D2 resulted in vertical shortening and is defined by a pervasive S2 and cm-/m-scale F2 closed folds. D2 terminated with Scandian thrusting, which emplaced the overlying Koli Nappe Complex. D3 records NE-SW shortening and constitutes m-/km-scale F3 open folds that deformed the Tsakkok Lens and Koli Nappe Complex together. In situ white mica(40)Ar/Ar-39 geochronology was conducted on select metasedimentary samples possessing S1 or S2 to resolve the timing of exhumation. Postdecompression cooling of the Tsakkok Lens is best recorded by samples containing S1 or S2 that yield homogeneous white mica chemistry and(40)Ar/Ar-39 dates. The timing of cooling is resolved to 477.2 +/- 4.1 Ma (S1) and 475.3 +/- 3.5 Ma (S2). Vertical shortening of the lens during exhumation may have proceeded until 458.1 +/- 9.0 Ma. Later-stage deformation during Scandian thrusting penetrated the Tsakkok Lens at 429.9 +/- 9.0 Ma, or younger. This resulted in noncoaxial deformation of the metasedimentary rocks, producing heterogeneous white mica chemistry and partially reset the older(40)Ar/Ar-39 cooling record. Temperatures for deformation are resolved to the upper greenschist-lower amphibolite facies. Altogether, the Tsakkok Lens records rapid exhumation from eclogite-facies conditions to midcrustal depths or shallower, followed by emplacement of the overlying Koli Nappe Complex.

  • 25.
    Barnes, C. J.
    et al.
    Polish Acad Sci, Inst Geol Sci, Krakow, Poland.;AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Majka, Jaroslaw
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Jeanneret, Pauline
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Ziemniak, G.
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland.;Univ Wroclaw, Inst Geol Sci, Wroclaw, Poland..
    Kooijman, E.
    Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geosci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Kosminska, K.
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Kielman-Schmitt, M.
    Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geosci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Schneider, D. A.
    Univ Ottawa, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Ottawa, ON, Canada..
    Using Th-U-Pb geochronology to extract crystallization ages of Paleozoic metamorphic monazite contaminated by initial Pb2021In: Chemical Geology, ISSN 0009-2541, E-ISSN 1872-6836, Vol. 582, article id 120450Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Geochronology of Th-rich minerals is advantageous as it allows use of three isotopic systems (i.e., Pb-206/U-238, Pb-207/U-235, and Pb-208/Th-232) for accurate data assessment. The Pb-208/Th-232 system is especially advantageous in cases where the dated mineral includes an initial Pb component, as Pb-208/Th-232 is the least sensitive to the effects of initial Pb amongst the three systems. This benefit is demonstrated with monazite from a white mica schist of the Tsakkok Lens, Scandinavian Caledonides, where three distinct generations of Paleozoic monazite (Mnzsingle bondI, Mnz-II, Mnz-III) are recognized and dated using laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry. The generations are interpreted to represent monazite crystallization in high-pressure conditions (Mnzsingle bondI), followed by lower-pressure monazite growth (Mnz-II), and likely dissolution-reprecipitation of the pre-existing monazite (Mnz-III). The results are compared in Tera-Wasserburg, Wetherill, and Th-U-Pb concordia space for each monazite generation. In both Tera-Wasserburg and Wetherill space, the data are all discordant and indicate an initial Pb component in the monazite. The trend and magnitude of discordance due to initial Pb in Mnz-I and Mnz-II is generally controlled by UO2 content of the monazite, with higher UO2 equating to greater radiogenic Pb and a dampening of the initial Pb effect, which is most prominent in the Pb-207/U-235 system. For the same generations, initial Pb discordance of Pb-206/U-238 versus Pb-208/Th-232 is less apparent due to the insensitivity of Pb-208/Th-232. Mnz-III does not follow the initial Pb trends, likely due to disturbance of the chemical and isotopic systems during recrystallization. Additional discordance in Mnz-I and Mnz-II, which is not related to initial Pb, is recognized and increases with actinide content. The additional discordance may be due to Pb-mobilization in Mnz-I and Mnz-II domains and is revealed when utilizing the( 208)Pb/Th-232 system due to its insensitivity to initial Pb effects. Consequently, relying only on the U-Pb systems can lead to significant initial Pb overcorrections in Tera-Wasserburg or Wetherill concordia space and to calculations of erroneously young concordia dates. The Th-U-Pb concordia method, incorporating all three systems, does not require an initial Pb correction and, therefore, can account for the additional discordance. The Th-U-Pb concordia dates are interpretated as accurate crystallization ages for Mnz-I (484.7 +/- 1.1 Ma, MSWD: 1.4) and Mnz-II (474.7 +/- 1.2 Ma, MSWD: 1.9). The timing for Mnz-III formation is not well-resolved as it formed via result of dissolution-reprecipitation of the pre-existing monazite, likely under lower amphibolite- to greenschist-facies conditions.

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  • 26.
    Barnes, Christopher J.
    et al.
    Polish Acad Sci, Inst Geol Sci, Krakow, Poland..
    Bukala, Michal
    Polish Acad Sci, Inst Geol Sci, Krakow, Poland..
    Callegari, Riccardo
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Walczak, Katarzyna
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Kooijman, Ellen
    Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geosci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Kielman-Schmitt, Melanie
    Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geosci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Majka, Jaroslaw
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Zircon and monazite reveal late Cambrian/early Ordovician partial melting of the Central Seve Nappe Complex, Scandinavian Caledonides2022In: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, ISSN 0010-7999, E-ISSN 1432-0967, Vol. 177, no 9, article id 92Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Seve Nappe Complex (SNC) comprises continental rocks of Baltica that were subducted and exhumed during the Caledonian orogeny prior to collision with Laurentia. The tectonic history of the central SNC is investigated by applying in-situ zircon and monazite (Th-)U-Pb geochronology and trace element analysis to (ultra-)high pressure (UHP) paragneisses in the Avardo and Marsfjallet gneisses. Zircons in the Avardo Gneiss exposed at Sippmikk creek exhibit xenocrystic cores with metamorphic rims. Cores show typical igneous REE profiles and were affected by partial Pb-loss. The rims have flat HREE profiles and are interpreted to have crystallized at 482.5 +/- 3.7 Ma during biotite-dehydration melting and peritectic garnet growth. Monazites in the paragneiss are chemically homogeneous and record metamorphism at 420.6 +/- 2.0 Ma. In the Marsfjallet Gneiss exposed near Kittelfjall, monazites exhibit complex zoning with cores enveloped by mantles and rims. The cores are interpreted to have crystallized at 481.6 +/- 2.1 Ma, possibly during garnet resorption. The mantles and rims provide a dispersion of dates and are interpreted to have formed by melt-driven dissolution-reprecipitation of pre-existing monazites until 463.1 +/- 1.8 Ma. Depletion of Y, HREE, and U in the mantles and rims compared to the cores record peritectic garnet and zircon growth. Altogether, the Avardo and Marsfjallet gneisses show evidence of late Cambrian/early Ordovician partial melting (possibly in (U)HP conditions), Middle Ordovician (U)HP metamorphism, and late Silurian tectonism. These results indicate that the SNC underwent south-to-north oblique subduction in late Cambrian time, followed by progressive north-to-south exhumation to crustal levels prior to late Silurian continental collision.

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  • 27.
    Barnes, Christopher J.
    et al.
    Polish Acad Sci, Inst Geol Sci, ul Senacka 1, PL-31002 Krakow, Poland..
    Gilio, Mattia
    Univ Pavia, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, via Ferrata 1, I-27100 Pavia, Italy..
    Bukala, Michal
    Polish Acad Sci, Inst Geol Sci, ul Senacka 1, PL-31002 Krakow, Poland.;CSIC UGR, Inst Andaluz Ciencias Tierra IACT, Av Palmeras,4, Armilla 18100, Granada, Spain..
    Wlodek, Adam
    AGH Inst Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, al Adama Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland..
    Majka, Jarosław
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. AGH Inst Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, al Adama Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland.
    Smit, Matthijs
    Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth Ocean & Atmospher Sci, 2020 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada..
    Garnet-Quartz Inclusion Thermobarometry and Lu-Hf Chronology Detail the Pre-Ultra-High Pressure Metamorphic History of the Grapesvare Nappe, Scandinavian Caledonides2023In: Journal of Petrology, ISSN 0022-3530, E-ISSN 1460-2415, Vol. 64, no 12, article id egad086Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The subduction–exhumation history of the Grapesvare nappe in the northern Seve Nappe Complex (Scandinavian Caledonides) is recorded by late Cambrian/Early Ordovician ultra-high pressure (UHP) and subsequent amphibolite facies metamorphic events. Records of these events obscured earlier metamorphic episodes that are important for understanding the tectonics of the orogen. To extract the pre–UHP metamorphic records, garnet Lu–Hf geochronology, Titanium-in-Quartz thermobarometry, and Quartz-in-Garnet elastic thermobarometry were applied to garnet porphyroblasts in metasedimentary rocks and eclogite. Metasedimentary rocks contain chemically homogeneous garnet (Grt-M1) with shape-matured quartz inclusions. In some rocks, these garnets are overgrown by garnet with bell-shaped Mn-zoning (Grt-M2) containing irregularly-shaped quartz inclusions. This evolution is interpreted as partial dissolution of Grt-M1 and subsequent growth of Grt-M2. Garnet in the eclogite is volumetrically dominated by eclogite-facies garnet (Grt-E1) that envelope remnants of an older, chemically distinct generation (Grt-E0) with highly irregular and diffuse boundaries. Shape-matured quartz inclusions are present within both garnet generations and define a zoning pattern that is not reflective of the chemical zoning. Collectively, these characteristics are interpreted as replacement of Grt-E0 by Grt-E1 via interface-coupled dissolution–reprecipitation, with the latter inheriting the shape-matured quartz inclusions of the former. Pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions extracted from the quartz inclusions in Grt-M1 and Grt-E0/E1 are 1.08 to 1.21 GPa at 645°C to 695°C and 0.94 to 1.03 GPa at 605°C to 640°C, respectively. These conditions are interpreted as cooling of the rocks from a high temperature metamorphic history, altogether preceding subduction of the Grapesvare nappe. The quartz inclusions in Grt-M2 record 1.04 to 1.21 GPa at 620°C to 675°C, interpreted as prograde metamorphic growth of Grt-M2 during subduction at 495.7 ± 3.2 Ma. Subsequent eclogite-facies metamorphism was responsible for the formation of Grt-E1 at the expense of Grt-E0. The collective results indicate a prolonged polymetamorphic history of the Grapesvare nappe prior to UHP metamorphism that has not been recognized previously.

  • 28.
    Barnes, Christopher J.
    et al.
    Polish Acad Sci, Inst Geol Sci, Krakow, Poland.;AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Majka, Jaroslaw
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Bukala, Michal
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Nääs, Erika
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Rousku, Sabine
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences.
    Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of a metasomatic calc-silicate in the Tsäkkok Lens, Scandinavian Caledonides2021In: GEOLOGY GEOPHYSICS AND ENVIRONMENT, ISSN 2299-8004, Vol. 47, no 1, p. 21-31Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Tsakkok Lens of the Seve Nappe Complex in the Scandinavian Caledonides comprises eclogiie bodies hosted within metasedimentary rocks. These rocks are thought to be derived from the outermost margin of Baltica along the periphery of the Iapetus Ocean, but detrital records from the sedimentary rocks are lacking. Many metasedimentary outcrops within the lens expose both well-foliated metapelitic rocks and massive talc-silicates. The contacts between these two lithologies are irregular and are observed to trend at all angles to the high-pressure foliation in the metapelites. Where folding is present in the metapelites, the talc-silicate rocks are also locally folded. These relationships suggest metasomatism of the metapelites during the Caledonian orogenesis. Zircon U-Pb geochronology was conducted on sixty-one zircon grains from a talc-silicate sample to investigate if they recorded the metasomatic event and to assess the detrital zircon populations. Zircon grains predominantly show oscillatory zoning, sometimes with thin, homogeneous rims that have embayed contacts with the oscillatory-zoned cores. The zircon cores yielded prominent early Stenian, Calymmian, and Statherian populations with a subordinate number of Tonian grains. The zircon rims exhibit dissolution-reprecipitation of the cores or new growth and provide ages that span similar time frames, indicating overprinting of successive tectonic events. Altogether, the zircon record of the talc-silicate suggests that the Tsakkok Lens may be correlated to Neoproterozoic basins that are preserved in allochthonous positions within the northern extents of the Caledonian Orogen.

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  • 29.
    Barnes, Christopher J.
    et al.
    Polish Acad Sci, Inst Geol Sci, Krakow, Poland..
    Schneider, David A.
    Univ Ottawa, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Ottawa, ON, Canada..
    Majka, Jaroslaw
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Camacho, Alfredo
    Univ Manitoba, Dept Earth Sci, Winnipeg, MB, Canada..
    Bukala, Michal
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland.;Inst Andaluz Ciencias Tierra IACT, CSIC, Armilla, Spain.;Univ Granada, Armilla, Spain..
    Wlodek, Adam
    40Ar/39Ar dates controlled by white mica deformation and strain localization: Insights from comparing in situ laser ablation and single-grain fusion techniques2023In: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, ISSN 0263-4929, E-ISSN 1525-1314, Vol. 41, no 9, p. 1143-1166Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In situ laser ablation and single-grain fusion Ar-40/Ar-39 geochronological techniques were directly compared using white mica from nine metasedimentary rocks from the Vaimok Lens of the Seve Nappe Complex (SNC) in the Scandinavian Caledonides. Seven of the rocks are from the eclogite-bearing Grapesvare nappe within the lens that is defined by D2 structures (S2 and F2), which were formed during exhumation following late Cambrian/Early Ordovician ultra-high pressure metamorphism. Two other rocks were obtained from 'Scandian' shear zones that delimit the nappes within the lens. The shear zones were active during terminal collision of Baltica and Laurentia in the Silurian to Devonian. The rocks exhibit variable deformation intensities and degrees of strain localization, expressed in particular by white mica. The in situ laser ablation and single-grain fusion Ar-40/Ar-39 dates both span from the late Cambrian to Middle Devonian. Results of both techniques generally show decreasing dates with increasing bulk deformation intensity and successive structural generations (i.e., D2 then Scandian structures). Furthermore, several discrepancies are evident when comparing the results of the two techniques for the same rocks, indicating the Ar-40/Ar-39 dates are not solely governed by bulk deformation intensities and structural generations. Instead, the discrepancies demonstrate the additional influence of white mica strain localization, which is illuminated by the different analytical volumes of the techniques. Thus, the Ar-40/Ar-39 datasets are altogether deciphered as a function of bulk deformation intensity and degree of strain localization that affected the overall white mica volume. The former controls the gross Ar-40 loss from the overall volume and the latter dictates the variability of Ar-40 loss within the volume. Exploiting the interplay of these two phenomena for the Vaimok Lens rocks with in situ laser ablation allows for the broad span of Ar-40/Ar-39 dates to be contextualized into a sequence of tectonic events: (1) cooling at 474 +/- 3 Ma, (2) pre-collision deformation at 447 +/- 2 Ma and (3) activation of crustal-scale shear zones in the SNC related to continental collision at 431 +/- 3 Ma and 411 +/- 3 Ma.

  • 30.
    Barnes, Christopher J.
    et al.
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland..
    Walczak, Katarzyna
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland..
    Janots, Emilie
    Univ Grenoble Alpes, Inst Sci Terre, F-38058 Grenoble, France..
    Schneider, David
    Univ Ottawa, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada..
    Majka, Jaroslaw
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland..
    Timing of Paleozoic Exhumation and Deformation of the High-Pressure Vestgotabreen Complex at the Motalafjella Nunatak, Svalbard2020In: Minerals, E-ISSN 2075-163X, Vol. 10, no 2, article id 125Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Vestgotabreen Complex exposed in the Southwestern Caledonian Basement Province of Svalbard comprises two Caledonian high-pressure units. In situ white mica 40Ar /39Ar and monazite Th-U-total Pb geochronology has resolved the timing of the tectonic evolution of the complex. Cooling of the Upper Unit during exhumation occurred at 476 2 Ma, shortly after eclogite-facies metamorphism. The two units were juxtaposed at 454 6 Ma. This was followed by subaerial exposure and deposition of Bullbreen Group sediments. A 430-400 Ma late Caledonian phase of thrusting associated with major sinistral shearing throughout Svalbard deformed both the complex and the overlying sediments. This phase of thrusting is prominently recorded in the LowerUnit, and is associated with a pervasive greenschist-facies metamorphic overprint of high-pressure lithologies. A c. 365-344 Ma geochronological record may represent an Ellesmerian tectonothermal overprint. Altogether, the geochronological evolution of the Vestgotabreen Complex, with previous petrological and structural studies, suggests that it may be a correlative to the high-pressure Tsakkok Lens in the Scandinavian Caledonides. It is suggested that the Vestgotabreen Complex escaped to the periphery of the orogen along the sinistral strike-slip shear zones prior to, or during the initial stages of continental collision between Baltica and Laurentia.

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  • 31.
    Barnes, Christopher
    et al.
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland.
    Majka, Jaroslaw
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland.
    Schneider, David
    Univ Ottawa, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
    Walczak, Katarzyna
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland.
    Bukala, Michal
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland.
    Kosminska, Karolina
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland.
    Tokarski, Tomasz
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Acad Ctr Mat & Nanotechnol, Krakow, Poland.
    Karlsson, Andreas
    Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geosci, Stockholm, Sweden.
    High-spatial resolution dating of monazite and zircon revealsthe timing of subduction-exhumation of the Vaimok Lens in the Seve Nappe Complex (Scandinavian Caledonides)2019In: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, ISSN 0010-7999, E-ISSN 1432-0967, Vol. 174, no 1, article id 5Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In-situ monazite Th-U-total Pb dating and zircon LA-ICP-MS depth-profiling was applied to metasedimentary rocks from the Vaimok Lens in the Seve Nappe Complex (SNC), Scandinavian Caledonides. Results of monazite Th-U-total Pb dating, coupled with major and trace element mapping of monazite, revealed 603 +/- 16 Ma Neoproterozoic cores surrounded by rims that formed at 498 +/- 10 Ma. Monazite rim formation was facilitated via dissolution-reprecipitation of Neoproterozoic monazite. The monazite rims record garnet growth as they are depleted in Y2O3 with respect to the Neoproterozoic cores. Rims are also characterized by relatively high SrO with respect to the cores. Results of the zircon depth-profiling revealed igneous zircon cores with crystallization ages typical for SNC metasediments. Multiple zircon grains also exhibit rims formed by dissolution-reprecipitation that are defined by enrichment of light rare earth elements, U, Th, P, +/- Y, and +/- Sr. Rims also have subdued Eu anomalies ( Eu/Eu* approximate to 0.6-1.2) with respect to the cores. The age of zircon rim formation was calculated from three metasedimentary rocks: 480 +/- 22 Ma; 475 +/- 26 Ma; and 479 +/- 38 Ma. These results show that both monazite and zircon experienced dissolution-reprecipitation under high-pressure conditions. Caledonian monazite formed coeval with garnet growth during subduction of the Vaimok Lens, whereas zircon rim formation coincided with monazite breakdown to apatite, allanite and clinozoisite during initial exhumation.

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  • 32.
    Barreby, Linn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Epidotization as an Effect of Fluid Rock Interaction, Recorded by a Granitoid From Hågadalen, Uppsala2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    A common driving mechanism of metamorphic processes, from which secondary mineralizations and structures develop in a protolith, is known to be a change of the immediate P-T environment that a rock resides in. A factor in this process, which is poorly understood, however, is how the presence of metamorphic fluids in a system, influences the alteration of primary igneous rocks. How these volatile solutions interact with the solid mediums of the crust is thereby a topic which requires further research to unravel.   

    Incidentally, an opportunity to study the result of these interactions, has presented itself in the southern part (59o80’92”N, 17o5991”E) of Hågadalen-Nåsten nature reserve in Uppsala, Sweden. In this area, a green mineral assemblage, believed to belong to the epidote group, has been observed. This mineral is theorized to have formed as a result of fluid-rock interactions that have occurred in the region and is therefore a subject of interest. A detailed study of the origin of this mineral assemblage could possibly shed light on the finer aspects of the fluid-rocks interactions that have occurred, and also provide and account of the transport of fluids throughout the local bedrock.

    The aim of this project was to identify the minerology and formation process of this green mineral, which occupies the joints in a cliff of granitic composition. The determination of how and when this mineral assemblage formed is believed to grant a more in depth understanding of the metamorphic and metasomatic processes that have transpired at this location, in addition to providing an account of the fluid transport and fluid-rock interactions in the area.  

    Through fieldwork and sampling, combined with descriptions of the regional bedrock provided by SGU, the local lithology was determined. With this information, in addition to data collected from optic microscopy and an EMP analysis, the mineral was identified to be an iron rich epidote, showing signs of weak zoning.

    The formation of this secondary mineralization can be determined to be the result of the alteration of anorthite to saussurite (saussuritization of plagioclase) in addition to the direct precipitation of epidote from the liquid medium onto joint surfaces. Through the use of BSEM, it could also be determined that a majority of the fluids migrated through open fracture systems in the bedrock.

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  • 33.
    Bazargan, Mohsen
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics. Rock Engineering, Geosigma Part of Rejlers; WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF.
    Almqvist, Bjarne S. G.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Motra, Hem Bahadur
    Broumand, Pooyan
    Schmiedel, Tobias
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Hieronymus, Christoph F.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics.
    Elastic Wave Propagation in a Stainless-Steel Standard and Verification of a COMSOL Multiphysics Numerical Elastic Wave Toolbox2022In: Resources, E-ISSN 2079-9276, Vol. 11, no 5, article id 49Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Laboratory-based elastic wave measurements are commonly used to quantify the seismic properties of Earth’s crust and upper mantle. Different types of laboratory apparatuses are available for such measurements, simulating seismic properties at different pressure and temperature. To complement such laboratory measurements, we present a numerical toolbox to investigate the seismic properties of rock samples. The numerical model is benchmarked against experimental results from a multi-anvil apparatus, using measurements of a stainless steel calibration standard. Measured values of the mean compressional- and shear-wave velocities at room conditions of the steel block were 6.03 km/s and 3.26 km/s, respectively. Calculated numerical results predicted 6.12 km/s and 3.30 km/s for compressional and shear-wave velocities. Subsequently, we measured Vp and Vs up to 600 MPa hydrostatic confining pressure and 600 °C. These measurements, at pressure and temperature, were then used as the basis to predict numerical wave speeds. There is, in general, good agreement between measurement and predicted numerical results. The numerical method presented in this study serves as a flexible toolbox, allowing for the easy setup of different model geometries and composite materials.

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  • 34.
    Bazarnik, Jakub
    et al.
    Polish Geol Inst, Natl Res Inst, Carpathian Branch, Skrzatow 1, PL-31560 Krakow, Poland..
    Kosminska, Karolina
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland..
    McClelland, William C.
    Univ Iowa, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA..
    Strauss, Justin V.
    Dartmouth Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA..
    Piepjohn, Karsten
    Bundesanstalt Geowissensch & Rohstoffe, Geol Energierohstoffe Polargeol, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, NH, Germany..
    Elvevold, Synnove
    Fram Ctr, Norwegian Polar Inst, N-9296 Tromso, Norway..
    Zielinski, Grzegorz
    Polish Geol Inst, Natl Res Inst, Micro Area Anal Lab, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00975 Warsaw, Poland..
    Majka, Jaroslaw
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland..
    Reinterpretation of a major terrane boundary in the northern Svalbard Caledonides based on metamorphic fingerprinting of rocks in northern Spitsbergen2023In: Canadian journal of earth sciences (Print), ISSN 0008-4077, E-ISSN 1480-3313, Vol. 60, no 8, p. 1188-1205Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tectonic models for development of the Svalbard Caledonides depend on reliable assessment of the metamorphic evolution of the various basement provinces involved. The Mosselhalvoya Group (MG) and the Atomfjella Complex (AC) have previously been assigned to the Nordaustlandet andWest Ny-Friesland terranes, respectively. New analytical data and petrographic observations indicate that both units experienced two-stage metamorphism under similar pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions. Two stages of amphibolite facies metamorphism (M1 and M2) are clearly recorded by garnet and staurolite porphyroblast textures. The results of thermodynamic phase equilibrium modeling indicate that peak M2 metamorphism occurred at similar to 7-7.5 kbar and 590-600 degrees C in both units. Zirconium-in-rutile trace element thermometry confirms the temperature estimates for M1 and M2 stages of metamorphism. Monazite chemical Th-U-Pb dates from the MG resolve a two-stage garnet growth at 444 +/- 7 Ma (M1) and 423 +/- 6 Ma (M2). In contrast, monazite dated in the AC defines a single age of 420 +/- 4 Ma interpreted as M2 growth. We suggest M2 was coeval with early strike-slip motion along the Billefjorden Fault Zone, whereas M1 reflects initial tectonic burial of the studied units. The similarity in metamorphic history between the both units suggests that the boundary between them is a subordinate thrust fault within the Atomfjella thrust stack rather than a major boundary separating the Nordaustlandet and West Ny-Friesland terranes. The MG should be included within the West Ny-Friesland terrane and the tectonic boundary with the Nordaustlandet terrane is likely the Eolussletta Shear Zone.

  • 35.
    Bazarnik, Jakub
    et al.
    Polish Geol Inst, Natl Res Inst, Carpathian Branch, Skrzatow 1, PL-31560 Krakow, Poland.
    Majka, Jaroslaw
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland.
    McClelland, William C.
    Univ Iowa, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Iowa City, IA USA.
    Strauss, Justin, V
    Dartmouth Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
    Kosminska, Karolina
    AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland;Univ Iowa, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Iowa City, IA USA.
    Piepjohn, Karsten
    Bundesanstalt Geowissensch & Rohstoffe, Geol Energierohstoffe Polargeol, Hannover, Germany.
    Elvevold, Synnove
    Framsenteret, Norwegian Polar Inst, Tromso, Norway.
    Czupyt, Zbigniew
    Polish Geol Inst, Natl Res Inst, Lab Div, Warsaw, Poland.
    Mikus, Tomas
    Slovak Acad Sci, Earth Sci Inst, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia.
    U-Pb zircon dating of metaigneous rocks from the Nordbreen Nappe of Svalbard's Ny-Friesland suggests their affinity to Northeast Greenland2019In: Terra Nova, ISSN 0954-4879, E-ISSN 1365-3121, Vol. 31, no 6, p. 518-526Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    SIMS U-Pb zircon dating of metaigneous rocks of the Nordbreen Nappe from the West Ny-Friesland terrane (Eastern Basement Province of Svalbard) yields crystallization ages of 1,761 +/- 4 Ma for a felsic metatuff and 1,373 +/- 4 Ma for a metagabbro dyke. The Palaeoproterozoic age of the metatuff is similar to previously obtained ages for various felsic rocks from the study area, whereas the Mesoproterozoic age of the metagabbro has not been thus far documented on Svalbard. However, a similar age pattern has been reported from Northeast Greenland. Therefore, we conclude that the West Ny-Friesland terrane can be correlated with age equivalent units of Northeast Greenland. We also explore similarities and dissimilarities between the study area and other terranes of Svalbard and speculate on regional-scale correlations. Together, the presented new ages provide critical piercing points in palaeogeographic reconstructions of the relatively poorly understood circum-Arctic region.

  • 36.
    Bedard, Jean H.
    et al.
    Geol Survey Canada, 490 Couronne, Quebec City, PQ G1K 9A9, Canada..
    Saumur, Benoit Michel
    Univ Quebec Montreal, Dept Sci Terre & Atmosphere, 201 Av President Kennedy, Montreal, PQ H2X 3Y7, Canada..
    Tegner, Christian
    Aarhus Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Petrol, Dept Geosci, Aarhus, Denmark..
    Troll, Valentin R.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development.
    Deegan, Frances
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development.
    Evenchick, Carol A.
    Geol Survey Canada, 605 Robson St, Vancouver, BC V6B 5J3, Canada..
    Grasby, Stephen E.
    Geol Survey Canada, 3303 33Rd St Nw, Calgary, AB T2L 2A7, Canada..
    Dewing, Keith
    Geol Survey Canada, 3303 33Rd St Nw, Calgary, AB T2L 2A7, Canada..
    Geochemical Systematics of High Arctic Large Igneous Province Continental Tholeiites from Canada-Evidence for Progressive Crustal Contamination in the Plumbing System2021In: Journal of Petrology, ISSN 0022-3530, E-ISSN 1460-2415, Vol. 62, no 9, article id egab041Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cretaceous High Arctic large igneous province (HALIP) sub-alkaline magmatic rocks in Canada are mostly evolved (MgO 2-7 wt%), sparsely plagioclase + clinopyroxene +/- olivine-phyric tholeiitic basalts. There were two main HALIP continental flood basalt (CFB) eruption episodes: 135-120 Ma (Isachsen Fm.) and 105-90 Ma (Strand Fiord Fm.), both associated with cogenetic doleritic sills and dykes. Building on a large modern database, 16 HALIP tholeiite types are defined and grouped into genetic series using Ce vs Sm/Yb-NMORB distributions. Comparison with model melting curves implies that higher-Sm/Yb HALIP basalt types record low-degree melting of garnet-bearing mantle sources. More voluminous intermediate- and low-Sm/Yb HALIP basalt types separated from the mantle at shallower levels after further extensive melting in the spinel-peridotite field. Within a given Sm/Yb range, increases in incompatible elements such as Ce are coupled with progressive clockwise rotation of normalized incompatible trace element profiles. Trace element modeling implies this cannot be due to closed-system fractional crystallization but requires progressive and ubiquitous incorporation of a component resembling continental crust. The fractionation models imply that low-Sm/Yb HALIP basalts (similar to 7 wt% MgO) initially crystallized olivine gabbro assemblages, with lower-MgO basalts successively crystallizing gabbro and ilmenite-gabbro assemblages. In contrast, higher-Sm/Yb basalts fractionated more clinopyroxene and ilmenite, but extensive plagioclase fractionation is still required to explain developing negative Sr-Eu anomalies. Backfractionation models require about 40% addition of olivine to bring the most primitive HALIP basalts (similar to 7% MgO) into equilibrium with Fo(89) mantle. Inverse fractionation-assimilation modeling shrinks the CFB signature, making decontaminated model parental melts more similar to enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt. The progressive increase of the contamination signature within each HALIP tholeiitic differentiation series is not consistent with models involving derivation of HALIP basalts from a mantle source previously enriched by subduction. Strong interaction of basalt with Sverdrup Basin sedimentary rocks may cause localized over-enrichment in K-Rb-Th-U, but cannot explain strong Ba enrichment in the absence of concomitant K-Rb-Th-U enrichment. The localized Ba enrichment could reflect either a Ba-rich lithospheric mantle component that is strongly manifested in the coeval HALIP alkaline suites, or syn- to post-emplacement fluid-mediated transfer from Ba-rich host rocks.

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  • 37.
    Berg, Sylvia E.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Troll, Valentin R.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, GEOVOL, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain.
    Deegan, Frances M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Burchardt, Steffi
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Krumbholz, Michael
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Georg August Univ Gottingen, Geosci Ctr, Goldschmidtstr 1-3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
    Mancini, Lucia
    SCpA, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 Km 163,5 AREA Sci Pk, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
    Polacci, Margherita
    Univ Manchester, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Williamson Bldg,Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
    Carracedo, Juan Carlos
    Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, GEOVOL, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain.
    Soler, Vicente
    CSIC, Estn Vulcanol Canarias, Avda Astr Fco Sanchez 3, Tenerife 38206, Spain.
    Arzilli, Fabio
    SCpA, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 Km 163,5 AREA Sci Pk, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.; Univ Manchester, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Williamson Bldg,Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
    Brun, Francesco
    SCpA, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14 Km 163,5 AREA Sci Pk, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.; Univ Trieste, Dept Engn & Architecture, Via A Valerio 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
    Heterogeneous vesiculation of 2011 El Hierro xeno-pumice revealed by X-ray computed microtomography2016In: Bulletin of Volcanology, ISSN 0258-8900, E-ISSN 1432-0819, Vol. 78, no 12, article id 85Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During the first week of the 2011 El Hierro submarine eruption, abundant light-coloured pumiceous, high-silica volcanic bombs coated in dark basanite were found floating on the sea. The composition of the light-coloured frothy material ('xeno-pumice') is akin to that of sedimentary rocks from the region, but the textures resemble felsic magmatic pumice, leaving their exact mode of formation unclear. To help decipher their origin, we investigated representative El Hierro xeno-pumice samples using X-ray computed microtomography for their internal vesicle shapes, volumes, and bulk porosity, as well as for the spatial arrangement and size distributions of vesicles in three dimensions (3D). We find a wide range of vesicle morphologies, which are especially variable around small fragments of rock contained in the xeno-pumice samples. Notably, these rock fragments are almost exclusively of sedimentary origin, and we therefore interpret them as relicts an the original sedimentary ocean crust protolith(s). The irregular vesiculation textures observed probably resulted from pulsatory release of volatiles from multiple sources during xeno-pumice formation, most likely by successive release of pore water and mineral water during incremental heating and decompression of the sedimentary protoliths.

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  • 38.
    Berg, Sylvia
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Troll, Valentin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Burchardt, Steffi
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Deegan, Frances
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Riishuus, Morten S.
    Nordic Volcanological Center. Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik.
    Whitehouse, Martin J.
    Dept. of Geosciences, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Harris, Chris
    Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa,.
    Freda, Carmela
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy.
    Ellis, Ben S.
    Inst. f. Geochemie und Petrologie, ETH, Clausiusstrasse 25, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
    Krumbholz, Michael
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Gústafsson, Ludvik E.
    Samband Islenskra Sveitarfélag, Borgartúni 30, pósthólf 8100, 128 Reykjavik, Iceland.
    Rapid high-silica magma generation in basalt-dominated rift settings2015Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 39.
    Berg, Sylvia
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Univ Iceland, Nord Volcanol Ctr, Inst Earth Sci, Sturlugata 7, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
    Troll, Valentin R.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Harris, Chris
    Univ Cape Town, Dept Geol Sci, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.
    Deegan, Frances
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Riishuus, Morten S.
    Univ Iceland, Nord Volcanol Ctr, Inst Earth Sci, Sturlugata 7, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
    Burchardt, Steffi
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Krumbholz, Michael
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Exceptionally high whole-rock delta O-18 values in intra-caldera rhyolites from Northeast Iceland2018In: Mineralogical magazine, ISSN 0026-461X, E-ISSN 1471-8022, Vol. 82, no 5, p. 1147-1168Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Icelandic crust is characterized by low delta O-18 values that originate from pervasive high-temperature hydrothermal alteration by O-18-depleted meteoric waters. Igneous rocks in Iceland with delta O-18 values significantly higher than unaltered oceanic crust (similar to 5.7 parts per thousand) are therefore rare. Here we report on rhyolitic intra-caldera samples from a cluster of Neogene central volcanoes in Borgarfjorour Eystri, Northeast Iceland, that show whole-rock delta O-18 values between +2.9 and +17.6 parts per thousand (n = 6), placing them among the highest delta O-18 values thus far recorded for Iceland. Extra-caldera rhyolite samples from the region, in turn, show delta O-18 whole-rock values between +3.7 and +7.8 parts per thousand (n = 6), consistent with the range of previously reported Icelandic rhyolites. Feldspar in the intra-caldera samples (n = 4) show delta O-18 values between +4.9 and +18.7 parts per thousand, whereas pyroxene (n = 4) shows overall low delta O-18 values of +4.0 to +4.2 parts per thousand, consistent with regional rhyolite values. In combination with the evidence from mineralogy and rock H2O contents, the high whole-rock delta O-18 values of the intra-caldera rhyolites appear to be the result of pervasive isotopic exchange during subsolidus hydrothermal alteration with O-18-enriched water. This alteration conceivably occurred in a near-surface hot spring environment at the distal end of an intra-caldera hydrothermal system. and was probably fed by waters that had already undergone significant isotope exchange with the country rock. Alternatively, O-18-enriched alteration fluids may have been produced during evaporation and boiling of standing water in former caldera lakes, which then interacted with the intra-caldera rock suites. Irrespective of the exact exchange processes involved, a previously unrecognized and highly localized delta O-18-enriched rock composition exists on Iceland and thus probably within the Icelandic crust too.

  • 40. Bih, H
    et al.
    Sinouh, H
    H Es-soufi, H
    Bih, L
    Haddad, M
    Bejjit, L
    Manoun, B
    Lazor, Peter
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Thermal and structural studies of Li2O-Na2O-SrO-TiO2-B2O3-P2O5 glasses by DTA, IR and EPR spectroscopy2017In: Journal of Applied Surfaces and Interfaces, Vol. 1, no 1-3, p. 57-63Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Glasses in the system 33.33[xNa2O-(1-x)Li2O]-2.5SrO-2.5TiO2-45B2O3-16.67P2O5 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) were prepared by standard melt quenching procedures, and their physical properties were characterized by thermal analysis, density measurements. Their local structures were comprehensively characterized by Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The variation of the glass transition temperature as a function of the glass compositions is non-linear. The infrared spectroscopy of the glasses has identified the presence of different structural grouping units in the glassy-matrix. It is found that the stretching and bending vibration modes of borate groups are more sensitive to the substitution of alkali elements. EPR experiments have shown the presence of Ti3+ centres in the glasses. The variation of the g-factor as a function of the Na/(Na+Li) ratio presents a minimum around (x=0.5). The composition non-linearity behavior of Tg, vibration bending mode, and g-factor are signature of the mixed alkali effect in the glasses.

  • 41.
    Bjugger, Fanny
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    A Photogrammetric Workflow to Produce 3D-Models of Geological Samples2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Photogrammetry and Structure-from-Motion (S-f-M) is a low-cost method of producing digital 3D models of rock samples that can be used for many different research and educational purposes. A 3D model of a delicate rock sample would enable the preservation of the sample and reduce the need of physical manipulation. This thesis presents a systematic workflow to document and study rock samples by using photogrammetry and S-f-M. The manual in this work describes how to use the set up SOOSI (Spinning Object Optical Scanning Instrument) found at the Department of Earth Sciences at Uppsala University to produce digital 3D models of geological samples. The thesis gives a background to photogrammetry in Earth sciences, and it presents the fundamentals of photogrammetry and the camera. It explains the processing chain of photogrammetry and how computers assist in the photogrammetric process for the reader to understand the importance of the steps in the manual. 3D models produced from following the workflow are presented as well as implications of choices that can be made when following the workflow. The addition of a fixed lens to the camera setup would improve the method’s robustness. The models are currently limited due to a lack of absolute scale. A suggestion for developing a method to capture Ground Control Points (GCPs) to solve the scale problem is presented.

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  • 42.
    Blythe, Lara
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Solid Earth Geology. School of Physical and Geographical Science, Keele University, Keele, UK.
    Deegan, Frances
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Freda, C
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy.
    Jolis, Ester Muños
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Masotta, M
    Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
    Misiti, V.
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy.
    Taddeucci, J.
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy.
    Troll, Valentin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy.
    CO2 bubble generation and migration during magma–carbonate interaction2015In: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, ISSN 0010-7999, E-ISSN 1432-0967, Vol. 169, no 4, article id 42Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We conducted quantitative textural analysis of vesicles in high temperature and pressure carbonate assimilation experiments (1200 °C, 0.5 GPa) to investigate CO2 generation and subsequent bubble migration from carbonate into magma. We employed Mt. Merapi (Indonesia) and Mt. Vesuvius (Italy) compositions as magmatic starting materials and present three experimental series using (1) a dry basaltic-andesite, (2) a hydrous basaltic-andesite (2 wt% H2O), and (3) a hydrous shoshonite (2 wt% H2O). The duration of the experiments was varied from 0 to 300 s, and carbonate assimilation produced a CO2-rich fluid and CaO-enriched melts in all cases. The rate of carbonate assimilation, however, changed as a function of melt viscosity, which affected the 2D vesicle number, vesicle volume, and vesicle size distribution within each experiment. Relatively low-viscosity melts (i.e. Vesuvius experiments) facilitated efficient removal of bubbles from the reaction site. This allowed carbonate assimilation to continue unhindered and large volumes of CO2 to be liberated, a scenario thought to fuel sustained CO2-driven eruptions at the surface. Conversely, at higher viscosity (i.e. Merapi experiments), bubble migration became progressively inhibited and bubble concentration at the reaction site caused localised volatile over-pressure that can eventually trigger short-lived explosive outbursts. Melt viscosity therefore exerts a fundamental control on carbonate assimilation rates and, by consequence, the style of CO2-fuelled eruptions.

  • 43. Bosi, Ferdinando
    et al.
    Skogby, Henrik
    Lazor, Peter
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Reznitskii, Leonid
    Atomic arrangements around the O3 site in Al- and Cr-rich oxytourmalines: a combined EMP, SREF, FTIR and Raman study2015In: Physics and chemistry of minerals, ISSN 0342-1791, E-ISSN 1432-2021, Vol. 42, no 6, p. 441-453Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 44.
    Boskabadi, Arman
    et al.
    Univ Texas Dallas, Dept Geosci, ROC 21,800 West Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080 USA.;Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Pitcairn, Iain K.
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Broman, Curt
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Boyce, Adrian
    Scottish Univ Environm Res Ctr, E Kilbride, Lanark, Scotland..
    Teagle, Damon A. H.
    Univ Southampton, Natl Oceanog Ctr Southampton, Southampton, Hants, England..
    Cooper, Matthew J.
    Univ Southampton, Natl Oceanog Ctr Southampton, Southampton, Hants, England..
    Azer, Mokhles K.
    Natl Res Ctr, Dept Geol, Cairo, Egypt..
    Stern, Robert J.
    Univ Texas Dallas, Dept Geosci, ROC 21,800 West Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080 USA..
    Mohamed, Fathy H.
    Univ Alexandria, Dept Geol, Fac Sci, Alexandria, Egypt..
    Majka, Jaroslaw
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Krakow, Poland..
    Carbonate alteration of ophiolitic rocks in the Arabian-Nubian Shield of Egypt: sources and compositions of the carbonating fluid and implications for the formation of Au deposits2017In: International Geology Review, ISSN 0020-6814, E-ISSN 1938-2839, Vol. 59, no 4, p. 391-419Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ultramafic portions of ophiolitic fragments in the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) show pervasive carbonate alteration forming various degrees of carbonated serpentinites and listvenitic rocks. Notwithstanding the extent of the alteration, little is known about the processes that caused it, the source of the CO2 or the conditions of alteration. This study investigates the mineralogy, stable (O, C) and radiogenic (Sr) isotope composition, and geochemistry of suites of variably carbonate altered ultramafics from the Meatiq area of the Central Eastern Desert (CED) of Egypt. The samples investigated include least-altered lizardite (Lz) serpentinites, antigorite (Atg) serpentinites and listvenitic rocks with associated carbonate and quartz veins. The C, O and Sr isotopes of the vein samples cluster between -8.1 parts per thousand and -6.8 parts per thousand for delta C-13, +6.4 parts per thousand and +10.5 parts per thousand for delta O-18, and Sr-87/Sr-86 of 0.7028-0.70344, and plot within the depleted mantle compositional field. The serpentinites isotopic compositions plot on a mixing trend between the depleted-mantle and sedimentary carbonate fields. The carbonate veins contain abundant carbonic (CO2 +/- CH4 +/- N-2) and aqueous-carbonic (H2O-NaCl-CO2 +/- CH4 +/- N-2) low salinity fluid, with trapping conditions of 270-300 degrees C and 0.7-1.1kbar. The serpentinites are enriched in Au, As, S and other fluid-mobile elements relative to primitive and depleted mantle. The extensively carbonated Atg-serpentinites contain significantly lower concentrations of these elements than the Lz-serpentinites suggesting that they were depleted during carbonate alteration. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope compositions of Au deposits in the CED are similar to those from the carbonate veins investigated in the study and we suggest that carbonation of ANS ophiolitic rocks due to influx of mantle-derived CO2-bearing fluids caused break down of Au-bearing minerals such as pentlandite, releasing Au and S to the hydrothermal fluids that later formed the Au-deposits. This is the first time that gold has been observed to be remobilized from rocks during the lizardite-antigorite transition.

  • 45.
    Boström, Hanna L. B.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström.
    Cairns, Andrew B.
    Imperial Coll London, Dept Mat, Royal Sch Mines, Exhibit Rd, London, England..
    Liu, Lei
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Lazor, Peter
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Collings, Ines E.
    Empa Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, Ctr Xray Analyt, Uberlandstr 129, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland..
    Spin crossover in the Prussian blue analogue FePt(CN)(6 )induced by pressure or X-ray irradiation2020In: Dalton Transactions, ISSN 1477-9226, E-ISSN 1477-9234, Vol. 49, no 37, p. 12940-12944Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The spin state of the Prussian blue analogue (FePtIV)-Pt-II (CN)(6) is investigated in response to temperature, pressure, and X-ray irradiation. White cooling to 10 K maintains the high-spin state of Fe-II, compression at ambient temperature induces a first-order spin-crossover (SCO) transition with a small hysteresis loop (p up arrow = 0.8 GPa, p down arrow= 0.6 GPa). In addition, the high-spin to low-spin transition can be initiated at lower pressure through increased X-ray irradiation. Our study highlights a cooperative SCO with moderate pressure in a porous Prussian blue analogue.

  • 46.
    Bowles, John F. W.
    et al.
    Univ Manchester, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Manchester, Lancs, England.
    Cook, Nigel J.
    Univ Adelaide, Sch Chem Engn, Adelaide, Australia.
    Sundblad, Krister
    Univ Turku, Dept Geog & Geol, Turku, Finland; St Petersburg State Univ, Inst Earth Sci, St Petersburg, Russia.
    Jonsson, Erik
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Geol Survey Sweden, Dept Mineral Resources, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Deady, Eimear
    Lyell Ctr, British Geol Survey, Res Ave South, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland; Univ Exeter, Camborne Sch Mines, Penryn Campus, Penryn, England.
    Hughes, Hannah S. R.
    Univ Exeter, Camborne Sch Mines, Penryn Campus, Penryn, England.
    Critical-metal mineralogy and ore genesis: contributions from the European Mineralogical Conference held in Rimini, September 20162018In: Mineralogical magazine, ISSN 0026-461X, E-ISSN 1471-8022, Vol. 82, p. S1-S4Article in journal (Other academic)
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  • 47.
    Broska, Igor
    et al.
    Slovak Acad Sci, Earth Sci Inst, POB 106,Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava 84005, Slovakia..
    Petrik, Igor
    Slovak Acad Sci, Earth Sci Inst, POB 106,Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava 84005, Slovakia..
    Yi, Keewook
    Korea Basic Sci Inst, 162 Yeongudanji Ro, Cheongju 28119, South Korea..
    Majka, Jaroslaw
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. AGH Univ Krakow, Fac Geol Geophys & Environm Protect, Al Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland..
    Barnes, Christopher J.
    Polish Acad Sci, Inst Geol Sci, Ul Senacka 1, PL-31002 Krakow, Poland..
    Vojtko, Rastislav
    Comenius Univ, Fac Nat Sci, Dept Geol & Paleontol, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia..
    Madaras, Jan
    Slovak Acad Sci, Earth Sci Inst, POB 106,Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava 84005, Slovakia..
    Kurylo, Sergii
    Slovak Acad Sci, Earth Sci Inst, POB 106,Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava 84005, Slovakia..
    Kubis, Michal
    DPP Zilina Ltd, Legionarska 8203, Zilina 01001, Slovakia..
    Alpine stacking of two Variscan granite blocks recognised from mineral stabilities, age and structural data (Western Carpathians)2024In: Chemical Geology, ISSN 0009-2541, E-ISSN 1872-6836, Vol. 648, article id 121959Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study presents petrological, geochemical, geochronological and structural data that serve to identify two different Alpine tectonic units formed from the Variscan-aged Tribeč-Zobor granitic rocks. The proposed model for juxtaposition of two granite blocks in the Tribeč-Zobor basement during the Alpine orogeny is based on the degree of granite alteration, particularly related to differences in monazite stabilities of the S-type granitic rocks along the studied NW- SE profile through the Tribeč-Zobor mountain range. Along the cross-section, the Variscan crystalline basement in the mountain crest is composed of hydrothermally altered and metamorphosed S-type monzogranite (zircon age: 355.2 ± 1.2 Ma). Below this monzogranite there are hypidiomorphic non-altered granitic rocks with ages spanning from 357.8 ± 0.66 Ma to 351.2 ± 0.7 Ma for northeast S-type and 358.2 ± 0.85 Ma to 347.9 ± 0.94 Ma for I-type on southwest part of profile. U-Th-Pb dating revealed both low- and high-Y types of monazite in the S-type granites. Low-Y monazite from both the structurally lower unaltered, and the structurally upper, metamorphosed S-type granitic rocks provides Tournaisian Variscan ages in the range of 354–349 Ma. The high-Y monazite from the same rocks records Visean ages in the range of 348–335 Ma, likely indicating later-staged thermal rock overprinting. Monazites from non-altered S-type granodiorites are stable due to rapid emplacement in the upper crustal position. In contrast, the monazites in the overlying metamorphosed S-type granites are retrogressed to allanite as a result of slower, nearly isobaric cooling of the granites emplaced at deeper crustal levels. Thus, monazite behaviour indicate two different Variscan granite blocks, similar in age but with different emplacement depths. The conditions for metamorphism (450–500 °C, 750–800 MPa) of the structurally upper granites are inferred from phase equilibrium thermodynamic modelling, occurring during the Alpine orogeny. These metamorphic conditions are similar to those calculated for granites of the Western Carpathians that were pervasively reworked during Alpine orogenesis, indicating that structurally upper granites have an affinity to the Alpine Fatric Unit, whereas the lower granite is rather related to the Tatric Unit. An Alpine date of c. 78 Ma yielded by single grain fusion 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of muscovite is interpreted to post-date Alpine thrusting. The present position of the metamorphosed Variscan Fatric granitic rock in the Tribeč-Zobor crystalline basement, overlying both S- and I- non-altered Tatric granites, resulted from large-scale, north-directed Alpine thrusting. The geometry of the thrust, elucidated by tectonic elements from mylonites and hydrothermally altered Triassic quartzites deposited on Fatric granites, is inclined 20–40° to the northwest.

  • 48.
    Budd, David A.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Characterising volcanic magma plumbing systems: A tool to improve eruption forecasting at hazardous volcanoes2015Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis attempts to develop our understanding of volcanic magma plumbing systems and the magmatic processes that operate within them, such as fractional crystallisation, crustal partial melting, assimilation, and magma mixing. I utilise petrology, rock and mineral geochemistry, and isotope systematics to seek to improve our ability to forecast the eruptive frequency and style of active volcanoes, an aspect often lacking in current volcano monitoring efforts. In particular, magma reservoir dynamics are investigated from a mineral scale at Katla volcano in Iceland, to a sub-mineral scale at Merapi, Kelud, and Toba volcanoes in Indonesia.

    The magma plumbing architecture of Katla volcano on Iceland is explored in the first part of this thesis. Crystalline components within tephra and volcanic rock preserve a record of the physical and chemical evolution of a magma, and are analysed through oxygen isotopic and thermobarometric techniques to temporally constrain changes in reservoir depth and decode the petrogenesis of the lavas. We find both prolonged upper crustal magma storage and shallow level assimilation to be occurring at Katla. The results generated from combining these analytical strands reveal the potential for unpredictable explosive volcanism at this lively Icelandic volcano.

    The second part of this thesis examines the magma plumbing systems of Merapi, Kelud and Toba volcanoes of the Sunda arc in Indonesia at higher temporal and petrological resolution than possible for Katla (e.g., due to the crystal poor character of the rocks). For this part of the thesis, minerals were analysed in-situ to take advantage of sub-crystal scale isotopic variations in order to investigate processes of shallow-level assimilation in the build-up to particular eruptions. We find that intra-crystal analyses reveal an otherwise hidden differentiation history at these volcanoes, and establish a better understanding as to how they may have rapidly achieved a critical explosive state.

    The outcomes of this thesis therefore deepen our knowledge of evolutionary trends in magma plumbing system dynamics, and highlight the importance of understanding the geochemical processes that can prime a volcano for eruption. Lastly, I emphasise the vital contribution petrology can make in current volcano monitoring efforts. 

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  • 49.
    Budd, David A.
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Troll, Valentin R.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Rome, Italy.
    Deegan, Frances M.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geosci, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Jolis, Ester
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Smith, Victoria
    Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
    Whitehouse, Martin
    Department of Geosciences, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Harris, Chris
    Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
    Freda, Carmela
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy.
    Hilton, David
    Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA.
    Halldórsson, Sæmundur
    Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA; Univ Iceland, Inst Earth Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland.
    Bindeman, Ilya
    Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Oregon, USA.
    Magma reservoir dynamics at Toba caldera, Indonesia, recorded by oxygen isotope zoning in quartz2017In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 7, article id 40624Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Quartz is a common phase in high-silica igneous rocks and is resistant to post-eruptive alteration, thus offering a reliable record of magmatic processes in silicic magma systems. Here we employ the 75 ka Toba super-eruption as a case study to show that quartz can resolve late-stage temporal changes in magmatic δ18O values. Overall, Toba quartz crystals exhibit comparatively high δ18O values, up to 10.2‰, due to magma residence within, and assimilation of, local granite basement. However, some 40% of the analysed quartz crystals display a decrease in δ18O values in outermost growth zones compared to their cores, with values as low as 6.7‰ (maximum ∆core−rim = 1.8‰). These lower values are consistent with the limited zircon record available for Toba, and the crystallisation history of Toba quartz traces an influx of a low-δ18O component into the magma reservoir just prior to eruption. Here we argue that this late-stage low-δ18O component is derived from hydrothermally-altered roof material. Our study demonstrates that quartz isotope stratigraphy can resolve magmatic events that may remain undetected by whole-rock or zircon isotope studies, and that assimilation of altered roof material may represent a viable eruption trigger in large Toba-style magmatic systems.

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  • 50.
    Budd, David
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Troll, Valentin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Deegan, Frances
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics.
    Jolis, Ester
    Smith, Victoria
    Whitehouse, Martin
    Harris, Chris
    Freda, Carmela
    Hilton, David
    Halldórsson, Sæmundur
    Bindeman, Ilya
    Magma reservoir dynamics recorded by oxygen isotope zoning in quartzManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
1234567 1 - 50 of 390
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