This is a qualitative study about Art transformation and commodification in the digital age. The study applies a rhetoric analysis with the aim to understand how art sellers, gallery owners and entrepreneurs take part in this transformation process through their websites’ presentation texts ”about us”. The analysis is related to communication theories but it is also inspired by other theories such as Gramsci’s hegemony theory and Bourdieu’s cultural critical theory. The study shows that in an environment of ”Global Communication”, activities that are related to the visual art on the net are strongly influenced by the commodification. Marketers and business managers have a big advantage of this phase of change in Art activities on the net. As senders in a one-way communication process, they use their rhetorical skills in their presentation texts to build identities or to enhance their business, depending on the positions of power they have in the market. They invest in art and artists, in order to expand their businesses and to capture a wider audience of recipients on World Wide Web to get more money and power. The study recommends further research about the Art commodification, preferably from the receiver’s and the artists’ sides to reveal more aspects of the effects of this transformation process in Art and its values.

Denna studie är utformad med syfte att med hjälp av teorier som orientalism, identitet och föreställd gemenskap undersöka hur andra generationens invandrare med ursprung från mellanöstern använder sig av humorsketcher publicerade på sociala medier i relation till deras identitet. Frågeställningen grundar i hur intervjupersonerna förhåller sig till humorsketcher som driver med situationen att tillhöra två/flera olika kulturer samt hur intervjupersonerna upplever sin identitet relaterat till innehållet. Frågeställningen besvarades med kvalitativa intervjuer och resultatet visade att intervjupersonerna fann humorsketcherna betydelsefulla och fungerade som hanteringsform mot kulturkrockar. Trots olika länder som bakgrund var deras resonemang slående likt och visade att med hjälp av humorsketcher fann de en förstärkt gemenskap till andra som upplever sig vara i mellanförskap.

In Sweden sports journalism has been critisised among many for lacking professionalism and sports journalists have been accused of being both restricted and biased. Especially in local sports journalism the issue is said to be evenmore prominent.Through a qualitative discourse analysis the main purpose of this essay is to study the standard of objectivity in swedish local sports journalism.Thirty two randomly selected articles written in ten local newspapers after ten games in swedish footballs top divison Allsvenskan were read and analyzed during the study. In relation to the profesional ideals of journalism some major themes of shortcomings were discovered and categorized. The most significant was the lack of hearing both sides. The reporting was very one-sided in a way that most of the time favored the local team. From an objective view questionable reporting was also found when it came to the inclusion and exclusion of certain in-game situations but also in what surrounding circumstances the journalists chose to aim their focus on. Uncertaincies were likewise exposed in the amount of personal opinions being shown by the author.

Vuxna bör följa uppmaningen från ungdomarna i Fridays for future-rörelsen och protestera eftersom det politiska ledarskapet är otillräckligt. Omfattande och långvariga påtryckningar från hela samhället behövs för att få de politiskt ansvariga att utöva det ledarskap som klimatkrisen kräver, skriver 171 forskare i samhällsvetenskap och humaniora.

This study has aimed to examine how Världsnaturfonden WWF communicates trust in various communication channels. We also wanted to see if there are any differences in the different channels on how WWF communicates trust. It is a qualitative study that uses critical rhetoric analysis as method. We choose to analyze the communication channels sponsored facebookposts, personalized letters and two sites from WWF:s website. The empirical data has been analyzed with the aid of theories of strategic communication, non-profit organizations, rhetoric and media specificity. The results show that WWF uses various communication strategies to communicate trust in all of the examined channels. The most important aspects of trust is communicated through presenting what WWF:s collected money has contributed to, that the organization appears to be knowledgeable and engaged in the various areas they work for. In all of the channels we have examined, we have also seen that WWF uses a personal address to the reader. In the sponsored facebookposts and in the personalized letters, we find that WWF communicates more trust than on the website by using more emotions. WWF express more gratitude for donors and more concern for the various animals and the environment affected. Other differences we have seen between the channels are that they differ in how they are designed, but these differences are mainly due to different norms relating to the specific channels. This study has contributed with knowledge of how a non-profit organization such as WWF rhetorically communicates trust to different target groups through different communication channels. This study has also contributed to knowledge of the differences and similarities regarding how WWF communicates trust through the three different communication channels.

Title: From fish flu to corona crisis – a quantitative content analysis of front pages from Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet during the coronavirus outbreak.

The aim of this essay was to examine the reporting and framing of the coronavirus on DN.se and Aftonbladet.se's front pages, between January 7, 2020 and April 30, 2020. In order to do so, we chose to examine front page teasers on both newspapers front pages online. We define front page teasers as the package of text and pictures on the front page, which then takes the reader to the actual article. We formulated three questions to concretize the aim: ​How much space is given to the front page teasers about the coronavirus on Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet's front pages, in terms of number, size and location? ​How do the front page teasers frame the coronavirus on Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet's front pages, regarding to framing and perspectives as well as calming or alarming signals? And, ​what differences and similarities can be found between Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet’s front page teasers about the coronavirus, regarding to space and shape? ​The method chosen for this study was a quantitative content analysis, which was supported by theories about news values, media logic and narration, as well as the agenda setting theory and the framing theory. The results of the analysis stated that front page teasers about the coronavirus was given more space on both newspapers’ front pages during the majority of the selected time period, than front page teasers about other events. This could be explained by multiple theories about how threats, risks and crises, as well as sensational news, stand a better chance of making it to the front page, than other news. The analysis also showed that Dagens Nyheter chose to frame the coronavirus based on themes such as healthcare and economical consequences, while Aftonbladet chose a more human perspective. We speculated on how these results could affect the readers and their picture of reality – in this case the coronavirus – and came to the conclusion that Aftonbladet’s readers might feel more of a closeness to the coronavirus, than the readers of Dagens Nyheter. So, regarding to space – both in number and size – as well as theme, actor and signal, but also the newspapers’ own choice of words, our study made it possible for us to see how the “fish flu” gradually turned into a corona crisis.

I denna uppsats ämnar jag undersöka den historiska romanen som koncept genom en karaktärsanalys av fyra romaner av Vilhelm Moberg: Utvandrarna, Invandrarna, Nybyggarna och Sista brevet till Sverige, samt en av Jan Guillou: Brobyggarna. Dessa romaner är alla uppbyggda kring karaktärer som besitter mycket beslutsamhet och kampvilja, även om Jan Guillous karaktärer uppvisar kvaliteter som oftare associeras med superhjältar. 

Som stöd i uppsatsen använder jag Georg Lukács The Historical Novel, i vilken han definierar hur en välskriven historisk är uppbyggd. Jag har även undersökt hur de båda författarna som är föremål för denna uppsats själva ser på sina verk, med extra fokus på deras sanningsanspråk. Detta eftersom Lukács särskilt poängterar att den historiska romanen måste vara, om inte sann, så trovärdig. 

I analysen jämför jag ett urval av karaktärer från de olika verken med varandra för att se hur de passar in i Lukács definition av den historiska romanen. Jag poängterar att Guillous karaktärer är en aning för perfekta för att kunna betraktas som realistiska, medan Mobergs karaktärer framstår som mer levande och ärliga i sin strävan efter ett bättre liv. Guillou verkar skriva sin karaktärer som representanter för specifika historiska skeenden, snarare än som riktiga människor som påverkar av dessa skeenden. Därefter öppnar jag upp för en diskussion om de typiska egenskaperna hos karaktärerna i en historisk roman, och gör ett försök att förklara varför de måste skrivas på detta vis.  

På 1890-talet var intresset för cykling stort i Finland. Intresset avspeglades även i musikkulturen eftersom det började komponeras musik med cykeltema. Endast en liten del av den musiken har getts ut kommersiellt i Finland. Kaj Ahlsved har grävt i arkiven och i samarbete med musiker levandegjort musiken så som den finns nertecknad i version för hornensemble i Finlands armés stämböcker. Hur lät ”cykelmusiken”, vem komponerade den och varför?  

This study, Life at Skanska, aims to examine how Skanska Sweden portrays gender norms on Instagram, differentiating between their official Swedish account, @skanskasverige, and their employee-driven account, @livetpaskanska. The analysis is based on previous research on gender studies with a focus on male-dominated industries, as well as social media and how companies can use it to their advantage. The method used for the study was a multimodal semiotic analysis and with this method an analysis of five posts from each account was made. To support the analysis theories regarding gender, representation, ambassadorship, and social identity were applied to the study.  

The study reveals that there are variations in how gender is represented on both accounts. Most notable being the differences in lexical choices and communications strategies. On the official account, @skanskasverige, there is a variation of images presenting both women and men therefore signifying diverse perspectives. However lexical choices, such as job titles, may partly diminish women’s credibility. In comparison, @livetpaskanska, present a more diverse and inclusive representation of women, which can be a side-effect of it being an employee-driven account. In a comparing analysis of the two accounts the differences between them became clear in how they represent women on the channels. On @livetpaskanska women tend to be more present in the content than on @skanskasverige. The study identifies differences in communication styles, indicating that the employee-driven account prioritizes individual achievements and experiences, while the official account emphasized corporate identity and the company’s values. 

Abstrakt

I denna uppsats skrivs en nutida version av Charles Dickens verk En julsaga. Texten kommer att utspela sig under 2000-talet, det blir alltså ett miljöbyte genom tidsresan, inte rent geografiskt. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om genren och huvudkaraktärerna kan bevaras när miljön förändras och om den nya texten bibehåller formen av en saga. Inledningsvis har jag läst En Julsaga och sedan valt tre scener och av dem skrivit en nutida version.

Statens hantering av forskningsresultat i rättsprocessen med Girjas sameby utgör ett hot mot Sverige som rättsstat och kunskapsnation. Åratal av svensk och internationell forskning underkänns och man använder ett språkbruk som skulle kunna vara hämtat från rasbiologins tid. Nu måste staten ta sitt ansvar och börja agera som en demokratisk rättsstat, skriver 59 forskare.

The aim of this study is to develop a pedagogical approach to the teaching of literature in relation to value-based work, specifically regarding questions of sexuality and gender. The starting point for this approach is the pedagogue Gert Biesta’s vision of democracy as something that needs to be exercised within education, rather than a set of values that should simply be transmitted to the students. He also stresses the teacher’s role to actively interrupt the students’ predispositions for the education to be unpredictable, risky, and truly democratic. I combine this approach to teaching with queer theoretical, especially queer temporal, perspectives on sexuality, gender, and literature for ways to disrupt various interpretations of fiction. I also use Rita Felskis theories on literary engagement to interrupt and disrupt previous readings. In the analysis this approach is used to analyze readings of six books – three novels and three picture books: Moominpappa at Sea (1965) by Tove Jansson, Mamman och havet (2012) by Sara Stridsberg and Anna-Clara Tidholm, Darling River (2010) by Sara Stridsberg, Else-Marie and Her Seven Little Daddies (1990) by Pija Lindenbaum, Popular Music from Vittula (2000) by Mikael Niemi, and Kivi & Monsterhund (2012) by Jesper Lundqvist and Bettina Johansson. I study various previous readings of the texts, such as reviews, research, student essays and comments on online forums. This gives an idea of how the text have been read before, and how they are likely to engage the intended readers of this dissertation – interpretations which I disrupt using queer theoretical perspectives. The final chapter problematizes and further develops the thesis’ theoretical framework and discusses its implication for the teaching of literature, as well as for educational philosophy in general, regarding democracy, politics, and ethics.

Around 2007, several self-proclaimed norm-critical publishing companies were established in Sweden. This caused a long debate in the daily press, where some critics compared the ”norm-critical” books to propaganda. The debate indicates a conflict between an aesthetic and a didactic approach to children’s literature. Another lively debate with similar critique took off when Kivi & Monsterhund (Kivi and Monsterdog, 2012) by Jesper Lundqvist and Bettina Johansson was published – a picturebook where the protagonist is referred to by a gender-neutral prounoun. The purpose of this article is to problematise the prevailing view on self-proclaimed norm-critical children’s literature and its didactic relationship to the reader. The reception, the paratexts, and the book itself are analysed using Torben Weinreich’s and Clémentine Beauvais’ different definitions of didactics, Gérard Genette’s view on pararatexts, Maria Nikolajeva’s theories on picturebooks, and Judith Butler’s view on gender as performative. The book, and its didactic relationship to the reader, is found to be much more complex and conflicting than suggested by the reception and the paratexts.

The purpose of this study is to seek answers how editorial leaders reason around the journalistic balance between democracy and market, together with how they create involvement, attraction and increase the loyalty of the newspapers´ subscribers. The theoretical framework was constructed by using social constructionism, agenda setting theory, democracy perspective and commercialization. The scientific method used in this study has been qualitative interviews with editorial leader in four differents newspapers; Svenska Dagbladet, Folkbladet Västerbotten, Sundsvalls Tidning and Göteborgs-Posten. The study shows that the editorial leaders described the democratic mission as the most important in the journalistic assignment. But based on the answers by the respondents there were also tendencies to financial adaptions in the journalistic work in order maintain profitability. The analysis also shows that the quality in the journalistic content was crucial to get subscribers to stay.  

Kapitlet handlar om berättelser om städning i etnografiskt intervjumaterial och skönlitteratur. Kapitlet diskuterar städningens (o)berättbarhet och relationen mellan produktiv och reproduktiv tid. Begreppet "obliven tid" introduceras som ett sätt att teoretisera städningens tid som en sorts icke-händelse. Även generationsproblematik och begreppet "reproduktiv framtidslighet" berörs i relation till städning. Exempel på skildringar av städning där barns och vuxnas tid gestaltas hämtas från Karl-Ove Knausgårds, Linda Skugges, Kerstin Thorvalls och Astrid Lindgrens författarskap.  

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the representation of race, social class and gender in the 2013 video game Grand Theft Auto V. Postcolonial theory, including terms such as cultural hegemony, whiteness and Michel Foucaults definition of power, has served as the basis for the analysis. The postcolonial theory has been combined with class theory and gender theory for an intersectional analysis. Semiotic analysis has been used as the method in the thesis, and a total of nine story missions – three for each protagonist in the game – have constituted the material. The analysis has shown that Grand Theft Auto V contains stereotypical depictions of non-hegemonic groups in society, and that these depictions serve to perpetuate negative myths about members of ethnic minorities and the working class.

After 9/11 and the following War on Terror, Muslims are often understood as global enemies. However, the idea of an international, Islamic enemy is in some circumstances criticized, not least after the actions of Anders Behring Breivik in Norway in 2011.

This study analyses the North American, Emmy Award-winning television series Homeland. It centres on the War on Terror and the following social and political climate, and there are opposing understandings regarding how religion and ethnicity are portrayed in the series. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to analyse how such aspects are constructed in the series. A text analysis is used methodologically and the theoretical perspective contents of Semiotics, Eurocentrism and Orientalism in general, and Islamophobic themes in particular.

This study shows that in Homeland, the portrayal of heroes and enemies plus good and evil is complex. Islamophobic ideas are present, however, instead of agreeing with them, these often times show how such ideas are part of today's society and how they are affecting Western ideas of Muslims as public enemies. Concurrently, Christianity is exclusively portrayed in civilized circumstances, whereas Islam occasionally is portrayed asa sort of being that controls its adherents. With that said, Homeland is above all a construction of complexity.

”I am based on real people,” Kristina Lugn writes in the foreword to her play Nattorienterarna (1999). This quotation summarises the ever-changing concept of the ego which finds expression in Lugn’s writing and which is the focus of this study. Special emphasis is placed on the way in which Lugn tackles the concept of the ego in both her work and her appearances in the media, and also how in recent years she has taken to greater depths this playing with the ego’s changing forms and has, in an ironic way, created different egos which are constant in neither time nor space. The thesis is in part a text analysis of Lugn’s lyrics and drama and in part an examination of Lugn’s appearances in the media – and, in the case of the latter, it touches on intermedial aspects.

The analysis discusses how Lugn expresses in different ways in her appearances in the media pathos for groups seen as potentially isolated and vulnerable, of which children constitute a particularly charged category. One argument in this reasoning is that Lugn’s constant nods at and incorporating of the exposed and solitary child’s experience of society’s norms and power order structures is a basis and a reason for the explosive power in her ironic delivery of a critique of power, in her questioning and shaking up of the ordered roles of gender.

The purpose of the thesis is to examine the irony and what can be characterised as “the giving of voice” in Kristina Lugn’s literary production, and also how these devices hang together. One chief question is whether it can be viewed that Lugn’s irony is used both as a means of style and as a (literary) political strategy.

The concept of the giving of voice is used to illustrate the way in which Lugn as author and role player allows her personae and characters to speak, often in situations of her devising where they are, and feel they are, powerless in different senses, even though she has inevitably, in her capacity as author, the power to edit and dictate.

A secondary aim is to present a more nuanced and in-depth picture of Lugn’s writing than that done so far in the reception given Lugn in the media. The study focuses attention on Lugn’s ironic stage-setting of ego positions and the constant playing with fiction and reality which characterises her writing. This is in contrast to the early reception of Lugn as a depressive confessional lyricist, where the fictitious personae were very much likened to the biographical figure of Lugn. Part of this revisionist picture includes a discussion about how central the position of the child is in both Lugn’s work and her appearances in the media.

Irony and the giving of voice in her writing is discussed and illustrated with examples from a selection of Lugn’s literary works. Focus is placed on the poetry collections Om ni hör ett skott… (1979), Percy Wennerfors (1982) and Hundstunden. Kvinnlig bekännelselyrik (1989),  and also on the theatre scripts Tant Blomma (1993), Idlaflickorna (1993), Nattorienterarna (1999) and Stulna juveler (2000). The selection of the material in the media consists of TV and radio programmes in public service broadcasting and also daily newspapers, evening papers and weekly magazines. An examination of this material is made on the basis of three points in time: that of Lugn’s literary breakthrough as a lyricist; i.e. 1983 and the period around then, the 1990s in connection with Lugn’s transition from primarily that of lyricist to that of dramatist, and the period around the turn of the millennium in connection with the première performance of the play Stulna juveler.

Author: Camilla Andersson

Title: The depiction of female and male elite soccer players in Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter –  A quantitative and discursive analysis of the World Cup 2002 and 2003

Level of education: C

Subject: Media and Communication Studies

Umeå University: Department of Culture and Media Studies

Term: Spring 2004

Pages: 70

The purpose of this essay is that from a gender theoretical and critical discourse analysis perspective  study how the image of the Swedish football national teams and players in the 2002 World Cup (men) and 2003 (women) were constructed in the media coverage. I analyze articles published in Dagens Nyheter, Swedens biggest morningpaper and Aftonbladet, biggest eveningpaper. The method is based on a quantitative content analysis, and critical discourse analysis in which I use van Dijk's analytical approach.

Issues :

1. What constructed the World Cup in 2002 and 2003  players and teams, from a gender theoretical perspective in the mediatexts?

2. Can the constructions in question 1 (with respect to the World Cup, players and teams ) be attributed to a specific gender discourse and how can they then be explained from a discursive perspective?

Both the content analysis and critical discourse analysis points to significant differences in the attention value of the World Cup in 2002 and 2002.

• It differs in structure / presentation of the actual event where mens World Cup is constructed as a dramatic and historically important event. It has an impact on all pages in the paper: debate  culture, news sites as well on the sports pages. Articles about the female players are more concentrated on the sports pages.

• The difference in the portrayal of the fotball players. The portraits of the men are elaborate and well researched. The portraits of the women are much thinner, more of haste. The male practitioner depicted additionally as potent and purposeful and may control the narrative about himself. The image of the female practitioner will be that she "corrects herself nicely " after the reporter team. Women players are also asked to comment on other events, for instance the men´s competition, than the direct cause of the text that should be a portrait of the female player. They are also compared to male players . There are also some cases of differences in language use with a tendency to reduction of the female player. Important to remember, however, is that this is only a small number of texts that have been analyzed. Remarkable, however, are the results from the content analysis that there is much greater focus on the team when it comes to the ladies, and more focus on individuals when the men are described .

• The difference in the quality of production with respect to the number of articles , number of writers and in the construction of the articles. The number of articles is on average 5 times as many during the 2002 World Cup about Swedish national team (men) compared to the VM 2003 and the women's national team. Articles are also backed up in a greater extent by the factfile, tables and general articles relating to the World Cup. For the ladies it does not exist the same editorial back-up to lift the event to a few levels higher in readers' rankings. Here the focus is most of the game situation and to the team.

Attention value is higher for men, not only in terms of quantity but also in terms of where the texts are published. It is clear that in the material there is a dominance and importance discourse connected to gender in the surveillance of the World Cup.

Keywords: Mass Communication, Gender, Sport, Daily News Paper, World Cup, Attention Value

The overall aim of this thesis is to, through a case study of a local disaster organization, study the prerequisites for building functional Hastily Formed Networks in disasters and also how HFN:s can be linked to a proactive disaster organization.The study looks upon HFN:s from the organizational, cognitive aspects of communication – not the network/information technology – and focus on the issue of local empowerment. To set the theoretical framework the thesis makes use of Peter Senge's model on learning organization, Karl Weicks organizational and communication theory of microlevels in systems, commitment and enactment. The method is a case study with interviews and field observation of a proactive disaster organization in Indonesia, in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta on Java. The results shows that Yogyakarta is actively working with a model to take advantage of the experience from earlier catastrophes, spread the learnings to other, integrate community in the learning and trying to build local empowerment including a bottom-up approach. In the interviews topics raised as important to create a good collaboration in a HFN are: 1) Provide local leaders with professional support and coordination based on a common vision. 2) Establishing local empowerment and common visions. 3) Development of the organization and individuals. 4) The need for formal and informal structures and communication. 5) Need for local mandate for coordination and increased competence in local management. The themes all deal with challenges for HFN:s, presented in earlier research, and link strongly to Senge’s theoretical model for learning organization, trying to build trust and also micro committment for uncertain periods. This contributes to the capacity to be prepared for the unprepared.

I den här uppsatsen undersöker jag hur platserna Kurouzu-cho från Junji Itos Uzumaki och Område X från Jeff VanderMeers Annihilation framställs ur ett ekokritiskt perspektiv. Detta genom att titta på växtligheten och naturfenomen, attityder kring platserna, hus och byggnader, samt hur platserna förhåller sig till begreppet agens. Bland annat används Timothy Mortons bok Ecology without Nature och Bruno Latours artikel Agency at the Time of the Anthropocene. Slutligen sammanfattas och diskuteras detta. Jag kommer fram till att platserna nästan fungerar som karaktärer. 

The purpose of this study was to identify how the ideal woman and man gets portrayed in thefitness magazines Fitness lifestyle and Fitness for men, and if these two ideals confirm orchallenge the society’s ideals. The study analyses six articles from 2013 from each magazine. Tobe able to analyze the articles texts and images deeply, the qualitative methods critical discourseanalysis and semiotics were used. The theories that the study leaned on to uncover the ideals thatthe magazines portrayed were discourse analysis and gender and power.

The result showed that the ideal woman, that Fitness lifestyle portrayed, challenged the society’sperception of the ideal woman. The male ideal however, that Fitness for men portrayed,confirmed the society’s perception of the ideal man. Both the ideal man and woman wereportrayed as strong and active.

In this bachelor’s essay, I examine the importance of place in Marguerite Duras’ The Lover from 1984. By using an ecocritical approach I find that the concepts of “culture” and “nature”, or “human” and “environment”, are made undistinguished. I also find that colonialism is highly present, and the novel accords to the theories of the overlapping literary fields of ecocriticism and postcolonialism. Ecocritical postcolonialism maintains that non-white people have historically been likened to animals and thus have a similar relationship with colonisers as humans have with the non-human.

In addition, I apply Michail Bachtin’s concept of the chronotope to the novel and conclude that the Mekong River, the Cholen district, the mother’s home, the desert, and France are the most significant chronotopes. They all represent time in some way – usually in the form of cultural history or the protagonist’s lifetime – and each one plays into the novel’s overarching views of colonialism and nature.

Titel: When online hate becomes a threat to democracy - a qualitative study about editorial writers experiences of online hate The aim of this study has been to, through an intersectional gender perspective, identify how interviewed editorial writers at Swedish newspapers experiences, and are affected by, online hate and how the effects of online hate could have consequences for the democratic function of journalism. This has been done through qualitative interviews with eight editorial writers from different Swedish newspapers, four female and four male, two of which has another ethnic background than Swedish. The theoretical framework for the study has been intersectional gender theory, the theory of participatory culture and Sara Ahmed’s theory of the link between emotion and rhetoric. The results of the study are categorised into four different themes: ”Racist online hate”, ”Sexist online hate”, ”Emotional online hate” and ”Consequences of online hate”. The results show that female editorial writers with another ethnic background than Swedish are getting an disproportionate amount of racist and sexist online hate because of their gender and ethnicity. Further, the study shows that female editorial writers are exposed to sexism which is something that is absent in the online hate directed towards the male writers The male editorial writers tends to reduce their experiences of online hate, even though some of them are or have been exposed to aggravated libel, on the grounds that female colleagues are worse affected. The study shows that subjects that trigger online hate are integration, feminism, national security and Romany beggars. The consequences of online hate that the editorial writers identifies are very individual. The ones that are worst exposed tell stories about personal consequences such as fear of safety in public, need of protected identities and self-censorship. The ones that don’t consider themselves very affected by online hate talk more about societal consequences such as the threat of online haters tone becoming the norm on the internet, the need of  common guidelines for social media, and a threat against the freedom of speech. The conclusion of the study is that the experiences of online hate is very individual for the editorial writers, but there are clear structures that shows that women and persons with another ethnic background that Swedish are exposed to sexist and racist online hate. Some subject are triggering for online hate and there are consequences, such as self-censorship, that can be seen as threats to democracy and freedom of speech.

Keywords: social media, online hate, hate speech, editorial writer, journalism, media, democracy, freedom of speech, gender, race, ethnicity, participatory culture, sexism, racism, emotional rhetoric

This study, Political representation in the local paper - the power of the front page, shows how the local paper Västerbottens-kuriren chooses, consciously or unknowingly, to represent politics on the front page during the election period of 2018. Given the premises that journalists must adhere to, could affect the reporting of politics.

The method for this study was a quantitative content analysis where a frequency count is used based on headline, preamble and to some extent image use on the front page. 

The study concluded that the newspaper had some political news, but that they were majorly excluded from appearing in the most visible article on the front page. The most common subjects that were on the front page were personal articles, or culture and entertainment oriented, which indicates a greater exposure to "softer" news. Of the political articles, the topic "other" was most prevalent, but also economics and business was a frequently recurring political topic. It was also shown that there was a gap in July when the frequency of political articles was reduced. The most widely used framing used by the political articles was game framing, which indicates a repetitive behavior on the part of journalists which, in the worst case scenario, could lead to skepticism against both politics and against the newspaper from the public.

Räv och Katt bor i en skog tillsammans med en massa andra djur, och har det ganska bra. När det kommer en grupp främmande djur till skogen i behov av hjälp, lovar Räv att hjälpa dem – men de andra djuren vägrar. Räv ger sig iväg med de nya djuren, medan Katt väljer att inte följa med. Räv och nydjuren bygger upp ett nytt hem på ett kalhygge. Katt blir kvar hos gammeldjuren, som tycker illa om Räv. Katt inser att hen och skogsdjuren gjort fel. Hen börjar att försvara Räv inför de andra skogsdjuren. Det blir bråk. Katt rusar ut mitt under en stor storm, och hamnar i en knipa. Räv och ett nydjur hjälper hen, tack och lov – och Katt kan äntligen be dem om förlåtelse. 

Stormen har förstört de gamla skogsdjurens bon och förråd – nu är det ombytta roller: Katt, Räv och Nydjuren väljer att hjälpa de gamla skogsdjuren. Tillsammans bygger gammel- och nydjuren upp någonting helt nytt. 

Det här är historien om hur det hamnade giraffer i en skandinavisk skog. Med den här Det Finns-filmen vill jag ställa frågor som: Vad ska man göra när någon behöver hjälp? Är det okej att vara rädd, tveksam eller konstig? Får en ändra sig? och andra frågor jag själv tänkte mycket på när jag var barn.

The majority of the Swedish political organizations use social media today since it allows them to quickly and directly communicate with potential voters. By sharing personal content on the side of politics, politicians have contributed to create a digital landscape where they no longer depend on traditional media to reach out with their agendas. Political communication on social media, and especially Instagram, is in need of further exploration in order to develop a wider understanding of communicative strategies on the platform.

This thesis is based on two posts each from five of the biggest Swedish political party leaders individual user accounts on Instagram. The time period of one month before the former election of the year 2022 is defined to limit the analysis during a period when the political communication is particularly intense. The purpose of the thesis is by the use of a qualitative multimodal analysis as a method investigate how the party leaders frame their Instagram posts in order to represent themselves through pictures with the belonging captions, and at the same time analyze how they frame their professional and/or personal persona in the very same posts. At last resemblances and/or differences in the posts are investigated in order to identify whether or not there might be certain patterns in the political communication to be acknowledged during the election campaign.  

The thesis is mainly found from Erving Goffman's theory about dramaturgical perspectives, and uses specific terms from its papers such as ‘frontstage’ and ‘backstage’ to describe what kind of persona (professional and/or personal) the party leaders intend to portray in each post. Serge Moscovici's theory about social representations is also used to better understand the usage of for example cultural symbols in the posts, but the theory is only used to a certain extent to complete where we found Goffman’s theory to lack perspective. 

The results from the analysis of the party leaders' posts were that they still used the same kind of strategic communication to portray themselves as hard working politicians, as former studies showed they did before the election of 2018. Although some leaders showed a bit more content from their backstage/personal life than others, it turned out that none of the posts was non-political, hence every post was set out to be performed in their professional role as political party leader. This means that the Swedish party leaders still use Instagram as a platform to mainly communicate political agendas, and not to show themselves off as celebrities or influencers which some media have contributed them to be portrayed as. 

Title: How masculine is Donald Trump? – A comparative discourse analysis of how Donald Trumps masculinities are portrayed on The New York Times, The Guardian & Aftonbladets webpages

The aim of this essay is to compare how Donald Trumps masculinities are portrayed in the news reporting by The New York Times, The Guardian and Aftonbladets webpages. The time period of the study capture Donald Trump before he was elected as president, after the election and then as the position as incumbent president to grasp one more dimension of his masculine identity throw different time periods and capture his subject position in the news reporting.

The method that is used to examine this issue is Laclau and Mouffes discourse theory that work as a combination of discourse analysis as a method of analyzing the news text and locate different discourses. As well as in combination with theories about masculinities and previous studies about former presidents, macho culture and hegemonic masculinities.

The result show Donald Trump with different masculine identities through both time and media channel. Donald Trump has first been seen as a masculine joke, a stunt like one of the Jackass-gang would pull in the TV-series. A man that is not afraid to take the challenge and run for president even if the odds are well against him, he represent a masculine crisis.

Later on he take the form of a business man that hopefully will ”not” run USA like his worldwide affairs, fast and unpredictable. The latest chapter portray Donald Trump as a fearless president that do whatever he want in policy making and the media is afraid of what will happen to the world order. From a former identity of a ”business rockstar” that does what he wants with females and worldwide affairs to become one of the most fearsome manly leader of the western civilication. Alongside with the theory of masculinities Donald Trump try to defend the hegemonic masculinity of politics and business leders by playing on a possible ”mancard” like Ronald Reagan back in the 80 ́s, by reaching out to the industry workers that mostly are men and defending there chances of labour – when the society evolved form industrial to a more service economic society with women competing alongside men about workplace.

The slogan ”America First” would rather be ”Masculinity First”, ”Make America Masculine Again” would be the text on the caps 

Title: What is a refugee, crisis & disaster? A comparative discourse analyses of SVT:s and Avpixlats reporting about refugees.

The war in Syria, refugees and ISIS have been on the news agenda for a while. The perspective

have been shifting throw different happenings about refugees, crisis, disaster and terrorism on one side. On the other side is what kind of newsagent that is reporting and there standing in society. Public service like SVT have there place on how to inform the public about different events around the world and then you have smaller news-agents thats growing in readers like Avpixlat who call themselves alternative journalism. They have less rules and regulations to follow in there news reporting and can therefor frame and angle information in a more free way.

The purpose in this study is to compare how the image of refugees are created by reports from SVT and Avpixlat and how it relates to xenophobia of different kinds.

The method that is used is discourse analysis and more precise Chantal Laclau och Ernesto Mouffes discourse theory. The specifik theories for the framework are ”orientalism", ”whiteness”, ”islamofobia”, ”myths”, earlier studies whit the theory of ”communitarian figures” and statistik misrepresentation of muslims as terrorists in news channels.

Two different discourses where found in the material, ”refugee-crises” and refugee-crieses whiteout situation marks. The first one origins från Avpixlat and build on that there are no crises alongside the war in Syria, ISIS and refugees that flee from these factors. Refugees are fake, they are immigrants that come whit economic and potential terrorist purpose to other parts around the globe, with Europe in mind and especially Sweden. Refugees where seen as ”the other” in negativ terms, high rates if islamofobia were found, Sweden represent ”the good moral” and Syria represent the ”worst moral” in terms on symbolic witness. Europe and mostly Sweden portrays as the victim rather than refugees, SVT portrays the other way around and a drowned boy symbols refugee disasters around Mediterranean.

The history of western literature has always been centered by a few specific pieces of literature works. This research aims to find which of these canon-listed works that has survived over 30 years in six different textbooks in the Swedish subject. This essay is primarily based on quantative research made on three different curriculums from the upper secondary school and six different textbook that aims to display how the canon of authorships in textbooks has changed over the course of 30 years and how it reflects in the school curriculum and textbooks.

The study found that over the course of 30 years only 25 authorships have been reoccurring in all of the textbooks. The cause of this shortcoming of authorships is, from a curriculum perspective, because of the discourse of literature in the different curriculums over the years. Technological advances and the purpose of the different textbooks were also shown to affect the outcome of the canon-lists that this essay presents.

Det finns väldigt många sätt att arbeta både med jämställdhet i stort och med kvalitativ jämställdhet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur fyra olika verksamheter integrerar arbetet med kvalitativ jämställdhet i verksamheten. Utifrån detta arbetades det fram en frågeställning om hur jämställdhetsarbetet beskrevs, motiverades och vad det visade på för förståelse av genus och jämställdhet. Metoden jag använt mig av är semistrukturerade intervjuer. I själva analysen har jag utgått från teorier om jämställdhet och jämställhetsarbete, makt, genus och perspektiv på organisationer. Resultatet visar på att det finns många olika sätt att arbeta med jämställdhet och också flera olika anledningar som motiverade till ett jämställdhetsarbete. De offentliga organisationerna framhävde motiv om rättvisa och demokrati medan de privata organiastionerna dessutom lyfte fram ett ekonomiskt perspektiv som viktigt. Alla informater menade att det fanns en stor fördel att arbeta med kvalitativ jämställdhet. Slutsatsen blir att det finns många olika sätt att arbeta integrerat med kvalitativ jämställdhet, men för att det ska få någon genomgripande effekt måste det vara ett långsiktigt arbete.

The study aims to analyze how user-generated content contributes to the representation ofcompanies in the context of digital trends. Digital marketing has become a norm forbusinesses in all fields and is a constantly changing phenomenon. Due to the overwhelminguse of influencer-marketing, trust in influencers has decreased. This has contributed to agrowing demand for authentic and relatable material on social platforms. Because of this,user-generated content is on the rise, especially on platforms like TikTok, which has becomean arena for digital marketing. This study examines how the brand Normal is portrayedthrough user-generated content through the TikTok-trend “Run, don’t walk to”. Normal is acompany that has become successful through user-generated content and electronic Word ofMouth (eWOM) on Tiktok, especially via the TikTok-trend “Run, don’t walk to”.We have used a qualitative multimodal analysis to study how the company Normal isportrayed in the trend “Run, don’t walk to”. The analysis examines several semioticresources: linguistic, auditory, visual and gestural and the interaction of the semioticresources. To understand the trend, the way users participate and interact is also studied. Wediscovered that Normal is portrayed in a positive way through user-generated content onTikTok. This is due to users' ambitious and authentic videos that load the brand withfavorable value and attributes. Users participate and interact primarily through archivingpurposes that include liking and archiving. Users' participation in the trend manifests itself ina similar way across all videos. The result is consistent with Dallas Smythe's theory ofaudience commodity, as users do not perceive the production of videos as a burden eventhough they contribute to the free marketing of the brand Normal. Users' participation in thetrend and the calls for consumption can be seen as a transaction and payment for an entry intothe consumer society.

The purpose of this study is to examine the hegemonic masculinity that can be identified in the podcast “Alex och Sigges podcast”. In this study, a rhetorical analysis and a critical discourse analysis have been conducted. The study has also used the following theories: Raewyn Connells hegemonic masculinity, Pierre Bourdieus field and symbolic capital theory, homosociality, “power and media” and “humor and discours”. The material consists three chapters from the podcast, and these three chapters are: Stympad, Pysslingen and Där alla kan ditt namn. From these chapters, some conversation extracts have been selected, and then transcribed and analyzed. The content in the analysis is thematically divided, which is intended to visualize how the different parts reproduce or challenge hegemonic masculinity. These extracts, taken out from context, will be represented for the podcast in a broader perspective.

In the end of the study there is a final discussion, which conclude results of the analysis combined with parts of the theoretical chapter. This study believes that the podcast “Alex och Sigges podcast” is creating a new type of ideal man through Schulman and Eklunds construction of hegemonic masculinity. By visualizing economic, social and cultural capital and using humor and laugh as a tool in their way to communicate, the podcast shows their listeners how hegemonic masculinity is maintained. Schulman and Eklund also challenge the prevailing masculinity norms, especially in their role as a father, where they show how a man can be sensitive, communicative and open about  showing feelings to others. Hence, the title of the study, where they are successively creating “a modern cityman”.            

The focus of this study is the two autobiographical novels Den högsta kasten (1997) and Djävulsformeln (2000) by Swedish author Carina Rydberg. Both novels generated lively public debate regarding how they ought to be read and understood, what genre they belonged to, and the ontological status of the narrating “I”. The aim is to investigate why the protagonist, Carina, is perceived as unintelligible by many readers and explore how she can be understood in relation to what constitutes an intelligible identity from a literary and cultural perspective.

The novels, as well as their protagonist, are approached from the perspective of genre theory, the argument being that Carina’s unintelligibility is directly dependent on what genre she is read in relation to. In the first part of the thesis the ambiguities of autobiographical texts are discussed, and the narrative and protagonist are analyzed in relation to the autobiographical genre. In the second part of the thesis the consequences of reading the texts as examples of the Gothic with emphasis on monstrosity, the uncanny and sexual transgression are examined. The two readings demonstrate how interpretations of text and character are highly influenced by the reader's expectations connected to genre. Rydberg’s transgression of the norms of genre, gender, and identity leaves the reader with a contradictory set of genre-specific expectations, which in turn makes it difficult to understand and accept the protagonist.

The main theme of both novels is Carina’s unsuccessful attempts to reconcile what she sees as two separate, essentially incompatible identities: woman and author. The final chapter includes a comparative study in which Rydberg’s novels are linked to works by other Swedish female writers, both past and contemporary, to demonstrate that the conflict of woman versus author is a common problem for female writers. The thesis closes with a discussion about the possibility of placing Rydberg in a specifically female literary tradition and demonstrate how a feminist analysis can make the unintelligible intelligible.