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  • 1.
    Ainiala, Terhi
    et al.
    Helsinki University.
    Mesch, Johanna
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language Section.
    Henkilönnimet viittomakielessä (Arv. teos: Henkilöviittomien synty ja kehitys suomalaisessa viittomakieliyhteisössä/ Päivi Rainò - Helsinki 2004)2005In: Virittäjä, ISSN 0042-6806-109, Vol. 109, no 141–144Article, book review (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
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    FULLTEXT01
  • 2.
    Balkstam, Eira
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Fonologisk utveckling i det svenska teckenspråket hos hörande andraspråksinlärare: Identifiering av aspekter, tecken och en- och tvåhandstecken2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, the phonological development of hearing L2 learners has been investigated with regard to their ability to identify a sign's aspect structure, both partially and as a whole, and one- vs. two-handed signs. The results were compared to a control group of deaf first language speakers of Swedish sign language. There has previously been a limited number of studies focusing on the identification of signs. For this reason, a task that required no previous knowledge of Swedish Sign Language or linguistics was created for this study. The study is based on data from a quantitative and longitudinal investigation. In the identification of aspects, it is shown that place of articulation was the easiest to identify for both groups, followed by articulator, and lastly articulation, which was the most difficult to identify correctly. The L2 group performed better and could identify a higher number of correct lexical signs than the L1 group. However, both groups scored low results. A possible reason for this is that the test template is not explicit enough about articulation as a aspect. When identifying one- and two-handed signs, it is shown that one-handed signs are easier to identify than two-handed signs, across both groups. This corroborates previous research that shows that two-handed signs are phonologically and cognitively more complex than one-handed signs. Further research with a larger number of participants is encouraged in order to investigate other potentially influencing factors.

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    Fonologisk utveckling i det svenska teckenspråket hos hörande andraspråksinlärare
  • 3.
    Bergman, Brita
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Barns tidiga teckenspråksutveckling: med illustrationer av Lena Johansmide2012Report (Other academic)
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    fulltext
  • 4.
    Bergman, Brita
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Lite om det svenska teckenspråket2012Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 5.
    Bergman, Brita
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    On Motivated Signs in the Swedish Sign Language1978In: Studia Linguistica, ISSN 0039-3193, E-ISSN 1467-9582, Vol. XXXII, no I-II, p. 9-17Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 6.
    Bergman, Brita
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Signed Swedish1979Book (Other academic)
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    fulltext
  • 7.
    Bergman, Brita
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Studies in Swedish sign language1982Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The present thesis consists of six studies in Swedish Sign Language, the primary language of the Swedish deaf community. Unlike spoken language, which is vocal-auditive with respect to manner of production and perception, signed language is gestural-visual. Due to the differences in modality signed language - in addition to being linear and arbitrary - is also characterized by properties such as simultaneity, spatiality and iconicity. This applies to the sign as well as the sentence.

    One paper deals with classification of signs. According to the relation between the form of the sign and the referent, signs are classified as either arbitrary or motivated, the latter type consisting of deictic and iconic forms. Further subclassification is made with reference to the role of the articulation (movement) of the sign which may depict a shape, a movement or a relation. This model also distinguishes between direct and indirect motivation. Indirectly motivated forms are related to the referent via a base concept as in ELEPHANT in which the form depicts the shape of a trunk.

    Another aspect of sign formation is described in a paper dealing with five morphological processes: A preliminary analysis suggests that these formational changes, when operating on verbal and adjectival predicates, are modulations for aspect, reciprocity and degree.

    Two studies deal with syntactic processes. One focusses on iconic and arbitrary use of space in localisation, i. e. how and where the referents of the arguments are assigned positions in front of the signer's body. The case is pleaded for the necessity of using motivational criteria when describing sign classes with respect to direct and indirect localisation of signs.

    The second syntactic study describes non-manual grammatical signals marking different types of sentences such as yes/no-questions, wh-questions, negated and conditional sentences.

    Two systems for transcribing sign language are introduced: one system for transcription of the manually produced component of the sign; and one for transcribing whole utterances including information on non-manual articulators (body, head, mouth, eyes, eye-brows).

  • 8.
    Bergman, Brita
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Teckenspråket - inte bara händernas språk2014Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 9.
    Bergman, Brita
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Teckenspråkets erkännande: Vad hände egentligen den 14 maj 1981?2001In: DövtidningenArticle in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 10.
    Bergman, Brita
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Teckenspråksutveckling hos döva och hörselskadade barn med ytterligare funktionsnedsättning2012Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 11.
    Bergman, Brita
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Tecknad svenska: [Signed Swedish]1977Book (Other academic)
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  • 12.
    Bergman, Brita
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Är teckenspråket internationellt?2010Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 13.
    Bergman, Brita
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Björkstrand, Thomas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Teckentranskription2015Report (Other academic)
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    Forskning om teckentranskription XXV
  • 14.
    Bergman, Brita
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Engberg-Pedersen, Elisabeth
    Transmission of sign languages in the Nordic countries2010In: Sign languages / [ed] Diane Brentari, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 74-94Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Scandinavia is the name of the three independent countries Denmark, Norway and Sweden; the term “the Nordic countries” includes also Finland and Iceland. The histories of these five countries are interwoven politically, linguistically and culturally with relations also to Greenland and the Faeroe Islands. As the present volume includes chapters with analyses of Danish Sign Language, Finnish Sign Language and Swedish Sign Language, the focus in this chapter will be on these three languages. But Danish Sign Language has influenced the sign languages used in Norway, Iceland, Greenland and the Faeroe Islands, so we will briefly sketch the role of Danish Sign Language in these other countries and regions at the end of the section on Danish Sign Language.

    The Nordic Council for the Deaf was founded in 1907. One of its original aims was to create a common Nordic sign language, an aim that led to the compilation of the first sign dictionary in Finland (Hoyer 2005) and the second sign dictionary in Denmark. Discussions about common Nordic signs continued at the Nordic congresses for the deaf up through the century (Hoyer 2005), and as late as 1979 a sign dictionary was published in Denmark with some of the signs marked with an “N,” indicating that these signs were new and agreed upon by the Nordic deaf associations (Plum et al. 1979). However, these normative endeavors were not continued and were criticized not the least by deaf people themselves (Hoyer 2005).

  • 15.
    Bergman, Brita
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Wallin, Lars
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Noun and Verbal Classifiers in Swedish Sign Language2003In: Perspectives on Classifier Constructions in Sign Language / [ed] Karen Emmorey, Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003, p. 35-51Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 16.
    Bigeard, Sam
    et al.
    Universität Hamburg.
    Schulder, Mark
    Kopf, Maria
    Hanke, Thomas
    Vasilaki, Kiriaki
    Vacalopoulou, Anna
    Goulas, Theodor
    Dimou, Athanasia-Lida
    Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita
    Efthimiou, Eleni
    Fox, Neil
    Crasborn, Onno
    Westenberg, Lianne
    Ebling, Sarah
    Wawrinka, Laure
    Mesch, Johanna
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Björkstrand, Thomas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Kuder, Anna
    Wójcicka, Joanna
    Extended Interlingual Index for the Project's Core Sign Languages and Languages covered in Work Package 92024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of the interlingual index is to link the lexical resources of the sign languages of the project. This is the final project release of the index, which covers both the core sign languages of the project as well as additional sign languages.

  • 17.
    Bjerva, Johannes
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Computational Linguistics. University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
    Börstell, Carl
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Morphological complexity influences Verb–Object order in Swedish Sign Language2016In: Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity: Proceedings of the Workshop / [ed] Dominique Brunato, Felice Dell'Orletta, Giulia Venturi, Thomas François, Philippe Blache, International Committee on Computational Linguistics (ICCL) , 2016, p. 137-141Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Computational linguistic approaches to sign languages could benefit from investigating how complexity influences structure. We investigate whether morphological complexity has an effect on the order of Verb (V) and Object (O) in Swedish Sign Language (SSL), on the basis of elicited data from five Deaf signers. We find a significant difference in the distribution of the orderings OV vs. VO, based on an analysis of morphological weight. While morphologically heavy verbs exhibit a general preference for OV, humanness seems to affect the ordering in the opposite direction, with [+human] Objects pushing towards a preference for VO.

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  • 18.
    Björkstrand, Thomas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Redundans i teckentranskriptionssystemet1998Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
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    Redundans i teckentranskriptionssystemet
  • 19.
    Björkstrand, Thomas
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Balkstam, Eira
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Willing, Josephine
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Sign language dictionary as a digital tool in L2 teaching: Score evaluation of sentences for CEFR levels A1-B22019Conference paper (Other academic)
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    fulltext
  • 20.
    Björkstrand, Thomas
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Balkstam, Eira
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Willing, Josephine
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Sign language dictionary as a digital tool in Sign language interpreting education: Score evaluation of sentences for CEFR levels A1-B22019Conference paper (Other academic)
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    fulltext
  • 21.
    Björkstrand, Thomas
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Balkstam, Eira
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Willing, Josephine
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Svenskt teckenspråkslexikon som ett digitalt verktyg i andraspråksundervisningen: Poängberäkning av meningar2022Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    In this project, we describe the development of the Swedish Sign Language online dictionary for including CEFR level evaluations of the example sentences. This is done in order to support L2 learners at different stages of proficiency and facilitate sign language teaching. For the students in the BA program for sign language and interpreting, the dictionary is used as a digital tool for searching and finding signs and sentences. In connection to this, we found that there was a need to adapt the sentences to different levels of proficiency, following the CEFR-based scale from A1 to B2. The focus on levels A1 to B2 is motivated by the levels reached within the 2-year program. As far as we are aware, no other sign language lexical database has applied this method – nor is there much international research pertaining to this – and as such this is a novel model.

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    fulltext
  • 22.
    Björkstrand, Thomas
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Ryttervik, Magnus
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Tecken inom idrott2011Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 23.
    Björkstrand, Thomas
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Wallin, Lars
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Bäckström, Joel
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Jonsson, Mats
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Mesch, Johanna
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Bergman, Brita
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Gunnarsson, Magnus
    Svenskt teckenspråkslexikon2010Other (Other academic)
  • 24. Bono, Mayumi
    et al.
    Efthimiou, EleniFotinea, Stavroula-EvitaHanke, ThomasHochgesang, JulieKristoffersen, JetteMesch, JohannaStockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.Osugi, Yutaka
    8th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Involving the Language Community: Proceedings2018Conference proceedings (editor) (Refereed)
  • 25.
    Bäckström, Joel
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Polysyntetiska tecken i svenska teckenspråksdialoger: De vanligast förekommande handformerna i polysyntetiska tecken2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka handformer som är vanligast förekommande i polysyntetiska tecken i svenskt teckenspråk. Studien, som är den första i sitt slag, fokuserar på polysyntetiska tecken som betecknar rörelsesituationerna befintlighet, förflyttning, stationär rörelse och stillastående. Polysyntetiska tecken har tre manuella aspekter precis som fasta tecken (lexikala tecken). Medan de fasta tecknens manuella aspekter bär ingen egen betydelse, så är dessa aspekter betydelsebärande hos polysyntetiska tecken. Den betydelsebärande delen handform kallas för klassifikator, och har underkategorierna icke-agentiv och agentiv klassifikator. I studien har förekomster av handformer delats upp i tre kategorier enligt vilken den typ av korrelat som klassifikatorerna har: Direkt korrelat, indirekt korrelat och utan korrelat. Materialet som har använts till studien är fyrtioen annoterade texter på svenskt teckenspråk från Svensk teckenspråkskorpus. Totalt hittades 242 förekomster av polysyntetiska tecken som kategoriserades utifrån klassifikatorer. Icke-agentiva klassifikatorer är vanligast, 191 förekomster, där de tre vanligast förekommande handformerna är dubbelkroken, sprethanden och pekfingret. De vanligast förekommande rörelsesituationerna med icke-agentiva klassifikatorer är egenförflyttning och befintlighet. För agentiva klassifikatorer hittades 51 förekomster, där de tre vanligast förekommande handformerna är A-handen, S-handen och knutna handen. Här är rörelsesituationen objektförflyttning den mest frekvent förekommande. Resultatet kan förhoppningsvis påverka synen på vilka handformer som främst bör ingå i undervisningen för nybörjare i teckenspråk.

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  • 26.
    Börstell, Carl
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Grammatisk finithet i trumaí2008Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Traditionellt har tempusböjning och person-/numeruskongruens på verb varit de starkaste kriterierna för finithet. Det har dock visat sig vara svårapplicerade kriterier för många språk och finithet på satsnivå – huruvida en sats är självständig eller ej – har blivit en viktig fråga för definitionen.

    Uppsatsen syftar till att beskriva och analysera finithetsfenomenet utifrån språket trumaí.

    Det tycks finnas flera fenomen som är tecken på en finithetsdistinktion i trumaí, framför allt -n/-e-klitikan som markerar 3Abs på verbet vid absolutivargumentets frånvaro, samt FT-partiklarna som har en tempusfunktion. För imperativ verkar det vara så att imperativpartiklarna har en intern distribution baserad på person och animathet hos absolutivargumentet, vilket kan tolkas som att det finns en argumentkongruens frikopplad från den semantiska inkorporeringen av andraperson som subjekt. Gällande finithet på satsnivå finns det i trumaí både finita och infinita satser som kan fungera som bisatser. I strukturer där verbet beter sig prototypiskt är satsen finit, medan andra strukturers verb tycks ha rört sig mot att bete sig nominellt, varpå satsen fungerar annorlunda och är infinit.

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    FULLTEXT01
  • 27.
    Börstell, Carl
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Här är 4 procent av invånarna döva2013In: Dövas tidning, ISSN 1402-1978, Vol. 4, p. 13-13Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 28.
    Börstell, Carl
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Härmed tecknar jag dig ...2017In: Språktidningen, ISSN 1654-5028, no 7, p. 52-57Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 29.
    Börstell, Carl
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Object marking in the signed modality: Verbal and nominal strategies in Swedish Sign Language and other sign languages2017In: Sign Language and Linguistics, ISSN 1387-9316, E-ISSN 1569-996X, Vol. 20, no 2, p. 279-287Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 30.
    Börstell, Carl
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Persontecken avslöjar vilka vi är2017In: Dövas tidning, ISSN 1402-1978, Vol. 3, p. 7-7Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 31.
    Börstell, Carl
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Pfau, Roland, Markus Steinbach & Annika Herrmann (eds.), A matter of complexity: Subordination in sign languages2016In: Nordic Journal of Linguistics, ISSN 0332-5865, E-ISSN 1502-4717, Vol. 39, no 3, p. 311-317Article, book review (Other academic)
  • 32.
    Börstell, Carl
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Types and trends of name signs in the Swedish Sign Language community2017In: SKY Journal of Linguistics, ISSN 1456-8438, E-ISSN 1796-279X, Vol. 30, p. 7-34Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper investigates the domain of name signs (i.e., signs used as personal names) in the Swedish Sign Language (SSL) community. The data are based on responses from an online questionnaire, in which Deaf, hard of hearing, and hearing participants answered questions about the nature of their name signs. The collected questionnaire data comprise 737 name signs, distributed across five main types and 24 subtypes of name signs, following the categorization of previous work on SSL. Signs are grouped according to sociolinguistic variables such as age, gender, and identity (e.g., Deaf or hearing), as well as the relationship between name giver and named (e.g., family or friends). The results show that name signs are assigned at different ages between the groups, such that children of Deaf parents are named earlier than other groups, and that Deaf and hard of hearing individuals are normally named during their school years. It is found that the distribution of name sign types is significantly different between females and males, with females more often having signs denoting physical appearance, whereas males have signs related to personality/behavior. Furthermore, it is shown that the distribution of sign types has changed over time, with appearance signs losing ground to personality/behavior signs – most clearly for Deaf females. Finally, there is a marginally significant difference in the distribution of sign types based on whether or not the name giver was Deaf. The study is the first to investigate name signs and naming customs in the SSL community statistically – synchronically and diachronically – and one of the few to do so for any sign language.

  • 33.
    Börstell, Carl
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Hörberg, Thomas
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, General Linguistics.
    Östling, Robert
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Computational Linguistics.
    Distribution and duration of signs and parts of speech in Swedish Sign Language2016In: Sign Language and Linguistics, ISSN 1387-9316, E-ISSN 1569-996X, Vol. 19, no 2, p. 143-196Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we investigate frequency and duration of signs and parts of speech in Swedish Sign Language (SSL) using the SSL Corpus. The duration of signs is correlated with frequency, with high-frequency items having shorter duration than low-frequency items. Similarly, function words (e.g. pronouns) have shorter duration than content words (e.g. nouns). In compounds, forms annotated as reduced display shorter duration. Fingerspelling duration correlates with word length of corresponding Swedish words, and frequency and word length play a role in the lexicalization of fingerspellings. The sign distribution in the SSL Corpus shows a great deal of cross-linguistic similarity with other sign languages in terms of which signs appear as high-frequency items, and which categories of signs are distributed across text types (e.g. conversation vs. narrative). We find a correlation between an increase in age and longer mean sign duration, but see no significant difference in sign duration between genders.

  • 34. Börstell, Carl
    et al.
    Jantunen, Tommi
    Kimmelmann, Vadim
    de Lint, Vanja
    Mesch, Johanna
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Oomen, Marloes
    Transitivity prominence within and across modalities2019In: Open Linguistics, ISSN 2300-9969, Vol. 5, no 1, p. 666-689Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate transitivity prominence of verbs across signed and spoken languages, based on data from both valency dictionaries and corpora. Our methodology relies on the assumption that dictionary data and corpus-based measures of transitivity are comparable, and we find evidence in support of this through the direct comparison of these two types of data across several spoken languages. For the signed modality, we measure the transitivity prominence of verbs in five sign languages based on corpus data and compare the results to the transitivity prominence hierarchy for spoken languages reported in Haspelmath (2015). For each sign language, we create a hierarchy for 12 verb meanings based on the proportion of overt direct objects per verb meaning. We use these hierarchies to calculate correlations between languages – both signed and spoken – and find positive correlations between transitivity hierarchies. Additional findings of this study include the observation that locative arguments seem to behave differently than direct objects judging by our measures of transitivity, and that relatedness among sign languages does not straightforwardly imply similarityin transitivity hierarchies. We conclude that our findings provide support for a modality-independent, semantic basis of transitivity.

  • 35.
    Börstell, Carl
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Jantunen, Tommi
    Mesch, Johanna
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Kimmelman, Vadim
    Oomen, Marloes
    de Lint, Vanja
    Transitivity prominence within and across modalities2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The idea of transitivity as a scalar phenomenon is well known (e.g., Hopper & Thompson 1980; Tsunoda 1985; Haspelmath 2015). However, as with most areas of linguistic study, it has been almost exclusively studied with a focus on spoken languages. A rare exception to this is Kimmelman (2016), who investigates transitivity in Russian Sign Language (RSL) on the basis of corpus data. Kimmelman attempts to establish a transitivity prominence hierarchy of RSL verbs, and compares this ranking to the verb meanings found in the ValPal database (Hartmann, Haspelmath & Bradley 2013). He arrives at the conclusion that using the frequency of overt objects in corpus data is a successful measure of transitivity prominence, and that the prominence ranking of RSL verbs correlate with that found for spoken languages in Haspelmath (2015). In this paper, we expand on these intra- and cross-modal comparisons of transitivity prominence by introducing four other sign languages to the sample: Finnish Sign Language (FinSL), Swedish Sign Language (SSL), Sign Language to the Netherlands (NGT), and German Sign Language (DGS). FinSL and SSL are known to be historically related (cf. Bergman & Engberg-Pedersen 2010), while the other are not related, which allows us to look at both modality and relatedness effects in our sample. Of the 80 core verb meanings in the ValPal database, Kimmelman (2016) included the 25 most frequent verbs in his corpus. For our study, we have annotated all occurrences of these 25 verb meanings in a subset of the corpora of FinSL (2h 40min; 18,446 tokens), SSL (2h 5min; 16,724 tokens), NGT (≈80,000 tokens), and DGS (≈58,000 tokens). We annotate whether a verb occurs with an overt object as well as the type of object (direct, indirect, clausal, or a locative). Looking at the ValPal verb meanings with ≥5 sign tokens in all four new languages, we arrive at 12 verbs that are found in all five sign languages and the spoken languages (SpL) of the ValPal database – see Table 1. In Table 1, we see that there is a general agreement across languages – both signed and spoken – in how transitivity prominent a verb meaning is. Spearman’s rank correlation shows a significant (p<0.05) correlation between all possible pairs except SSL–SpL (p=0.091) and SSL– RSL (p=0.074), corroborating Kimmelman’s finding that there are patterns of transitivity prominence present across languages and modalities. It is interesting that SSL thus diverges from the other sign languages in this sample: this deserves further investigation. We also wanted to investigate the transitivity prominence as a property of individual languages. In order to do so, we took the individual languages of the ValPal database and measured each verb meaning in each language with regard to its transitivity prominence. This meant calculating how many of the verb forms associated with a specific verb meaning took a P argument. Note that this is quite different from calculating transitivity prominence based on corpus data: with corpora, we calculated the proportion of verbal tokens occurring with an overt object, and with the ValPal database, we calculated the proportion of transitive verb associated with a particular concept. We included the 12 verb meanings found across all languages (the five sign languages and 33 spoken languages). We then calculated mean distances across verb meanings and languages, and plotted this with multidimensional scaling in Figure 1. In the figure, we see that the five sign languages form a part of a cluster, suggesting either modality-based similarities, or similarities that come with the difference in data (corpus data rather than lexical data). On the other hand, sign languages as a group are not clearly opposed to spoken languages as a group, which implies that the corpus-based and lexical calculations of transitivity are comparable. Interestingly, FinSL and SSL are not more strongly associated than the other sign languages, which implies that their historical relatedness is not directly relevant to transitivity. In our presentation, we will present the results and the conclusions in more detail, as well as discuss the possibilities of using corpus data to establish valency patterns for languages in the signed modality.

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  • 36.
    Börstell, Carl
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Lepic, Ryan
    Commentary on Kita, van Gijn & van der Hulst (1998)2014In: Sign Language and Linguistics, ISSN 1387-9316, E-ISSN 1569-996X, Vol. 17, no 2, p. 241-250Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 37.
    Börstell, Carl
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Lepic, Ryan
    Belsitzman, Gal
    Articulatory plurality is a property of lexical plurals in sign language2016In: Lingvisticæ investigationes, ISSN 0378-4169, E-ISSN 1569-9927, Vol. 39, no 2, p. 391-407Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sign languages make use of paired articulators (the two hands), hence manual signs may be either one- or two-handed. Although two-handedness has previously been regarded a purely formal feature, studies have argued morphologically two-handed forms are associated with some types of inflectional plurality. Moreover, recent studies across sign languages have demonstrated that even lexically two-handed signs share certain semantic properties. In this study, we investigate lexically plural concepts in ten different sign languages, distributed across five sign language families, and demonstrate that such concepts are preferentially represented with two-handed forms, across all the languages in our sample. We argue that this is because the signed modality with its paired articulators enables the languages to iconically represent conceptually plural meanings.

  • 38.
    Börstell, Carl
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Mesch, Johanna
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Wallin, Lars
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Segmenting the Swedish Sign Language corpus: On the possibilities of using visual cues as a basis for syntactic segmentation2014In: Workshop Proceedings: 6th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Beyond the Manual Channel / [ed] Onno Crasborn, Eleni Efthimiou, Evita Fotinea, Thomas Hanke, Julie Hochgesang, Jette Kristoffersen, Johanna Mesch, Paris: ELRA , 2014, p. 7-10Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper deals with the possibility of conducting syntactic segmentation of the Swedish Sign Language Corpus (SSLC) on the basisof the visual cues from both manual and nonmanual signals. The SSLC currently features segmentation on the lexical level only, whichis why the need for a linguistically valid segmentation on e.g. the clausal level would be very useful for corpus-based studies on thegrammatical structure of Swedish Sign Language (SSL). An experiment was carried out letting seven Deaf signers of SSL each segmenttwo short texts (one narrative and one dialogue) using ELAN, based on the visual cues they perceived as boundaries. This was latercompared to the linguistic analysis done by a language expert (also a Deaf signer of SSL), who segmented the same texts into whatwas considered syntactic clausal units. Furthermore, these segmentation procedures were compared to the segmentation done for theSwedish translations also found in the SSLC. The results show that though the visual and syntactic segmentations overlap in manycases, especially when a number of cues coincide, the visual segmentation is not consistent enough to be used as a means of segmentingsyntactic units in the SSLC.

  • 39.
    Börstell, Carl
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Sandler, Wendy
    Aronoff, Mark
    Sign Language Linguistics2014In: Oxford Bibliographies, Oxford University Press, 2014Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 40.
    Börstell, Carl
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Wirén, Mats
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Computational Linguistics.
    Mesch, Johanna
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Gärdenfors, Moa
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Towards an Annotation of Syntactic Structure in the Swedish Sign Language Corpus2016In: Workshop Proceedings: 7th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpus Mining / [ed] Eleni Efthimiou, Stavroula-Evita Fotinea, Thomas Hanke, Julie Hochgesang, Jette Kristoffersen, Johanna Mesch, Paris: ELRA , 2016, p. 19-24Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper describes on-going work on extending the annotation of the Swedish Sign Language Corpus (SSLC) with a level of syntactic structure. The basic annotation of SSLC in ELAN consists of six tiers: four for sign glosses (two tiers for each signer; one for each of a signer’s hands), and two for written Swedish translations (one for each signer). In an additional step by Östling et al. (2015), all ¨ glosses of the corpus have been further annotated for parts of speech. Building on the previous steps, we are now developing annotation of clause structure for the corpus, based on meaning and form. We define a clause as a unit in which a predicate asserts something about one or more elements (the arguments). The predicate can be a (possibly serial) verbal or nominal. In addition to predicates and their arguments, criteria for delineating clauses include non-manual features such as body posture, head movement and eye gaze. The goal of this work is to arrive at two additional annotation tier types in the SSLC: one in which the sign language texts are segmented into clauses, and the other in which the individual signs are annotated for their argument types.

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  • 41.
    Börstell, Carl
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Östling, Robert
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Computational Linguistics.
    Iconic Locations in Swedish Sign Language: Mapping Form to Meaning with Lexical Databases2017In: Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics, NoDaLiDa / [ed] Jörg Tiedemann, Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2017, p. 221-225, article id 026Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we describe a method for mapping the phonological feature location of Swedish Sign Language (SSL) signs to the meanings in the Swedish semantic dictionary SALDO. By doing so, we observe clear differences in the distribution of meanings associated with different locations on the body. The prominence of certain locations for specific meanings clearly point to iconic mappings between form and meaning in the lexicon of SSL, which pinpoints modalityspecific properties of the visual modality.

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  • 42.
    Börstell, Carl
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Östling, Robert
    University of Helsinki, Finland.
    Visualizing Lects in a Sign Language Corpus: Mining Lexical Variation Data in Lects of Swedish Sign Language2016In: Workshop Proceedings: 7th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpus Mining / [ed] Eleni Efthimiou, Stavroula-Evita Fotinea, Thomas Hanke, Julie Hochgesang, Jette Kristoffersen, Johanna Mesch, Paris: ELRA , 2016, p. 13-18Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we discuss the possibilities for mining lexical variation data across (potential) lects in Swedish Sign Language (SSL). The data come from the SSL Corpus (SSLC), a continuously expanding corpus of SSL, its latest release containing 43 307 annotated sign tokens, distributed over 42 signers and 75 time-aligned video and annotation files. After extracting the raw data from the SSLC annotation files, we created a database for investigating lexical distribution/variation across three possible lects, by merging the raw data with an external metadata file, containing information about the age, gender, and regional background of each of the 42 signers in the corpus. We go on to present a first version of an easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI) that can be used as a tool for investigating lexical variation across different lects, and demonstrate a few interesting finds. This tool makes it easier for researchers and non-researchers alike to have the corpus frequencies for individual signs visualized in an instant, and the tool can easily be updated with future expansions of the SSLC.

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  • 43. Clark, Becky
    et al.
    Mesch, Johanna
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    A global perspective on disparity of gender anddisability for deaf female athletes2018In: Sport in Society: Cultures, Media, Politics, Commerce, ISSN 1743-0437, E-ISSN 1743-0445, Vol. 21, no 1, p. 64-75Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although the significance of gender and disability issues has graduallyincreased in the global society during the past three decades,there are only few studies with regard to the deaf community andsport. This article examines the level of Deaf or Hard-of-Hearingwomen’s participation in sports and the factors for their continuedunderrepresentation. The WomenSport International’s Task Force onDeaf and Hard of Hearing Girls and Women in Sport conducted aworld-wide survey to determine and assess the needs of deaf andhard of hearing girls and women in sport. A snapshot of the resultsand issues and future aspirations are provided.

  • 44.
    Crasborn, Onno
    et al.
    Radboud University Nijmegen.
    Kooij, Els van der
    Radboud University Nijmegen.
    Waters, Dafydd
    UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience.
    Woll, Bencie
    Deafness, Cognition and Language Research Centre, UCL.
    Mesch, Johanna
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Frequency distribution and spreading behavior of different types of mouth actions in three sign languages2008In: Sign Language and Linguistics, Vol. 11, no 1, p. 45–67-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we present a comparative study of mouth actions in three European sign languages: British Sign Language (BSL), Nederlandse Gebarentaal (Sign Language of the Netherlands, NGT), and Swedish Sign Language (SSL). We propose a typology for, and report the frequency distribution of, the different types of mouth actions observed. In accordance with previous studies, we find the three languages remarkably similar — both in the types of mouth actions they use, and in how these mouth actions are distributed. We then describe how mouth actions can extend over more than one manual sign. This spreading of mouth actions is the primary focus of this paper. Based on an analysis of comparable narrative material in the three languages, we demonstrate that the direction as well as the source and goal of spreading may be language-specific.

  • 45.
    Crasborn, Onno
    et al.
    Radboud University Nijmegen.
    Mesch, Johanna
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language Section.
    Waters, Dafydd
    University College London.
    Nonhebel, Annika
    Radboud University Nijmegen.
    Woll, Bencie
    University College London.
    Bergman, Brita
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language Section.
    Sharing sign languague data online: Experiences from the ECHO project2007In: International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, ISSN 1384-6655, Vol. 12, no 4, p. 537-564Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    This article describes how new technological possibilities allow sign language researchers to share and publish video data and transcriptions online. Both linguistic and technological aspects of creating and publishing a sign language corpus are discussed, and standards are proposed for both metadata and transcription categories specific to sign language data. In addition, ethical aspects of publishing video data of signers online are considered, and suggestions are offered for future corpus projects and software tools.

  • 46. Crible, Ludivine
    et al.
    Gabarró-López, Sílvia
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Coherence relations across speech and sign language: A comparable corpus study of additive connectives2021In: Languages in Contrast: International Journal for Contrastive Linguistics, ISSN 1387-6759, E-ISSN 1569-9897, Vol. 21, no 1, p. 58-81Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper provides the first contrastive analysis of a coherence relation (viz. addition) and its connectives across a sign language (French Belgian Sign Language) and a spoken language (French), both used in the same geographical area. The analysis examines the frequency and types of connectives that can express an additive relation, in order to contrast its “markedness” in the two languages, that is, whether addition is marked by dedicated connectives or by ambiguous, polyfunctional ones. Furthermore, we investigate the functions of the most frequent additive connective in each language (namely et and the sign SAME), starting from the observation that most connectives are highly polyfunctional. This analysis intends to show which functions are compatible with the meaning of addition in spoken and signed discourse. Despite a common core of shared discourse functions, the equivalence between et and SAME is only partial and relates to a difference in their semantics.

  • 47.
    Drapsa, Mindy
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Teckenanvändning hos döva nyanlända2021Student paper other, 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This degree project has been carried out as part of the project "Mulder - Deaf migrants’ multilingual situation in Sweden". The purpose of that project is to investigate language learning in adult deaf migrants. The project focuses on the use of signs by deaf migrants in Sweden. Both quantitative as well as qualitative analyzes of deaf migrants’ use of signs have been made in this project. First, the number and distribution of different types of signs in Swedish Sign Language (STS) were analyzed: lexical signs, depicting signs, pointing, fingerspelling, gestures and also the use of International Sign or signs from their own home country. Then the variation in choice of sign in lexical signs as well as handshape types within depicting signs was studied. The background of deaf migrants such as their access to sign language since birth and education is highly varying and therefore they have been divided into three groups to compare these groups use of signs. Their results have also been compared with data from first language users in a previous study. 

      

    The results from the quantitative analysis show that deaf migrants produce significantly more depicting signs compared to first language users who show a slightly higher production of lexical signs and fingerspelling. Deaf migrants also tend to produce more gestures and signs that are not from STS, that is, International Sign or signs from their own home country. When it comes to the use of pointing, it turns out to be fairly even between deaf migrants and first language users. The results from the qualitative analysis show that phonological variations in signs occur in deaf migrants and that this may be due to transfer from their first language. The choice of sign and handshape may depend on the degree of iconicity and the linguistic and cultural background of deaf migrants. In addition, these results show that there are differences within the three groups as well, regarding use of signs, depending on their background and education, which is also discussed in this project. Finally, the project shows that deaf migrants' early access to sign language and education is important for language acquisition.

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  • 48.
    Drapsa, Mindy
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Varför påminner Visual Vernacular om filmiska uttrycksätt?: En studie inom konstnärlig teckenspråkstext2022Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    I denna studie tittar jag på vilka filmiska särdrag som förekommer i konstnärlig teckenspråkstext, Visual Vernacular, ur en kognitiv beskrivningsmodell för teckenspråk (Liddell 2003) som utgångspunkt för att öka förståelsen om Visual Vernaculars unika uppbyggnad. Tre Visual Vernacular-texter, från Amerika, Italien och Polen tas med till denna studies analysarbete vilket skett via annotering och ett urval av Visual Vernacular-segment för att finna kopplingar till filmiska uttrycksmedel. Sedan delades arbetet upp i händelsebaserade Visual Vernacular-segment som grundar sig på att tecknarens händer antingen representeras av substitutor och/eller avbildas av manipulator, och beskrivningsbaserade Visual Vernacular-segment som representeras av deskriptor. Därefter presenteras resultatet av vilka real space blend de olika Visual Vernacular-segmenten innehåller samt hur kopplingarna med de filmiska uttrycksmedlen ser ut. Det framgår att Visual Vernacular utmärker sig genom användningen av förstapersonsperspektiv (Point of View) det vill säga, att tecknaren skapar en surrogatblend med eller utan avbildande tecken. Tecknaren kan skapa avbildande blend tillsammans med surrogatblend och använda uppdelade zoner samt onomatopoetiska eller adverbiella munrörelser för att uppge flera real space blend simultant i estetiskt syfte. De filmiska uttrycksmedel som förekommer i Visual Vernacular består av bildutsnitt såsom helbild, halvbild och närbild, fast de kan spelas upp som flera bildlager samtidigt för att skapa en händelse. Det innebär att tecknaren i en Visual Vernacular-text kan personifiera vilken karaktär som helst och framföra innehållet i olika skala med eller utan zoom men i samma händelse. Genom att försöka finna kopplingar till filmiska uttrycksmedel är resultatet från denna studie att det förekommer uttryckssätt som hör ihop med teckenspråk, exempelvis visuell komprimering som inte går att jämföra med film. Resultatet visar även att antalet real space blend i en Visual Vernacular-text kan uppgå till 40 blend per minut vilket är dubbelt så många jämfört med en narrativ teckenspråkstext. Avslutningsvis visar det att Visual Vernacular är en unik berättelsekonst på teckenspråk som har möjlighet att förstås av teckenspråkiga från hela världen.

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  • 49.
    Duggan, Nora
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Swedish as a Second Language for the Deaf.
    Holmström, Ingela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Swedish as a Second Language for the Deaf. Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    "They have no language": Exploring language ideologies in adult education for deaf migrants2022In: Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies, ISSN 1457-9863, Vol. 16, no 2, p. 147-165Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article is based on data from an empirical research project on the multilingual situation of deaf migrants in Sweden. Deaf migrants attending folk high schools are a heterogeneous group with various language and educational backgrounds. Some of them have grown up with limited or no access to a spoken or signed language while others have grown up learning multiple languages. In those schools, the migrants learn Swedish Sign Language (STS) and Swedish as well as about Swedish society. The study uses an ethnographic approach, and data has been created through participant observations and interviews with teachers and migrants in three folk high schools in different municipalities in Sweden. The analysis reveals that language ideologies are present in these schools, such as what constitutes a language and what status different languages and other repertoires have. In addition, STS appears to be the only acceptable language for communication within the schools. Another finding is that the Eurocentric perspective on ‘language’ among researchers and teachers often collides with the migrants who have different experiences of language use. Furthermore, the study reveals that some migrants, after some time in school, begin to view their previous repertoires used for communication as inferior to STS. It also emerges that the teachers lack the knowledge necessary to understand what it means to learn a language formally for the first time as an adult. In order to develop teachers’ knowledge to ensure social justice, research on adult deaf migrants’ language acquisition within school contexts is essential.

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  • 50.
    Duggan, Nora
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Swedish as a Second Language for the Deaf.
    Holmström, Ingela
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Schönström, Krister
    Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Sign Language.
    Translanguaging practices in adult education for deaf migrants2023In: DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada, ISSN 0102-4450, E-ISSN 1678-460X, Vol. 39, no 1Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the last decade, Sweden has received many deaf migrants with very diverse linguistic and educational backgrounds. When arriving in Sweden, they are expected to learn Swedish Sign Language (STS) and Swedish. For this study, we have used data from project Mulder, a four-year research project that aims to generate knowledge about deaf migrants' multilingual situation in Sweden. In this article, we describe how adult education for deaf migrants is organised in Sweden and examine how translanguaging practices are formed there. We found that translanguaging is a natural and common part of the multilingual classrooms, but also that the opportunities to translanguage depend highly on the individual's repertoires and whether particular individuals have one or more languages in common or have a lingua franca. We also found that translanguaging is not always helpful in learning contexts if the teachers are not conscious and insightful when they mix languages.

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