This work is a study of a project related to soccer for girls at Araby, a segregated district in Växjö. Girls can come there and play soccer under conditions acceptable for all, i. e. doors closed, no spectators and no men are allowed access. The initiative has been ongoing for a decade. Semi structured interviews of some 20 participating girls plus a few parents and brothers, show a high appreciation by the girls. The two most pronounced positive factors were the opportunity to get additional friends and a faster development of the girls’ knowledge of the Swedish language. The mothers were positive as well, n. b. sometimes after carefully investigation of the venue. It is worth noticing that mothers appear to have been decision makers within the families. The interviewed fathers were likewise in general positive. Among the brothers there were acceptance of their sisters playing soccer, respecting the decision made by the mother. It appears that the strongest resistance to the girl’s participation was indeed among boys/young men. The well-being and self-esteem of the girls appear to have been strengthen very positively by their participation. The theoretical framework is based on the concepts of acculturation and integration as outlined by Berry. 

According to the World Bank’s (2019) latest Migration and Development Brief, remittances to low and middle-income countries reached a record high in 2018. This study examines Swedish migrants’ motives behind remittances and their experience with the social and economic impact of sending remittances. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to a research-based study on Swedish-migrants’ remittances practice since Sweden lacks research about remittances. We have conducted eight semi-structured interviews with Somali and Iraqi migrants to understand their motives and experience with remittances. The results are analyzed with theories such as Lucas and Stark’s altruism, self-interest, and tempered altruism, or enlightened self-interest, as well as transnationalism. We have also analyzed the results with the social exclusion concept to understand the migrants' experience in the host country in relation to remittances. In our study, we found that the respondents’ social and cultural resources were limited. Our interviewees were socially and economically impacted by sending remittances. They are in a state where their economy is limited because of sending remittances, which makes it hard for them to maintain a certain social presence in the host country, due to their lack of free time. They do not have the same opportunities as non-migrants in Swedish society, because they prioritize work and providing for their families in Sweden and the homeland. The respondents are living in two worlds where they are keeping their transnational ties with the origin country and therefore, they are comparing their living standards with families and relatives in the home country. This prevents them from seeing or identifying themselves as socially excluded individuals of the host country. They perceive themselves as socially excluded when it comes to their economic situation, however, in general, they see themselves as socially included as they learned the language, got an education, work, provide for their families, etc. 

The purpose of this study is to gain increased understanding of professional social workers experiences of emotional work. This is done through research questions that strive to find out what kind of emotions social workers experience in meeting with clients of domestic violence. Totally five professional social workers' participated in this qualitative interview study. In the meeting between people, emotions can arise that are not always considered appropriate to illustrate in front of a client, that is called emotional (paid) work and is characterized as a physical meeting with people that takes place face to face. Social workers who works with cases of domestic violence have to deal with different emotional experiences. They need to relate to their professional role versus themselves. It is considered important to distinguish between their own emotions and the emotions that are aroused in the professional role in order to avoid emotional strain. For example, it is common for social workers to feel sympathy because the work includes meetings with people who are exposed to domestic violence. The study showed that social workers who work with investigations with cases of domestic violence are at big risk off suffering from burnout. However this can be avoided if social worker have understanding manager and the the support of their colleagues. The data material is analyzed from emotions sociology with the help of Hochschild's theory and concepts throughout this study. Her theory contributes with an understanding of the emotional work and its meaning. 

​​A massive challenge presents for host countries to manage and integrate incoming displaced people. East Africa is one of the sub-Saharan African regions experiencing an enormous refugee influx. Somalis and South Sudan refugees are a majority and are estimated to represent 80% of the refugees in Kenya; the Somali refugee crisis in Kenya is a significant problem, housing more than 200 000 Somali refugees in camps and cities. This field study aims to comprehend the integrating experience of urban Somali refugees within the scope of durable solutions. The study seeks to understand how various individual, family, and clan ties and characteristics aid urban Somali refugee integration. The theories chosen to guide this research is Sen's capability approach along with the social capital theory. This thesis has been delimited to only focus on the Urban Somali refugees living in East Leigh, Nairobi neighborhood. According to recent research, urban Somali refugees often need help with obtaining the necessary documentation to live freely and fully in their host countries. This lack of official documentation can pose significant barriers to accessing necessities such as housing and employment, making it challenging for refugees to integrate fully into their new communities. Additionally, refugees face discrimination and xenophobia, which can further impede their integration efforts. Interestingly, the study found that clan affiliation was crucial in facilitating integration, even more so than factors such as gender or social class.

Afrikas jordbruksproduktivitet är lägst i hela världen,.sSamtidigt som den största delen av fattiga människor bor på landsbygden där de är beroende av jordbruket för sin överlevnad. Jordbruket är därmed en central fråga för att kunna bekämpa fattigdom. Kvinnor utgör 70-80 % av arbetskraften inom jordbrukssektorn och producerar cirka 80 % av maten till familjen. Samtidigt är kvinnor beroende av sina män för tillgång till jordbruksmark och finansiella resurser. Trots jordbrukets viktiga roll för fattigdomsbekämpning fortsätter sektorn att bli åsidosatt av både regeringar och internationella organisationer, samtidigt som bristen på könsdiskriminering som en orsak till fattigdom sällan tas upp.

Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka, genom en fältstudie i Zambia, vilka förhållanden och omständigheter som skapar låg jordbruksproduktivitet, utifrån hur böndernas själva ser på det. Uppsatsen ämnar problematisera frågan om låg jordbruksproduktivitet genom att titta på frågan om tillgång till land och jämställdhet mellan kvinnor och män. Uppsatsen har sin metodologiska utgångspunkt i en kvalitativ etnografisk fältstudie med semi-strukturerade intervjuer. För att analysera böndernas situation har Sustainable Rural Livelihood använts som analytiskt ramverk.

Resultatet av denna studie visar att bönders produktivitet framförallt hindras av det faktum att de saknar tillgångar till produktiva och finansiella resurser. Den övergripande svåra makroekonomiska situationen i Zambia, tillsammans med att investeringar från regeringen i jordbrukssektorn och landsbygds utveckling är små, bidrar till en situation som hämmar böndernas möjligheter att öka sin produktivitet på andra sätt än genom att enbart arbeta hårdare. Vidare pekar resultatet av denna studie på att kvinnor upplever könsdiskriminering vad gäller tillgången till land, krediter och utbildning. Skillnaden mellan män och kvinnor  är strukturell och bottnar i en ojämlik tillgång till resurser, vilket gett män mer makt och inflytande. Detta har gjort att kvinnor är i nuläget är beroende av sina män för tillgång till land och finansiella resurser, vilket innebär att de blir både sårbara och isolerade. Tillgång till land skulle stärka kvinnors ekonomiska oberoende och ge dem möjligheten att själva kontrollera intäkterna och investeringarna i jordbruket.

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to examine if female interests have been included in different levels of water governance in Cuamba municipality, Mozambique in order to understand if gender equality and women empowerment is being addressed at the grassroots level. In Sub-Saharan Africa women generally have the responsibility of fetching water and are therefore directly affected by the quality and accessibility of water and sanitation services. Though gender mainstreaming and policies addressing gender equality has been adopted in Mozambique, the actual difference that these measures have made to the lives of women in Mozambique is questionable.  A qualitative single case study has been conducted, by interviewing government institutions, the private sector and civil society actors at district and municipality level in Cuamba. The findings reveal that it is the municipality government, FIPAG and the traditional leaders that are the main actors with the power over the distribution of water in Cuamba and through a joint effort the water situation has improved a lot in recent years. The interest in water among women was mainly focused to having a water source while the main interests among men was to have a shorter distance as well as shorter queues to the water source. An abductive method of the analytical framework consisting of four dimensions of water governance and rethinking em(power)ment, gender and development has been used to guide the analysis of the findings in a more comprehensive manner thus investigating the power structures in each dimension of water governance with a focus on women empowerment. The result indicates that women living in the urban areas were more empowered in all notions of power due to better access to information and education thus giving them more time and individual knowledge to collectively and individually demand power over the distribution of water. Due to lack of empowerment among women living in the rural areas, these women demanded less regarding the distribution of water and had less individual understanding of water governance. Furthermore the interests among women living in the rural areas were mostly included in the decision-making processes as it generally concerned having access to a clean water source. As the women in the urban areas demanded more and had more interests in water governance it became clear that the female interests in the urban areas were not included in decision-making. By including more women in decision-making bodies in water governance and putting more emphasis on education for women these issues could be addressed.

The aim of this thesis was to examine the 1970s democratisation and antidemocratisation processes in Thailand, more specifically the 1973 Thai popular uprising and the 6 October 1976 massacre. Its point of departure was Erica Chenoweth’s 2023 research on how societal pillars, if incentivised by activists, can realise democratisation and the research gap on media reports affecting people’s perception of protesters which she also addressed.  It also investigated the fine line between uncontroversial and controversial subjects in the context of protests and how to overthrow a régime using its weaknesses.

The methods which have been used are a combination of a qualitative research approach, a congruence method, process-tracing and a case study. Popovic and Miller’s method of choosing an uncontroversial subject when protesting and Sharp’s ideas about the Achilles’ heels of a régime were used as supplementary analytical frameworks.

The 1973 case resulted in democratisation taking place, partially due to the protesting students having King Bhumibol’s full support, partially due to the disunity of the Royal Thai Armed Forces (henceforth RTARF) and partially due to the ruling military junta’s failed attempts to, through media, manipulate the masses into turning their backs on the students.

The 1976 case, on the other hand, led to antidemocratisation, because of the general dissatisfaction with the achievements of democracy, King Bhumibol’s support of authoritarianism, the influence of right-wing media on its consumers and the police, military and paramilitary alliance crushing the pro-democratic demonstration at the Thammasat University campus and the Village Scouts’ subsequent antigovernment protest.  

The subject of environmentally displaced persons (EDPs) has not received much attention yet. However, the amount of EDPs will increase significantly in the future as a consequence of climate change. This increase could be prevented if developed countries would take adaptation measures, however at the moment they do not take any action.

This desk study looks at the current situation of no action through the Basic Explanatory Framework developed by Scharpf. This framework uses game theory and provides an explanation for the lack of action concerning EDPs, namely the free-rider effect and the prediction that there will be no action. Furthermore, this thesis contains a comparison of the case of EDPs with the case of climate change and the Kyoto Protocol. Both cases show many similarities but there has been action concerning climate change namely the Kyoto Protocol.

The comparison enforces the prediction that has been made concerning EDPs. Both in the climate change case and the EDPs case, countries will act as free-riders. The Kyoto Protocol has only symbolic value and thus, developed countries have also free-rid in the case of climate change. Furthermore, eight policy options are provided in this thesis that could increase the incentives for developed countries to take action concerning EDPs: increase incentives, issue linkages, transfers, increase willingness to pay among voters, consensus treaty, coalitions, setting deadlines and supranational organisations. 

The aim of this bachelor thesis is to study the violations of soccer rules committed by male soccer players. Our methodological approach is qualitative, and our material consists of interviews with six players and three coaches active in division four and five in Småland. The theoretical framework we use consists of two concepts, namely social control and habitus in relation to fields. Our result display that there occure two different kinds of rule violations, intellectual and emotional. The intellectual rule violations are characterized by consideration of gain and loss. The emotional rule violations are not characterized by reflection from players but originate from negative emotions, these emotions in turn engender rule violations. Throughout these two themes we argue that both players and coaches are influenced by their experiences and past. This prehistory gives players and coaches schemas which help them to know when it is accepted to break or not to break the rules of soccer. The intellectual rule violations are motivated through the behavioral schema that both players and coaches have. These schemas are reproduced by informal comprehensions that exists in the world of soccer. The emotional rule violations are also motivated through behavioral schemas but are unlike the intellectual violations counteracted by informal comprehension. Although, these violations are still reproduced as they are deeply embedded in player and coaches behavioral schemas.

The purpose of this study is to see how men experience eldercare, with a particular focus on gender. By analyzing and interpreting collected data, the research highlights the complex relationships between stereotypes and prejudices against men working in eldercare. The study addresses the following questions: How do men working in eldercare perceive their work environment and workplace culture? How is the division of labor between men and women in eldercare structured? Using a qualitative approach and thematic analysis of data from interviews with male caregivers in eldercare, the study identifies patterns and themes related to gender differences in the workplace. The study employs theories such as gender practices, gender regimes, and masculinities to interpret the results and understand the complexity of gender dynamics in the care sector. The findings indicate the presence of gender-based practices and norms within the organization, which affect the distribution of tasks and workload between men and women. The study emphasizes the importance of challenging and addressing gender norms and practices within eldercare to promote a more equitable and inclusive work environment for all employees.

De professionellas arbetssätt befinner sig i förändring. Att följa manualer och standarder, att möta en ny typ av redovisningsansvar, extern kvalitetskontroll och krav på dokumentation utmanar på flera sätt den traditionella bilden av professioner. I Frihet under ansvar eller ansvar under tillsyn belyses erfarenheter av dokumentstyrning från tre professioner, revisorer, lärare och socionomer.

Boken fokuserar vad dokumentstyrningen betyder för professionernas kunskapsbas och normbas samt hur professionernas autonomi förändras när det gäller att bedöma vad som ska göras, vad som är kvalitet i arbetet och när det gäller möjligheten att ta ett professionellt ansvar.

De professionellas erfarenheter analyseras utifrån en modell – kunskapstriaden – vars aspekter; kännarskap, känslomässigt engagemang och utvärdering av och ansvar för eget arbete tillsammans antas utgöra en motor för utvecklingen, upprätthållandet och vidareutvecklingen av de professionellas kunskaps- och normsystem.

Boken vänder sig till studerande inom professionsutbildningar företrädesvis på en avancerad nivå och till forskare och andra som har ett övergripande intresse för styrnings- och professionsfrågor. Frihet under ansvar eller ansvar under tillsyn manar också till fortsatt forskning om de professionellas villkor.

This paper explores whether and in what way “dual learning” can develop understanding of the relationship between structure/judgement and explores audit student’s perceptions of the audit profession. The Work Integrated Learning (WIL) module, serving as a tool of enabling dual learning, represents the context for this exploration. The study is based on a focus group and individual interviews conducted with students performing their WIL. Our data and its analysis indicates that when in a WIL context, students develop awareness of the use of standards and checklists on the one hand, and the importance of discretional judgement on the other. Based on these results, we theorise as to how dual learning manifests itself in students’ experiences and understanding of the relationship between structure and judgement.

Metaphors are quintessentially novelty items, and as such do not age gracefully. Once productive tensions between vehicle and tenor sooner or later become stale from habituation; all natural languages contain entire petrified forests of once vivid metaphors and analogies which have receded into pseudo-literalness.  To this class belongs a concept that has long been at the core of the sociology of professions: the spatial analogy “social closure”, geschloßene Beziehungen in Max Weber’s original, has been exploited to highlight important features of inter-professional relations, upon which influential theories have been built. The success of these theoretical approaches has been accompanied by a reluctance to revisit the underlying analogy.

This essay argues the case for reconsidering the spatial analogy underlying the concept of social closure, and it does so along two lines. First, it is shown that only a portion of Weber’s elaboration of social closure was received in the sociology of professions, that attention to the original analogy is needed to rescue the remaining parts, and that these have potential value for profession research. Second, it embarks upon novel metaphorical work on the basis of Weber’s analogy, in order to capture the peculiar dynamics of professions that are defined by employment in a single institution or type of organization. Drawing on the analysis of Swedish university teachers, which approximate this pure type, we arrive at a more generally applicable model of this class of professions. 

Det svenska universitetssystemet har vuxit till att bli en omfattande och komplex institution. Expansionen har inte bara gällt antalet studenter, lärare och forskare utan också den administrativa ram de verkar inom och de personalkategorier som ingår däri. Men förhållandet mellan lärarkår och administratörer präglas inte sällan av misstro. I sin artikel vill Ola Agevall och Gunnar Olofsson tränga bortom parternas spontana föreställningsvärldar och se hur universitetsadministrationens sammansättning och omfång faktiskt förändrats under perioden 2001–2018. De pekar på hur tillväxten av administratörer i huvudsak håller jämna steg med tillväxten av lärare och forskare. Däremot har administratörsgruppen ändrat karaktär – vilket kommer till uttryck i vilka delar av den som ökat respektive minskat, liksom vad som hänt med gruppens utbildningsnivå och könsfördelning. Det nya mönster som etableras under perioden kan förstås som en omställning av den administrativa personalens uppgifter till att tjäna ledningarnas strävan att styra och kontrollera verksamhetens effektivitet och produktivitet. En utveckling som kan förklara ökade spänningar i förhållande till universitetslärarprofessionen. En annan möjlig implikation kan vara att det ur administratörskåren växer fram en ny profession.

Transformationen av en professions organisatoriska omgivning: universitetsadministrationens förändring efter 1990-talet.

 Det finns bland universitetslärare en utbredd föreställning om att administrationen och antalet administratörer har vuxit kraftigt i omfång. Men antalet administratörer vid universiteten har i själva verket hållit jämn takt med tillväxten av den akademiska lärarkåren. Det som däremot har hänt är en inre omstrukturering av kåren: utbildningsnivån har stigit, och vissa typer av tjänster har ökat kraftigt (ekonomer, controllers) medan andra har minskat. Speglar dessa förändringar en förskjutning av den administrativa personalens uppgifter, från att vara stöd och service till institutioner, lärare m.m., till att i högre utsträckning vara ett medel för ledningens ambition att styra och kontrollera verksamheten? 

Tillväxten av mer kvalificerad expertis inom universitetsadministrationen kan emellertid tolkas på flera sätt. Vi vill i denna text även pröva tesen att den kan förstås utifrån den ökande osäkerhet som universitets- och högskoleledningar möter, i form av många och skiftande krav från intressenter, samt den osäkerhet som New Public Managements olika styrinstrument ger upphov till.

Från början utbildade universiteten kyrkans prästerskap och från 1600-talet även statens ämbetsmän. Den högre utbildningens fält etablerades under 1800-talet. Då skapades en rad institut vars uppgift var att utbilda det framväxande industrisamhällets expertis i teknik, farmaci, ekonomi m.m. Institutens yrkesinriktade utbildningar byggde på den tidens vetenskaper. När instituten och universitet närmade sig varandra blev vetenskaplig forskning efter hand en ny tjänsteuppgift för universitetens professorer. Under 1900-talet blev utbildningen av välfärdsstatens professioner systemets nya och fjärde uppgift. Den högre utbildningens fält fick genom 1977 års högskolereform sin aktuella struktur, där vetenskaplig forskning är universitetens dominerande värde och utbildningen av professionerna deras centrala inslag, samtidigt som alla professionsutbildningar förankras vetenskapligt. I denna situation blir universitetetslärare och forskare alla andra professioners moder.

The Academic Profession in Swedish Higher Education: Continuity and Change inthe New Century

The purpose of this article is to describe the composition and internal stratificationof the university teaching staff at Swedish higher education institutions. We showthat four fault lines shape the higher education field in the 21st century. These are,firstly, the resource hierarchies both between old and new higher education institutionsand between the fields of science, and, secondly, the prestige hierarchybetween research and teaching staff categories and between the senior lecturers’conditions of existence in the center of the system and its periphery. We argue thatit is necessary to analyze how these stratification lines have come into place to understandhow they work and interact with each other, and how they have partially reinforcedeach other, but at the same time have left room for a transformation of theuniversity teachers’ conditions across the university system.

One standard assumption in the theory of professions involves the notion of a specific occupational group trying to and partly succeeding in controlling the supply of services in a specific segment of society. Each and every profession is then seen as implicitly or explicitly trying to avoid or control the competitive market model. This is the core of the neo-weberian cynical theory of professions, underscoring social closure and monopolies as prime vehicles of professionalization. Another theoretical strand argues the importance of expansion for the entrenchment and success of professions. This paper explores the relation between professional expansion and social closure, focussing on those mechanisms which are concomitant with expansion and arise as a reaction within the jurisdictional fields of rapidly expanding professions.

The early 1990s are marked by two types of important events on a global scale. First, these were years of economic recession, accompanied by rising unemployment, the widespread ascendance of new forms and techniques of governance, and politically enforced restrictions on public spending.  Second, the early 1990s made knowledge society a common trope, and the global university enrolment ratio rose steeply. The two changes are interlinked –expansion of higher education bolstered youth unemployment, a knowledge economy was held up as a model for western societies – and both impact the system of professions.

This paper examines how the combination of recession and university expansion was accommodated in one specific locale in the system of professions, the case of Swedish university teachers. The academic profession was subjected to the same changes in the forms and techniques of governance as other Swedish professions. But whereas most professions encountered novel forms of steering under conditions of scarcity, the higher education sector was reformed during a period of abundance. Two resource-shocks hit the system. One derived from an increased flow of research funding, the other from the rapidly increasing number of students. We argue that this mode of introduction (1) postponed the perception of adverse effects on the profession, (2) aligned with, accentuated and altered the structure of an internally differentiated but formally unified university system, (3) created specific groups of beneficiaries at different poles of the system – and that, thereby, (4) an incentive-based institutional framework was worked into the tissue of the professional body.

Students of the history of professions are likely to observe in their profession(s) of choice one or more major quantitative leaps when the number of practitioners set off in an exponential pattern. The growth of the welfare state after WWII, for instance, gave rise to such patterns both in the established professions and in the then burgeoning semi-professions. Growth rates with similar time-shapes occur in other historical contexts, driven by state commitment, market expansion, or other forces.

In this paper we explore the relation between professional expansion and social closure. We focus on those mechanisms which are concomitant with expansion and arise as a reaction within the jurisdictional fields of rapidly expanding professions. But expansion does not only strengthen the position of such professions – it also lead to changes in task structures, in aspirations for more highly valued tasks, and encourages new divisions of labour among occupational categories in the fields, including the new “kids on the block” .

We will analyse the effects of professional “take-offs” after WW2 as a key example, although the main focus of the paper is theoretical.

One of the most important routes to employment within the social welfare sector worldwide is higher education, which equips students not only with the knowledge for employment, but with the tools to use and build on this knowledge. During the last few decades there has been an academic drift in professional education, especially for many shorter professional programmes. Many of these shorter programmes have left the realm of vocational education to enter higher education. On the one hand, graduates are confronted by an increased demand for research and evidence-based knowledge, and on the other, they are criticised for lacking the knowledge and skills relevant for professional work.

From Vocational to Professional Education presents new research into programmes suggesting how best to prepare students for professional work and addresses the challenges facing the education of professionals for social welfare. The book identifies and clarifies key problems, as well as outlining the political and historical context in which they are embedded. Chapters discuss theoretical and analytical ways to address these challenges and suggest recommendations for the further development of education for professional practice.

Based on comprehensive longitudinal research data, the book will appeal to policy makers, leaders of higher education, and teachers and researchers involved in programmes qualifying students for professional work.

Ever since Andrew Abbott’s seminal work on the system of professions, research on the professions has acknowledged, in principle at least, the necessity to consider professions in their relation to other professions. The division of labour, jurisdictional conflicts and intra-organizational interactions between professions have received their due share of scholarly attention. But less effort has been spent on understanding other ways in which a profession can be shaped and conditioned by its relations to its professional surroundings.

In this paper, we examine how the reproduction and expansion of the Swedish corps of university teachers were conditioned by the manner in which universities were intertwined with the professional labour market which they increasingly supplied with PhDs. We argue that Swedish universities depended on these labour market niches to absorb an over-production of PhDs – thereby simultaneously establishing secure career paths extra muros and securing a pool of future would-be university professors. Equally important, the university and its teacher corps were shaped by these interconnections. First, individual career trajectories served as the warp that linked the university to neighboring organizations. Second, disciplines have their specific hinterlands of employing organizations, and the extent and type of external career paths differentiates the teacher corps with regard to its conditions of reproduction and expansion.

The changing structure of the Swedish university system has shaped its corps of university teachers. The analytical device used to demonstrate this connection is the changing social functions of Swedish universities which serve as the lens through which we understand this change. We argue for five successive and historically added layers of functions: the training of church officials, state functionaries, experts of the industrial society, the welfare professions, and, finally, the mass of employees of the “knowledge society.” Each new function is superimposed on the existing ones, adding to the complexity of tasks, areas of knowledge, and teacher categories in the universities. The position of the university as the arbiter of the highest form of knowledge, the internal differentiation of the field of higher education, and the growth and stratification of its teaching corps are three main building blocks for this history of the Swedish system of higher education.

Från och med högskolereformen 1977 infogades ett antal akademiska yrkesutbildningari ett samlat universitets- och högskolesystem. Det gällde grund- och förskollärare, sjuksköterskor, kortare tekniska utbildningar m.fl. som tidigare funnits vid särskilda enheter. Därmed fixerades grunddragen i dagens universitets- och högskolesystem. Detta kapitel skildrar hur universitetslärarkårens expansion, sammansättning och inre skiktning formades på det professionella fält som etablerades inom detta sammanhållna och hierarkiskt ordnade universitetssystem.

I detta papper undersöker vi vilka konsekvenser de förändringar, som universitet- och högskolesystemet har genomgått under de senaste decennierna, har haft för universitetslärargruppen som kår. För det första har det efter 1977 års infogning av en lång rad nya enheter i högskolesystemet tillförts nya undervisningsenheter, nya studentgrupper och nya lärargrupper.  För det andra förändrades sättet att finansiera och styra universiteteten under 1990-talets första år, som till en början innebar en kraftigt ökad volym men som på sikt omstöptes i en allt striktare reglering. För det tredje ändrades mot 1990-talets slut karriärstrukturen: dels blev doktoranderna i allt högre utsträckning anställda vid universiteten (doktorandtjänster), dels öppnades möjligheten att inom sin tjänst befordras till professor.

Vad har det inneburit för universitetslärarkåren och dess inre skiktning att universitetssystemet på detta sätt utrustades med nya slags enheter, nya styr-och finansieringsregimer, och nya tjänstekategorier? Vilken typ av konflikter kan vi förvänta oss att detta mångskiftande skiktnings- och motsättningsmönster ger upphov till?

The subject being studied is education for refugee children. Today, there are many children that are not allowed, or have the possibility to go to school and get an education which is a failure towards children's development in relation to human rights. Despite that refugees are supposed to have rights to be provided education, they are reported getting lower access to education than other children. The purpose of this study is to understand the educational contribution from an organisation’s perspective and how to understand what needs to develop to ensure all refugee children with education. The research question that this study is based on is: How can we understand the role of education at a young age for refugees in relation to children's development? The method chosen for this study is a case study through two reports of the United Nation High Commissioner (UNHCR) to collect data of their education strategy implemented in a project called Educate A Child. Theory selected to analyse and understand the strategy is Pierre Bourdieu's theory of Field, Capital, and Habitus. The conclusion of the study is that the educational sector has several factors that play different roles. Teacher’s training is of great importance and must be taken more into account in their role and responsibility towards the children, the economic capital is important to be able to develop opportunities for children to attend school, and inclusion and partnership also play a great role. Keywords that have been used are education, primary school, UNHCR, refugee children. 

Retirement homes in Sweden are­ constantly characterized by new changes. These activities make up a large part of the Swedish welfare society as a result of an increased aging population. The changes in this study are based on the influence of New Public Management (NPM), which in itself has contributed to efficiency and competition in these services. NPM is a model that aims to streamline operations with ideas from the private sector, but there is also criticism of NPM, which says that NPM has caused a weakening in the Swedish welfare sector.

With the aim of analyzing how NPM is incorporated in municipal and private retirement homes, interviews have been conducted with unit managers in a medium-sized municipality in Sweden. To understand the work of NPM, the study has been interpreted on the basis of Blomberg's NPM model, which is adapted to municipal elderly care and new institutional theory. From the institutional theory Eriksson-Zetterquist's three forces have been helpful.

The results of this survey show that all activities are affected by the different NPM concepts and the forces. There are both similarities and differences regarding how the incorporation of NPM looks and how the working methods in the business is designed accordingly. For the private retirement homes, NPM is perceived more than often obvious when in comparison with the municipal operations. For example, they work more with streamlining, which is NPM's main purpose, they have greater responsibility for the financials. The municipal activities, however, are beginning to show more and more evidence of this development. They emphasize the importance of profiling as they express that it is a competitive situation that has arisen between the special housing accommodations such as retirement homes. Despite the fact that the majority of the municipalities do not say that they have come a long way with the efficiency improvements so far, it is taking place and there is a great idea about how it should be designed and work in the operations. The study also gives the opportunity to interpret it as a change in how municipal and private activities mimic each other, but also that the NPM may not be a deliberate choice of unit managers despite their way of working with the NPM concepts. Retirement homes can be seen as a field. Accordning to how the NPM-concepts are incorporated, we were able to see how the field is homogenized using isorphic forces.

Children engage in paid and unpaid work that is damaging to them daily all around the world. They are categorized as child laborers, however when they are either too young to work or are engaged in dangerous activities that may jeopardize their physical, mental, social or educational development (Unicef 2021). The topic of Child labour relates to the broader area of peace and development due to child labour being a development issue. The theoretical frameworks selected for this thesis are Amartya Sen’s ‘capabilities’ theory. The aim with this field study is to recognize the strategies of NGO’s combat against child labour and their challenges as well as their improvements. To gain an understanding of child labour in relation to hazardous environments and their impacts on a local level in Mwanza, with the help of key informant interviews and stakeholders. Indirect data was chosen rather than direct data, because it would be unethical to interview children. The fact that children suffer makes child labor a touchy subject. It is impossible for me to discuss every aspect of child labor because the subject is so vast and sensitive. I therefore only have knowledge that is applicable to my research. I have come to the conclusion that the factor of child labour is mainly poverty. The strategies of the NGOs to prevent child labour differs from one another, but many of them use awareness as a strategy. Their challenges are lack of resources and the community’s perception. 

This chapter aims to document the current trends in the Baltic and Nordic welfare policies on ageing from a comparative perspective and to reveal senior citizens’ subjective perceptions of their socioeconomic situation and their attitudes towards the role of government in ensuring safety. The analyses show essential existential gaps among younger and older generations in the three Baltic states, if poverty, age discrimination and income security are taken into account. The situation, as expected, is more positive in the Nordic countries. However, Finland exhibits similarities with Estonia and Lithuania in terms of overall satisfaction of elderly people with their household income, attitudes towards means-tests and preference for stronger support from the government. This is explained by the lower availability of long-term services in Finland, and especially in the three Baltic states, and an emphasis on familial care.

This comprehensive and innovative book demonstrates the dynamics of welfare policies in different socioeconomic settings by providing comparative analyses of the Baltic and Nordic welfare state systems. The book contributes to finding and reflecting upon innovative solutions to common challenges in European welfare states. 

This chapter discusses the aim and scope of the book and provides summaries of the included chapters. It claims that the state remains the most important agent in providing financial security and empowerment services for families and individuals experiencing social risks. Familialisation and/or marketisation has not proven to guarantee the well-being of the most vulnerable groups of the population.

The work for female empowerment is prominent on the Unguja island of Zanzibar. Governmental support and local and international organizations are investing in women to achieve gender equality. The government of Tanzania has added changes to the law to protect women and prevent gender-based violence, as well as strategic measures to assist the stakeholders of the Zanzibarian society. Simultaneously, the reports of gender-based violence (GBV) are increasing on the islands according to the Zanzibar Female Lawyer Association. The study explores the measures taken by the government to eliminate violence against women with a focus on the role of the man in these structural social and legal changes. The study also shows the challenges that the added laws have faced in practice, and the balance between culture and legal system in a society, when a change is to take place.

This study examines whether the Swedish Social Democratic Party's foreign and defense policy has adopted a more realist tone since Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Using ideal type analysis, the study compares Social Democratic policy documents from before and after the invasion to assess shifts along the idealism-realism spectrum. The analysis focuses on three key dimensions: referent objects (what needs to be defended), perceived threats, and proposed strategies. The findings indicate a notable shift towards realism after the invasion, particularly regarding threats and strategies. While idealist elements remain, especially on climate issues, there is an increased emphasis on national security, sovereignty, and military capabilities. The study concludes that the Social Democrats have indeed adopted a more realist foreign policy stance since 2022, though not abandoning idealism entirely. This shift reflects the party's attempt to balance long-held ideals with a changed security reality in Europe. 

Approximately 100 000 fled from former Yugoslavia during the 1990’s, the refugees mainly came from Bosnia Hercegovina because of the genocide towards Muslims during late the 90’s. Another factor of the refugee wave was the economic crisis that led people to seek a new country to establish in. The vision was to establish a good standard of living with their children in mind. After a couple of years in Sweden, the parents aimed for a better life for the upcoming generation in Sweden. This leads us to our topic, how much does the ethnic culture and identity form the individuals’ vision for higher education, as well as how the parents engage during school attendance and the difficulties with the academic language for our participants. Previous research has shown that girls particularly have more engaged parents than boys, however, the visions for higher education is high for both genders. Especially when it comes to immigrant children, which can be an indicator that the parents fled their home country to establish a new, better life in a foreign country. This study aims to further understand possible indicators for further studies based on earlier mentioned factors. Our study is based on seven women and men between the ages of 20-30 with a former Yugoslavian background that has studied at university or is still studying.

The main theoretical views we are using in this study are Bourdieu’s capital forms and Goffman's dramaturgical perspective to analyze the statements as well as Eriksen’s ethnic theories based on culture and identity modeling. The study takes place in Southern Sweden and our collection of data is based on semi-structured interviews. The results of the study are categorized into four categories, however, the main conclusion in the study is based on culture and identity. Parenting engagement and academic language are complements that are founded by earlier mentioned categories.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how Swedish high schools and its personnel address issues connected to honor and the challenges that accompany these issues for exposed students. Thus, the study aims to shed light upon how professional school personnel respond to challenges in conjunction with honor related issues. In this study, the actors' perceived operational work related to honor has been studied through semi structured interviews with three teachers, two principals and two counselors. The empirical data, collected through these interviews, has been analyzed using a thematic analysis method and three key themes have been formulated. Furthermore the empirical data has been analyzed through the lens of Bourdieu's theoretical framework, including key concepts such as habitus, social field, and different forms of capital. Firstly, the analysis shows that the actors are lacking educational capital in the form of knowledge about honor and its characteristics. This lack of educational capital is expressed through inadequate action plans, difficulties in implementing honor in teaching and challenges in recognizing characteristics of students that may be exposed. Secondly, the analysis shows that the school personnel perceive their own degree of responsibility in a variety of ways. In addition to this, the analysis indicates that there is a lacking cooperation between the school personnel and other actors outside the field of education. Lastly, the analysis suggests that the school's actors face challenges in the form of a dual role between their work and personal habitus. The conclusion emphasizes that all actors in the field of education recognize the honor problem as important for the school to work with, but that the school does not have the tools required to meet the challenges that are found.

Historical data are valuable resources for providing insights into social patterns in the past. However, these data often inform us at the macro-level of analysis but not about the role of individuals’ behaviours in the emergence of long-term patterns. Therefore, it is difficult to infer ‘how’ and ‘why’ certain patterns emerged in the past. Historians use various methods to draw hypotheses about the underlying reasons for emerging patterns and trends, but since the patterns are the results of hundreds if not thousands of years of human behaviour, these hypotheses can never be tested in reality. Our proposition is that simulation models and specifically, agent-based models (ABMs) can be used as complementary tools in historical studies to support hypothesis building. The approach that we propose and test in this paper is to design and configure models in such a way as to generate historical patterns, consequently aiming to find individual-level explanations for the emerging pattern. In this work, we use an existing, empirically validated, agent-based model of common pool resource management to test hypotheses formulated based on a historical dataset. We first investigate whether the model can replicate various patterns observed in the dataset, and second, whether it can contribute to a better understanding of the underlying mechanism that led to the observed empirical trends. We showcase how ABM can be used as a complementary tool to support theory development in historical studies. Finally, we provide some guidelines for using ABM as a tool to test historical hypotheses.

Innovation has been widely discussed as being extremely important for our drive towards the attainment of the sustainable development goals. This is because, as embed in its definition, sustainable development requires that we shift away from business as usual to find new ways of doing things, that take into consideration the preservation of the three pillars of sustainable development; the economic, social and ecological pillars. Since the publication of the Brundtland Report, there have been more focus, both in terms of research and policy, on the economic and ecological pillars of sustainability than on the social pillar. 

The thesis carried out a research to determine how Jonkoping Municipalit is working to achieve the sustainable development goals, taking into perspective, the three pillars of sustainability: the ecological, economic, and social pillars. The research found that, even though the Municipality is working with all the goals and dimensions of sustainable development, more progress has been made with the ecological and economic dimensions than the social dimension.

Using the Quadruple Helix Model of Innovation Cooperation, this research examines what kind of social innovations that are taking place within Jonkoping Municipality that are tailored for the attainment of the sustainable development goals located within the social pillar of sustainability, and who are kind of actors and activities involved. The research finds that there are some social innovations going within the municipality that are specifically geared towards the 2030 agenda.

While we know that most male survivors of conflict-related sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) do not have access to care, little attention has been devoted to a systematic analysis of why this is so. Drawing from semi-structured interviews with staff of service providers and male survivors of sexual violence, as well as from focus group discussions with community members in eastern DRC, this article sets out to explore challenges and barriers related to meeting the needs of male survivors of sexual violence with respect to their medical, psychological, socioeconomic and legal needs. Our findings suggest that local framings of masculinity can both negatively and positively influence support-seeking behaviour depending on how survivors themselves engage with masculinity ideals. Based on these findings, a conceptual framework including seven levels of barriers to care for male survivors has been developed. Although service providers strive to provide high-quality care to male survivors, we show that existing responses to sexual violence have mainly been designed to address sexual violence against women and need to be re-adapted to male survivors. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This paper focuses on precarious work by temporary employed teachers. The main purpose of this study is to investigate if there is a connection between stress and the teacher’s employment contract, temporary verses permanent employment. The theoretical framework that is used in this study is Precarious lives by Arne L Kalleberg. Studies shows that anyone today can be affected by precarious work and stress, it’s a very heterogenic field. The method used in this study is quantitative secondary analysis of data from TALIS 2018. The result shows that it´s no difference between temporary and permanent employed upper secondary school teachers in Sweden when it comes to stress neither physical nor psychical negative effects on their health. This is followed by a discussion of the implications this may have for teaching and learning. 

Research has concluded that liberal peacebuilding is failing and should be replaced by pragmatic peacebuilding. The shift from liberal to pragmatic peacebuilding has been well-researched and research on the rise of illiberal peace which has gained favourability due to liberal peacebuilding’s failings, is gaining traction. However, when it comes to research on the changes in international peacebuilding connected to the increase of organized crime and organized criminal groups (OCGs), there is more research to be made. Since the world is going through rapid changes with increasingly complex conflicts where organized crime and criminal groups play a more prominent role, the need for research on how pragmatic peacebuilding can address OCGs to meet the needs of conflict-affected countries is the focal point of this thesis. Thus, this research investigates how international peacebuilders can shift toward pragmatic peacebuilding by investigating the role of organized criminal groups in international peacebuilding operations, utilizing the case of Mali with the UN peace operation MINUSMA and the EU capacity-building mission EUCAP Sahel Mali. Through semi-structured interviews of personnel from MINUSMA and EUCAP Sahel Mali, this research has contributed to how international peacebuilders in Mali perceive the role of OCGs in peacebuilding contexts and contributed to a better understanding of how international peacebuilding can cope with the increasing existence of OCGs in peacebuilding. The adaptive peacebuilding approach was applied to the findings which showcased how international peacebuilders in Mali struggle to adapt to the uncertainty related to OCGs and struggle to have a structured engagement with local communities and enable institutional learning to support locally owned peace. The study also found how international peacebuilders in Mali were stuck in a liberal peacebuilding mindset of solving problems and conflicts instead of locating national and local means for change that can better create a resilient, sustained peace.