This paper aims to perform a comparison of deterministic and stochastic models. The stochastic modelling is a more realistic way to study the dynamics of gonorrhoea infection as compared to its corresponding deterministic model. Also, the deterministic solution is itself mean of the stochastic solution of the model. For numerical analysis, first, we developed some explicit stochastic methods, but unfortunately, they do not remain consistent in certain situations. Then we proposed an implicitly driven explicit method for stochastic heavy alcohol epidemic model. The proposed method is independent of the choice of parameters and behaves well in all scenarios. So, some theorems and simulations are presented in support of the article.
We study the compact monotone Fukaya category of T*Sn, for n & GE; 2, and show that it is split-generated by two classes of objects: the zero-section Sn (equipped with suitable bounding cochains) and a 1-parameter family of monotone Lagrangian tori (S1 x Sn-1)& tau;, with monotonicity constants & tau; > 0 (equipped with rank 1 unitary local systems). As a consequence, any closed orientable spin monotone Lagrangian (possibly equipped with auxiliary data) with non-trivial Floer cohomology is non-displaceable from either Sn or one of the (S1 x Sn-1)& tau;. In the case of T*S3, the monotone Lagrangians (S1 x S2)& tau; can be replaced by a family of monotone tori T & tau;3.& COPY.
We show that the transfer map on Floer homotopy types associated to an exact Lagrangian embedding is an equivalence. This provides an obstruction to representing isotopy classes of Lagrangian immersions by Lagrangian embeddings, which, unlike previous obstructions, is sensitive to information that cannot be detected by Floer cochains. We show this by providing a concrete computation in the case of spheres.
Given a closed exact Lagrangian in the cotangent bundle of a closed smooth manifold, we prove that the projection to the base is a simple homotopy equivalence.
In this manuscript a number of general inequalities for isotonic subadditive functionals on a set of positive mappings are proved and applied. In particular, it is pointed out that these inequalities both unify and generalize some general forms of the Hö̈lder, Popoviciu, Minkowski, Bellman and Power mean inequalities. Also some refinements of some of these results are proved.
We consider the question of which Dehn surgeries along a given knot bound rational homology balls. We use Ozsvath and Szabo's correction terms in Heegaard Floer homology to obtain general constraints on the surgery coefficients. We then turn our attention to the case of integral surgeries, with particular emphasis on positive torus knots. Finally, combining these results with a lattice-theoretic obstruction based on Donaldson's theorem, we classify which integral surgeries along torus knots of the form Tkq 1; q bound rational homology balls.
An invariant of orientable 3-manifolds is defined by taking the minimum n such that a given 3-manifold embeds in the connected sum of n copies of S-2 x S-2, and we call this n the embedding number of the 3-manifold. We give some general properties of this invariant, and make calculations for families of lens spaces and Brieskorn spheres. We show how to construct rational and integral homology spheres whose embedding numbers grow arbitrarily large, and which can be calculated exactly if we assume the 11/8-Conjecture. In a different direction we show that any simply connected 4-manifold can be split along a rational homology sphere into a positive definite piece and a negative definite piece.
I denna uppsats presenteras några av Euklides upptäckter inom matematikenmed fokus på talteori och i synnerhet primtal. Dessa upptäckter har haft stor betydelse för dagens matematik - men tas ibland för givna och ses som självklara. Vi kommer att se närmare på några av Euklides upptäckter för att diskutera hur de såg ut då och hur de ser ut idag, medfokus på den matematiska teorin.
We study the height and width of a Galton-Watson tree with offspring distribution xi satisfying E xi = 1, 0 < Var xi < infinity, conditioned on having exactly n nodes. Under this conditioning, we derive sub-Gaussian tail bounds for both the width (largest number of nodes in any level) and height (greatest level containing a node); the bounds are optimal up to constant factors in the exponent. Under the same conditioning, we also derive essentially optimal upper tail bounds for the number of nodes at level k, for 1 <= k <= n.
The spread of a connected graph G was introduced by Alon, Boppana and Spencer [1], and measures how tightly connected the graph is. It is defined as the maximum over all Lipschitz functions f on V(G) of the variance of f(X) when X is uniformly distributed on V(G). We investigate the spread for certain models of sparse random graph, in particular for random regular graphs G(n,d), for Erdos-Renyi random graphs G(n,p) in the supercritical range p > 1/n, and for a `small world' model. For supercritical G(n,p), we show that if p = c/n with c > 1 fixed, then with high probability the spread of the giant component is bounded, and we prove corresponding statements for other models of random graphs, including a model with random edge lengths. We also give lower bounds on the spread for the barely supercritical case when p = (1 + o(1))/n. Further, we show that for d large, with high probability the spread of G(n, d) becomes arbitrarily close to that of the complete graph K-n.
The paper studies quasilinear elliptic problems in the Sobolev spaces W-1,W-p(Omega), Omega subset of R-N, with p = N, that is, the case of Pohozhaev-Trudinger-Moser inequality. Similarly to the case p < N where the loss of compactness in W-1,W-p(R-N) occurs due to dilation operators u bar right arrow t((N-p)/p)u(tx), t > 0, and can be accounted for in decompositions of the type of Struwe's "global compactness" and its later refinements, this paper presents a previously unknown group of isometric operators that leads to loss of compactness in W-0(1,N) over a ball in R-N. We give a one-parameter scale of Hardy-Sobolev functionals, a "p = N"-counterpart of the Holder interpolation scale, for p > N, between the Hardy functional integral vertical bar u vertical bar(p)/vertical bar x vertical bar(p) dx and the Sobolev functional integral vertical bar u vertical bar(pN/(N-mp)) dx. Like in the case p < N, these functionals are invariant with respect to the dilation operators above, and the respective concentration-compactness argument yields existence of minimizers for W-1,W-N-norms under Hardy-Sobolev constraints.
Defect of compactness for non-compact imbeddings of Banach spaces can be expressed in the form of a profile decomposition. Let X be a Banach space continuously imbedded into a Banach space Y, and let D be a group of linear isometric operators on X. A profile decomposition in X, relative to D and Y, for a bounded sequence (x(k))(k is an element of N) subset of X is a sequence (S-k)(k is an element of N), such that (x(k) - S-k)(k is an element of N) is a convergent sequence in Y, and, furthermore, S-k has the particular form S-k = Sigma(n is an element of N)g(k)((n))W((n)) with g(k)((n)) is an element of D and w((n)) is an element of X. This paper extends the profile decomposition proved by Solimini [10] for Sobolev spaces (H) over dot(1,P)(R-N) with 1 < p < N to the non-reflexive case p = 1. Since existence of "concentration profiles" w((n)) relies on weak-star compactness, and the space (H) over dot(1,1) is not a conjugate of a Banach space, we prove a corresponding result for a larger space of functions of bounded variation. The result extends also to spaces of bounded variation on Lie groups.
An inequality of Hardy type is established for quadratic forms involving Dirac operator and a weight r(-b) for functions in R-n. The exact Hardy constant c(b) = c(b) (n) is found and generalized minimizers are given. The constant cb vanishes on a countable set of b, which extends the known case n = 2, b = 0 which corresponds to the trivial Hardy inequality in R-2. Analogous inequalities are proved in the case c(b) = 0 under constraints and, with error terms, for a bounded domain.
The paper raises a question about the optimal critical nonlinearity for the Sobolev space in two dimensions, connected to loss of compactness, and discusses the pertinent concentration compactness framework. We study properties of the improved version of the Trudinger-Moser inequality on the open unit disk B subset of R-2, recently proved by Mancini and Sandeep [g], (Arxiv 0910.0971). Unlike the original Trudinger-Moser inequality, this inequality is invariant with respect to the Mobius automorphisms of the unit disk, and as such is a closer analogy of the critical nonlinearity integral |u|(2)* in the higher dimension than the original Trudinger-Moser nonlinearity.
We show that the Moser functional J(u) = integral Omega(e(4 pi u2) - 1) dx on the set B = {u is an element of H-0(1)(Omega) : parallel to del u parallel to(2) <= 1}, where Omega subset of R-2 is a bounded domain, fails to be weakly continuous only in the following exceptional case. Define g(s)w(r) = s(-1/2)w(r(s)) for s > 0. If u(k) -> u in B while lim inf J(u(k)) > J(u), then, with some s(k) -> 0, u(k) = g(sk) [(2 pi)(-1/2) min {1, log1/vertical bar x vertical bar}], up to translations and up to a remainder vanishing in the Sobolev norm. In other words, the weak continuity fails only on translations of concentrating Moser functions. The proof is based on a profile decomposition similar to that of Solimini [16], but with different concentration operators, pertinent to the two-dimensional case.
Husqvarna AB has as of today an extensive research and development department.This department serves to control the active product as well as the upcoming ones.The way that is done is through two different sets of tests. The first one being a longterm endurance test with aimed to unveil the durability of a product. Second and finalsort of test is a more one dimensional one. The aim is to determine different specificunits of interest like for example Newton (N).
Today the R&D department has a great knowledge within normal distributed data andsomewhat less when it comes to the opposite, so called none normal distributed data.When endurance is of interest the likelihood of that to be of the latter sort is morecommon than not. For now no complete method has been appointed to make iteasier to process a situation of this kind. Studying ever unique case individually, bylooking at the data, has been the way to go. This causes an inconsistency in theanalysis and makes it purely based on which individual that has done it. Lastly it mayalso, unintentionally, ignore the large picture of how a product has progressed.
To solve these problems this thesis work was put together to propose and conduct amethod. To form this method was an ongoing process throughout the whole thesisperiod. Ideas and thoughts were put forward to be reviewed and discussed. After aseries of tweaks to steer it towards the overall goal the method was finalized. Themethod that was put forward was firmly tested. Also a wide laboration in what themethod actually meant was done.
The result was a method to be applied on none normal distributed data. This methodhas three parts. The first being the report where everything is embraced. The secondpart is a short manual for an operator to use. Last part is an example where themethod is put to use.
We study selfadjoint functors acting on categories of finite dimensional modules over finite dimensional algebras with an emphasis on functors satisfying some polynomial relations. Selfadjoint functors satisfying several easy relations, in particular, idempotents and square roots of a sum of identity functors. are classified. We also describe various natural constructions for new actions using external direct sums, external tensor products. Serre subcategories, quotients and centralizer subalgebras.
We study the growth of two competing infection types on graphs generated by the configuration model with a given degree sequence. Starting from two vertices chosen uniformly at random, the infection types spread via the edges in the graph in that an uninfected vertex becomes type 1 (2) infected at rate lambda(1) (lambda(2)) times the number of nearest neighbors of type 1 (2). Assuming (essentially) that the degree of a randomly chosen vertex has finite second moment, we show that if lambda(1) = lambda(2), then the fraction of vertices that are ultimately infected by type 1 converges to a continuous random variable V is an element of (0,1), as the number of vertices tends to infinity. Both infection types hence occupy a positive (random) fraction of the vertices. If lambda(1) not equal lambda(2), on the other hand, then the type with the larger intensity occupies all but a vanishing fraction of the vertices. Our results apply also to a uniformly chosen simple graph with the given degree sequence.
We study a model of competition between two types evolving as branching random walks on Z(d). The two types are represented by red and blue balls, respectively, with the rule that balls of different colour annihilate upon contact. We consider initial configurations in which the sites of Z(d) contain one ball each which are independently coloured red with probability p and blue otherwise. We address the question of fixation, referring to the sites and eventually settling for a given colour or not. Under a mild moment condition on the branching rule, we prove that the process will fixate almost surely for p not equal 1/2 and that every site will change colour infinitely often almost surely for the balanced initial condition p = 1/2.
We study survival among two competing types in two settings: a planar growth model related to two-neighbor bootstrap percolation, and a system of urns with graph-based interactions. In the planar growth model, uncolored sites are given a color at rate 0, 1 or infinity, depending on whether they have zero, one, or at least two neighbors of that color. In the urn scheme, each vertex of a graph G has an associated urn containing some number of either blue or red balls ( but not both). At each time step, a ball is chosen uniformly at random from all those currently present in the system, a ball of the same color is added to each neighboring urn, and balls in the same urn but of different colors annihilate on a one-for-one basis. We show that, for every connected graph G and every initial configuration, only one color survives almost surely. As a corollary, we deduce that in the two-type growth model on Z(2), one of the colors only infects a finite number of sites with probability one. We also discuss generalizations to higher dimensions and multi-type processes, and list a number of open problems and conjectures.
We prove that the probability of crossing a large square in quenched Voronoi percolation converges to 1/2 at criticality, confirming a conjecture of Benjamini, Kalai and Schramm from 1999. The main new tools are a quenched version of the box-crossing property for Voronoi percolation at criticality, and an Efron Stein type bound on the variance of the probability of the crossing event in terms of the sum of the squares of the influences. As a corollary of the proof, we moreover obtain that the quenched crossing event at criticality is almost surely noise sensitive.
Consider a monotone Boolean function f : {0, 1}(n) -> {0, 1} and the canonical monotone coupling {eta(p) : p is an element of [0, 1]} of an element in {0, 1}(n) chosen according to product measure with intensity p is an element of [0, 1]. The random point p is an element of [0, 1] where f (eta(p)) flips from 0 to 1 is often concentrated near a particular point, thus exhibiting a threshold phenomenon. For a sequence of such Boolean functions, we peer closely into this threshold window and consider, for large n, the limiting distribution (properly normalized to be nondegenerate) of this random point where the Boolean function switches from being 0 to 1. We determine this distribution for a number of the Boolean functions which are typically studied and pay particular attention to the functions corresponding to iterated majority and percolation crossings. It turns out that these limiting distributions have quite varying behavior. In fact, we show that any nondegenerate probability measure on R arises in this way for some sequence of Boolean functions.
We study the phase transition of random radii Poisson Boolean percolation: Around each point of a planar Poisson point process, we draw a disc of random radius, independently for each point. The behavior of this process is well understood when the radii are uniformly bounded from above. In this article, we investigate this process for unbounded (and possibly heavy tailed) radii distributions. Under mild assumptions on the radius distribution, we show that both the vacant and occupied sets undergo a phase transition at the same critical parameter.c. Moreover, For. <.c, the vacant set has a unique unbounded connected component and we give precise bounds on the one-arm probability for the occupied set, depending on the radius distribution. At criticality, we establish the box-crossing property, implying that no unbounded component can be found, neither in the occupied nor the vacant sets. We provide a polynomial decay for the probability of the one-arm events, under sharp conditions on the distribution of the radius. For. >.c, the occupied set has a unique unbounded component and we prove that the one-arm probability for the vacant decays exponentially fast. The techniques we develop in this article can be applied to other models such as the Poisson Voronoi and confetti percolation.
We study a variant of Gilbert's disc model, in which discs are positioned at the points of a Poisson process in R-2 with radii determined by an underlying stationary and ergodic random field phi: R-2 -> [0, infinity), independent of the Poisson process. This setting, in which the random field is independent of the point process, is often referred to as geostatistical marking. We examine how typical properties of interest in stochastic geometry and percolation theory, such as coverage probabilities and the existence of long-range connections, differ between Gilbert's model with radii given by some random field and Gilbert's model with radii assigned independently, but with the same marginal distribution. Among our main observations we find that complete coverage of R(2 )does not necessarily happen simultaneously, and that the spatial dependence induced by the random field may both increase as well as decrease the critical threshold for percolation.
Model theory and combinatorial pregeometries are closely related throughthe so called algebraic closure operator on strongly minimal sets. Thestudy of projective and ane pregeometries are especially interestingsince they have a close relation to vectorspaces. In this thesis we willsee how the relationship occur and how model theory can concludea very strong classi cation theorem which divides pregeometries withcertain properties into projective, ane and degenerate (trivial) cases.
A homogenizable structure M is a structure where we may add a finite amount of new relational symbols to represent some 0-definable relations in order to make the structure homogeneous. In this article we will divide the homogenizable structures into different classes which categorize many known examples and show what makes each class important. We will show that model completeness is vital for the relation between a structure and the amalgamation bases of its age and give a necessary and sufficient condition for an countably categorical model-complete structure to be homogenizable.
In this article we give an explicit classification for the countably infinite graphs G which are, for some k, ≥k-homogeneous. It turns out that a ≥k -homogeneous graph M is non-homogeneous if and only if it is either not 1-homogeneous or not 2-homogeneous, both cases which may be classified using ramsey theory.
This thesis is in the field of mathematical logic and especially model theory. The thesis contain six papers where the common theme is the Rado graph R. Some of the interesting abstract properties of R are that it is simple, homogeneous (and thus countably categorical), has SU-rank 1 and trivial dependence. The Rado graph is possible to generate in a probabilistic way. If we let K be the set of all finite graphs then we obtain R as the structure which satisfy all properties which hold with assymptotic probability 1 in K. On the other hand, since the Rado graph is homogeneous, it is also possible to generate it as a Fraïssé-limit of its age.
Paper I studies the binary structures which are simple, countably categorical, with SU-rank 1 and trivial algebraic closure. The main theorem shows that these structures are all possible to generate using a similar probabilistic method which is used to generate the Rado graph. Paper II looks at the simple homogeneous structures in general and give certain technical results on the subsets of SU-rank 1.
Paper III considers the set K consisting of all colourable structures with a definable pregeometry and shows that there is a 0-1 law and almost surely a unique definable colouring. When generating the Rado graph we almost surely have only rigid structures in K. Paper IV studies what happens if the structures in K are only the non-rigid finite structures. We deduce that the limit structures essentially try to stay as rigid as possible, given the restriction, and that we in general get a limit law but not a 0-1 law.
Paper V looks at the Rado graph's close cousin the random t-partite graph and notices that this structure is not homogeneous but almost homogeneous. Rather we may just add a definable binary predicate, which hold for any two elemenets which are in the same part, in order to make it homogeneous. This property is called being homogenizable and in Paper V we do a general study of homogenizable structures. Paper VI conducts a special case study of the homogenizable graphs which are the closest to being homogeneous, providing an explicit classification of these graphs.
In this article we give a classification of the binary, simple, ω-categorical structures with SU-rank 1 and trivial algebraic closure. This is done both by showing that they satisfy certain extension properties, but also by noting that they may be approximated by the almost sure theory of some sets of finite structures equipped with a probability measure. This study give results about general almost sure theories, but also considers certain attributes which, if they are almost surely true, generate almost sure theories with very specific properties such as ω-stability or strong minimality.
A systematic study is made, for an arbitrary finite relational language with at least one symbol of arity at least 2, of classes of nonrigid finite structures. The well known results that almost all finite structures are rigid and that the class of finite structures has a zero-one law are, in the present context, the first layer in a hierarchy of classes of finite structures with increasingly more complex automorphism groups. Such a hierarchy can be defined in more than one way. For example, the kth level of the hierarchy can consist of all structures having at least k elements which are moved by some automorphism. Or we can consider, for any finite group G, all finite structures M such that G is a subgroup of the group of automorphisms of M; in this case the "hierarchy" is a partial order. In both cases, as well as variants of them, each "level" satisfies a logical limit law, but not a zero-one law (unless k = 0 or G is trivial). Moreover, the number of (labelled or unlabelled) n-element structures in one place of the hierarchy divided by the number of n-element structures in another place always converges to a rational number or to infinity as n -> infinity. All instances of the respective result are proved by an essentially uniform argument.
We study definable sets D of SU-rank 1 in Meq, where M is a countable homogeneous and simple structure in a language with finite relational vocabulary. Each such D can be seen as a 'canonically embedded structure', which inherits all relations on D which are definable in Meq, and has no other definable relations. Our results imply that if no relation symbol of the language of M has arity higher than 2, then there is a close relationship between triviality of dependence and D being a reduct of a binary random structure. Somewhat more precisely: (a) if for every n≥2, every n-type p(x1,...,xn) which is realized in D is determined by its sub-2-types q(xi,xj)⊆p, then the algebraic closure restricted to D is trivial; (b) if M has trivial dependence, then D is a reduct of a binary random structure.
We study finite -colourable structures with an underlying pregeometry. The probability measure that is usedcorresponds to a process of generating such structures by which colours are first randomly assigned to all1-dimensional subspaces and then relationships are assigned in such a way that the colouring conditions aresatisfied but apart from this in a random way. We can then ask what the probability is that the resulting structure,where we now forget the specific colouring of the generating process, has a given property. With this measurewe get the following results: (1) A zero-one law. (2) The set of sentences with asymptotic probability 1 has anexplicit axiomatisation which is presented. (3) There is a formula ξ (x, y) (not directly speaking about colours)such that, with asymptotic probability 1, the relation “there is an -colouring which assigns the same colourto x and y” is defined by ξ (x, y). (4) With asymptotic probability 1, an -colourable structure has a unique-colouring (up to permutation of the colours).
For a positive integer d, a non-negative integer n and a non-negative integer h <= n, we study the number C-n((d)) of principal ideals; and the number C-n,h((d)) of principal ideals generated by an element of rank h, in the d-tonal partition monoid on n elements. We compute closed forms for the first family, as partial cumulative sums of known sequences. The second gives an infinite family of new integral sequences. We discuss their connections to certain integral lattices as well as to combinatorics of partitions.
For l, n is an element of N we define tonal partition algebra P-l (n) over Z[delta]. We construct modules {Delta mu} mu for P-l (n) over Z[delta], and hence over any integral domain containing Z[delta] (such as C[delta]), that pass to a complete set of irreducible modules over the field of fractions. We show that P-l (n) is semisimple there. That is, we construct for the tonal partition algebras a modular system in the sense of Brauer. Using a "geometrical" index set for the Delta-modules, we give an order with respect to which the decomposition matrix over C (with d. C-x) is upper-unitriangular. We establish several crucial properties of the Delta-modules. These include a tower property, with respect to n, in the sense of Green and Cox-Martin-Parker-Xi; contravariant forms with respect to a natural involutive antiautomorphism; a highest weight category property; and branching rules.
Compact smooth n-dimensional manifolds admit handle decompositions. Here a k-handleis a product of disks of dimension k and (n-k) and the decomposition says how the handles areglued together. If the manifold is connected it has a handle decomposition with only one0-handle. The dimension k de Rham cohomology of a manifold is its closed k-forms divided byits exact k-forms. We compute the de Rham cohomology from a handle decomposition, bytreating all handles as having infinitesimal size. This gives a description in terms of forms on the0-handle that satisfies certain conditions at the boundary. We work this out for spheres of anydimension and for orientable surfaces.