Ett fungerande arbetsmiljö och säkerhetsarbete är viktigt för att förebygga olyckor i arbetet. Därför är det intressant att undersöka hur säkerhetsarbetet i en processindustri upplevs, en organisation där medarbetare dagligen utsätts för risker i arbetet. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer har problemområdet undersökts i syfte att identifiera aspekter som påverkar säkerhetsarbetets förutsättningar. Studiens resultat visar att säkerhetsarbete är ett komplext område där organisatoriska, tekniska och kulturella aspekter kontinuerligt samspelar. Att säkerhet ständigt tävlar om prioritet mot produktionen är dessutom en ständig utmaning.

Old age has many images, with the one of a crisis regaining momentum. While images of activity and opportunity gained ground during recent decades, this trend now seems to reverse. The current economic crisis drains the financial resources of older people, which increases old age poverty. Moreover, governments react to the double-pressure of economic crises and population ageing through budget cuts, which reduces support systems for older people. It, moreover, centers public discourses more strongly on social problems associated with old age. Both developments underline the needs associated with old age and draw our attention away from the potentials of old age. In other words, they bring discussions on old age back to the topic of crises. This working paper discusses how the economic crisis affects older people, how governments, labour markets, and families react to the double-pressure of population ageing and economic crisis, and how individuals perceive their old age. It concludes with reflections on the implications of growing crisis-centrism in discussions on old age. Such crisis-centrism can lead us to overlook social inequalities in old age and to neglect the subjective character of the perception of old age. The public image of old age might, thus, be stronger associated with the idea of crisis than what older people’s lived experience suggests.

Although Europe’s population is greying, the future of Europe does not look grey. What can be learned from this book is that old age is not necessarily characterized by frailty and decline, but instead can be a time of self-fulfillment, activity, and social participation. Moreover, we now know that population ageing does not need to threaten extant social and welfare state-related institutions, but instead opens up potentials for restructuring and reinvention. Life expectancy is longer than ever before and living conditions that enhance healthy ageing have very much improved. New technologies and Information and Communication Technologies may assist older people to stay in their homes longer. The growing possibilities to reach a good old age may have given rise to what is sometimes called ‘a silver economy’: an economy with all kinds of new products and services, particularly aimed at the growing share of healthy and wealthy senior citizens. The greying of Europe might, thus, ultimately lead us into a bright and colourful future.

“Who takes care of the manager?”An exploratory study of manager´s perceived organizational and social work environment. 

The study aims to create a deeper understanding of managers' experiences, of their organizational and social work environment. Furthermore, the study aims to examine managers' perceptions of health factors that they perceive as health-promoting. The main question of this study is; “How do managers experience their organizational and social work environment?”. As previous research has often focused on preventive factors, this study focuses on a health-promoting perspective. Which refers to the study's second question; "What health factors do managers perceive as health-promoting?". The study applies a qualitative method through semi-structured interviews for the collection of empirical material. The sample consists of eight first-line and middle managers in various industries. The study has an exploratory focus in order to create a basis for further research. 

The results of the study show that recovery, communication, colleagues, social relationships, clear roles, goals and tasks are perceived as important organizational and social aspects in the manager's own work environment. The results also show that perceived health factors are flexibility in working hours, being heard, support from colleagues, functioning social relationships and recovery by adapting their meetings.  

Keywords: Organizational and social work environment, management, health factors, health promotion.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how young people perceive living in a social vulnerable area, how they perceive the media image as well as what constraints and opportunities the housing area implies for their future.

To answer our questions, we have used qualitative semistructured interviews with six adolescents in the social vulnerable Stockholm suburb Tensta. Theories that we have used in the processing of data collection are recognition theory and the stigma theory of Goffman.

The results of the interviews show that the adolescents enjoys living in the area despite the neglected media image of Tensta. Their own perception of the area differs from the perceived media image. At the same time, adolescents realized that their own future goals are not limited by the area in which they live, but governed by the individual's own will to succeed.

Anorexia is a global issue but occurs mainly in the Western world. Anorexia nervosa is a complex disease caused by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors which often interacts with each other. The purpose of this phenomenological study is to gain a greater understanding of how recovered women created meaning in their illness and if there are mutual factors in their life-stories. We have especially focused on family patterns and the communication within the family. We have based our study on symbolic interactionism as our theoretical perspective. The study is of a qualitative nature and we used semi structured interviews which later were interpreted from a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. In our result we could see that creating meaning was central throughout the disease and was expressed in different ways by our respondents. Ten themes appeared and the most vital findings were that anorexia was an active action and that it is an expression for self-hatred and low self-esteem. We could also see that lack of expression regarding emotions within the families and not being emotionally recognized by their parents were crucial factors. The most important result was the respondents own perception of anorexia as a symbolizing action and the content of the disease is about so much more than weight and looks.

På dagens dynamiska och komplexa marknad har innovation framställts som en nödvändighet för en organisations överlevnad. Startups har framhållits som organisationer i framkant när det kommer till innovation. Vidare har kulturen i startups identifierats som en central byggsten i deras framgång, en kultur som utmanas när startups expanderar. I takt med att startupföretagen växer ökar de formella och strukturella inslagen i organisationen och de kulturella element som kännetecknar startupkulturen formaliseras för att gynna den förändrade strukturen. Syftet med studien var dels att undersöka hur medarbetare i en startuporganisation upplevde att företagskulturen påverkades i en expansionsfas, dels att undersöka vilka faktorer som kunde identifieras som värnande av företagskulturen. För att undersöka detta genomfördes en kvalitativ fallstudie, där data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien visade att fallorganisationens företagskultur karaktäriserades av en familjär känsla, vilken utmanades under organisationens expansion. Organisationen har genomgått strukturella förändringar. Utvecklingen av funktionsbaserade avdelningar, med specialiserade teams och nya positioner, utgjorde en av de huvudsakliga förändringarna följt av införandet av mellanchefer. Införandet av struktur och formalisering av kommunikation och samarbetsformer hade en negativ inverkan på medarbetarnas känsla av samhörighet till organisationen i sin helhet. De kulturella förändringarna kunde i stor utsträckning härledas till medarbetarantalets drastiska ökning under expansionen. Organisationens storlek hämmade medarbetarnas nära och vänskapliga relationer, vilket utmanade den familjära kulturen. Slutsatsen för studien visade att områden som rekrytering, värdegrundsarbete, ledarskap, onboarding, teamkultur, utvecklingsmöjligheter och relationsbyggande aktiviteter kan utgöra upprätthållande faktorer för kulturen i startups under expansion.

Syfte och frågeställningar

Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan vilken föreningsidrott man deltagit i som ungdom och alkohol- och tobaksvanor bland vuxna män. Studien ska även jämföra vid vilken ålder man gör alkohol- och tobaksdebut inom de olika idrotterna. Skiljer sig alkohol- och tobakskonsumtionen mellan vuxna män med bakgrund från olika idrotter? Vid vilken ålder alkohol- och tobaksdebuterar man inom olika idrotter? Vilken idrott bör man som ungdom delta i för att ha störst chans till hälsosamma alkohol- och tobaksvanor som vuxen man?

Metod

Mejl skickades ut till 4002 adresser kopplade till olika idrottsföreningar runt om i Sverige. I mejlet fanns en länk till en webenkät med tolv flersvarsfrågor. Föreningarna som kontaktades uppmanades att vidarebefordra länken till personer som varit eller är aktiva i föreningen som idrottare. Det var föreningar från 13 olika idrotter som kontaktades. För den lilla idrotten karting kontaktades också personer med kartingbakgrund via Facebook. Enkäten låg upp i cirka en månads tid. Under den tiden kom 352 svar in. Av dessa användes 295 i studien.

Resultat

Idrotterna som är med i studien är uppdelade efter fem grupper; fotboll, ishockey, karting, lagidrotter (handboll, innebandy och basket) samt individuella idrotter (simning, gymnastik, friidrott, tennis, bordtennis, motocross/enduro och golf). Det enda signifikanta resultatet i studien berör debutåldern för alkohol mellan idrotterna. De individuella idrotterna hade den högsta genomsnittliga debutåldern för alkohol med 16,3 år. Karting hade den näst högsta debutåldern med 15,8 år. Lagidrotterna hade en debutålder på 15,8 år och fotboll hade 15,6 år. Ishockeyn hade lägst debutålder för alkohol med 15,2 år.

Slutsats

Utifrån den här studien går inte att dra några signifikanta slutsatser om hur alkohol- och tobaksvanorna skiljer sig mellan vuxna män med bakgrund från olika idrotter. Genomsnittsåldern ligger mellan 15,2 och 16,3 år för alkoholdebuten. I lagidrotterna ishockey och fotboll sker den genomsnittliga debuten tidigast. Högst debutålder hade gruppen med de individuella idrottarna. Bristen på signifikanta resultat gör att det inte går att svara på frågan om vilken idrott som leder till hälsosammast alkohol- och tobaksvanor i vuxen ålder.

This article is an empirical analysis of food waste management and food recycling in Sweden. Currently, across Sweden, attempts are being made to achieve a circular economy whereby food wastes are transformed into resources. Food waste is used to produce biogas and bio fertilizer, and the enactment of food waste as a resource turns the waste into a raw material over which waste management organizations compete. Against this backdrop, the article interferes with research in ‘waste studies’ that highlight transformation of waste into something valuable, and proposes instead to ‘defend’ waste against the CE. The paper contributes to ‘waste studies’ and research on the circular economy by cautioning about the risks involved both in the establishment of a circular economy, and the treatment of waste as valuable. The empirical material used draws on a research project in which interviews were carried out with ‘waste workers’ in Swedish waste management organizations.

As of late, claims have been made in social and political theory that agency is neither a property of subjects nor of objects, but is instead an emergent effect of constellations or assemblages – that agency takes place ‘between’ various things. The question that follows is how to then account for what happens and what to make of the ‘betweenness’ of agency. The answer offered by this article is to trace and situate agency empirically through practices. Exploring the happening and non-happening of a particular object – shit – I show that for things to happen, a lot of work has to be done. By evoking three examples of constipated bodies, I show that while the work that has to be done is different, and that the actors involved are diverse, agency is located in practices.

Emerging from the question of how to live together with our planet, more-than-human approaches to interspecies relations have often presented ‘cozy’ versions of conviviality (Whatmore 2002; Haraway 2008; Hinchliffe 2010). This was usually set against a (supposedly) exclusionary politics of nature, in a move that betrayed a still largely humanist ethics. From the focus on friendly companions, to the attention to practices of care or living-together, the notion of companion species and their entanglements with humans has been polarized towards a pleasant and ‘nice’ version of coexistence. But, dealing with composting, it becomes clear that relations with the environment are never so neat and clean. What are, then, the modes of being together with the ‘dirty’ side of the ‘green’? What practices emerge at the mundane interstices of the ‘big picture’ of a functional ecology? Wasting, eating, rotting, consuming, transforming and becoming-with are brought together in a variety of ways in practices of composting-with earthworms. Reporting on our own and others' attempts to ‘live-together’ with earthworms, this paper tracks the non-relations and asymmetries of the transformations of more-than-human materialities inside (and outside) domestic composting bins. We argue that the example of living-together with dung earthworms sheds light on the interplays between attachment and detachment (Candea 2010), shifting the notion of conviviality from a green and comfortable ‘democratic collective’ (Latour 2004) to a messy, yet constantly productive and on-going coexistence.

This article analyses conflicting versions of speed and temporal work that are involved in engaging with food. The dominant discourses around fast and slow food are challenged and extended by juxtaposing three kinds of food-related activities: cooking, eating, and digesting. Drawing on a wide range of empirical and theoretical examples and dietary advice, I illustrate how modes of engaging with foods also produce and come with specific “goods” and “bads.” Problematizing these normativities, I use the Swedish word ‘lagom’ to denote a temporal and spatial normativity that is always located in a specific situation.

Recent papers by prominent scholars in science and technology studies (notably John Law and Bruno Latour) have crystallized a fundamental disagreement about the scope and purpose of intervention in actor-network theory or what we here choose to bracket as empirical philosophy. While the precept of agnostic description is taken as a given, the desired eff ects of such descriptions are highly debated: Is the goal to interfere with the singularity of the real through the enactment of multiple and possibly confl icting ontologies? Or is it (also) to craft new and comprehensive common worlds supported by notions of due process and parliamentary procedure? In this paper we think about this disagreement as a question of research strategy (a normative discord about the desirable outcome of an intervention) in order to assess its implications for research tactics (a descriptive accord about the practical crafting of an adequate account). A key point here is to challenge the impermeability of such a division and show how the strategic dispute, if to be taken seriously, invariably spills over to swamp the level of tactics. To illustrate this point, we draw upon materials from our recent doctoral research projects and to facilitate the discussion we make two deliberate caricatures: Firstly, we operate with a simplifi ed history of actor-network theory in which a strategy of epistemological critique has been replaced by two contending agendas for ontological intervention. Secondly, we address these two contending agendas as distinct options which map on to the positions of our two main interlocutors. In doing so, it becomes possible to compare their respective tactical implications as we work through two examples of what might constitute an empiricist intervention.

Research into food waste has shown that around one third of the food that is produced for human consumption ends up going to waste. The reasons for this are many but in reports and campaigns the role of the consumer, their careless behavior and anxieties related to food are often raised as two of the main causes for food going to waste. By way of contrast, this article asks what practices of saving, experimenting with, growing and eating food – what is here conceptualized as ‘food repair’ – may tell us in terms of the specific materialities of foods, and the work involved in repairing it. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with dumpster divers, a studio for the experimental arts, and urban gardeners, I suggest firstly that the actual work of food repair is mundane, small-scale and often remains largely invisible. Secondly, food repair is caught in the tension between avoiding waste and assuring safety. This tension, and the work of living with it in practice, is analyzed in terms of caring: caring for the food, for sustainable consumption, for the eater. As such, this text articulates the concept of food repair as a conceptual contrast to the notion of careless consumers and throw-away societies in order to map alternative stories and practices. Rather than offering a critique of known food wasting practices, then, this text is intended both to articulate and strengthen marginal food repair practices.

In a book that explores global transportations and mobilities, food definitely deserves to be included.1 Over the last few decades, the total mileage that food travels across the globe – difficult to imagine, let alone calculate – has not just risen, but also become increasingly contested ( Jackson et al., 2006). Many decry that all in all food travels far too far. But how does it do so? How does it move across the globe? The answer is: in many different ways. It moves out and it moves in. It moves fresh and it moves cooked. It moves as ingredients and as a recipe. The implication is that, more often than not, on any single plate many places come together. Here, we will illustrate the topological complexity of ordinary meals by presenting a mundane but intricate case: that of Pizza Hawaii.

In the early 21st century quite a few social scientists and scholars in the humanities are arguing that we should pay more attention to things material. For, as they say, not only humans act but so, too, do materials. Joining this discussion, in this paper we will use the case of omega-3 fatty acids to address the questions of how materials may act; in which ways this is relevant; and what is linked up with it. Hence, we will come to speak about research in prisons where inmates were badly nourished; fish being caught in the Global South for Scandinavian fish pills; and the urgency of shifting from the verb ‘to act’ to a differentiated list of modes of doing. Learning from the natural sciences, we will argue, requires that their methods and concerns be carefully attended to. Taking matters seriously comes with the obligation of tracing where such matters come from and where they go. And talking about ‘action’, finally, demands that, beyond liberal notions of isolated individual actors, it be creatively retheorised.

Drawing on Judith Butler’s work and a series of studies associated with actor–network theory (ANT), this paper engages with political agency through the concept of performativity. Based on the empirical analysis of a hunger strike that took place in Brussels in 2012 and involved 23 illegal immigrants, we aim to achieve three things. First, we foreground physical bodies as political entities caught up in multiple modes of doing politics. Second, we show how such modes relate to one another, reinforcing citizenship, activism and party politics as specific performances of agency associated with liberal democracy. Finally, we argue that the Brussels hunger strike also challenges these performances by failing to meet certain expectations about what it is to be political/act politically. As the European refugee crisis is generating louder and louder voices, hunger strikes sensitise us to modes of doing that work by becoming passive, silent, weak and vulnerable. Such processes, we suggest, expand the standard repertoire of modes of doing and may refigure our understanding of the interaction between transnational and liberal democratic politics—in International Relations, ANT and beyond.

During the COVID-19 pandemic Sweden stood out globally as a country that persistently refused to take drastic measures like proclaiming a curfew or a lockdown on public and commercial facilities. Instead, a “softer” approach was chosen. The population was only recommended to restrain as much as possible from social contact as well as other cautionary measures. In this chapter this Swedish “exception” is addressed, with a focus on regional differences. Much political and media focus has been on the spread of COVID-19 in the large postindustrial cities. Instead, we focus on the situation in the sparsely populated northern part, Sápmi, once colonized by the Swedish kingdom. Here, the city of Gällivare was severely affected by the virus. In symbiosis with the state-controlled mining industry, the community had a steady national and international inflow of mining-related personnel which resulted in one of the highest infection rates per capita nationally.

During the COVID-19 pandemic Sweden stood out globally as a country that persistently refused to take drastic measures like proclaiming a curfew or a lockdown on public and commercial facilities. Instead, a “softer” approach was chosen. The population was only recommended to restrain as much as possible from social contact as well as other cautionary measures. In this chapter this Swedish “exception” is addressed, with a focus on regional differences. Much political and media focus has been on the spread of COVID-19 in the large postindustrial cities. Instead, we focus on the situation in the sparsely populated northern part, Sápmi, once colonized by the Swedish kingdom. Here, the city of Gällivare was severely affected by the virus. In symbiosis with the state-controlled mining industry, the community had a steady national and international inflow of mining-related personnel which resulted in one of the highest infection rates per capita nationally.

Sammanfattning

Titel: I vilken utsträckning tar nordisk forskning hänsyn till barn som upplevt våld? – En Scoping review om konsekvenser för barn som upplevt våld i nära relation utifrån barndomssociologin och ett intersektionellt perspektiv.

Författare: Sandra Adam & Rebecka Göransson

Handledare: Nina Åkerlund

Examinator: Tina Olsson

Följande uppsats är en litteraturstudie i form av en scoping review på redan befintlig forskning om barns konsekvenser av att ha upplevt våld i nära relation.

Bakgrund: Var tionde barn i Sverige har upplevt våld i nära relation. Våld mot barn i nära relationer är ett relativt nytt forskningsområde och ett utbrett folkhälsoproblem. I flertalet fall av våld i nära relation finns det barn i hushållet. Forskning visar på att barn är sårbara och att våldet leder till psykiska, beteendemässiga och sociala konsekvenser. Våld mot barn går även att ses som en försvårande omständighet när det dessutom sker av barnets omsorgspersoner. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att utifrån barndomssociologin och det intersektionella perspektivet studera forskning från Norden som involverar barn som har upplevt våld i nära relationer. Metod: En sammanställning av 17 vetenskapliga artiklar gjordes genom en scoping review utifrån Arksey & O´malleys modell. Artiklarna togs fram genom sökningar i två olika databaser och därefter gjordes en kvalitetsgranskning av alla 17 artiklar. Analysen är teoridriven, vilket innebär att resultatet analyserades utifrån barndomssociologin och ett intersektionellt perspektiv som därefter delades in i över- och underteman. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudteman och tio underteman. Det första huvudtemat belyser synen på barn i nordisk forskning; hur barn beaktas och hanteras. Analysen visar att barn hanteras en homogen grupp i flera avseenden. Det andra huvudtemat är konsekvenser av våld vilket belyser olika våldsformers lång- och kortsiktiga konsekvenser för barn. Olika våldsformer påverkar barn på olika sätt, men tenderar att överlappa varandra i flesta fall. Det tredje temat handlar om hur våldet får olika konsekvenser för olika barn. Här lyfts forskningens representation av kön och ålder, närmare bestämt pojkar, flickor, små barn och ungdomar. Slutsats: Barn som utsätts för våld i nära relation är olika och bör därför hanteras som en heterogen grupp både i forskning och praktiskt socialt arbete. 

Multikulturalisme ses af mange som progressiv og venstreorienteret, og kritikken af den betragtes som reaktionær og racistisk. Denne bog udfordrer denne tankegang og viser – fra et venstrefløjsperspektiv – hvordan den moderne mangfoldighedstankegang tværtimod undergraver fornuft, frihed, lighed og individuel selvbestemmelse. Ved at have et særligt fokus på sær-identiteter og indføre grupperettigheder på bekostning af universel politisk frihed, borgerrettigheder, upartiske institutioner og lighed mellem kønnene er den på kollisionskurs med demokratiets grundværdier. Multikulturalisme er derfor i virkeligheden en konservativ og antimoderne ideologi.

Den multikulturella vänstern har brutit med klassiska vänsterideal som vetenskap, sekularism, anspråk på sanning och fri debatt. Den förkastar högerns nationalism men odlar en etnomystik som är minst lika konservativ. Kulturell självbelåtenhet hånas och hyllas på samma gång. Var finns principen?...

Denna studie handlar om hur unga män med utländsk bakgrund bosatta i socioekonomisktutsatta områden upplever massmedia och dess föreställning gentemot området de bor i.

Studien är kvalitativ genom fokusgruppsintervjuer och berör frågor om hur dessa unga mänmed utländsk bakgrund beskrivs, hur massmedia talar om socioekonomiskt utsatta områdensamt hur massmedia spelar en roll i rapporteringen av dessa ovanstående faktorer.

Vi kom fram till att dessa unga män med utländsk bakgrund bosatta i socioekonomiskt utsattaområden upplever att massmedia målar upp och reproducerar en övervägande negativ bild avde och området de bor i. De talar mycket kring sina egna känslor och hur upplevelsernapåverkar dem samt hur de speglar sig i deras liv.

Objective: This thesis examines the timing of having the first child in relation to when Swedish men and women leave the parental home. The aim is to explain if any childbearing trends can be detected based on whether one leaves the parental home at a younger or older relative age than the current age norms. The timing of having the first child might be affected by either a speed up/slow down effect (one continues to experience other stages of adulthood faster or slower relative to people of the same age) or an age-norm effect (one tries to counter-act deviation from the home-leaving norm by speeding up or delaying childbearing to align with people of the same age).

Method and Data: Event history analysis is applied using a multivariate piece-wise constant hazard model. The data comes from Swedish register data based on records of the entire Swedish population between 1 January 1953 and 31 December 2012.

Results: The results indicate that Swedish women who leave the parental home younger than the norm run a greater risk of having their first child sooner after leaving the parental home relative to women of the same age. Swedish men who leave the parental home younger than the norm, on the other hand, run a greater risk of having the first child later after leaving the parental home relative to men of the same age. Swedish men who leave the parental home later than the norm run a greater risk of having their first child sooner after leaving the parental home relative to men of the same age while the opposite is true for women. However, the effects of timing of leaving the parental home are relatively small, which can be explained by the very long and stable mean durations found. The peak durations of intensities, i.e. number of years between leaving the parental home and having the first child, for men and women can be found after 10–12 years. The peak durations of intensities are remarkably similar between the genders.

Conclusion: Swedish women who leave the parental home earlier than the norm are more likely to experience a speed-up effect in terms of childbearing and a slow down effect when leaving the parental home later than the norm. Thus, women stick to breaking the normative timing of the life course events once they have started. Swedish men, on the other hand, are more likely to try and catch up with age norms and instead postpone having the first child when leaving the parental home earlier than the norm and speed up having a child when leaving the parental home later than the norm. Men are thus more likely to time having children with men of the same age.

There are important gaps in the research on youth political action due to a lack of attention to the roles of place and the experiences of young people in rural places. To address these gaps, this article presents findings from intensive interviews with 15 young people (aged between 16 and 29 years) who identified as politically/socially engaged and lived or had recently lived in a rural place in Sweden. Analysis of their responses, based on constructivist-grounded theory, shows that place dimensions shaped three social processes of young people’s political action: engaging in politics in (rural) places, finding recognition as political actors in (rural) places and negotiating political belonging in relation to (urban) places. By linking these processes with Agnew’s three-dimensional understanding of place, the analysis provides novel insights into how various dimensions of place shape crucial social processes of youth political action.

This article examines the moderating role of employee representation on the chances of receiving employer-paid training among temporary and permanent workers from a cross-country, comparative perspective. The impact of employee representation is considered at the individual level and at the country level. The statistical analyses are performed using data from the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey and multilevel modelling. Our results suggest that temporary workers receive less employer-paid training than permanent workers. Access to employee representation increases workers' access to employer-paid training, regardless of contract type. At the country level, we found that the training-related benefits from union coverage are larger for permanent than for temporary workers. Our findings suggest that employee representation in the workplace could operate as an equalizer between temporary and permanent workers; while at the country level, the lobbying effect of union coverage is more beneficial for permanent workers. 

Definitions and theories professions and professionalization have long been tailored on a set of professions established in England during the 19^th century. Chartered surveyors belong in that group, but have not received the attention afforded to other members of the core set. This paper, conceived as a contribution to a theory of the relation between state, knowledge and profession, draws on the historical case of 19^th century British surveyors. It analyses the interface between state and profession, in an age when it became increasingly important to “reconcile the principle that the domain of the political must be restricted, with the recognition of the vital political implications of formally private activities.” Surveyors were claimants to a configuration of tasks – centred on the nexus of land, law and money – which made them an important auxiliary to the state apparatus and its technologies. This paper traces, through comparison of British surveyors over time and through juxtaposition with Swedish surveyors, how these tasks, and a corresponding knowledge-base, were shaped by the inclusion of new subspecialties and a complex legal environment.

The modern field of higher education, and within it the corps of university teachers, takes on a dual significance in the context of the broader professional landscape. On the one hand it constitutes a professional field in its own right. On the other hand, the university is the institution through which the other professions are reproduced. It is with this latter aspect in mind that Harold Perkin characterised the university teacher as a key profession (Perkin, 1969).

This paper sets out to map the relation between social function, institution, corps, and cognitive base in the Swedish system of higher education, from the beginnings in 1477 until the present day. We assume (a) that these aspects evolve in different tempi, and (b) that they coalesce into particular configurations. We argue that this framework allows us to address central issues regarding the historical trajectory of higher education inSweden. Through which mechanisms did a medieval institution, catering primarily to ecclesiastical needs, acquire a capacity to accommodate and become the custodian of scientific knowledge? How has the increasing differentiation of the cognitive base affected the composition of the corps? How have shifts in the composition of the corps affected the internal workings of the university? And what role does this play in the formation of university teaching as a key profession?

The main purpose of this Master Essay is to analyse the integration of Ethiopian immigrants in Sweden between 1990 and 2000. My hypothesis has been that Ethiopian immigrants in Sweden constitute a group whose prospects to integrate are fairly low, but whose prospects to integrate also depend on the sex-composition and the length of staying in Sweden. In my analysis of the chosen group’s immigration pattern and integration, I have used a longitudinal database of the Swedish population where information on income and employment are included. I have analysed the group’s labour market participation and their prospects to reduce and eventually close the income gap in relation to the working aged population in Sweden.

The regime of control in Ethiopia between 1977 and 1991 forced hundreds of thousands of mostly young Ethiopians to flee to Europe and USA. Between 1985 and 2000, 8033 Ethiopians immigrated to Sweden. The peak years were 1989 and 1991, preceded by a dramatic increase of the number of Ethiopians who immigrated to Sweden. After 1991 the immigration from Ethiopia to Sweden declined rapidly to a similarly low level as before 1985.

Nevertheless, when analysing the age-composition, those aged 18-29 years were shown to be in majority throughout the whole period as mostly young Ethiopians were forced to flee before 1991. Also, younger persons are more likely to migrate than older persons. The spectacular decrease of Ethiopian immigration to Sweden was probably linked to the former regime’s capitulation in 1991. In addition, Eritrea’s outbreak from Ethiopia in 1991 also had consequences on the numbers of Ethiopian immigrants to Sweden as Eritreans were no longer categorized as Ethiopians. Up to 1991, men were more likely to immigrate, but after then females were clearly in majority.

The frequency of not being employed has decreased considerably among Ethiopian immigrants throughout the period. At the same time, the income gap between them and the population in general was reduced even though it remained large in the whole period. The decrease in the proportion of Ethiopian immigrants without employment was larger for the females than for the males, and even if men had higher incomes throughout the period, women’s income approached that. Thus it seems that the integration process is on its way for Ethiopian immigrants, especially for the women. The age-composition is probably an important factor behind the group’s relatively successful integration given the large share of working aged persons.

Statistical models for social networks, such as exponential random graphs (ERGMs), have increasingly been used by organizational scholars to study the social interactions inside organizations, departments, and teams. While such models have been successful in providing insights about the local processes that underlie these interactions (such as homophily, reciprocity or transitivity), an additional interesting avenue for research focuses on the role of group-level contextual variables (such as the climate or composition of a team or organization) when considering a multitude of teams or organizations. In this paper we show how, in a team context, integrating team-level factors in a multilevel framework (i.e., a Bayesian hierarchical ERGM) enables us to answer questions about: 1) how team-level contextual factors might provide alternative explanations for the emergence of intra-team ties, and 2) whether any variation in local tendencies between teams might be dependent on such team-level variables (i.e., cross-level interactions). Using data collected among 103 MBA students who were grouped into 18 teams of 5–7 members to work on a project, we study the impact of members’ expertise and perceived psychological safety on advice seeking behavior. At a local level, we focus on the effect of these nodal attributes for homophily and differences in advice seeking and giving, while at the team level we incorporate the average expertise and the team’s psychological safety climate. Our results show that expert members are more likely to be the recipient of advice ties, but also that this effect is more pronounced in teams where the overall level of expertise is high. For psychological safety, we find that a high psychological safety climate impacts the advice relations among all members in the group, not solely those who themselves perceive a high level of psychological safety, suggesting that the team climate has an impact on all its members. This illustrates how a Bayesian hierarchical ERGM allows us to obtain relevant results even when studying small-sized groups

Vi lever i ett samhälle där organisationer under de senaste decennierna har blivit mer vinstfokuserade på grund av avkastningskrav till aktieägare. I och med detta har vi sett ökade kontroll- och mätmekanismer, inte minst av medarbetarnas prestationer mot uppsatta mål. Det traditionella tillvägagångssättet att mäta medarbetarnas välmående har varit via en årlig medarbetarundersökning. Men det vi nu ser är en mer digital trend: att i realtid göra så kallade pulsmätningar vilket innebär kontinuerliga mindre undersökningar av personalens välmående och organisationens arbetsmiljö. Organisationer använder ett digitalt mätverktyg för att genomföra dessa. På så sätt kan organisationer agera mer agilt på både negativa och positiva resultat. Forskning visar att medarbetare som trivs och mår bra på arbetsplatsen också presterar bättre mot uppsatta mål. Att inkludera medarbetare mer frekvent kan få en positiv effekt på engagemanget och motivationen. Vi har därför genomfört en kvalitativ studie i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Respondenter har varit personer som arbetar inom organisationer som använder ett digitalt mätverktyg av personalens välmående i realtid. De har dessutom haft en betydande roll för arbetet av implementeringen av ett sådant verktyg, men också arbetat med resultatet från det. Vår insamlade empiri har analyserats i relation till Finansialiseringsteori samt Isomorfism som är ett fenomen inom Nyinstitutionell teori. Vårt syfte med studien var att ta reda på om pulsmätningar är ett uttryck för ökad finansialiseringen och varför organisationer implementerar ett digitalt mätverktyg av personalens välmående, hur det kan tänkas se ut samt hur resultatet sedan används. Resultatet indikerade på att organisationer använder ett digitalt mätverktyg av personalens välmående på grund av employer branding, att de genuint vill att personalen ska må bra, men inte utan att det ska leda till ekonomiska fördelar som exempelvis färre sjukskrivningar och ökade intäkter. Genom studien har vi också kunnat presentera resultat för hur ett digitalt mätverktyg kan se ut och då främst vad organisationer mäter. Här visar det övergripande resultatet att det är främst ledarskap och arbetsmiljö som står i fokus. Men också att medarbetarengagemanget har gått upp som en effekt av ett digitalt mätverktyg som mäter välmående på arbetsplatsen. Med den här studien hoppas vi kunna bidra med en bredare förståelse för varför organisationer använder pulsmätningar och hur det används som en länk mellan arbetsgivare och arbetstagare. 

Encountering racism is burdensome and meeting it in a healthcare setting is no exception. This paper is part of alarger study that focusedonunderstandingandaddressingracismin healthcare in Sweden. In the paper, we draw on interviews with 12 ethnic minority healthcare staff who described how they managed emotional labor in their encounters with racism at their workplace. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The analysis revealed that experienced emotional labor arises from two main reasons. The first is the concern and fear that ethnic minority healthcare staff have of adverse consequences for their employment should they be seen engaged in discussing racism. The second concerns the ethical dilemmas when taking care of racist patients since healthcare staff are bound by a duty of providing equal care for all patients as expressed in healthcare institutional regulations. Strategies to manage emotional labor described by the staff include working harder to prove their competence and faking, blocking or hiding their emotions when they encounter racism. The emotional labor implied by these strategies could be intense or traumatizing as indicated by some staff members, and can therefore have negative effects on health. Given that discussions around racism are silenced, it is paramount to create space where racism can be safely discussed and to develop a safe healthcare environment for the benefit of staff and patients.

This paper describes the difficulties of researching racism in healthcare contexts as part of the wider issue of neoliberal reforms in welfare states in the age of global migration. In trying to understand the contradiction of a phenomenon that is historical and strongly felt by individuals and yet widely denied by both institutions and individuals, we consider the current political and socioeconomic context of healthcare provision. Despite decades of legislation against racism, its presence persists in healthcare settings, but data on these experiences is rarely gathered in Europe. National systems of healthcare provision have been subject to neoliberal reforms, where among others, cheaper forms of labor are sought to reduce the cost of producing healthcare, while the availability of services is rationed to contain demand. The restriction both on provision of and access to welfare, including healthcare, is unpopular among national populations. However, the explanations for restricted access to healthcare are assumed to be located outside the national context with immigrants being blamed. Even as migrants are used as a source of cheap labor in healthcare and other welfare sectors, the arrival of immigrants has been held responsible for restricted access to healthcare and welfare in general. One implication of (im)migration being blamed for healthcare restrictions, while racism is held to be a problem of the past, is the silencing of experiences of racism, which has dire consequences for ethnic minority populations. The implications of racism as a form of inequality within healthcare and the circumstances of researching racism in healthcare and its implication for the sociology of health in Sweden are described.