Vägverket Region Mitt har på direktiv från Vägverkets huvudkontor, avdelningen Bro och Tunnel, Borlänge upprättat denna bevarandeplan för kulturhistoriskt intressanta broar. Arbetet har pågått under 2006-07 och baserar sig på samma urvalskriterier och avgränsningar som låg till grund för den riksomfattande broinventering av Vägverkets och Banverkets broar som genomfördes åren 1996-98 av Industriminnesbyrån, Bengt Spade och Kulturbyggnadsbyrån, Sven Olof Ahlberg. Resultatet av det riksomfattade arbetet publicerades i boken Våra broar – en kulturskatt (Vägverkets förlag 2000) och låg även till grund för Vägverkets Nationella bevarandeplan för kulturhistoriskt värdeflula broar som fastlades av Vägverkets Generaldirektör Ingemar Skogö år 2005.

Currently there is a demand for practical ways to integrate ecological insights into practices of design, which previously have lacked a substantive empirical basis. In the process of developing the Albano Resilient Campus, a transdisciplinary group of ecologists, design scholars, and architects pioneered a conceptual innovation, and a new paradigm of urban sustainability and development: Social-Ecological Urbanism.  Social-Ecological Urbanism is based on the frameworks of Ecosystem Services and Resilience thinking. This approach has created novel ideas with interesting repercussions for the international debate on sustainable urban development. From a discourse point of view, the concept of SEU can be seen as a next evolutionary step for sustainable urbanism paradigms, since it develops synergies between ecological and socio-technical systems. This case study collects ‘best practices’ that can lay a foundational platform for learning, innovation, partnership and trust building within the field of urban sustainability. It also bridges gaps in existing design approaches, such as Projective Ecologies and Design Thinking, with respect to a design methodology with its basis firmly rooted in Ecology.

Veliky Novgorod, the most ancient city in Russia with a history going back to 859, poses special urban planning and development problems. In the article the legal steps taken to protect the cultural layers in the city are described. The resulting restrictions come into conflict with the tasks of the complex planning of this part of the city, which presupposes reconstruction of the historical city environment. As an example, the work with the Nikolo-Dvirishchensky cathedral is described.

In a world where animal and plant species are declining as a consequence of increasing urbanisation, the planning practice faces a dilemma. Biological and ecological values tend to be set against aesthetic and economic parameters in planning processes, resulting in a high degree of marginalisation of flora and fauna. This marginalisation has been present throughout much of architectural history as wild nature has been deemed unacceptable and placed under human control. The study aims to study these tensions and examine how urban biodiversity can be worked with and promoted in the planning practice. This is done by highlighting vegetation across urban space in its various forms. 

The urban environment offers unique conditions for animals and plants to establish and reproduce. To illustrate this, the study has, through a case study, investigated different sites in one of Europe's greenest cities. The Italian capital Rome has unique conditions for vegetation growth due to its geographical location and water-rich landscape. The case study therefore focuses specifically on Rome and how urban biodiversity based on the spontaneous occurrence of vegetation appears in the urban space. The study is therefore built on the empirical material collected during the case study. The two cases studied are the spontaneously emerging park and lake Lago ex-Snia, which today is classified as a local nature conservation area, and the classic complex Villa Massimo with its associated gardens. The cases stand on either side of a spectrum and are studied according to their differences in working with wild nature and spontaneous vegetation. 

Through qualitative research interviews, three people who are professionally connected to urban biodiversity in different ways have been given space and have been heard. These qualitative interviews, together with a document analysis and a field analysis, have given us an understanding of the effects of spontaneous vegetation on urban space. The study concludes that these effects should be better utilised and prioritised in planning practice. This can be made possible by broadening knowledge and raising awareness of the actual usefulness of spontaneous vegetation. 

The term green infrastructure captures the need to conserve biodiversity and to sustain landscapes’ different ecosystem services. Maintaining green infrastructures through protected areas, management and landscape restoration requires knowledge in geography, spatial data about biophysical, anthropogenic and immaterial values, spatial comprehensive planning, and thus geographical information systems (GIS). To understand land use planning practices and planning education regarding GIS in Sweden we interviewed 43 planners and reviewed 20 planning education programmes. All planners used GIS to look at data but did not carry out spatial analyses of land covers. BSc programmes included more GIS than MSc programmes but very few taught analyses for spatial planning. As key spatial planning actors, municipalities’ barriers and bridges for improved GIS use for collaborative learning about green infrastructures are discussed. A concluding section presents examples of how GIS can support spatial planning for green infrastructures.

Landslide risk is a function of the probability of the event and its consequences. Previous research has shown that preventive measures to reduce the risk are preferred over reactive measures but, especially in developing countries, rarely undertaken. A contributing factor is the lack of evidence that preventive measures pay. This study includes a brief overview of landslide risk management in general and an investigation of the present risk management situation in Sweden based on interviews in 11 municipalities complemented with interviews in Norway. The result shows that climate change has become part of the general awareness and started to be taken into account in the municipal spatial planning. Landslide susceptibility maps and databases are useful tools in the complex spatial planning. The results indicate that the application of landslide susceptibility and risk maps as previously applied for preventive measures and spatial planning in the landslide prone area Gota alv river valley have been cost effective. Improved documentation and more active communication among different stakeholders would, however, contribute to more effective landslide management.

Swedish municipalities are obliged to formulate housing provision policies in housing programs, as part of municipal strategic planning. This article explores how municipalities interpret this responsibility. We analyze housing provision programs by drawing from prospective responsibility and policy analysis. Our analysis shows three different prospective responsibilities in the municipality’s production of housing provision responsibility. The results show that municipalities take actions by different means, leading to ambiguities and inequalities in housing provision planning. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Vad vet vi om medeltidens trädgårdar? Tanken att trädgårdskulturen kom till Norden med "munkarna" är djupt förankrad men blir allt mer ifrågasatt. Fanns det inga trädgårdar före munkarna? Var munkarna verkligen de enda som bedrev avancerad trädgårdsodling? Ny forskning gör att vår bild av äldre tiders trädgårdar blir allt tydligare.

How were gardens shaped, utilised, and viewed in the Middle Ages (c. 1050–c. 1525) in the area that today is Sweden? In the present study historical-archaeological methods inspired by an assemblage perspective are used to approach this question. The source material consists of archaeological remains, written material and images. Only sources that physically originated in, or were made for use within, the studied area are included.

First, the origins of the popular myth that advanced horticulture and a large group of cultivated plants were introduced to Sweden by monks in the mid 12th century is examined, as well as the developments within Archaeology, Archaeobotany and Garden History that led to these perceived truths being called into question.

Next, the direct archaeological remains of medieval gardens in 13 towns and 12 rural settings are mapped. The town gardens belonged to burgers, religious and secular aristocracy and religious orders, the rural gardens to five palace and castle environments, four rural monasteries and nunneries, two village farms and one solitary farm. The results are summarised and analysed thematically and chronologically.

The written sources includes both documents and narrative, normative and instructive written material. Of the first category, mainly diplomas and town books are preserved, but also a few examples of late medieval accounts. Of the second category, the study includes laws, manuscript sections on herbal medicine in Old Swedish, the Revelations of Saint Birgitta, translated literature, and passages on Paradise, Gethsemane and The Garden of the Holy Sepulchre. In the concluding chapter the written sources are summarised, analysed, and compared with the archaeological material and images, both chronologically and thematically.

The image material consists of almost 650 representations of gardens preserved in Sweden, 100 dated 1100–1400, the remainder 1400–1525. Most depict three Biblical garden environments: Paradise, Gethsemane on the Mount of Olives, and the Garden of the Holy Sepulchre. About 20 images dated c. 1425–1525 show scenes in other gardens. In the concluding chapter the garden imagery, and the garden elements depicted, are summarised, analysed, and compared with the archaeological and written sources.

The last chapter contains a final summary and analysis, relating the findings presented in the three previous concluding chapters to each other, and to current knowledge of medieval gardens within a wider European context. Finally, some suggestions for future research are given.

The thesis shows that gardens in the Middle Ages within Sweden were complex and ever-changing spaces. Gardens played important roles in food, fiber and medicine production, recreation, as well as social and cultural interaction.

Kapitlet Medeltidens trädgårdsodling behandlas dagens kunskap om trädgårdarnas utformning och bruk i Sverige ca. 1050–ca. 1500. Svensk trädgårdshistoria – förhistoria och medeltid är första bandet av tre i en kulturhistorisk studie av trädgårdens historia i Sverige. Genom arkeologiska fynd, lämningar av växter, skriftliga källor och bilder följs människans trädgårdsodling från förhistorisk tid fram till år 1500. Såväl trädgårdens kulturväxter som mystik och magi är pusselbitar i vår förståelse av människans trädgårdsodlande. Trädgården står för arbete och försörjning, men är också en symbol för det goda livet. 

Sökandet efter ett nytt sortiment av gatuträd för innerstadsmiljöer satte fart på 1980-talet och 1990-talet, då almsjukan hade orsakat stora hål i städernas grönska och följdes av nya sjukdomar på ask, lind och hästkastanj. De nya trädsorterna väcker uppmärksamhet och upplevs som exotiska. Men hur nya är de egentligen?

Achieving sustainable development as an inclusive societal process in rural landscapes, and sustainability in terms of functional green infrastructures for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, are wicked challenges. Competing claims from various sectors call for evidence-based adaptive collaborative governance. Leveraging such approaches requires maintenance of several forms of social interactions and capitals. Focusing on Pan-European regions with different environmental histories and cultures, we estimate the state and trends of two groups of factors underpinning rural landscape stewardship, namely, (1) traditional rural landscape and novel face-to-face as well as virtual fora for social interaction, and (2) bonding, bridging, and linking forms of social capital. We applied horizon scanning to 16 local landscapes located in 18 countries, representing Pan-European social-ecological and cultural gradients. The resulting narratives, and rapid appraisal knowledge, were used to estimate portfolios of different fora for social interactions and forms of social capital supporting landscape stewardship. The portfolios of fora for social interactions were linked to societal cultures across the European continent: "self-expression and secular-rational values" in the northwest, "Catholic" in the south, and "survival and traditional authority values" in the East. This was explained by the role of traditional secular and religious local meeting places. Virtual internet-based fora were most widespread. Bonding social capitals were the strongest across the case study landscapes, and linking social capitals were the weakest. This applied to all three groups of fora. Pan-European social-ecological contexts can be divided into distinct clusters with respect to the portfolios of different fora supporting landscape stewardship, which draw mostly on bonding and bridging forms of social capital. This emphasizes the need for regionally and culturally adapted approaches to landscape stewardship, which are underpinned by evidence-based knowledge about how to sustain green infrastructures based on both forest naturalness and cultural landscape values. Sharing knowledge from comparative studies can strengthen linking social capital.

This report builds on interviews with twelve key individuals concerning issues surrounding landscape analysis (LA) during the planning and procurement process for roads and railways. The background to the study is the long-established use of LA to support broad-scale planning and large projects such as new trunk roads and mainline rail routes.

In its strategic plan the then Swedish Road Administration (Vägverket) decided that from 2010 onwards all public road-building projects must include a formal landscape analysis and design programme. However, there is no regulatory framework to say what should be analysed, or how the analysis should be conducted.

There is considerable variation in the experiences and opinions of those interviewed, from which it can be concluded that project leaders at the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) adopt different styles of working depending on which geographic region or individual project they are associated with. For example, a common understanding of what ‘landscape’ might mean is largely missing, while the way that the respondents describe the landscape does not correspond to the official landscape terminology as set down in the European Landscape Convention (ELC). The term design programme presents a similar case, whereas the concept of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is well established and goes unquestioned by the interviewees, because it is used both in legislation and in the literature.

Another conclusion is that there is little in the way of consensus concerning LA except for a common perception that there is a lack of guidelines or assistance from the responsible authority (Trafikverket) in the form of a handbook or a dedicated chapter in the existing EIA handbooks. The importance of a handbook or similar document to the respondents is striking. There is uncertainty as to how to assure the quality of a given LA, and often a review of the EIA is regarded as sufficing for the LA as well.

There are two schools of thought among the respondents as to when an LA should be carried out: either early in the planning process, or continuously throughout the entire planning process. In reality, though, there is a third school of thought evident in the existing planning system: that an LA is a part of the EIA, and as such should first take place during the consultation process.

This report builds on interviews with twelve key individuals concerning issues surrounding landscape analysis (LA) during the planning and procurement process for roads and railways. The background to the study is the long-established use of LA to support broad-scale planning and large projects such as new trunk roads and mainline rail routes.

In its strategic plan the then Swedish Road Administration (Vägverket) decided that from 2010 onwards all public road-building projects must include a formal landscape analysis and design programme. However, there is no regulatory framework to say what should be analysed, or how the analysis should be conducted.

There is considerable variation in the experiences and opinions of those interviewed, from which it can be concluded that project leaders at the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) adopt different styles of working depending on which geographic region or individual project they are associated with. For example, a common understanding of what ‘landscape’ might mean is largely missing, while the way that the respondents describe the landscape does not correspond to the official landscape terminology as set down in the European Landscape Convention (ELC). The term design programme presents a similar case, whereas the concept of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is well established and goes unquestioned by the interviewees, because it is used both in legislation and in the literature.

Another conclusion is that there is little in the way of consensus concerning LA except for a common perception that there is a lack of guidelines or assistance from the responsible authority (Trafikverket) in the form of a handbook or a dedicated chapter in the existing EIA handbooks. The importance of a handbook or similar document to the respondents is striking. There is uncertainty as to how to assure the quality of a given LA, and often a review of the EIA is regarded as sufficing for the LA as well.

There are two schools of thought among the respondents as to when an LA should be carried out: either early in the planning process, or continuously throughout the entire planning process. In reality, though, there is a third school of thought evident in the existing planning system: that an LA is a part of the EIA, and as such should first take place during the consultation process.

According to the Stockholm City municipality’s publication The City Museums Cultural and Historical Classifications[Stadsmuseets kulturhistoriska klassificering], culture-graded buildings in Stockholm are classified by The Stockholm CityMuseum, according to a model of evaluation created by the National Heritage Board, seeking to define what cultural heritage brings to the table (Stockholm City, 2022). As it says in the Swedish National Board of Housing´s Building and planning publication Corruption Prohibition, to ensure the preservation of the positive impacts culturally significant buildings provide for their surroundings, the municipalities enforce laws that affect the development process of the built environment (Boverket, 2021).

In Stockholm, many apartment buildings were built during the functionalistic era, more commonly known as the Funkis movement. Revolving around the needs of the people, the functionalistic manifest Accept as read in Modern Swedish Design translated by Kenneth Frampton, proposed a societal necessity of instilling value in functions dependent on the needs of everyday life (Åhrén et al., 2008).

This bachelor’s thesis revolves around a case in which a housing cooperative of a culture-graded Funkis building in Stockholm is looking to re-adapt an inner courtyard. Resulting in an inquiry on how a particular housing cooperative can initialise the re-adoption of their common shared space and also providing a methodological approach applicable to any projects looking to re-adapt culturally graded buildings in participation with its users.

The methodological approach uses Participatory Action Research (PAR) as Marwa Dabaieh, says in her journal article Participatory Action Research as a Tool in Solving Desert Vernacular Architecture Problems in the Western Desert of Egypt, as a methodological means to an end solving common issues, in participation with the people experiencing the situation (Dabaieh, 2013).

Living systems in general and urban structures in particular finda large number of ways to make themselves sustainable. In thischapter the five properties for sustainability applied to the modelneighbourhood Hågaby is described, and discussed as a generaltheory for sustainability of urban environments.

Methods to demonstrate resources for sustainability in the modelarea Hågaby are described. Physical, economic, organisational,human and cultural resources are studied using a mix of quantitativeand qualitative assessments.

The results of the first four years of development (1996-2000) ofthe model project Hågaby are reported. Data include quantitativeanalysis of a series of practical projects such as solar energy,wastewater treatment, household composting, as well as socialand economic aspects of a sustainable community life.

Effects of planned Highly Intensive Densification (HID) were investigated in southern Eriksberg, a residential area located four km from the city center, mainly built in the 1950s in western Uppsala, Sweden according to the planning ideal Houses-in-Park. Uppsala municipality has proposed a doubling of the number of apartments in the southern part of the residential area, mostly through situating dwellings in-between existing houses and in some of the existing green places and spaces. This way of densifying by inserting an equally large area is a new approach in larger Swedish cities, which we term HID. The research presented in this paper is based on case study methodology. Method triangulation has been used to elucidate the projected consequences on urban greening of the planned HID-process in southern Eriksberg. We have analysed the development plan of Eriksberg and measurable effects but also inventoried attitudes and experiences among residents. The document study showed that an implementation of the HID plan will transform the original concept Houses-in-Park into a compact design with significant smaller green spaces in between the houses. The main result showed that most of the respondents had in general strong opinions and feelings regarding the planned loss of green structure. The courtyard green, the district green and the entrance green were highly valued by the respondents. Further on it was clear that a majority were concerned about the residential area losing its original character, planned according to the idea, Houses-in-Park.

2017 fick Trafikverket tillsammans med nio andra myndigheter i uppdrag av regeringen att ta fram en vägledande strategi för kulturmiljöarbetet inom respektive myndighet.

Denna publikation utgör Trafikverkets rapportering av uppdraget samtidigt som den anger en inriktning för Trafikverkets fortsatta kulturmiljöarbete.

Trafikverkets kulturmiljöstrategi berör samtliga Trafikverkets verksamhetsområden i högre eller mindre grad. I strategin beskrivs Trafikverkets arbete med skötsel och förvaltning av vägarnas och järnvägarnas kulturmiljöer och den påverkan på kulturmiljön som Trafikverket har genom utbyggnader och förändringar av väg- och järnvägsinfrastrukturerna. Med utgångspunkt i Trafikverkets verksamhet beskrivs också de utmaningar som finns och den strategiska inriktning som valts för att nå regeringsuppdragets målsättningar. 

Regeringen förväntar sig att kulturmiljöstrategierna ska leda till en bättre uppfyllelse av de nationella kulturmiljömålen, men också att förutsättningar skapas för att bättre tillvarata kulturmiljöns potential vid omställningen till ett hållbart samhälle. Trafikverket bedömer att innehållet i denna strategi efter implementering leder till bättre måluppfyllelse. Trafikverket bedömer också att strategin tillsammans med tillhörande handlingsplaner leder till ett mer strukturerat och effektivt kulturmiljöarbete.

In metropolitan areas where the exploitation pressure increases, also the importance to point out nature areas grows, both for the sake of outdoor life and for biodiversity conservation. Since nature conservancy and spatial planning constitute two different parts of the municipalities land use control, a case study has been carried out in two municipalities in the Stockholm region, Huddinge and Järfälla. Both these municipalities have protected about one third of their land and today there are plans to repeal parts of the reserves to enable exploitation. This thesis shows – from the theoretical concept of sustainable development – officials, politicians and non-governmental organizations perspectives on questions concerning land use together with the work with nature reserves and repeals. The study focuses on how different basic attitudes and paradigms emphasizes different aspects of sustainable development and how this in turn affects the work to repeal nature reserves. Interviews with stakeholders in the municipalities and documents concerning land use and nature reserves demonstrates that there is distinct differences between the planning-paradigm, based on spatial planning, and the environmental-paradigm, based on nature conservation. From the planning-paradigm it is considered that nature reserves had to big impact on the munici­pality's land use and that valuable nature more frequently should be protected by the Swedish planning and building act. From the environmental-paradigms view the nature conservancy is – and should also in the future be – an important tool in the long-term prevention to stop valuable nature from being exploited. The thesis also stresses the importance to in the work with repeals take all effects that this kind of decision can lead to into account – not just in the repealed area but also for the future work with nature reserves on the whole.

Åtgärds- och skötselplan för kulturvägar på Gotland - väg 500 genom Sundre

The purpose of the essay was to study how flooding risks affects the physical planning generally, and also to do a case study regarding flooding risks in Karlstad and how these affect the municipality vision of growth: “Karlstad 100 000”. The study has mainly been made through literature studies and scrutinises of various investigations and development plans.

During recent years Sweden has been struck by several, both severe and minor, floods of areas related to seas and watercourses, which has resulted in serious environmental consequences, economic loss and severe damage to infrastructure and other societal functions. And now, climate change is expected to make the problems even worse. The vulnerability of society regarding floods is dependent on how severe the change is going to be, but also on how much consideration is taken to risks in the shaping of physical planning. Many of the problems revealed during earlier high flows could have been solved if the unburden capacity of the watercourse had been better and if buildings and other infrastructure had been planned in consideration of high flows and flooding risks.

The municipalities has, in consequence of their planning monopoly, the greatest influence on the shaping of physical planning, hence a large part of the responsibility for the mitigation work is on them. But mitigating the built environment to flooding risks often collide with economic interest in the municipalities, for example building houses in close proximity to water, which denotes the risk that the necessary measures wont be taken. Unsure and contradictory information, short-term thinking in planning and an obvious tendency for urbanisation leading to an increased vulnerability for nature risks are other factors that complicates the mitigation work.

Karlstad is one of the cities threatened by floods when the climate is changing. The close proximity to Vänern and the fact that Klarälven runs through the city makes it vulnerable to high flows. This creates a problem for the municipality regarding the work with physical planning and “Karlstad 100 000”. The municipality has based a large part of it’s marketing on the close proximity to the water and the possibility for estuaries next to water in order to attract new inhabitants to Karlstad. They argue that the state of knowledge is to uncertain, and thereby choose not to incorporate the recommendations regarding no new buildings on land threatened by floods. Instead, the municipality has chosen to investigate technical solutions to the problem, which could be considered a far more short term and also very expensive way of dealing with the problem. Thus, the short term economic profits seem to get the upper hand in the weighing between risks and economic interests.

Development and implementation of a program for rational use of the land of the city has become first priority for ensuring self-goverment and democracy in Veliky Novgorod, and is seen as the first step towards a system of sustainable city development. The article describes how new routines and legal instruments are introduced to support local self-government and public participation in urban planning, and the development of a real estate market. A system of zooning establishes legal rules which regulate the use of land and constructions of real estate. A geographic information system (GIS) has been introduced to develop the cadaster of the city.

Vägen till ett framgångsrikt arbete med natur, kulturmiljö och friluftsliv i befintliga vägmiljöer är att målmedvetet integrera värdena i driftområdenas skötsel. Genom att sätta in natur och kulturmiljövärden i ett större sammanhang skapas bästa möjligheter för ett kostnadseffektivt genomförande. Hur detta utförs i upphandling av driftområden framgår i denna handledning.

Climate change impacts, ageing infrastructure and the increasing imperviousness of cities all raise enormous challenges to and call for new ways of planning for sustainable urban stormwater management. Especially, closer collaboration among a diverse set of actors involved has been pointed to as critical to enable the development of holistic and flexible approaches. However, the shift towards inclusive forms of planning has been slow, and characterized by technical and institutional lock-ins. Against this background, this study scrutinizes the challenges and developments perceived as central for improving stormwater planning, and analyzes how formal and informal institutional change could contribute to enhancing sustainability in this sector. Building on an analysis of data from workshops, interviews and a survey with Swedish planners and water managers, we suggest new strategies for integrating stormwater concerns into planning processes, overcoming silo structures, fostering cocreation cultures, and securing the continuation and implementation of stormwater management through various planning stages.

FOREWORD

Geoinformatics 2004, the 12th International Conference on Geoinformatics, is the premier research forum for Geospatial Information Research. It commenced in 1992 in Buffalo, and has been held every year since. Meetings have been held in North America and Asia in Beijing (1993), Calgary (1994), Hong Kong (1995), West Palm Beach (1996), Taipei (1997), Beijing (1998), Ann Arbor (1999), Monterey (2000), Bangkok (2001), Nanjing (2002), and Toronto (2003, cancelled due to the outbreak of SARS). This is the premier event organized by the University of Gävle, together with the Association of Chinese Professionals in Geographic Information Science (CPGIS-abroad).

This conference is the first of the series that takes place in Europe, hence the subtitle of the conference - bridging the Pacific and Atlantic. I believe it offers an opportunity for all professionals involved in research and development of geographic information systems, global position systems and remote sensing to discuss new theories and technologies around geoinformatics research.

Based on the extended abstracts and following advice from the program committee, the organizing committee selected 108 papers (involving 264 authors from 29 different countries) around 10 different themes included in the proceedings. The conference themes include some emerging research issues such as location-based services and geovisualization as well as long studied conventional issues. As a post-conference publication effort, some selected papers around special themes will go another round of review process to be published in special issues with some scientific journals.

The organization of the event is rather team-oriented work. On behalf of the organizing committee, I would like to thank CPGIS, the University of Gävle, our sponsors and all those individuals involved in making it a successful event, in particular, Kickan Fahlstedt, the conference secretary who took most administrative and organizational matters into her hands; Anders Brandt who read the papers and provided useful comments to the authors; Bengt Eriksson, Stig-Göran Mårtensson, and Bengt Rystedt who are always very supportive for the event; Peter Fisher and David Maguire who share their vision on current geoinformatics research; and all the authors who contribute with their papers of high quality.

Last but not least, the following colleagues or students deserve special thanks for their contributions to the organization of the conference: Gunter Göckelmann, Pia Ollert- Hallqvist, Anna Hansson, Neta Hedberg, Elisabeth Hugg, Mikael Johansson, Rebecca Jonsson, Hendrik Loch, Bengt-Olof Lundinger, Staffan Nygren, Kaj Wejander, and Wenjun Xie.

Welcome to the Geoinformatics 2004, and enjoy your stay in Gävle!

Bin Jiang

Co-chair of the organizing committee

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CONTENTS - VOLUME 1

Keynote session

The logic of fuzzy detecting change in geographical information, p. 3

P. Fisher

Distributed GIS: computing in the internet age, p. 4

D. Maguire

Plenary session

About egocentric geovisualisation, p. 7

L. Meng

Shannonian, semantic and pragmatic geoinformation, p. 15

J. Portugali

Spatio-temporal modelling and analysis of geolifelines, p. 22

C. Claramunt

Location-based service, mobile GIS and GPS

Location-based solutions for application services, p. 25

K.H. Kim, S.G. Hong, J.H. Park and J.H. Lee

A test-bed simulator for GPS and GIS integrated navigation and positioning research: - bus positioning, using GPS observations, odometer readings and map matching, p. 31

J. Li, G. Taylor, C. Brunsdon, A. Olden, D. Steup and M. Winter

Real-time map labelling for personal navigation, p.  39

Q. Zhang and L. Harrie

Multi-criteria decision analysis for location based services, p.  47

M. Raubal and C. Rinner

Map generalization for OSMasterMap data in location based services & mobile GIS applications, p. 54

S. Anand, J.M. Ware and G.E. Taylor

The media and the messages of location-based services (LBS): death of distance or the revenge of geography?, p. 61

D.Z. Sui

Real time community mapping: evaluating two wireless technology approaches, p. 69

Y. Lao

Digital data collection and analysis techniques for forestry applications, p. 77

M.G. Wing and L.D. Kellogg

A review of research and development on intelligent transport systems in Hong Kong - a geographic information system perspective, p. 84

W.Z. Shi and H.K. Lam

A distributed architecture for WAP-based mobile GIS, p. 92

Wang F., Bian F. and Hou Y.

Efficient routing service for the open LBS services, p. 99

S.-S. Kim and J.-H. Park

Network perspective for spatial data distribution on wireless environments, p. 107

E. Lee, M.-J. Kim, M. Kim and B.-T. Jang

Precise navigation with the use of buffer zones, p. 115

A. Banachowicz and J. Uriasz

The implementation of presentation service using JAVA web services, p. 120

T.-W. Heo and J.-H. Park

An open architecture of common core component for location based service, p. 127

J.-C. Kim, J.-H. Park and J.-H. Lee

Open LBS solution architecture using service chaining webservices technology, p. 134

S.-G. Hong, K.-H. Kim and J.-H. Park

Analysis accuracy integrated position of hyperbolic system JEMIOLUSZKA and satellite navigation system GPS, p. 139

A. Banachowicz and R. Kamiński

Spatio-temporal modelling and databases

A web-based multimedia framework for diffusing spatio-temporal information: application to natural hazards, p. 149

P-A. Davoine, J. Gensel and H. Martin

Continuous data warehouse: concepts, challenges and potentials, p. 157

T.O. Ahmed, M. Miquel and R. Laurini

An extended locking method for geographical database with spatial rules, p. 165

Cheng C., Shen P., Zhang M. and Lu F.

A hybrid approach to detect spatial-temporal outliers, p. 173

T. Cheng and Z. Li

A knowledge-based restricted problem solving method in GIS applications, p. 179

Wei H., Xu Q. and Bai Y.

Representation of moving objects along a road network, p. 187

N. Van de Weghe, A.G. Cohn, P. Bogaert and P. De Maeyer

A three-dimensional temporal GIS for the analysis of morphometric changes, p. 195

M. Sriti, R. Thibaud and C. Claramunt

Quality assessment and uncertainty handling in spatial data mining, p. 203

B. He, T. Fang and D. Guo

From the schema matching to the integration of updating information into user geographic databases, p. 211

A. Braun

Construction and specification of spatial configurations in a geographical information retrieval context, p. 219

M. Ould Ahmed Limam and M. Gaio

A new tetrahedral network (TEN) generation algorithm for 3-D GIS, p. 226

Song Z., Liu Y. and Niu W.

GIS data modeling of 17th century fortresses on Dardanelles, p. 233

C. Guney, B. Yuksel and R.N. Celik

The spatial data server based on open GIS standards in heterogeneous distributed environment, p. 241

M.-J. Kim, E. Lee, B.-W. Oh and M. Kim

Vector cellular automata based geographical entity, p. 249

Hu S. and Li D.

A method for testing low-value spatial clustering, p. 257

G. Lin and T. Zhang

Research on Petri Net based spatiotemporal data model, p. 265

Yin Z. and Li L.

Advances in earth observation technologies

Lossless inter-array predictive coding for subpixel-shifted satellite images based on texture analysis, p. 275

Gao S., Zhang X.J. and Sun W.D.

Visualizing distributions from multi-return lidar data to understand forest structure, p. 283

D. Kao, M. Kramer, A. Love, J. Dungan and A. Pang

3D scanning and photogrammetry for heritage recording: a comparison, p. 291

W. Boehler and A. Marbs

On modelling and visualisation of high resolution virtual environments using LIDAR data, p. 299

S. Ahlberg, U. Söderman, M. Elmqvist and Å. Persson

The utilization of GPR data in GIS, p.  307

Chen B.Z., Hu Z.Q. and Li W.D.

APIAS - Airborne photos and images attainment system, p. 311

J.C.C. Gonçalves Junior, E.C. Piovesan, G.C. Silveira and E.A. Silva

Geovisualisation

Representation of geographic terrain surface using global indexing, p. 321

J. Kolar

Geo-visualization support for multidimensional clustering, p. 329

G. Andrienko and N. Andrienko

Annotated observations as knowledge construction elements in visual data analysis, p. 336

I. Denisovich

3D geovisualization as a communication and analysis tool in fluvial geomorphology, p. 339

S.A. Brandt and B. Jiang

A study on algorithms of a 3D visualization dynamic modification system based on TIN, p. 347

P. Yang, H. Lin, S.J. Mao and D. Shen

A multi-user mobile system to visualize environmental processes, p. 355

J. Danado, E. Dias, T. Romão, N. Correia, A. Trabuco, C. Santos, J. Serpa, M. Costa and A. Câmara

Interacting with 17th century fortresses on Dardanelles through web-based geo-visualization, p. 363

C. Guney and R.N. Celik

Visualization of landscape data in digital maps by exclusive use of XML-based languages, p. 370

K. Neumann, P. Ahlbrecht, S. Eckstein, B. Mathiak and A. Kupfer

Embedding digital rights in geovisualizations, p. 375

J. Döllner

Experimental research on web-based 3D terrain visualization - using Java3D and Microsoft.Net, p. 383

Wang Y., Tan H. and Liu J.

The principles of designing CIS - cartographic information system, p. 389

Zheng S. and Chen Y.

A network common data form (NetCDF) utility for efficient environmental data processing and visualization, p. 397

J. Liu, J.M. Chen, D.T. Price, and S. Liu

Design and implementation of high precision map symbol library based on GDI+, p. 405

Wu X., Du Q., Cai Z. and Xu Z.

User-centered 3D geovisualisation, p. 412

A. Nielsen

Studying groundwater resource by volume visualization technology, p. 417

Zhu G., Xu Z., Wu X. and Yan H.

Cognition theory-based research on adaptive user interface for GEO-visualization system, p. 424

Ling Y., Chen Y. and Wang Y.

CONTENTS - VOLUME 2

GIS in urban planning and modelling

Spatial patterns of urban growth in Nepal: a GIS-assisted analysis, p. 435

M. Adhikari, B.A. Portnov and M. Schwartz

What's planning (support system design)?, p. 443

M. Campagna and G. Deplano

GIS and remote sensing for urban planning: a case of Festac town, Lagos, Nigeria, p. 451

M.J. Fasona and A.S. Omojola

Geographical information systems on the web for public participation in planning, p. 459

O. Gudes, E. Stern and T. Svoray

Study on China National Park planning supported by spatial information technology, p. 464

Dang A., Liu X., Yang R. and Zhuang Y.

Uncertainty and data quality

Uncertainty evaluation of military terrain analysis results by simulation and visualization, p. 473

P. Horttanainen and K.Virrantaus

Defuzzification operators for geographical data of nominal scale, p. 481

T. Hatzichristos and J. Potamias

Fuzzy model and Kriging for imprecise soil polygon boundaries, p. 489

R. Sunila, E. Laine and O. Kremenova

Fuzzy description of fuzzy direction relations and their similarities, p. 496

Du S., Wang Q. and Yang Y.

A new approach for modeling uncertainty in remote sensing change detection process, p. 503

A. Alimohammadi, H.R. Rabiei and P.Z. Firouzabadi

GIS in environmental management and decision making

Mapping landslide susceptibility in the Three Gorges area, China using GIS, expert systems and fuzzy logic, p. 511

A-X. Zhu, R. Wang, J. Qiao, Y. Chen, Q. Cai and C. Zhou

A 3D GIS for managing building rehabilitation process, p. 518

F. Ramos, D. Siret and M. Musy

Spatial-temporal carbon sequestration under land USE and land cover change, p. 525

S. Liu, J. Liu and T.R. Loveland

GIS based analysis of store closure: a case study of an Office Depot store in Cincinnati, p. 533

Y. Xu and L. Liu

Branch bank closures in Sydney: a geographical perspective and analysis, p. 541

L. Zhao, B. Garner and B. Parolin

Integration of multidisciplinary knowledge and modelling techniques for a river-SDSS, p. 549

J. Möltgen and G. Schmidt

Applications of GIS and RS for land use dynamics monitoring in the rim zone of North China, p. 557

Z. Qin, B. Xu, J. Liu and W. Zhang

A methodology for siting a water harvesting reservoir, p. 565

W.M. Jabre and F.A. Awar

Landscape indices for comparison of spatial forest patterns in different geographical regions, p. 573

E.M. De Clercq and R.R. De Wulf

GIS in spatial management on a local level of administration in Poland, p. 578

P. Fogel and J. Fiszczuk-Wiktorowicz

Development of spatial GIS database for monitoring on dynamic state of grassland productivity, p. 585

and animal loading balance in Northern China

B. Xu, X. Xin, Z. Qin, H. Liu, Z. Chen, G. Yang, W. Wu, Q. Zhou and X. Wu

Remote sensing coupled to a database of catchments and coastal zones, p. 593

S.G. Halldórsdóttir and H. Þorbergsson

Regionalization of N2O measurements for the North China Plain, p. 599

G. Bareth and M. Kogge

Application of RS and GIS in ecological environmental dynamic monitoring and management information system, p. 607

Liao K.

Geospatial cancer analysis for the state of Santa Catarina, brazil - environmental parameters considered, p. 615

C.E. Hübner and F.H. Oliveira

Information extraction from remote sensing data

Object-based updating of land-use maps of urban areas using satellite remote sensing, p. 623

R.J. Dekker

Multiscale object-specific analysis: scale problems and multiscale solutions, p. 631

O. Hall, G.J. Hay and D.J. Marceau

A greedy point algorithm derived by Gabor filter bank for IKONOS satellite image segmentation, p. 639

N. Nezamoddini-Kachouie and J. Alirezaie

A modeling-based threshold approach to derive change/no change information over vegetation area, p. 647

Y. Hu, S.M. de Jong and R. Sluiter

A neural network approach for information extraction from remotely sensed data, p. 655

J. Liu, G. Shao, H. Zhu and S. Liu

New stereo matching and 3D view generation algorithms using aerial stereo images, p. 663

J.-C. Kim and J.-H. Park

Comparison of remote sensing based analysis of crop diseases by using high resolution multispectral and hyperspectral data - case study: Rhizoctonia solani in sugar beet -, p. 670

R. Laudien, G. Bareth and R. Doluschitz

A comparison of land-use classification with sampled IKONOS and TM imagery, p. 677

Tang Z. and Zhu L.

Quality study of ASTER data geometry by digitize contour lines in ILWIS, p. 683

A. Partovi, K. Grabmaier and J. Hendrikse

A new algorithm for map projection reverse transformation in GIS, p. 691

Teng J., Huang W. and Sun M.

Exploitation of geospatial techniques for studying the snow and water runoff parameters, p. 699

A.S. Almas, M. Azam, M.J. Butt and S. Amer

Land cover mapping of Khulna City applying remote sensing technique, p. 707

M. Billah and G.A. Rahman

Integration of ground sampling with satellite imaging through GIS database to monitor rangeland productivity for grazing in north China, p.  715

Z. Qin, B. Xu, W. Li, W. Zhang and J. Liu

Forestry inventory and information systems in developing countries: constraints and benefits, p. 723

S.M. Malaza, P.G. Abbot and S. Mabena

Multi-scale representation and generalisation

Building a multi-granularity based spatial database, p. 733

Cheng C. and Lu F.

Automated generalisation in a multiple representation database, p. 741

M. Dunkars

Data update across multi-scale databases, p. 749

H.-K. Kang, J.-W. Moon and K.-J. Li

Modelling urban road networks integrating multiple representations of complex road and junction structures, p. 757

N.N. Ulugtekin, A.O. Dogru and R.C. Thomson

Streaming of compressed multi-resolution geographic vector data, p. 765

J. Persson

Metadata and spatial data infrastructure

A hierarchical framework to aid the entry of metadata, p. 775

J.-H. Hong, Y.-H. Chen and H.-P. Liao

Building a taxonomy of GI knowledge - using Bloom's taxonomy to evaluate non-professional users' understanding of GI, p. 783

M. Arleth

Opportunities and challenges for SDI development in developing countries - a case study of, p. 789

Uganda

M. Musinguzi, G. Bax and S.S. Tickodri-Togboa

SDI and network-based GIS for disaster management, p. 797

A. Mansourian, A. Rajabifard and M.J.V. Zoej

Discovering structure in geographical metadata, p. 805

I. Podolak and U. Demšar

Map interface valid coverage analysis based on XML metadata, p. 812

H.-P. Liao and J.-H. Hong

A cadastral domain model, p. 820

J.M. Paasch

Urban planning is assumed to play an important role in developing nature-based solutions (NBS). To explore how NBS is addressed in urban development, municipal planning practices are analyzed based on three case studies in the Stockholm region of Sweden. Through focus group discussions, interviews and document studies, the planning and implementation of NBS and their intended contribution to regional green infrastructure (GI) and social and ecological qualities are investigated. The results show that the planning and design of urban green spaces engages the local community. Moreover, different conceptual frameworks are used to strengthen an ecological perspective and nurture expected outcomes, in particular ecosystem services and GI. Through competence development and collaborative approaches, the co-creation of innovative solutions for public and private green spaces is promoted. However, institutional conditions, e.g., legal frameworks and landownership shape the planning process and can challenge the ability to enhance social and ecological qualities. An assessment of the planning processes indicates a strong focus on ecosystem services and local GI, while the potential to contribute to regional GI differs widely between cases. The study concludes that a knowledge-driven and integrative planning process can foster the potential of NBS for green and sustainable cities.

Handledningen beskriver landskapsanalysarbetet enligt metoden för Integrerad landskapskaraktärsanalys (ILKA) i planläggningsprocessen för väg- och järnvägsprojekt. Den riktar sig både till dem som ska beställa och genomföra arbetet.

Denna handledning ersätter tidigare ”Landskapsanalys för planläggning av vägar och järnvägar” 2016:033.

It is likely that half of the urban areas that will exist in 2050 have not yet been designed and built. This provides tremendous opportunities for enhancing urban sustainability, and using "nature in cities" is critical to more resilient solutions to urban challenges. Terms for "urban nature" include Green Infrastructure (GI), Green-Blue Infrastructure (GBI), Urban Green Space (UGS), and Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). These terms, and the concepts they represent, are incomplete because they tend to reduce the importance of non-terrestrial ecological features in cities. We argue that the concept of Urban Ecological Infrastructure (UEI), which came from a 2013 forum held in Beijing and from several subsequent 2017 publications, is a more inclusive alternative. In this paper we refine the 2013 definition of UEI and link the concept more directly to urban ecosystem services. In our refined definition, UEI comprises all parts of a city that support ecological structures and functions, as well as the ecosystem services provided by UEI that directly affect human outcomes and wellbeing. UEI often includes aspects of the built environment, and we discuss examples of this "hybrid infrastructure". We distinguish terrestrial, aquatic, and wetland UEI because each type provides different ecosystem services. We present several examples of both "accidental" UEI and UEI that was explicitly designed and managed, with an emphasis on wetland UEI because these ecotonal ecosystems are uniquely both terrestrial and aquatic. We show how both accidental and planned UEI produces unexpected ecosystem services, which justifies recognizing and maintaining both purposeful and serendipitous types of UEI in cities. Finally, we posit that by incorporating both "ecological" and "infrastructure", UEI also helps to bridge urban scientists and urban practitioners in a more transdisciplinary partnership to build more resilient and sustainable cities.

Det foreliggende notatet er utarbeidet på grunnlag av rapportutkast til pilotstudie for Västra Götaland "Landskap i långsiktig planering". Notatet fra Aurland Naturverkstad søker å gi innspill til den framlagte metodikken, og peke på hvordan pilotstudien kan videreutvikles og anvendes i praksis. Underlag till publikation 2011:122

Som en del i projektet "Landskap i långsiktig planering" har en vetenskaplig utvärdering av metodiken genomförts. Den europeiska landskapskonventionen har inspirerat till utveckling av nya metoder för karaktärisering av landskap i samtliga nordiska länder. Metoderna har stora skillnader, men bygger på samma grundtanke om landskapet som en arena för samhällsutveckling och att alla landskap har en utvecklingspotential. Denna rapport tar sin utgångspunkt i Trafikverkets metodutvecklingsprojekt "Landskap i långsiktig planering" och behandlar landskapsanalysmetodikens betydelse för regionala plan- och utvecklingsprocesser. Metodprojektet har pågått sedan 2010. Metodiken är anpassad för regional skala (1:250 000) och är testad i Västra Götalandsregionen och Västmanlands län.

Cultural ecosystem services (ES) are consistently recognized but not yet adequately defined or integrated within the ES framework. A substantial body of models, methods, and data relevant to cultural services has been developed within the social and behavioral sciences before and outside of the ES approach. A selective review of work in landscape aesthetics, cultural heritage, outdoor recreation, and spiritual significance demonstrates opportunities for operationally defining cultural services in terms of socioecological models, consistent with the larger set of ES. Such models explicitly link ecological structures and functions with cultural values and benefits, facilitating communication between scientists and stakeholders and enabling economic, multicriterion, deliberative evaluation and other methods that can clarify tradeoffs and synergies involving cultural ES. Based on this approach, a common representation is offered that frames cultural services, along with all ES, by the relative contribution of relevant ecological structures and functions and by applicable social evaluation approaches. This perspective provides a foundation for merging ecological and social science epistemologies to define and integrate cultural services better within the broader ES framework.

SAMMANFATTNING

Detta kandidatarbete behandlar grönska i staden och dess komplexitet. Arbetet ser till vad svensk forskning säger om grönska i staden samt hur Boverket, Plan- och bygglagen och Miljöbalken förhåller sig till detta. Vidare redogör arbetet för hur Malmö inom planering behandlar grönska i staden och hur detta förhåller sig till forskning i ämnet.

Studien utgår från ett analytiskt ramverk som bygger på forskning kring grönskans betydelse för en stad utifrån en svensk kontext. Därför har enbart svensk forskning använts i arbetet. Vid genomgång av forskningen var begreppen tillgång, tillgänglighet, kvalitet samt hälsa, förtätning, klimat och barn återkommande och utgör en viktig del av grönskan i en stad. Forskningen resulterade på så sätt i begrepp som sedan låg till grund för en innehållsanalys på plandokument från Malmö.

Både Malmö, forskning samt svensk lagstiftning och rekommendationer lyfter hur stadens gröna områden besitter många olika funktioner för livet i en stad. Grönområden i en stad beskrivs bland annat besitta en social funktion som mötesplats och används för rekreation, lek och upplevelser samt är av betydelse för människors hälsa och välmående. Vidare är stadens grönområden av betydelse för ekologiska funktioner, för ett rikt djur- och växtliv samt av betydelse för närklimatet och för en god luftkvalitet. Exploatering och förtätning utgör ett hot mot grönskan i en stad då grönområden kan komma att ses som markreserv. Genom riktlinjer och detaljplaneläggning kan den fysiska planeringen bidra till att bevara och utveckla stadens grönska, vilket sker med lagstöd i Plan- och bygglagen. Det är vid fysisk planering viktigt att se till ett grönområdens kortsiktiga och långsiktiga värde för en stad, då ett grönområdes värde kan öka över tid om det förvaltats väl.

Nyckelord: Grönstruktur & Fysisk planering. 

In most developing countries, forest resources are a major source of livelihood for forest dwellers. Forests provide fuel wood, farm products, meat, timber and plants of high medicinal value, including Prunus africana. The collection of medicinal plants is also an important source of cash income for some forest communities, and widely relied on to cure illnesses (Poffenberger, 1993). Because of this, the poor forest dwellers in particular are forced to exert pressure on their surrounding environment to make ends meet. Indiscriminate exploitation of forest resources has cost some forest dwellers dearly as they are now experiencing marked reduction of wildlife, forest cover, soil fertility and most importantly water supply, which is a key to life. Prunus africana has a very high economic and medicinal value locally as well as internationally. The exploitation of this species is a very profitable activity in most parts of Africa where it occurs, including the Mount Cameroon region. In recent years, most youths and young men in the Mount Cameroon region have seemingly become less interested in their usual income generating activities (farming, hunting, etc.) because of reduced productivity and have taken up Prunus harvesting as their major source of income. Increase in demand for this species by the French pharmaceutical company (Plantecam), weak institutional capacity to control exploitation, uncontrolled access into the forest, scramble for diminished stock by legal and illegal exploiters, destruction of wild stock by unsustainable practices, and insufficient regeneration of the species in the past have almost driven this species to extinction in certain parts of Cameroon and made it severely threatened in others. Prunus africana is presently threatened with extinction in the entire Mount Cameroon region. In response to this, the Mount Cameroon Project (MCP) and the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MINEF) helped some communities (Bokwoango and Mapanja) in the Mount Cameroon region to form Prunus africana harvesters’ unions with the aim of preserving the resource and improving the socio-economic benefits. The principal aim of the Bokwoango Prunus africana harvesters’ union is to ensure sustainable exploitation of Prunus africana while saving money for important development projects for individual members, their families and the entire community. This piece of work highlights the different facets of Prunus africana management in Cameroon in general and the Bokwoango community in particular. The study examines the socio-economic impact of Prunus africana management in the Bokwoango community and shows specifically the management role played by the Bokwoango Prunus africana harvesters’ union to reduce the rate of exploitation of Prunus africana and also to ensure benefit sharing of the earnings from sales of Prunus bark. It at the same time brings out the constraints encountered by harvesters as well as the opportunities that can make the union become more viable to the socio-economic development of the Bokwoango community. Results of this study show that for the short period that the Bokwoango Prunus africana harvesters’ union has existed, the socio-economic changes in this community are encouraging if one compares the present situation with that before the formation of the union. Most importantly, there has been increased awareness on the great need to conserve not only the threatened Prunus africana species but also other threatened plant and animal species in the region through sustainable hunting, harvesting and regeneration. Some proposals are made for efficient natural resource management and improvements on livelihood through alternative income generating activities. The study ends with recommendations for policy and institutional reforms as well as suggestions for further research in sustainable management of Prunus africana.

Introduction: This master thesis is written within the area building technology at Jönköpings Tekniska Högskola. It is made in collaboration with Arkitekthuset Jönköping AB. The study is supposed to be useful as a basis for the urban planning of growing cities to avoid lost spaces. The thesis will also include proposals for how lost spaces in Friaredalen could be developed.

Method: The data collection has mainly been done through observations but also through interviews and a literature study. The people interviewed were professionally active within areas that are related to urban planning, lighting, and urban design in the municipality of Jönköping. Both quantitative and qualitative data has been studied in the thesis.

Results: Only the interview answers that most clearly answer the research questions are presented under the title results. The full-length interviews are presented as appendices. The results of the observations are also presented under the same title. They were performed during days of sun, low wind velocity and without precipitation.

Analysis: The analysis of the empirical indicates that parts of the park are used to a great extent. It also indicates that parts of the park are used to a small extent and have potential for development. The part that seems to be used to the least is the green areas in the north end of the park. The parts of the park that are frequently used can also be analyzed and eventually developed.

Discussion: The case study shows that there are parts of Friaredalen that are lost spaces. One goal of this work was to bring forward suggestions for improvement, which has been made for the spaces that was shown to be lost. The observations made according to Gehl’s proven approach were successful in that they provided data showing that parts of the park have a lack of visitors. This data helps answer the report’s questions. The interviews also provided data that was useful for answering the questions.

In this case study of Swedish boreal forestry, we analyze the implementation in practical management of a sustainable forest management that includes the continued capacity of ecosystems to also provide non-timber services. In the Swedish national forest policy, the equal goals of timber production and biodiversity conservation have increased the responsibility of landowners and managers to modify practical management. We compiled written information from three larger FSC-certified forestry companies combined with semi-structured interviews with forest management personnel at regional offices to map what data and information the companies collect and use. We examined to what extent obtainable information from the forest companies captures composition, structure, and function of boreal ecosystems at patch, stand and landscape scale. This was done using 47 indicators compiled from literature and grouped into five categories based on nationally identified deficiencies in the managed boreal forest compared to unmanaged forest. We found that the recording of data describing different aspects of the forest ecosystem were separated in two largely uncoordinated systems, Ecological Landscape Plans and stand registers. While there is a need for conservation-oriented data across scales, collected statistics was largely production-oriented and related to the stand scale. We also identified information gaps regarding different ecosystem structures and their spatial distribution such as dead wood and habitat networks. The knowledge base available to future management decisions also seems to lack information on connectivity in the landscape, habitat at smaller spatial scales and the effectiveness of reserved areas. To reach the ecological goals of sustainable forest management, there is a need to further coordinate existing data and information but also to fill gaps in particular regarding cross-scale information.

Habitats of Swedish conservation interests are in general small and fragmented following the extensive and intensive forest management history. This study covering 71 000 ha of boreal Sweden investigates how history influences present-day distribution and composition of forests identified as high conservation value habitats and how they are protected. We also investigated if the habitat criteria used to describe reservations differed between reservation types and if habitat criteria were associated with the size of Woodland Key Habitats. The results show strong effects from historical ownership and historical forest type on the probability of an area being set aside as formally protected or as voluntary protected Woodland Key Habitats. We also found that both formal reservations and Woodland Key Habitats primarily cover coniferous forest in the age interval 70-110 years but not the presumably most valuable oldest coniferous category >110 or deciduous forests, which are as common in reservations as in other areas. Old deciduous forests (>110 years) are significantly more rare in formal reservations compared to the forest matrix. When viewed in a context of fragmentation and edge effects the results underline the importance of evaluating reserved areas and Woodland Key Habitats in a wider temporal and larger spatial perspective to optimize conservation management efforts. Maximal representation and biodiversity can be better achieved if new reservations are chosen to represent different ownership and forest history, and if they are selected in a landscape context related to present reservations and the present surrounding production forest.