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  • 1. Aalto, Mikko
    et al.
    Kukka, Antti
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health, SWEDESD - Sustainability Learning and Research Centre. Gävle sjukhus, Region Gävleborg.
    Elmi, Hassan Abdirahman
    Yared, Solomon
    Viskeraalinen leishmaniaasi tunnistamattomana tappavana tautina: [Visceral leishmaniasis as an unrecognized deadly disease]2023In: Duodecim, ISSN 0012-7183, E-ISSN 2242-3281, Vol. 139, no 11, p. 885-891Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by Leishmania parasites and transmitted by Phlebotomine sandflies. It affects primarily children and is fatal without treatment but curable with early treatment. Its clinical features are prolonged fever, wasting, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia. Doctors have limited knowledge about its diagnostics. This leads to incorrect diagnoses and deaths, and the disease remains unrecognized. To break this vicious circle, active search of the disease is needed also where environmental factors are conductive to its presence, but it has never been reported. We describe discovering new foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Northern Somalia, Somaliland and Tanzania. 

  • 2.
    Abbara, Aula
    et al.
    Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
    Almalla, Mohamed
    American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
    AlMasri, Ibrahim
    O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
    AlKabbani, Hussam
    Department of Health and Nutrition Al-Ameen for Humanitarian Support, Gaziantep, Turkey.
    Karah, Nabil
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine).
    El-Amin, Wael
    King's College Hospital London, United Arab Emirates.
    Rajan, Latha
    Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, LA, New Orleans, United States.
    Rahhal, Ibrahim
    Hand in Hand for Aid and Development, Gaziantep, Turkey.
    Alabbas, Mohammad
    Hand in Hand for Aid and Development, Gaziantep, Turkey.
    Sahloul, Zaher
    Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care, University of Illinois, IL, Chicago, United States.
    Tarakji, Ahmad
    Syrian American Medical Society, Washington DC, United States.
    Sparrow, Annie
    Department of Population Health Sciences and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.
    The challenges of tuberculosis control in protracted conflict: The case of Syria2020In: International Journal of Infectious Diseases, ISSN 1201-9712, E-ISSN 1878-3511, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, ISSN 1201-9712, Vol. 90, p. 53-59Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives: Syria's protracted conflict has resulted in ideal conditions for the transmission of tuberculosis (TB) and the cultivation of drug-resistant strains. This paper compares TB control in Syria before and after the conflict using available data, examines the barriers posed by protracted conflict and those specific to Syria, and discusses what measures can be taken to address the control of TB in Syria.

    Results: Forced mass displacement and systematic violations of humanitarian law have resulted in overcrowding and the destruction of key infrastructure, leading to an increased risk of both drug-sensitive and resistant TB, while restricting the ability to diagnose, trace contacts, treat, and follow-up. Pre-conflict, TB in Syria was officially reported at 22 per 100 000 population; the official figure for 2017 of 19 per 100 000 is likely a vast underestimate given the challenges and barriers to case detection. Limited diagnostics also affect the diagnosis of multidrug- and rifampicin-resistant TB, reported as comprising 8.8% of new diagnoses in 2017.

    Conclusions: The control of TB in Syria requires a multipronged, tailored, and pragmatic approach to improve timely diagnosis, increase detection, stop transmission, and mitigate the risk of drug resistance. Solutions must also consider vulnerable populations such as imprisoned and besieged communities where the risk of drug resistance is particularly high, and must recognize the limitations of national programming. Strengthening capacity to control TB in Syria with particular attention to these factors will positively impact other parallel conditions; this is key as attention turns to post-conflict reconstruction.

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  • 3.
    Abbara, Aula
    et al.
    Department of Infection, Imperial College, St Marys Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Syria Public Health Network, London, United Kingdom.
    Almhawish, Naser
    Assistance Coordination Unit, Gaziantep, Turkey.
    Aladhan, Ibrahim
    Environmental Protection Agency of Syria, Gaziantep, Turkey.
    Alobaid, Redwan
    Assistance Coordination Unit, Gaziantep, Turkey.
    Karah, Nabil
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine).
    Weaponisation of water2022In: The Lancet, ISSN 0140-6736, E-ISSN 1474-547X, Vol. 400, no 10367, p. 1925-1925Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 4. Abbara, Aula
    et al.
    Rawson, Timothy M.
    Karah, Nabil
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR).
    El-Amin, Wael
    Hatcher, James
    Tajaldin, Bachir
    Dar, Osman
    Dewachi, Omar
    Abu Sitta, Ghassan
    Uhlin, Bernt Eric
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine).
    Sparrow, Annie
    Antimicrobial resistance in the context of the Syrian conflict: Drivers before and after the onset of conflict and key recommendations2018In: International Journal of Infectious Diseases, ISSN 1201-9712, E-ISSN 1878-3511, Vol. 73, p. 1-6Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Current evidence describing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the context of the Syrian conflict is of poor quality and sparse in nature. This paper explores and reports the major drivers of AMR that were present in Syria pre-conflict and those that have emerged since its onset in March 2011. Drivers that existed before the conflict included a lack of enforcement of existing legislation to regulate over-the-counter antibiotics and notification of communicable diseases. This contributed to a number of drivers of AMR after the onset of conflict, and these were also compounded by the exodus of trained staff, the increase in overcrowding and unsanitary conditions, the increase in injuries, and economic sanctions limiting the availability of required laboratory medical materials and equipment. Addressing AMR in this context requires pragmatic, multifaceted action at the local, regional, and international levels to detect and manage potentially high rates of multidrug-resistant infections. Priorities are (1) the development of a competent surveillance system for hospital-acquired infections, (2) antimicrobial stewardship, and (3) the creation of cost-effective and implementable infection control policies. However, it is only by addressing the conflict and immediate cessation of the targeting of health facilities that the rehabilitation of the health system, which is key to addressing AMR in this context, can progress. 

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  • 5.
    Abbara, Aula
    et al.
    Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Syria Public Health Network, United Kingdom.
    Zakieh, Omar
    Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
    Rayes, Diana
    Syria Public Health Network, United Kingdom; Johns Hopkins, United States.
    Collin, Simon M.
    Public Health England, United Kingdom.
    Almhawish, Naser
    Assistance Coordination Unit, Turkey.
    Sullivan, Richard
    King's College, London, United Kingdom.
    Aladhan, Ibrahim
    Assistance Coordination Unit, Turkey.
    Tarnas, Maia
    Community Research Initiative, MA, Charlestown, United States.
    Whalen-Browne, Molly
    University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
    Omar, Maryam
    St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
    Tarakji, Ahmad
    Syrian American Medical Society, United States.
    Karah, Nabil
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine).
    Weaponizing water as an instrument of war in Syria: Impact on diarrhoeal disease in Idlib and Aleppo governorates, 2011–20192021In: International Journal of Infectious Diseases, ISSN 1201-9712, E-ISSN 1878-3511, Vol. 108, p. 202-208Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives: Investigate the weaponization of water during the Syrian conflict and the correlation of attacks on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure in Idlib and Aleppo governorates with trends in waterborne diseases reported by Early Warning and Response surveillance systems.

    Methods: We reviewed literature and databases to obtain information on attacks on WASH in Aleppo and Idlib governorates between 2011 and 2019. We plotted weekly trends in waterborne diseases from two surveillance systems operational in Aleppo and Idlib governorates between 2015 and early 2020.

    Results: The literature review noted several attacks on water and related infrastructure in both governorates, suggesting that WASH infrastructure was weaponized by state and non-state actors. Most interference with WASH in the Aleppo governorate occurred before 2019 and in the Idlib governorate in the summer of 2020. Other acute diarrhea represented >90% of cases of diarrhea; children under 5 years contributed 50% of cases. There was substantial evidence (p < 0.001) of an overall upward trend in cases of diarrheal disease.

    Conclusions: Though no direct correlation can be drawn between the weaponization of WASH and the burden of waterborne infections due to multiple confounders, this research introduces important concepts on attacks on WASH and their potential impacts on waterborne diseases.

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  • 6.
    Abdalla Omer, Hemn
    et al.
    Department of Microbiology/Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Suleimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
    Janson, Christer
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Lung- allergy- and sleep research.
    Amin, Kawa
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Lung- allergy- and sleep research. Department of Microbiology/Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Suleimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
    The role of inflammatory and remodelling biomarkers in patients with non-small cell lung cancer2023In: Central European Journal of Immunology, ISSN 1426-3912, E-ISSN 1644-4124, Vol. 48, no 4, p. 1-8Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction:

    Biomarkers play a crucial role in evaluating the prognosis, diagnosis, and monitoringof non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this study was to compare the levels of inflammatoryand remodelling biomarkers among patients with NSCLC and healthy controls (HCs) and to investigatethe correlation between these biomarkers.

    Material and methods:

    Blood samples were taken from 93 NSCLC and 84 HCs. Each sample wasanalysed for the inflammatory biomarkers transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), mothers againstdecapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2) and the remodelling biomarkers Wingless-related integration site(Wnt3a) and β-catenin (CTNN-β1).

    Results:

    The patients with NSCLC had significantly higher levels of all the measured biomarkers.In the NSCLC patients, TGF-β1 correlated significantly with SMAD2 (r = 0.34, p = 0.0008), Wnt3a(r = 0.328, p = 0.0013), and CTNN-β1 levels (r = 0.30, p = 0.004). SMAD2 correlated significantlywith CTNN-β1 (r = 0.546, p = 0.0001) and Wnt3a (r = 0.598, p = 0.0001). CTNN-β1 level also correlated with the level of Wnt3a (r = 0.61, p = 0.0001). No correlation was found between biomarkersand symptom scores.

    Discussion:

    In this study, patients with NSCLC had higher inflammatory and remodelling biomarker levels than HCs. In the NSCLC, there were significant associations between inflammatory andremodelling biomarkers. This indicates that measuring biomarkers could be valuable in the workupof NSCLC patients.

    Conclusions:

    Our investigation showed that inflammatory and remodelling biomarkers might playa role in future immunologic response and pharmacologically targeted NSCLC therapy.

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    Lung Cancer
  • 7.
    Abdeldaim, Guma M. K.
    et al.
    Section of Clinical Bacteriology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Mycobacteriology, National Center for Diseases Control, Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
    Strålin, Kristoffer
    Department of Infectious Diseases, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Olcén, Per
    Department of Laboratory Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Blomberg, Jonas
    Section of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Mölling, Paula
    Örebro University Hospital. Department of Laboratory Medicine.
    Herrmann, Björn
    Section of Clinical Bacteriology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Quantitative fucK gene polymerase chain reaction on sputum and nasopharyngeal secretions to detect Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia2013In: Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease, ISSN 0732-8893, E-ISSN 1879-0070, Vol. 76, no 2, p. 141-146Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the fucK gene was developed for specific detection of Haemophilus influenzae. The method was tested on sputum and nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) from 78 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). With a reference standard of sputum culture and/or serology against the patient's own nasopharyngeal isolate, H. influenzae etiology was detected in 20 patients. Compared with the reference standard, fucK PCR (using the detection limit 10(5) DNA copies/mL) on sputum and NPA showed a sensitivity of 95.0% (19/20) in both cases, and specificities of 87.9% (51/58) and 89.5% (52/58), respectively. In a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, sputum fucK PCR was found to be significantly superior to sputum P6 PCR for detection of H. influenzae CAP. NPA fucK PCR was positive in 3 of 54 adult controls without respiratory symptoms. In conclusion, quantitative fucK real-time PCR provides a sensitive and specific identification of H. influenzae in respiratory secretions.

  • 8.
    Abdelrahim, Nada Abdelghani
    et al.
    Department of Pathology-Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.
    Mohamed, Nahla
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Evander, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Ahlm, Clas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Fadl-Elmula, Imad Mohammed
    Department of Pathology & Clinical Genetics, Al-Neelain University & Assafa Academy, Khartoum, Sudan.
    Viral meningitis in Sudanese children: differentiation, etiology and review of literature2022In: Medicine, ISSN 0025-7974, E-ISSN 1536-5964, Vol. 101, no 46, article id e31588Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Diagnosis of viral meningitis (VM) is uncommon practice in Sudan and there is no local viral etiological map. We therefore intended to differentiate VM using standardized clinical codes and determine the involvement of herpes simplex virus types-1 and 2 (HSV-1/2), varicella zoster virus, non-polio human enteroviruses (HEVs), and human parechoviruses in meningeal infections in children in Sudan. This is a cross-sectional hospital-based study. Viral meningitis was differentiated in 503 suspected febrile attendee of Omdurman Hospital for Children following the criteria listed in the Clinical Case Definition for Aseptic/Viral Meningitis. Patients were children age 0 to 15 years. Viral nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) were extracted from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens using QIAamp® UltraSens Virus Technology. Complementary DNA was prepared from viral RNA using GoScriptTM Reverse Transcription System. Viral nucleic acids were amplified and detected using quantitative TaqMan® Real-Time and conventional polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Hospital diagnosis of VM was assigned to 0%, when clinical codes were applied; we considered 3.2% as having VM among the total study population and as 40% among those with proven infectious meningitis. Two (0.4%) out of total 503 CSF specimens were positive for HSV-1; Ct values were 37.05 and 39.10 and virus copies were 652/PCR run (261 × 103/mL CSF) and 123/PCR run (49.3 × 103/mL CSF), respectively. Other 2 (0.4%) CSF specimens were positive for non-polio HEVs; Ct values were 37.70 and 38.30, and the approximate virus copies were 5E2/PCR run (~2E5/mL CSF) and 2E2/PCR run (~8E4/mL CSF), respectively. No genetic materials were detected for HSV-2, varicella zoster virus, and human parechoviruses. The diagnosis of VM was never assigned by the hospital despite fulfilling the clinical case definition. Virus detection rate was 10% among cases with proven infectious meningitis. Detected viruses were HSV-1 and non-polio HEVs. Positive virus PCRs in CSFs with normal cellular counts were seen.

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  • 9.
    Abdel-Shafi, Seham
    et al.
    Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
    El-Serwy, Heba
    Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
    El-Zawahry, Yehia
    Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
    Zaki, Maysaa
    Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
    Sitohy, Basel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology.
    Sitohy, Mahmoud
    Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
    The Association between icaA and icaB Genes, Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Clinical Isolates of Staphylococci spp.2022In: Antibiotics, ISSN 0066-4774, E-ISSN 2079-6382, Vol. 11, no 3, article id 389Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sixty-six (66) Staphylococcus bacterial isolates were withdrawn from separate clinical samples of hospitalized patients with various clinical infections. Conventional bacteriological tests identified the species of all isolates, and standard microbiological techniques differentiated them into CoPS or CoNS. Their biofilm development was followed by an analysis via the MTP (microtiter tissue culture plates) technique, and we then investigated the presence/absence of icaA and icaB, which were qualified in the top-30 potent biofilm-forming isolates. Thirteen isolates (46.7%) showed the presence of one gene, six (20%) isolates exhibited the two genes, while ten (33.3%) had neither of them. The formation of staphylococci biofilms in the absence of ica genes may be related to the presence of other biofilm formation ica-independent mechanisms. CoPS was the most abundant species among the total population. S. aureus was the sole representative of CoPS, while S. epidermidis was the most abundant form of CoNS. Antibiotic resistance was developing against the most frequently used antimicrobial drugs, while vancomycin was the least-resisted drug. The totality of the strong and medium-strength film-forming isolates represented the majority proportion (80%) of the total investigated clinical samples. The biochemical pattern CoPS is associated with antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation and can be an alarming indicator of potential antibiotic resistance.

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  • 10.
    Abdulla, Salim
    et al.
    Ifakara Hlth Inst, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania..
    Adam, Ishag
    Univ Khartoum, Fac Med, Khartoum, Sudan..
    Adjei, George O.
    Univ Ghana, Sch Med, Ctr Trop Clin Pharmacol & Therapeut, Accra, Ghana..
    Adjuik, Martin A.
    INDEPTH Network Secretariat, Accra, Ghana..
    Alemayehu, Bereket
    Int Ctr AIDS Care & Treatment Programs, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia..
    Allan, Richard
    MENTOR Initiat, Crawley, England..
    Arinaitwe, Emmanuel
    Infect Dis Res Collaborat, Kampala, Uganda..
    Ashley, Elizabeth A.
    Epictr, Paris, France..
    Ba, Mamadou S.
    Univ Cheikh Anta Diop, Dept Parasitol & Mycol, Fac Med, Dakar, Senegal..
    Barennes, Hubert
    Ctr Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.;French Foreign Affairs, Biarritz, France..
    Barnes, Karen I.
    WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network WWARN, Cape Town, South Africa.;Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Div Clin Pharmacol, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa..
    Bassat, Quique
    Ctr Invest Saude Manhica, Manhica, Mozambique.;Univ Barcelona, Barcelona Ctr Int Hlth Res CRESIB, ISGlobal, Hosp Clin, Barcelona, Spain..
    Baudin, Elisabeth
    MENTOR Initiat, Crawley, England..
    Berens-Riha, Nicole
    Univ Munich LMU, Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis & Trop Med, Munich, Germany.;LMU, German Ctr Infect Res DZIF, Munich, Germany..
    Bjoerkman, Anders
    Karolinska Inst, Dept Microbiol Tumour & Cell Biol, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Bompart, Francois
    Sanofi Aventis, Direct Acces Med Access Med, Gentilly, France..
    Bonnet, Maryline
    Epictr, Geneva, Switzerland..
    Borrmann, Steffen
    Wellcome Trust Res Programme, Kenya Med Res Inst, Kilifi, Kenya.;Univ Tubingen, Inst Trop Med, Tubingen, Germany.;German Ctr Infect Res, Tubingen, Germany..
    Bousema, Teun
    London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, Dept Infect & Immun, London WC1, England.;Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Ctr, Dept Med Microbiol, Njimegen, Netherlands..
    Brasseur, Philippe
    IRD, Dakar, Senegal..
    Bukirwa, Hasifa
    Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, Kampala, Uganda..
    Checchi, Francesco
    Epictr, Paris, France..
    Dahal, Prabin
    WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network WWARN, Oxford, England.;Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth, Oxford, England..
    D'Alessandro, Umberto
    Inst Trop Med, Unit Malariol, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.;MRC Unit, Fajara, Gambia.;London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, Dept Dis Control, London WC1, England..
    Desai, Meghna
    Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis & Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA USA..
    Dicko, Alassane
    Univ Bamako, Fac Med Pharm & Dent, Malaria Res & Training Ctr, Bamako, Mali.;Univ Bamako, Fac Med Pharm & Dent, Dept Publ Hlth, Bamako, Mali..
    Djimde, Abdoulaye A.
    Univ Bamako, Fac Med Pharm & Dent, Malaria Res & Training Ctr, Bamako, Mali..
    Dorsey, Grant
    Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA..
    Doumbo, Ogobara K.
    Univ Bamako, Fac Med Pharm & Dent, Malaria Res & Training Ctr, Bamako, Mali..
    Drakeley, Chris J.
    German Ctr Infect Res, Tubingen, Germany..
    Duparc, Stephan
    Med Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland..
    Eshetu, Teferi
    Univ Barcelona, Barcelona Ctr Int Hlth Res CRESIB, ISGlobal, Hosp Clin, Barcelona, Spain.;Jimma Univ, Dept Med Lab Sci & Pathol, Jimma, Ethiopia..
    Espie, Emmanuelle
    Epictr, Paris, France..
    Etard, Jean-Francois
    Epictr, Paris, France.;IRD, Montpellier, France..
    Faiz, Abul M.
    Mahidol Univ, Fac Trop Med, Bangkok, Thailand..
    Falade, Catherine O.
    Univ Ibadan, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Ibadan, Nigeria..
    Fanello, Caterina I.
    Mahidol Univ, Fac Trop Med, Mahidol Oxford Res Unit, Bangkok, Thailand..
    Faucher, Jean-Francois
    IRD, Mother & Child Hlth Trop Res Unit, Paris, France.;Univ Paris 05, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France.;Univ Besancon, Med Ctr, Dept Infect Dis, F-25030 Besancon, France..
    Faye, Babacar
    Univ Cheikh Anta Diop, Dept Parasitol & Mycol, Fac Med, Dakar, Senegal..
    Faye, Oumar
    Univ Cheikh Anta Diop, Dept Parasitol & Mycol, Fac Med, Dakar, Senegal..
    Filler, Scott
    Global Fund Fight AIDS TB & Malaria, Geneva, Switzerland..
    Flegg, Jennifer A.
    WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network WWARN, Oxford, England.;Monash Univ, Sch Math Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia.;Monash Univ, Monash Acad Cross & Interdisciplinary Math Applic, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia..
    Fofana, Bakary
    Univ Bamako, Fac Med Pharm & Dent, Malaria Res & Training Ctr, Bamako, Mali..
    Fogg, Carole
    Univ Portsmouth, Portsmouth Hosp NHS Trust, Portsmouth, Hants, England..
    Gadalla, Nahla B.
    London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, Dept Infect & Immun, London WC1, England.;Natl Res Ctr, Res Inst Trop Med, Dept Epidemiol, Khartoum, Sudan.;NIAID, Rockville, MD USA..
    Gaye, Oumar
    Univ Cheikh Anta Diop, Dept Parasitol & Mycol, Fac Med, Dakar, Senegal..
    Genton, Blaise
    Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Basel, Switzerland.;Univ Lausanne Hosp, Div Infect Dis, Lausanne, Switzerland.;Univ Lausanne Hosp, Dept Ambulatory Care & Community Med, Lausanne, Switzerland..
    Gething, Peter W.
    Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Spatial Ecol & Epidemiol Grp, Oxford OX1 3PS, England..
    Gil, Jose P.
    Karolinska Inst, Pharmacogenet Sect, Drug Resistance Unit, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Stockholm, Sweden.;Univ Lisbon, Fac Sci, Biosyst & Integrat Sci Inst BioISI, P-1699 Lisbon, Portugal.;SUNY Binghamton, Harpur Coll Arts & Sci, Binghamton, NY USA..
    Gonzalez, Raquel
    Ctr Invest Saude Manhica, Manhica, Mozambique.;Univ Barcelona, Barcelona Ctr Int Hlth Res CRESIB, ISGlobal, Hosp Clin, Barcelona, Spain..
    Grandesso, Francesco
    Epictr, Paris, France..
    Greenhouse, Bryan
    Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA..
    Greenwood, Brian
    London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, Dept Dis Control, London WC1, England..
    Grivoyannis, Anastasia
    Univ Washington, Div Emergency Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA..
    Guerin, Philippe J.
    WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network WWARN, Oxford, England.;Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth, Oxford, England..
    Guthmann, Jean-Paul
    Inst Veille Sanit, Dept Malad Infect, St Maurice, France..
    Hamed, Kamal
    Novartis Pharmaceut, E Hanover, NJ USA..
    Hamour, Sally
    Royal Free Hosp, UCL Ctr Nephrol, London NW3 2QG, England..
    Hay, Simon I.
    Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford, England.;Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.;NIH, Fogarty Int Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA..
    Hodel, Eva Maria
    Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Basel, Switzerland.;Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Dept Parasitol, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England..
    Humphreys, Georgina S.
    WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network WWARN, Oxford, England.;Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth, Oxford, England..
    Hwang, Jimee
    Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis & Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA USA.;Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA..
    Ibrahim, Maman L.
    Ctr Rech Med & Sanit, Niamey, Niger..
    Jima, Daddi
    Fed Minist Hlth, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia..
    Jones, Joel J.
    Minist Hlth & Social Welf, Natl Malaria Control Programme, Monrovia, Liberia..
    Jullien, Vincent
    Univ Paris 05, AP HP, Paris, France..
    Juma, Elizabeth
    Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya..
    Kachur, Patrick S.
    Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis & Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA USA..
    Kager, Piet A.
    Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Ctr Infect & Immun Amsterdam CINIMA, Div Infect Dis Trop Med & AIDS, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands..
    Kamugisha, Erasmus
    Catholic Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Mwanza, Tanzania..
    Kamya, Moses R.
    Makerere Univ, Coll Hlth Sci, Kampala, Uganda..
    Karema, Corine
    Minist Hlth, Malaria & Other Parasit Dis Div RBC, Kigali, Rwanda..
    Kayentao, Kassoum
    Univ Bamako, Fac Med Pharm & Dent, Malaria Res & Training Ctr, Bamako, Mali..
    Kiechel, Jean-Rene
    Drugs Neglected Dis initiat, Geneva, Switzerland..
    Kironde, Fred
    Makerere Univ, Dept Biochem, Kampala, Uganda..
    Kofoed, Poul-Erik
    Projecto Saude Bandim, Bissau, Guinea Bissau.;Kolding Cty Hosp, Dept Paediat, Kolding, Denmark..
    Kremsner, Peter G.
    Univ Tubingen, Inst Trop Med, Tubingen, Germany.;Ctr Rech Med Lambarene, Lambarene, Gabon..
    Krishna, Sanjeev
    Univ London, Inst Infect & Immun, London, England. Operat Ctr Barcelona Athens, Med Sans Frontieres, Barcelona, Spain..
    Lameyre, Valerie
    Sanofi Aventis, Direct Acces Med Access Med, Gentilly, France..
    Lell, Bertrand
    Univ Tubingen, Inst Trop Med, Tubingen, Germany.;Ctr Rech Med Lambarene, Lambarene, Gabon..
    Lima, Angeles
    Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford, England..
    Makanga, Michael
    European & Dev Countries Clin Trials Partnership, Cape Town, South Africa..
    Malik, ElFatih M.
    Fed Minist Hlth, Khartoum, Sudan..
    Marsh, Kevin
    Wellcome Trust Res Programme, Kenya Med Res Inst, Kilifi, Kenya.;Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth, Oxford, England..
    Mårtensson, Andreas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, UCR-Uppsala Clinical Research Center. Karolinska Inst, Dept Microbiol Tumour & Cell Biol, Stockholm, Sweden.;Karolinska Inst, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Massougbodji, Achille
    Univ Abomey Calavi, FSS, CERPAGE, Cotonou, Benin..
    Menan, Herve
    Univ Cocody, Fac Pharm, Dept Parasitol, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire..
    Menard, Didier
    Inst Pasteur Cambodia, Malaria Mol Epidemiol Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia..
    Menendez, Clara
    Ctr Invest Saude Manhica, Manhica, Mozambique.;Univ Barcelona, Barcelona Ctr Int Hlth Res CRESIB, ISGlobal, Hosp Clin, Barcelona, Spain..
    Mens, Petra F.
    Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Ctr Infect & Immun Amsterdam CINIMA, Div Infect Dis Trop Med & AIDS, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.;KIT Biomed Res, Royal Trop Inst, Amsterdam, Netherlands..
    Meremikwu, Martin
    Univ Calabar, Dept Paediat, Calabar, Nigeria.;Inst Trop Dis Res & Prevent, Calabar, Nigeria..
    Moreira, Clarissa
    WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network WWARN, Oxford, England.;Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth, Oxford, England..
    Nabasumba, Carolyn
    Epictr, Paris, France.;Mbarara Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Med, Mbarara, Uganda..
    Nambozi, Michael
    Trop Dis Res Ctr, Ndola, Zambia..
    Ndiaye, Jean-Louis
    Univ Cheikh Anta Diop, Dept Parasitol & Mycol, Fac Med, Dakar, Senegal..
    Ngasala, Billy E.
    Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dept Parasitol, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.;Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Solna, Infect Dis Unit, Malaria Res, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Nikiema, Frederic
    Inst Rech Sci Sante, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso..
    Nsanzabana, Christian
    WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network WWARN, Oxford, England.;Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth, Oxford, England..
    Ntoumi, Francine
    Univ Tubingen, Inst Trop Med, Tubingen, Germany.;Univ Marien Ngouabi, FCRM, Fac Sci Sante, Brazzaville, Congo..
    Oguike, Mary
    London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, Dept Infect & Immun, London WC1, England..
    Ogutu, Bernhards R.
    United States Army Med Res Unit, Kenya Med Res Inst, Kisumu, Kenya..
    Olliaro, Piero
    Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth, Oxford, England.;UNICEF UNDP World Bank WHO Special Programme Res, Geneva, Switzerland..
    Omar, Sabah A.
    Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Ctr Biotechnol Res & Dev, Nairobi, Kenya..
    Ouedraogo, Jean-Bosco
    Ctr Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.;Inst Rech Sci Sante, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso..
    Owusu-Agyei, Seth
    Kintampo Hlth Res Ctr, Kintampo, Ghana..
    Penali, Louis K.
    WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network WWARN W, Dakar, Senegal..
    Pene, Mbaye
    Univ Cheikh Anta Diop, Dept Parasitol & Mycol, Fac Med, Dakar, Senegal..
    Peshu, Judy
    Wellcome Trust Res Programme, Kenya Med Res Inst, Kilifi, Kenya..
    Piola, Patrice
    Inst Pasteur Madagascar, Epidemiol Unit, Antananarivo, Madagascar..
    Plowe, Christopher V.
    Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ctr Vaccine Dev, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA..
    Premji, Zul
    Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dept Parasitol, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania..
    Price, Ric N.
    WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network WWARN, Oxford, England.;Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth, Oxford, England.;Menzies Sch Hlth Res, Darwin, NT, Australia.;Charles Darwin Univ, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia..
    Randrianarivelojosia, Milijaona
    Inst Pasteur Madagascar, Malaria Res Unit, Antananarivo, Madagascar..
    Rombo, Lars
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, UCR-Uppsala Clinical Research Center. Karolinska Inst, Karolinska Univ Hosp, Infect Dis Unit, Malaria Res Lab,Dept Med, Stockholm, Sweden.;Malarsjukhuset, Dept Infect Dis, S-63188 Eskilstuna, Sweden..
    Roper, Cally
    London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, Dept Pathogen Mol Biol, London WC1, England..
    Rosenthal, Philip J.
    Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA..
    Sagara, Issaka
    Univ Bamako, Fac Med Pharm & Dent, Malaria Res & Training Ctr, Bamako, Mali..
    Same-Ekobo, Albert
    Ctr Hosp Univ Yaounde, Fac Med & Sci Biomed, Yaounde, Cameroon..
    Sawa, Patrick
    Int Ctr Insect Physiol & Ecol, Human Hlth Div, Mbita, Kenya..
    Schallig, Henk D. F. H.
    KIT Biomed Res, Royal Trop Inst, Amsterdam, Netherlands..
    Schramm, Birgit
    Epictr, Paris, France..
    Seck, Amadou
    WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network WWARN W, Dakar, Senegal..
    Shekalaghe, Seif A.
    Ifakara Hlth Inst, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.;Kilimanjaro Christian Med Ctr, Kilimanjaro Clin Med Res Inst, Moshi, Tanzania..
    Sibley, Carol H.
    WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network WWARN, Oxford, England.;Univ Washington, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA..
    Sinou, Vronique
    Aix Marseille Univ, Fac Pharm, UMR MD3, Marseille, France..
    Sirima, Sodiomon B.
    CNRFP, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso..
    Som, Fabrice A.
    Inst Rech Sci Sante, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso..
    Sow, Doudou
    Univ Cheikh Anta Diop, Dept Parasitol & Mycol, Fac Med, Dakar, Senegal..
    Staedke, Sarah G.
    Infect Dis Res Collaborat, Kampala, Uganda.;London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, Dept Clin Res, London WC1, England..
    Stepniewska, Kasia
    WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network WWARN, Oxford, England.;Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth, Oxford, England..
    Sutherland, Colin J.
    London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, Dept Infect & Immun, London WC1, England..
    Swarthout, Todd D.
    Med Sans Frontieres, London, England..
    Sylla, Khadime
    Univ Cheikh Anta Diop, Dept Parasitol & Mycol, Fac Med, Dakar, Senegal..
    Talisuna, Ambrose O.
    East Africa Reg Ctr, WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network WWARN, Nairobi, Kenya.;Univ Oxford, KEMRI, Wellcome Trust Res Programme, Nairobi, Kenya..
    Taylor, Walter R. J.
    UNICEF UNDP World Bank WHO Special Programme Res, Geneva, Switzerland.;Hop Cantonal Univ Geneva, Serv Med Int & Humanitaire, Geneva, Switzerland..
    Temu, Emmanuel A.
    MENTOR Initiat, Crawley, England.;Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Basel, Switzerland.;Univ Basel, Basel, Switzerland..
    Thwing, Julie I.
    Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis & Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA USA..
    Tine, Roger C. K.
    Univ Cheikh Anta Diop, Dept Parasitol & Mycol, Fac Med, Dakar, Senegal..
    Tinto, Halidou
    Ctr Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.;Inst Rech Sci Sante, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso..
    Tommasini, Silva
    Sigma Tau Ind Farmaceut Riunite SpA, Rome, Italy..
    Toure, Offianan A.
    Inst Pasteur Cote Ivoire, Malariol Dept, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire..
    Ursing, Johan
    Projecto Saude Bandim, Bissau, Guinea Bissau.;Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Solna, Infect Dis Unit, Malaria Res, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Vaillant, Michel T.
    CRP Sante, Ctr Hlth Studies, Methodol & Stat Unit, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.;Univ Bordeaux 2, Unite Bases Therapeut Inflammat & Infect 3677, F-33076 Bordeaux, France..
    Valentini, Giovanni
    Sigma Tau Ind Farmaceut Riunite SpA, Rome, Italy..
    Van den Broek, Ingrid
    Med Sans Frontieres, London, England.;Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Ctr Infect Dis Control, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands..
    Van Vugt, Michele
    Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Ctr Trop Med & Travel Med, Div Infect Dis, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands..
    Ward, Stephen A.
    Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Dept Parasitol, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England..
    Winstanley, Peter A.
    Univ Warwick, Warwick Med Sch, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England..
    Yavo, William
    Univ Cocody, Fac Pharmaceut & Biol Sci, Dept Parasitol & Mycol, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire.;Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Malaria Res & Control Ctr, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire..
    Yeka, Adoke
    Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, Kampala, Uganda..
    Zolia, Yah M.
    Minist Hlth & Social Welf, Natl Malaria Control Programme, Monrovia, Liberia..
    Zongo, Issaka
    Inst Rech Sci Sante, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso..
    Clinical determinants of early parasitological response to ACTs in African patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a literature review and meta-analysis of individual patient data2015In: BMC Medicine, E-ISSN 1741-7015, Vol. 13, article id 212Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum has emerged in the Greater Mekong sub-region and poses a major global public health threat. Slow parasite clearance is a key clinical manifestation of reduced susceptibility to artemisinin. This study was designed to establish the baseline values for clearance in patients from Sub-Saharan African countries with uncomplicated malaria treated with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). Methods: A literature review in PubMed was conducted in March 2013 to identify all prospective clinical trials (uncontrolled trials, controlled trials and randomized controlled trials), including ACTs conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa, between 1960 and 2012. Individual patient data from these studies were shared with the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) and pooled using an a priori statistical analytical plan. Factors affecting early parasitological response were investigated using logistic regression with study sites fitted as a random effect. The risk of bias in included studies was evaluated based on study design, methodology and missing data. Results: In total, 29,493 patients from 84 clinical trials were included in the analysis, treated with artemether-lumefantrine (n = 13,664), artesunate-amodiaquine (n = 11,337) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (n = 4,492). The overall parasite clearance rate was rapid. The parasite positivity rate (PPR) decreased from 59.7 % (95 % CI: 54.5-64.9) on day 1 to 6.7 % (95 % CI: 4.8-8.7) on day 2 and 0.9 % (95 % CI: 0.5-1.2) on day 3. The 95th percentile of observed day 3 PPR was 5.3 %. Independent risk factors predictive of day 3 positivity were: high baseline parasitaemia (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.16 (95 % CI: 1.08-1.25); per 2-fold increase in parasite density, P <0.001); fever (>37.5 degrees C) (AOR = 1.50 (95 % CI: 1.06-2.13), P = 0.022); severe anaemia (AOR = 2.04 (95 % CI: 1.21-3.44), P = 0.008); areas of low/moderate transmission setting (AOR = 2.71 (95 % CI: 1.38-5.36), P = 0.004); and treatment with the loose formulation of artesunate-amodiaquine (AOR = 2.27 (95 % CI: 1.14-4.51), P = 0.020, compared to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine). Conclusions: The three ACTs assessed in this analysis continue to achieve rapid early parasitological clearance across the sites assessed in Sub-Saharan Africa. A threshold of 5 % day 3 parasite positivity from a minimum sample size of 50 patients provides a more sensitive benchmark in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to the current recommended threshold of 10 % to trigger further investigation of artemisinin susceptibility.

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  • 11.
    Abdurahman, Samir
    et al.
    Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine F68, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Barqasho, Babilonia
    Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Nowak, Piotr
    Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Cuong, Do Duy
    Infectious Diseases Department, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam .
    Amogné, Wondwossen
    Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia .
    Larsson, Mattias
    Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Hanoi, Viet Nam .
    Lindquist, Lars
    Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden .
    Marrone, Gaetano
    Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden .
    Sönnerborg, Anders
    Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine F68, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Pattern of microbial translocation in patients living with HIV-1 from Vietnam, Ethiopia and Sweden2014In: Journal of the International AIDS Society, E-ISSN 1758-2652, Vol. 17, p. 18841-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    INTRODUCTION: The role of microbial translocation (MT) in HIV patients living with HIV from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is not fully known. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the patterns of MT in patients from Vietnam, Ethiopia and Sweden.

    METHODS: Cross-sectional samples were obtained from treatment-naïve patients living with HIV-1 and healthy controls from Vietnam (n=83; n=46), Ethiopia (n=9492; n=50) and Sweden (n=51; n=19). Longitudinal samples were obtained from a subset of the Vietnamese (n=24) in whom antiretroviral therapy (ART) and tuberculostatics were given. Plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS), sCD14 and anti-flagellin IgG were determined by the endpoint chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

    RESULTS: All three biomarkers were significantly increased in patients living with HIV-1 from all countries as compared to controls. No differences were found between males and females. Vietnamese and Ethiopian patients had significantly higher levels of anti-flagellin IgG and LPS, as compared to Swedes. ART reduced these levels for the Vietnamese. Vietnamese patients given tuberculostatics at initiation of ART had significantly lower levels of anti-flagellin IgG and higher sCD14. The biomarkers were lower in Vietnamese who did not develop opportunistic infection.

    CONCLUSIONS: Higher MT is common in patients living with HIV compared to healthy individuals, and in patients from LMICs compared to patients from a high-income country. Treatment with tuberculostatics decreased MT while higher levels of MT are associated with a poorer clinical outcome.

  • 12.
    Abioye, Ajibola I.
    et al.
    Brown Univ, RI 02912 USA.
    McDonald, Emily A.
    Brown Univ, RI 02912 USA.
    Park, Sangshin
    Brown Univ, RI 02912 USA; Univ Seoul, South Korea.
    Joshi, Ayush
    Brown Univ, RI 02912 USA.
    Kurtis, Jonathan D.
    Brown Univ, RI 02912 USA.
    Wu, Hannah
    Brown Univ, RI 02912 USA.
    Pond-Tor, Sunthorn
    Brown Univ, RI 02912 USA.
    Sharma, Surendra
    Brown Univ, RI 02912 USA; Women and Infants Hosp Rhode Isl, RI 02908 USA.
    Ernerudh, Jan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine.
    Baltazar, Palmera
    Remedios Trinidad Romualdez Hosp, Philippines.
    Acosta, Luz P.
    Res Inst Trop Med, Philippines.
    Olveda, Remigio M.
    Res Inst Trop Med, Philippines.
    Tallo, Veronica
    Res Inst Trop Med, Philippines.
    Friedman, Jennifer F.
    Brown Univ, RI 02912 USA.
    Maternal, placental and cord blood cytokines and the risk of adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women infected with Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippines2019In: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, ISSN 1935-2727, E-ISSN 1935-2735, Vol. 13, no 6, article id e0007371Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the influence of treatment with praziquantel on the inflammatory milieu in maternal, placental, and cord blood, 2) assess the extent to which proinflammatory signatures in placental and cord blood impacts birth outcomes, and 3) evaluate the impact of other helminths on the inflammatory micro environment. Methods/Findings This was a secondary analysis of samples from 369 mother-infant pairs participating in a randomized controlled trial of praziquantel given at 12-16 weeks gestation. We performed regression analysis to address our study objectives. In maternal peripheral blood, the concentrations of CXCL8, and TNF receptor I and II decreased from 12 to 32 weeks gestation, while IL-13 increased. Praziquantel treatment did not significantly alter the trajectory of the concentration of any of the cytokines examined. Hookworm infection was associated with elevated placental IL-1, CXCL8 and IFN-gamma. The risk of small-for-gestational age increased with elevated IL-6, IL-10, and CXCL8 in cord blood. The risk of prematurity was increased when cord blood sTNFRI and placental IL-5 were elevated. Conclusions Our study suggests that fetal cytokines, which may be related to infectious disease exposures, contribute to poor intrauterine growth. Additionally, hookworm infection influences cytokine concentrations at the maternal-fetal interface. Clinical Trial Registry number and website ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00486863). Author summary Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic tropical diseases, and it is primarily treated with the drug praziquantel. This study examined the effects of praziquantel treatment for schistosomiasis and the presence of geohelminth infections during pregnancy on cytokines in maternal, placental, and cord blood, and examined the effects of pro-inflammatory signatures at the maternal-fetal interface on perinatal outcomes. We analyzed the data of 369 mother-infant pairs obtained from a randomized controlled trial of praziquantel given at 12-16 weeks gestation. Praziquantel treatment did not significantly alter the trajectory of the concentration of any of the cytokines examined. Elevated levels of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines were associated with the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes (small-for-gestational age and prematurity). Hookworm coinfection at 12 weeks gestation was, however, related to elevated levels of certain cytokines in the placenta (IL-1, IL-5, CXCL8 and IFN-gamma).

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  • 13. Abou Fayad, A.
    et al.
    El Diwachi, O.
    Haraoui, L. P.
    Abu Sitta, G.
    Nguyen, V. -K
    Abbara, A.
    Landecker, H.
    Karah, Nabil
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine).
    Knapp, C.
    McEvoy, M.
    Zamman, M.
    Higgins, P.
    Matar, G.
    War, antimicrobial resistance, and Acinetobacter baumannii (WAMRA)2020In: International Journal of Infectious Diseases, ISSN 1201-9712, E-ISSN 1878-3511, Vol. 101, p. 87-88Article in journal (Other academic)
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  • 14.
    Abou Ghayda, Ramy
    et al.
    Case Western Reserve Univ, OH 44106 USA.
    Lee, Keum Hwa
    Yonsei Univ, South Korea.
    Han, Young Joo
    Inje Univ, South Korea.
    Ryu, Seohyun
    Yonsei Univ, South Korea.
    Hong, Sung Hwi
    Yonsei Univ, South Korea.
    Yoon, Sojung
    Yonsei Univ, South Korea.
    Jeong, Gwang Hum
    Gyeongsang Natl Univ, South Korea.
    Yang, Jae Won
    Yonsei Univ, South Korea.
    Lee, Hyo Jeong
    Yonsei Univ, South Korea.
    Lee, Jinhee
    Yonsei Univ, South Korea.
    Lee, Jun Young
    Yonsei Univ, South Korea.
    Effenberger, Maria
    Med Univ Innsbruck, Austria.
    Eisenhut, Michael
    Luton & Dunstable Univ Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, England.
    Kronbichler, Andreas
    Med Univ Innsbruck, Austria.
    Solmi, Marco
    Univ Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Hosp, Canada; Univ Ottawa, Canada; Univ Ottawa, Canada.
    Li, Han
    Univ Florida, FL USA.
    Jacob, Louis
    Univ Versailles St Quentin En Yvelines, France; CIBERSAM, Spain.
    Koyanagi, Ai
    CIBERSAM, Spain; ICREA, Spain.
    Radua, Joaquim
    Inst Invest Biomed August Pi & Sunyer IDIBAPS, Spain; Kings Coll London, England; Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Park, Myung Bae
    Pai Chai Univ, South Korea.
    Aghayeva, Sevda
    Azerbaijan Med Univ, Azerbaijan.
    Ahmed, Mohamed L. C. B.
    Univ Nouakchott Al Aasriya, Mauritania.
    Al Serouri, Abdulwahed
    Yemen Field Epidemiol Training Program, Yemen.
    Al-Shamsi, Humaid O.
    Univ Sharjah, U Arab Emirates; Burjeel Canc Inst, U Arab Emirates.
    Amir-Behghadami, Mehrdad
    Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Iran; Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Iran; Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Iran.
    Baatarkhuu, Oidov
    Mongolian Natl Univ Med Sci, Mongolia.
    Bashour, Hyam
    Damascus Univ, Syria.
    Bondarenko, Anastasiia
    Shupyk Natl Healthcare Univ Ukraine, Ukraine.
    Camacho-Ortiz, Adrian
    Univ Autonoma Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
    Castro, Franz
    Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies, Panama.
    Cox, Horace
    Minist Hlth Guyana, Guyana.
    Davtyan, Hayk
    TB Res & Prevent Ctr NGO, Armenia.
    Douglas, Kirk
    Univ West Indies, Barbados.
    Dragioti, Elena
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Ebrahim, Shahul
    Univ Sci Tech & Technol, Mali.
    Ferioli, Martina
    IRCCS Azienda Osped Univ Bologna, Italy.
    Harapan, Harapan
    Univ Syiah Kuala, Indonesia.
    Mallah, Saad I
    Royal Coll Surg Ireland Bahrain, Indonesia.
    Ikram, Aamer
    Natl Inst Hlth, Pakistan.
    Inoue, Shigeru
    Tokyo Med Univ, Japan.
    Jankovic, Slobodan
    Univ Kragujevac, Serbia.
    Jayarajah, Umesh
    Univ Colombo, Sri Lanka.
    Jesenak, Milos
    Comenius Univ, Slovakia.
    Kakodkar, Pramath
    Natl Univ Galway Ireland, Ireland.
    Kebede, Yohannes
    Jimma Univ, Ethiopia.
    Kifle, Meron
    Univ Oxford, England.
    Koh, David
    Natl Univ Singapore, Singapore.
    Males, Visnja K.
    Sch Med Split, Croatia.
    Kotfis, Katarzyna
    Pomeranian Med Univ, Poland.
    Lakoh, Sulaiman
    Univ Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone.
    Ling, Lowell
    Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
    Llibre-Guerra, Jorge
    Washington Univ, MO USA.
    Machida, Masaki
    Tokyo Med Univ, Japan.
    Makurumidze, Richard
    Univ Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe.
    Mamun, Mohammed
    Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Peoples R China; Jahangirnagar Univ, Bangladesh; Daffodil Int Univ, Bangladesh; CHINTA Res Bangladesh, Bangladesh.
    Masic, Izet
    Acad Med Sci Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bosnia & Herceg.
    Van Minh, Hoang
    Hanoi Univ Publ Hlth, Vietnam.
    Moiseev, Sergey
    Sechenov First Moscow State Med Univ, Russia.
    Nadasdy, Thomas
    St Parascheva Clin Hosp Infect Dis, Romania.
    Nahshon, Chen
    Carmel Hosp, Israel.
    Namendys-Silva, Silvio A.
    Inst Nacl Ciencias Med & Nutr Salvador Zubiran, Mexico.
    Yongsi, Blaise N.
    Univ Yaounde II, Cameroon.
    Nielsen, Henning B.
    Zealand Univ Hosp Roskilde, Denmark.
    Nodjikouambaye, Zita A.
    Mobile Lab Hemorrhag & Resp Viruses Ndjamena, Chad.
    Ohnmar, Ohnmar
    Myanmar Hlth Minist, Myanmar.
    Oksanen, Atte
    Tampere Univ, Finland.
    Owopetu, Oluwatomi
    Univ Coll Hosp, Nigeria.
    Parperis, Konstantinos
    Univ Cyprus Med Sch, Cyprus.
    Perez, Gonzalo E.
    Clin Olivos, Argentina.
    Pongpirul, Krit
    Chulalongkorn Univ, Thailand.
    Rademaker, Marius
    Auckland Univ Med Sch, New Zealand.
    Rosa, Sandro
    Fed Fluminense Univ, Brazil; Natl Inst Ind Property, Brazil.
    Sah, Ranjit
    Natl Publ Hlth Lab, Nepal.
    Sallam, Dina
    Ain Shams Univ, Egypt.
    Schober, Patrick
    Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
    Singhal, Tanu
    Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hosp & Med Res Inst, India.
    Tafaj, Silva
    Univ Hosp Shefqet Ndroqi, Albania.
    Torres, Irene
    Fdn Octaedro, Ecuador.
    Smith Torres-Roman, J.
    Univ Cient Sur, Peru.
    Tsartsalis, Dimitrios
    Hippokrateion Hosp, Greece.
    Tsolmon, Jadamba
    Mongolian Natl Univ Med Sci, Mongolia.
    Tuychiev, Laziz
    Tashkent Med Acad, Uzbekistan.
    Vukcevic, Batric
    Univ Montenegro, Montenegro.
    Wanghi, Guy
    Univ Kinshasa, DEM REP CONGO.
    Wollina, Uwe
    Stadt Klinikum Dresden, Germany.
    Xu, Ren-He
    Univ Macau, Peoples R China.
    Yang, Lin
    Alberta Hlth Serv, Canada; Univ Calgary, Canada; Univ Calgary, Canada.
    Zaidi, Zoubida
    Univ Ferhat Abbas, Algeria.
    Smith, Lee
    Anglia Ruskin Univ, England.
    Shin, Jae Il
    Yonsei Univ, South Korea.
    The global case fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 by continents and national income: A meta-analysis2022In: Journal of Medical Virology, ISSN 0146-6615, E-ISSN 1096-9071, Vol. 94, no 6, p. 2402-2413Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study is to provide a more accurate representation of COVID-19s case fatality rate (CFR) by performing meta-analyses by continents and income, and by comparing the result with pooled estimates. We used multiple worldwide data sources on COVID-19 for every country reporting COVID-19 cases. On the basis of data, we performed random and fixed meta-analyses for CFR of COVID-19 by continents and income according to each individual calendar date. CFR was estimated based on the different geographical regions and levels of income using three models: pooled estimates, fixed- and random-model. In Asia, all three types of CFR initially remained approximately between 2.0% and 3.0%. In the case of pooled estimates and the fixed model results, CFR increased to 4.0%, by then gradually decreasing, while in the case of random-model, CFR remained under 2.0%. Similarly, in Europe, initially, the two types of CFR peaked at 9.0% and 10.0%, respectively. The random-model results showed an increase near 5.0%. In high-income countries, pooled estimates and fixed-model showed gradually increasing trends with a final pooled estimates and random-model reached about 8.0% and 4.0%, respectively. In middle-income, the pooled estimates and fixed-model have gradually increased reaching up to 4.5%. in low-income countries, CFRs remained similar between 1.5% and 3.0%. Our study emphasizes that COVID-19 CFR is not a fixed or static value. Rather, it is a dynamic estimate that changes with time, population, socioeconomic factors, and the mitigatory efforts of individual countries.

  • 15.
    Abrahamsson, Daria
    et al.
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health, Social Work and Behavioural Sciences, School of Health and Caring Sciences.
    Miller, Sofi
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health, Social Work and Behavioural Sciences, School of Health and Caring Sciences.
    MRSA – EN FÖLJETONG UTAN SLUT: Effekter av olika åtgärder i smittskyddsarbete mot MRSA 2010Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 15 credits / 22,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Bakgrund: Multiresistenta bakterier, däribland MRSA, är idag ett globalt samhällsproblem. Infektioner förorsakade av MRSA skapar ett onödigt lidande för patienter med utdragen vårdtid som i värsta fall kan resultera i ökad dödlighet. Enligt Smittskyddsinstitutet (2010) drabbades 1479 patienter förra året i Sverige. Med få verksamma antibiotika måste andra åtgärder tillämpas, så som basala hygienrutiner, screening, isoleringsvård och utökad städning av sjukhusmiljön. Det är dock viktigt att utvärdera åtgärdernas effekter för att kunna utföra smittskyddsarbete på bästa möjliga sätt.

    Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka effekterna av olika åtgärder i smittskyddsarbetet mot MRSA.

    Metod: Litteraturstudie med kvantitativ ansats baserad på tio vetenskapliga original artiklar. Analysen gjordes enligt Forsberg och Wengströms (2008) riktlinjer för meta-analys.

    Resultat: Studien visar att MRSA förekommer i kliniska miljöer samt förutom hos patienten även hos vårdpersonal. Förebyggande åtgärder som bland annat noggrann städning, basala hygienrutiner och screening hade varierande effekt och reducerade MRSA- förekomsten bäst i kombination. I vissa fall kunde brister i vårdpersonalens följsamhet (compliance) av hygienrutiner ses.

    Slutsats: För att reducera MRSA- förekomst och spridning är det viktigt att implementera de åtgärder som finns idag och som visat sig har effekt. För att genomföra detta krävs det att vårdpersonalens följsamhet blir bättre.

     

     

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  • 16. Adams, Taylor
    et al.
    Andrusivova, Zaneta
    KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Gene Technology.
    Bergenstråhle, Joseph
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Gene Technology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.
    Bergenstråhle, Ludvig
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Gene Technology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.
    Larsson, Ludvig
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Gene Technology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.
    Ziegler, Carly
    et al.,
    Single-cell meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes across tissues and demographics2021In: Nature Medicine, ISSN 1078-8956, E-ISSN 1546-170XArticle in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and accessory proteases (TMPRSS2 and CTSL) are needed for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cellular entry, and their expression may shed light on viral tropism and impact across the body. We assessed the cell-type-specific expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2 and CTSL across 107 single-cell RNA-sequencing studies from different tissues. ACE2, TMPRSS2 and CTSL are coexpressed in specific subsets of respiratory epithelial cells in the nasal passages, airways and alveoli, and in cells from other organs associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission or pathology. We performed a meta-analysis of 31 lung single-cell RNA-sequencing studies with 1,320,896 cells from 377 nasal, airway and lung parenchyma samples from 228 individuals. This revealed cell-type-specific associations of age, sex and smoking with expression levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2 and CTSL. Expression of entry factors increased with age and in males, including in airway secretory cells and alveolar type 2 cells. Expression programs shared by ACE2(+)TMPRSS2(+) cells in nasal, lung and gut tissues included genes that may mediate viral entry, key immune functions and epithelial-macrophage cross-talk, such as genes involved in the interleukin-6, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor and complement pathways. Cell-type-specific expression patterns may contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and our work highlights putative molecular pathways for therapeutic intervention.

    An integrated analysis of over 100 single-cell and single-nucleus transcriptomics studies illustrates severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 viral entry gene coexpression patterns across different human tissues, and shows association of age, smoking status and sex with viral entry gene expression in respiratory cell populations.

  • 17.
    Adams, Yvonne
    et al.
    Univ Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Clausen, Anne Skovsbo
    Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Denmark; Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Denmark.
    Jensen, Peter Ostrup
    Lager, Malin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Natl Reference Lab Borrel, Div Clin Microbiol, Other Tick Borne Bacter, Lab Med, Reg Jonkoping Cty, Jonkoping, Sweden.
    Wilhelmsson, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Natl Reference Lab Borrel, Div Clin Microbiol, Other Tick Borne Bacter, Lab Med, Reg Jonkoping Cty, Jonkoping, Sweden.
    Jonsson Henningsson, Anna
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Microbiology. Natl Reference Lab Borrel, Div Clin Microbiol, Other Tick Borne Bacter, Lab Med, Reg Jonkoping Cty, Jonkoping, Sweden.
    Lindgren, Per-Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Natl Reference Lab Borrel, Div Clin Microbiol, Other Tick Borne Bacter, Lab Med, Reg Jonkoping Cty, Jonkoping, Sweden.
    Faurholt-Jepsen, Daniel
    Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Denmark.
    Mens, Helene
    Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Denmark.
    Kraiczy, Peter
    Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Germany.
    Kragh, Kasper Norskov
    Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Denmark; Univ Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Bjarnsholt, Thomas
    Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Denmark; Univ Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Kjaer, Andreas
    Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Denmark; Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Denmark.
    Lebech, Anne-Mette
    Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Denmark; Univ Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Jensen, Anja R.
    Univ Copenhagen, Denmark.
    3D blood-brain barrier-organoids as a model for Lyme neuroborreliosis highlighting genospecies dependent organotropism2023In: ISCIENCE, ISSN 2589-0042, Vol. 26, no 1, article id 105838Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB), a tick-borne infection caused by spirochetes within the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.L.) complex, is among the most prevalent bacterial central nervous system (CNS) infections in Europe and the US. Here we have screened a panel of low- passage B. burgdorferi s.l. isolates using a novel, human-derived 3D blood-brain barrier (BBB)-organoid model. We show that human-derived BBB-organoids support the entry of Borrelia spirochetes, leading to swelling of the organoids and a loss of their structural integrity. The use of the BBB-organoid model highlights the organotropism between B. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies and their ability to cross the BBB contributing to CNS infection.

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  • 18. Adderley, Jack D.
    et al.
    von Freyend, Simona John
    Jackson, Sarah A.
    Bird, Megan J.
    Burns, Amy L.
    Anar, Burcu
    Metcalf, Tom
    Semblat, Jean-Philippe
    Billker, Oliver
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Science and Technology). Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
    Wilson, Danny W.
    Doerig, Christian
    Analysis of erythrocyte signalling pathways during Plasmodium falciparum infection identifies targets for host-directed antimalarial intervention2020In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 11, no 1, article id 4015Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Intracellular pathogens mobilize host signaling pathways of their host cell to promote their own survival. Evidence is emerging that signal transduction elements are activated in a-nucleated erythrocytes in response to infection with malaria parasites, but the extent of this phenomenon remains unknown. Here, we fill this knowledge gap through a comprehensive and dynamic assessment of host erythrocyte signaling during infection with Plasmodium falciparum. We used arrays of 878 antibodies directed against human signaling proteins to interrogate the activation status of host erythrocyte phospho-signaling pathways at three blood stages of parasite asexual development. This analysis reveals a dynamic modulation of many host signalling proteins across parasite development. Here we focus on the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-MET) and the MAP kinase pathway component B-Raf, providing a proof of concept that human signaling kinases identified as activated by malaria infection represent attractive targets for antimalarial intervention.

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  • 19. Ades, A. E.
    et al.
    Brickley, Elizabeth B.
    Alexander, Neal
    Brown, David
    Jaenisch, Thomas
    Miranda-Filho, Democrito de Barros
    Pohl, Moritz
    Rosenberger, Kerstin D.
    Soriano-Arandes, Antoni
    Thorne, Claire
    Ximenes, Ricardo Arraes de Alencar
    de Araujo, Thalia Velho Barreto
    Avelino-Silva, Vivian, I
    Bethencourt Castillo, Sarah Esperanza
    Borja Aburto, Victor Hugo
    Brasil, Patricia
    Christie, Celia D. C.
    de Souza, Wayner Vieira
    Gotuzzo, H. Jose Eduardo
    Hoen, Bruno
    Koopmans, Marion
    Martelli, Celina Maria Turchi
    Martins Teixeira, Mauro
    Marques, Ernesto T. A.
    Miranda, Maria Consuelo
    Montarroyos, Ulisses Ramos
    Moreira, Maria Elisabeth
    Morris, J. Glenn
    Rockx, Barry
    Saba Villarroel, Paola Mariela
    Soria Segarra, Carmen
    Tami, Adriana
    Turchi, Marilia Dalva
    Giaquinto, Carlo
    de Lamballerie, Xavier
    Wilder-Smith, Annelies
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Zika virus infection in pregnancy: a protocol for the joint analysis of the prospective cohort studies of the ZIKAlliance, ZikaPLAN and ZIKAction consortia2020In: BMJ Open, E-ISSN 2044-6055, Vol. 10, no 12, article id e035307Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnancy has been associated with microcephaly and severe neurological damage to the fetus. Our aim is to document the risks of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes and the prevalence of laboratory markers of congenital infection in deliveries to women experiencing ZIKV infection during pregnancy, using data from European Commission-funded prospective cohort studies in 20 centres in 11 countries across Latin America and the Caribbean.

    Methods and analysis: We will carry out a centre-by-centre analysis of the risks of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, comparing women with confirmed and suspected ZIKV infection in pregnancy to those with no evidence of infection in pregnancy. We will document the proportion of deliveries in which laboratory markers of congenital infection were present. Finally, we will investigate the associations of trimester of maternal infection in pregnancy, presence or absence of maternal symptoms of acute ZIKV infection and previous flavivirus infections with adverse outcomes and with markers of congenital infection. Centre-specific estimates will be pooled using a two-stage approach.

    Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval was obtained at each centre. Findings will be presented at international conferences and published in peer-reviewed open access journals and discussed with local public health officials and representatives of the national Ministries of Health, Pan American Health Organization and WHO involved with ZIKV prevention and control activities.

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  • 20. Adjuik, Martin A.
    et al.
    Allan, Richard
    Anvikar, Anupkumar R.
    Ashley, Elizabeth A.
    Ba, Mamadou S.
    Barennes, Hubert
    Barnes, Karen I.
    Bassat, Quique
    Baudin, Elisabeth
    Bjorkman, Anders
    Bompart, Francois
    Bonnet, Maryline
    Borrmann, Steffen
    Brasseur, Philippe
    Bukirwa, Hasifa
    Checchi, Francesco
    Cot, Michel
    Dahal, Prabin
    D'Alessandro, Umberto
    Deloron, Philippe
    Desai, Meghna
    Diap, Graciela
    Djimde, Abdoulaye A.
    Dorsey, Grant
    Doumbo, Ogobara K.
    Espie, Emmanuelle
    Etard, Jean-Francois
    Fanello, Caterina I.
    Faucher, Jean-Francois
    Faye, Babacar
    Flegg, Jennifer A.
    Gaye, Oumar
    Gething, Peter W.
    Gonzalez, Raquel
    Grandesso, Francesco
    Guerin, Philippe J.
    Guthmann, Jean-Paul
    Hamour, Sally
    Hasugian, Armedy Ronny
    Hay, Simon I.
    Humphreys, Georgina S.
    Jullien, Vincent
    Juma, Elizabeth
    Kamya, Moses R.
    Karema, Corine
    Kiechel, Jean R.
    Kremsner, Peter G.
    Krishna, Sanjeev
    Lameyre, Valerie
    Ibrahim, Laminou M.
    Lee, Sue J.
    Lell, Bertrand
    Martensson, Andreas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, Centrum för klinisk forskning i Sörmland (CKFD).
    Massougbodji, Achille
    Menan, Herve
    Menard, Didier
    Menendez, Clara
    Meremikwu, Martin
    Moreira, Clarissa
    Nabasumba, Carolyn
    Nambozi, Michael
    Ndiaye, Jean-Louis
    Nikiema, Frederic
    Nsanzabana, Christian
    Ntoumi, Francine
    Ogutu, Bernhards R.
    Olliaro, Piero
    Osorio, Lyda
    Ouedraogo, Jean-Bosco
    Penali, Louis K.
    Pene, Mbaye
    Pinoges, Loretxu
    Piola, Patrice
    Price, Ric N.
    Roper, Cally
    Rosenthal, Philip J.
    Rwagacondo, Claude Emile
    Same-Ekobo, Albert
    Schramm, Birgit
    Seck, Amadou
    Sharma, Bhawna
    Sibley, Carol Hopkins
    Sinou, Veronique
    Sirima, Sodiomon B.
    Smith, Jeffery J.
    Smithuis, Frank
    Some, Fabrice A.
    Sow, Doudou
    Staedke, Sarah G.
    Stepniewska, Kasia
    Swarthout, Todd D.
    Sylla, Khadime
    Talisuna, Ambrose O.
    Tarning, Joel
    Taylor, Walter R. J.
    Temu, Emmanuel A.
    Thwing, Julie I.
    Tjitra, Emiliana
    Tine, Roger C. K.
    Tinto, Halidou
    Vaillant, Michel T.
    Valecha, Neena
    Van den Broek, Ingrid
    White, Nicholas J.
    Yeka, Adoke
    Zongo, Issaka
    The effect of dosing strategies on the therapeutic efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine for uncomplicated malaria: a meta-analysis of individual patient data2015In: BMC Medicine, E-ISSN 1741-7015, Vol. 13, article id 66Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Artesunate-amodiaquine (AS-AQ) is one of the most widely used artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Africa. We investigated the impact of different dosing strategies on the efficacy of this combination for the treatment of falciparum malaria. Methods: Individual patient data from AS-AQ clinical trials were pooled using the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) standardised methodology. Risk factors for treatment failure were identified using a Cox regression model with shared frailty across study sites. Results: Forty-three studies representing 9,106 treatments from 1999-2012 were included in the analysis; 4,138 (45.4%) treatments were with a fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 30 mg/kg (FDC), 1,293 (14.2%) with a non-fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 25 mg/kg (loose NFDC-25), 2,418 (26.6%) with a non-fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 30 mg/kg (loose NFDC-30), and the remaining 1,257 (13.8%) with a co-blistered non-fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 30 mg/kg (co-blistered NFDC). The median dose of AQ administered was 32.1 mg/kg [IQR: 25.9-38.2], the highest dose being administered to patients treated with co-blistered NFDC (median = 35.3 mg/kg [IQR: 30.6-43.7]) and the lowest to those treated with loose NFDC-25 (median = 25.0 mg/kg [IQR: 22.7-25.0]). Patients treated with FDC received a median dose of 32.4 mg/kg [IQR: 27-39.0]. After adjusting for reinfections, the corrected antimalarial efficacy on day 28 after treatment was similar for co-blistered NFDC (97.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 97.0-98.8%]) and FDC (98.1% [95% CI: 97.6%-98.5%]; P = 0.799), but significantly lower for the loose NFDC-25 (93.4% [95% CI: 91.9%-94.9%]), and loose NFDC-30 (95.0% [95% CI: 94.1%-95.9%]) (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). After controlling for age, AQ dose, baseline parasitemia and region; treatment with loose NFDC-25 was associated with a 3.5-fold greater risk of recrudescence by day 28 (adjusted hazard ratio, AHR = 3.51 [95% CI: 2.02-6.12], P < 0.001) compared to FDC, and treatment with loose NFDC-30 was associated with a higher risk of recrudescence at only three sites. Conclusions: There was substantial variation in the total dose of amodiaquine administered in different AS-AQ combination regimens. Fixed dose AS-AQ combinations ensure optimal dosing and provide higher antimalarial treatment efficacy than the loose individual tablets in all age categories.

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  • 21. Adler, Sara
    et al.
    Widerström, Micael
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Lindh, Johan
    Lilja, Mikael
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Symptoms and risk factors of Cryptosporidium hominis infection in children: data from a large waterborne outbreak in Sweden2017In: Parasitology Research, ISSN 0932-0113, E-ISSN 1432-1955, Vol. 116, no 10, p. 2613-2618Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. In developing countries, this infection is endemic and in children, associated with growth faltering and cognitive function deficits, with the most severe impact on those aged <2 years. Little has been reported about symptoms and risk factors for children in industrialized countries, although the disease incidence is increasing in such regions. In November 2010, a large waterborne outbreak of C. hominis occurred in the city of Östersund in Sweden. Approximately 27,000 of the 60,000 inhabitants were symptomatic. We aimed to describe duration of symptoms and the risk factors for infection with C. hominis in children aged <15 years in a Western setting. Within 2 months after a boil water advisory, a questionnaire was sent to randomly selected inhabitants of all ages, including 753 children aged <15 years. Those with ≥3 loose stools/day were defined as cases of diarrhoea. The response rate was 70.3%, and 211 children (39.9%) fulfilled the case definition. Mean duration of diarrhoea was 7.5 days (median 6, range 1-80 days). Recurrence, defined as a new episode of diarrhoea after ≥2 days of normal stools, occurred in 52.5% of the cases. Significant risk factors for infection, besides living within the distribution area of the contaminated water plant, included a high level of water consumption, male sex, and a previous history of loose stools. The outbreak was characterized by high attack and recurrence rates, emphasizing the necessity of water surveillance to prevent future outbreaks.

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  • 22.
    Advani, Jayshree
    et al.
    Inst Bioinformat, Int Technol Pk, Bangalore, Karnataka, India;Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
    Verma, Renu
    Inst Bioinformat, Int Technol Pk, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
    Chatterjee, Oishi
    Inst Bioinformat, Int Technol Pk, Bangalore, Karnataka, India;Yenepoya, Yenepoya Res Ctr, Ctr Syst Biol & Mol Med, Univ Rd, Mangalore 575018, India;Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Sch Biotechnol, Kollam, India.
    Balaya, Rex Devasahayam Arokia
    Yenepoya, Yenepoya Res Ctr, Ctr Syst Biol & Mol Med, Univ Rd, Mangalore 575018, India.
    Najar, Mohd Altaf
    Yenepoya, Yenepoya Res Ctr, Ctr Syst Biol & Mol Med, Univ Rd, Mangalore 575018, India.
    Ravishankara, Namitha
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology. MS Ramaiah Inst Technol, Dept Biotechnol, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
    Suresh, Sneha
    MS Ramaiah Inst Technol, Dept Biotechnol, Bangalore, Karnataka, India;Univ Massachusetts Lowell, Dept Biol Sci, Lowell, MA USA.
    Pachori, Praveen Kumar
    ICMR Natl JALMA Inst Leprosy & Other Mycobacteria, Dept Microbiol & Mol Biol, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.
    Gupta, Umesh D.
    ICMR Natl JALMA Inst Leprosy & Other Mycobacteria, Dept Microbiol & Mol Biol, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.
    Pinto, Sneha M.
    Yenepoya, Yenepoya Res Ctr, Ctr Syst Biol & Mol Med, Univ Rd, Mangalore 575018, India.
    Chauhan, Devendra S.
    ICMR Natl JALMA Inst Leprosy & Other Mycobacteria, Dept Microbiol & Mol Biol, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.
    Tripathy, Srikanth Prasad
    ICMR Natl JALMA Inst Leprosy & Other Mycobacteria, Dept Microbiol & Mol Biol, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India;Natl Inst Res TB, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India.
    Gowda, Harsha
    Inst Bioinformat, Int Technol Pk, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
    Prasad, T. S. Keshava
    Inst Bioinformat, Int Technol Pk, Bangalore, Karnataka, India;Yenepoya, Yenepoya Res Ctr, Ctr Syst Biol & Mol Med, Univ Rd, Mangalore 575018, India.
    Rise of Clinical Microbial Proteogenomics: A Multiomics Approach to Nontuberculous Mycobacterium-The Case of Mycobacterium abscessus UC222018In: Omics, ISSN 1536-2310, E-ISSN 1557-8100, Vol. 23, no 1, p. 1-16Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) species present a major challenge for global health with serious clinical manifestations ranging from pulmonary to skin infections. Multiomics research and its applications toward clinical microbial proteogenomics offer veritable potentials in this context. For example, the Mycobacterium abscessus, a highly pathogenic NTM, causes bronchopulmonary infection and chronic pulmonary disease. The rough variant of the M. abscessus UC22 strain is extremely virulent and causes lung upper lobe fibrocavitary disease. Although several whole-genome next-generation sequencing studies have characterized the genes in the smooth variant of M. abscessus, a reference genome sequence for the rough variant was generated only recently and calls for further clinical applications. We carried out whole-genome sequencing and proteomic analysis for a clinical isolate of M. abscessus UC22 strain obtained from a pulmonary tuberculosis patient. We identified 5506 single-nucleotide variations (SNVs), 63 insertions, and 76 deletions compared with the reference genome. Using a high-resolution LC-MS/MS-based approach (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry), we obtained protein coding evidence for 3601 proteins, representing 71% of the total predicted genes in this genome. Application of proteogenomic approach further revealed seven novel protein-coding genes and enabled refinement of six computationally derived gene models. We also identified 30 variant peptides corresponding to 16 SNVs known to be associated with drug resistance. These new observations offer promise for clinical applications of microbial proteogenomics and next-generation sequencing, and provide a resource for future global health applications for NTM species.

  • 23. Affognon, H.
    et al.
    Mburu, P.
    Hassan, Osama Ahmed
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology.
    Kingori, S.
    Ahlm, C.
    Sang, R.
    Evander, M.
    Sociocultural differences affect Rift Valley fever exposureManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 24. Affognon, Hippolyte
    et al.
    Mburu, Peter
    Hassan, Osama Ahmed
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology.
    Kingori, Sarah
    Ahlm, Clas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases.
    Sang, Rosemary
    Evander, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology.
    Ethnic groups' knowledge, attitude and practices and Rift Valley fever exposure in Isiolo County of Kenya2017In: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, ISSN 1935-2727, E-ISSN 1935-2735, Vol. 11, no 3, article id e0005405Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging mosquito-borne viral hemorrhagic fever in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, affecting humans and livestock. For spread of infectious diseases, including RVF, knowledge, attitude and practices play an important role, and the understanding of the influence of behavior is crucial to improve prevention and control efforts. The objective of the study was to assess RVF exposure, in a multiethnic region in Kenya known to experience RVF outbreaks, from the behavior perspective. We investigated how communities in Isiolo County, Kenya were affected, in relation to their knowledge, attitude and practices, by the RVF outbreak of 2006/2007. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 698 households selected randomly from three different ethnic communities. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire regarding knowledge, attitudes and practices that could affect the spread of RVF. In addition, information was collected from the communities regarding the number of humans and livestock affected during the RVF outbreak. This study found that better knowledge about a specific disease does not always translate to better practices to avoid exposure to the disease. However, the high knowledge, attitude and practice score measured as a single index of the Maasai community may explain why they were less affected, compared to other investigated communities (Borana and Turkana), by RVF during the 2006/2007 outbreak. We conclude that RVF exposure in Isiolo County, Kenya during the outbreak was likely determined by the behavioral differences of different resident community groups. We then recommend that strategies to combat RVF should take into consideration behavioral differences among communities.

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  • 25. Afset, J. E.
    et al.
    Larssen, K. W.
    Bergh, K.
    Larkeryd, A.
    Sjodin, A.
    Johansson, Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology.
    Forsman, M.
    Phylogeographical pattern of Francisella tularensis in a nationwide outbreak of tularaemia in Norway, 20112015In: Eurosurveillance, ISSN 1025-496X, E-ISSN 1560-7917, Vol. 20, no 19, p. 9-14, article id 21125Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In 2011, a nationwide outbreak of tularaemia occurred in Norway with 180 recorded cases. It was associated with the largest peak in lemming density seen in 40 years. Francisella tularensis was isolated from 18 patients. To study the geographical distribution of F. tularensis genotypes in Norway and correlate genotype with epidemiology and clinical presentation, we performed whole genome sequencing of patient isolates. All 18 genomes from the outbreak carried genetic signatures of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica and were assigned to genetic clades using canonical single nucleotide polymorphisms. Ten isolates were assigned to major genetic clade B.6 (subclade B.7), seven to clade B.12, and one to clade B.4. The B.6 subclade B.7 was most common in southern and central Norway, while clade B.12 was evenly distributed between the southern, central and northern parts of the country. There was no association between genotype and clinical presentation of tularaemia, time of year or specimen type. We found extensive sequence similarity with F. tularensis subsp. holarctica genomes from high-endemic tularaemia areas in Sweden. Finding nearly identical genomes across large geographical distances in Norway and Sweden imply a life cycle of the bacterium without replication between the outbreaks and raise new questions about long-range migration mechanisms.

  • 26.
    Aganovic, A.
    et al.
    Arctic Univ Norway, Dept Automat & Proc Engn, Klokkargardsbakken 35, N-9019 Tromso, Norway.
    Cao, G.
    Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol NTNU, Dept Energy & Proc Engn, Trondheim, Norway.
    Fecer, T.
    Brno Univ Technol, Dept Comp Aided Engn & Comp Sci, Fac Civil Engn, Brno, Czech Republic.
    Ljungqvist, B.
    Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Lytsy, Birgitta
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology.
    Radtke, A.
    Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Clin & Mol Med, Trondheim, Norway.
    Reinmüller, B.
    Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Traversari, R.
    Netherlands Org Appl Sci Res, The Hague, Netherlands.
    Ventilation design conditions associated with airborne bacteria levels within the wound area during surgical procedures: a systematic review2021In: Journal of Hospital Infection, ISSN 0195-6701, E-ISSN 1532-2939, Vol. 113, p. 85-95Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Without confirmation of the ventilation design conditions (typology and airflow rate), the common practice of identifying unidirectional airflow (UDAF) systems as equivalent to ultra-clean air ventilation systems may be misleading, but also any claims about the ineffectiveness of UDAF systems should be doubted. The aim of this review was to assess and compare ventilation system design conditions for which ultra-clean air (mean <10 cfu/m3) within 50 cm from the wound has been reported. Six medical databases were systematically searched to identify and select studies reporting intraoperative airborne levels expressed as cfu/m3 close to the wound site, and ventilation system design conditions. Available data on confounding factors such as the number of persons present in the operating room, number of door openings, and clothing material were also included. Predictors for achieving mean airborne bacteria levels within <10 cfu/m3 were identified using a penalized multivariate logistic regression model. Twelve studies met the eligibility criteria and were included for analysis. UDAF systems considered had significantly higher air volume flows compared with turbulent ventilation (TV) systems considered. Ultra-clean environments were reported in all UDAF-ventilated (N = 7) rooms compared with four of 11 operating rooms equipped with TV. On multivariate analysis, the total number of air exchange rates (P=0.019; odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66–0.96) and type of clothing material (P=0.031; OR 95% CI: 0.01–0.71) were significantly associated with achieving mean levels of airborne bacteria <10 cfu/m3. High-volume UDAF systems complying with DIN 1946-4:2008 standards for the airflow rate and ceiling diffuser size unconditionally achieve ultra-clean air close to the wound site. In conclusion, the studied articles demonstrate that high-volume UDAF systems perform as ultra-clean air systems and are superior to TV systems in reducing airborne bacteria levels close to the wound site.

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  • 27.
    Agerhäll, Martin
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology.
    Henrikson, Martin
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology.
    Johansson Söderberg, Jenny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine).
    Sellin, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Tano, Krister
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology.
    Gylfe, Åsa
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Berggren, Diana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology.
    High prevalence of pharyngeal bacterial pathogens among healthy adolescents and young adults2021In: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica (APMIS), ISSN 0903-4641, E-ISSN 1600-0463, Vol. 129, no 12, p. 711-716Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The pharyngeal mucosa can be colonized with bacteria that have potential to cause pharyngotonsillitis. By the use of culturing techniques and PCR, we aimed to assess the prevalence of bacterial pharyngeal pathogens among healthy adolescents and young adults. We performed a cross-sectional study in a community-based cohort of 217 healthy individuals between 16 and 25 years of age. Samples were analyzed for Group A streptococci (GAS), Group C/G streptococci (SDSE), Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Compared to culturing, the PCR method resulted in more frequent detection, albeit in most cases with low levels of DNA, of GAS (20/217 vs. 5/217; p < 0.01) and F. necrophorum (20/217 vs. 8/217; p < 0.01). Culturing and PCR yielded similar rates of SDSE detection (14/217 vs. 12/217; p = 0.73). Arcanobacterium haemolyticum was rarely detected (3/217), and only by PCR. Overall, in 25.3% (55/217) of these healthy adolescents and young adults at least one of these pathogens was detected, a rate that is higher than previously described. Further studies are needed before clinical adoption of PCR-based detection methods for pharyngeal bacterial pathogens, as our findings suggest a high incidence of asymptomatic carriage among adolescents and young adults without throat infections.

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  • 28.
    Aguado, J. M.
    et al.
    Univ Hosp 12 Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
    Anttila, V. J.
    Univ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finlan; Helsinki Univ Hosp, Helsinki, Finland.
    Galperine, T.
    Hop Claude Huriez, Lille, France.
    Goldenberg, S. D.
    Ctr Clin Infect & Diagnost Res, Guys & St Thomas NHS Fdn Trust, London, England; Kings Coll London, London, England.
    Gwynn, S.
    Triducive Ltd, St Albans, England.
    Jenkins, D.
    Univ Hosp Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, England.
    Norén, Torbjörn
    Örebro University Hospital.
    Petrosillo, N.
    Natl Inst Infect Dis, Rome, Italy.
    Seifert, H.
    Inst Med Microbiol Immunol & Hyg, Univ Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
    Stallmach, A.
    Dept Internal Med 4, Univ Klinikum Jena, Jena, Germany.
    Warren, T.
    Triducive Ltd, St Albans, England.
    Wenisch, C.
    Sud Kaiser Franz Josef Spital, Vienna, Austria.
    Highlighting clinical needs in Clostridium difficile infection: the views of European healthcare professionals at the front line2015In: Journal of Hospital Infection, ISSN 0195-6701, E-ISSN 1532-2939, Vol. 90, no 2, p. 117-125Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhoea in Europe. Despite increased focus, its incidence and severity are increasing in many European countries. Aim: We developed a series of consensus statements to identify unmet clinical needs in the recognition and management of CDI. Methods: A consortium of European experts prepared a series of 29 statements representing their collective views on the diagnosis and management of CDI in Europe. The statements were grouped into the following six broad themes: diagnosis; definitions of severity; treatment failure, recurrence and its consequences; infection prevention and control interventions; education and antimicrobial stewardship; and National CDI clinical guidance and policy. These statements were reviewed using questionnaires by 1047 clinicians involved in managing CDI, who indicated their level of agreement with each statement. Findings: Levels of agreement exceeded the 66% threshold for consensus for 27 out of 29 statements (93.1%), indicating strong support. Variance between countries and specialties was analysed and showed strong alignment with the overall consensus scores. Conclusion: Based on the consensus scores of the respondent group, recommendations are suggested for the further development of CDI services in order to reduce transmission and recurrence and to ensure that appropriate diagnosis and treatment strategies are applied across all healthcare settings.

  • 29.
    Ahle, Margareta
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Radiological Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Linköping.
    Magnusson, Amanda
    Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Elfvin, Anders
    Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Andersson, Roland
    Department of Surgery, County Hospital Ryhov, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Space-time clustering of necrotizing enterocolitis supports the existence of transmissible causes.2017Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Problem Statement: Despite great efforts to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) the incidence may in fact be increasing, and changes in the patient population over time seem to lead to changes in clinical presentation and risk factor spectrum as well. The presence of bacteria is an important prerequisite in the pathogenesis, but, rather than being caused by specific pathogens, inflammation and bacterial invasion are thought to be mediated through erroneous interaction between microbiota and innate immunity during colonization of the gut. There are, however, reports of episodic outbreaks of NEC, seasonal variation in incident rates, and clustering, suggesting a role for transmissible infectious agents or other environmental factors around the pregnant mother or newborn infant. In order to investigate evidence for such factors we have analyzed the occurrence of space-time clusters in Sweden over 23 years. Methods: A national register-based cohort of all children born between 1987 and 2009 in Sweden, diagnosed with NEC, was identified. The Knox test and Kulldorff’s scan method were used to analyze signs of space-time clusters at two geographical levels; the mother’s residential address and the delivery hospital. Time windows of seven, 14 and 21 days were used for closeness in time. Results: The Knox test showed clustering on hospital level in all studied temporal windows; seven days (p=0.022) 14 days (p=0.011) and 21 days (p=0.006), and Kulldorff’s scan method found seven significant clusters. On residential level, there was no indication of space-time interaction. When comparing two time periods, significant clustering on hospital level was found during 1987-1997, but not during 1998-2009. Conclusion: Space-time clustering was found on hospital level, but not on community level, suggesting a contagious environmental effect at and after delivery but not in the materno-fetal environment outside the hospital before birth. The decrease in clustering over time suggests that improved routines in neonatal care have minimized the risk of NEC precipitating contagions spreading between patients in the neonatal intensive care unit. The importance of such routines should not be forgotten while our efforts to bring down NEC incidence are directed towards other challenges.

  • 30.
    Ahlinder, J.
    et al.
    FOI, Swedish Def Res Agcy, CBRN Def & Secur, Umeå, Sweden..
    Svedberg, A-L
    Reg Norrbotten, Dept Infect Control, Luleå, Sweden..
    Nystedt, A.
    Reg Norrbotten, Dept Infect Control, Luleå, Sweden..
    Dryselius, R.
    Natl Food Agcy, Dept Biol, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Jacobsson, K.
    Natl Food Agcy, Dept Biol, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Hägglund, M.
    Clin Genom Facil, Dept Microbiol Tumor & Cell Biol, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Brindefalk, B.
    FOI, Swedish Def Res Agcy, CBRN Def & Secur, Umeå, Sweden..
    Forsman, M.
    FOI, Swedish Def Res Agcy, CBRN Def & Secur, Umeå, Sweden..
    Ottoson, J.
    Natl Food Agcy, Dept Risk & Benefit Assessment, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Troell, Karin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology. Natl Vet Inst, Dept Microbiol, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Use of metagenomic microbial source tracking to investigate the source of a foodborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis2022In: FOOD AND WATERBORNE PARASITOLOGY, ISSN 2405-6766, Vol. 26, article id e00142Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite of global public health importance that causes gastroenteritis in a variety of vertebrate hosts, with many human outbreaks reported yearly, often from ingestion of contaminated water or food. Despite the major public health implications, little is typically known about sources of contamination of disease outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium. Here, we study a national foodborne outbreak resulted from infection with Cryptosporidium parvum via romaine lettuce, with the main goal to trace the source of the parasite. To do so, we combined traditional outbreak investigation methods with molecular detection and characterization methods (i.e. PCR based typing, amplicon and shotgun sequencing) of romaine lettuce samples collected at the same farm from which the contaminated food was produced. Using 18S rRNA typing, we detected C. parvum in two out of three lettuce samples, which was supported by detections in the metagenome analysis. Microbial source tracking analysis of the lettuce samples suggested sewage water as a likely source of the contamination, albeit with some uncertainty. In addition, the high degree of overlap in bacterial species content with a public human gut microbial database corroborated the source tracking results. The combination of traditional and molecular based methods applied here is a promising tool for future source tracking investigations of food- and waterborne outbreaks of Cryptosporidium spp. and can help to control and mitigate contamination risks.

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  • 31.
    Ahlm, Clas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases.
    Distribution of puumala virus in Sweden1997Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Puumala virus, belonging to the genus hantavirus, is the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica (NE), a relatively mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Puumala virus occurs endemically in Central and Northern Europe and Western Russia. In Sweden, NE is reported from the northern and central parts but virtually not at all from the southern part of the country. The bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) is the main reservoir of Puumala virus and humans are infected by inhalation of aerosolized animal secreta. In northern Sweden, the density of the bank vole population varies cyclically in intervals of 3-4 years and the incidence of NE shows a covariation.

    The prevalence of serum antibodies to hantaviruses in northern Sweden was studied in a stratified and randomly selected adult population sample comprising 1538 subjects. As expected, the prevalence increased with age. There was no difference between men and women, which was unexpected based on a male:female ratio of > 2:1 in clinical reports. By use of an immunofiuorescent assay, a seroprevalence of 5.4% and by a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant Puumala virus nucleocapsid protein as antigen, a prevalence of 8.9% was recorded. This is about or more than ten times higher than what would be calculated from clinical reports.

    By use of the ELISA, an occupational risk of acquisition of Puumala virus infection was demonstrated. Serum samples from 910 farmers and 663 referent subjects living in various rural parts of Sweden were tested. Among farmers from the Puumala virus-endemic northern and central parts of the country, the seroprevalence (12.9%) was higher (p=0.01) than in referents (6.8%). In the southern part of Sweden, only 2/459 persons had antibodies. Only a limited number of children with NE had been previously reported. In a separate study, 32 children with Puumala virus infection were identified and the clinical picture of NE in children was found to be similar to that of adult cases.

    Variations in the prevalence of Puumala virus in the bank vole population within an endemic region are not well known. Here, a higher mean rodent density and a higher prevalence of Puumala virus-specific serum antibodies were recorded in the vicinity of households afflicted with NE than in rural control areas. The data indicated that the risk of exposure locally within an endemic region may vary widely and tentatively suggested that a threshold density of bank voles might be necessary to achieve before effective spread of Puumala virus within the rodent population may occur.

    There is no firm evidence of the occurrence of Puumala virus among wild living animals other than rodents. A study of Swedish moose, an animal which is ecologically well characterized, was performed. Convincing evidence of past Puumala virus infection was found in 5/260 moose originating from Puumala virus-endemic areas but in none of 167 animals from nonendemic areas. Based on the low seroprevalence recorded, moose seemed to serve as endstage hosts rather than being active parts of the enzootic circle of transmission.

    In conclusion, the present investigations confirmed that the exposure to Puumala virus is geographically well restricted in Sweden. Seroprevalence studies indicated that only a minor proportion of individuals infected with Puumala virus are clinically reported, with a bias in favour of men. NE was confirmed to occur in children, with a clinical picture similar to that of adults. An occupational risk was defined for acquisition of Puumala virus infection. Studies in rodents suggested that there may be wide local variations within a limited area in the risk of exposure to Puumala virus. The studies validated the usefulness of a newly developed ELISA based on recombinant nucleocapsid peptides of hantaviruses and finally, methodological progress was reached when Puumala virus was, for the first time, successfully isolated from a Scandinavian patient.

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  • 32.
    Ahlm, Clas
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases.
    Eliasson, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Vapalahti, O.
    University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory, Finland.
    Evander, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology.
    Seroprevalence of Sindbis virus and associated risk factors in northern Sweden2014In: Epidemiology and Infection, ISSN 0950-2688, E-ISSN 1469-4409, Vol. 142, no 7, p. 1559-1565Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mosquito-borne Sindbis virus (SINV) cause disease characterized by rash, fever and arthritis which often leads to long-lasting arthralgia. To determine the seroprevalence of SINV and associated risk factors in northern Sweden, a randomly selected population aged between 25 and 74 years were invited to join the MONICA study. Serum from 1611 samples were analysed for specific IgG antibodies. Overall, 2·9% had IgG against SINV. More men (3·7%) than women (2·0%) were SINV seropositive (P = 0·047) and it was more common in subjects with a lower educational level (P = 0·013) and living in small, rural communities (P < 0·001). Seropositivity was associated with higher waist circumference (P = 0·1), elevated diastolic blood pressure (P = 0·037), and history of a previous stroke (P = 0·011). In a multiple logistic regression analysis, adjusting for known risk factors for stroke, seropositivity for SINV was an independent predictor of having had a stroke (odds ratio 4·3, 95% confidence interval 1·4–13·0,P = 0·011).

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  • 33.
    Ahlstrand, Erik
    et al.
    Örebro University Hospital. Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences. Department of Medicine.
    Cajander, Sara
    Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences. Örebro University Hospital. Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Cajander, Per
    Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences. Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care.
    Ingberg, Edvin
    Faculty of Medicine and Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Löf, Erika
    Department of Infectious Diseases, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Wegener, Matthias
    Department of Radiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Lidén, Mats
    Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences. Örebro University Hospital. Department of Radiology.
    Visual scoring of chest CT at hospital admission predicts hospitalization time and intensive care admission in Covid-192021In: Infectious Diseases, ISSN 2374-4235, E-ISSN 2374-4243, Vol. 53, no 8, p. 622-632Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Chest CT is prognostic in Covid-19 but there is a lack of consensus on how to report the CT findings. A chest CT scoring system, ÖCoS, was implemented in clinical routine on 1 April 2020, in Örebro Region, Sweden. The ÖCoS-severity score measures the extent of lung involvement. The objective of the study was to evaluate the ÖCoS scores as predictors of the clinical course of Covid-19.

    METHODS: Population based study including data from all hospitalized patients with Covid-19 in Örebro Region during March to July 2020. We evaluated the correlations between CT scores at the time of admission to hospital and intensive care in relation to hospital and intensive care length of stay (LoS), intensive care admission and death. C-reactive protein and lymphocyte count were included as covariates in multivariate regression analyses.

    RESULTS: In 381 included patients, the ÖCoS-severity score at admission closely correlated to hospital length of stay, and intensive care admission or death. At admission to intensive care, the ÖCoS-severity score correlated with intensive care length of stay. The ÖCoS-severity score was superior to basic inflammatory biomarkers in predicting clinical outcomes.

    CONCLUSION: Chest CT visual scoring at admission to hospital predicted the clinical course of Covid-19 pneumonia.

  • 34.
    Ahlstrand, Erik
    et al.
    Örebro University, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden. Örebro University Hospital. Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Hellmark, Bengt
    Örebro University Hospital. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Svensson, Karolina
    Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Söderquist, Bo
    Örebro University, School of Medicine, Örebro University, Sweden. Örebro University Hospital. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Long-term molecular epidemiology of staphylococcus epidermidis blood culture isolates from patients with hematological malignancies2014In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 9, no 6, article id e99045Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Staphylococcus epidermidis is an important cause of bloodstream infections in patients with hematological malignancies. Knowledge of the long-term epidemiology of these infections is limited. We surveyed all S. epidermidis blood culture isolates from patients treated for hematological malignancies at the University Hospital of Orebro, Sweden from 1980 to 2009. A total of 373 S. epidermidis isolates were identified and multilocus sequence typing, staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) typing and standard antibiotic susceptibility testing were employed to characterize these isolates. The majority of the isolates 361/373 (97%) belonged to clonal complex 2, and the 373 isolates were divided into 45 sequence types (STs); Simpson's Diversity Index was 0.56. The most prevalent STs were ST2 (243/373, 65%) and ST215 (28/373, 8%). Ninety three percent (226/243) of the ST2 isolates displayed either SCCmec type III or IV. ST2 and 215 were isolated during the entire study period, and together these STs caused temporal peaks in the number of positive blood cultures of S. epidermidis. Methicillin resistance was detected in 213/273 (78%) of all isolates. In the two predominating STs, ST2 and ST215, methicillin resistance was detected in 256/271 isolates (95%), compared with 34/100 (34%) in other STs (p<0.001). In conclusion, in this long-term study of patients with hematological malignancies, we demonstrate a predominance of methicillin-resistant ST2 among S. epidermidis blood culture isolates.

  • 35.
    Ahlstrand, Erik
    et al.
    Örebro University, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden. Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine,Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Persson, Lennart
    Department of Infectious Diseases, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Tidefelt, Ulf
    Örebro University, School of Medicine, Örebro University, Sweden. Department of Infectious Diseases, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Söderquist, Bo
    Örebro University, School of Medicine, Örebro University, Sweden. Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
    Alteration of the colonization pattern of coagulase-negative staphylococci in patients undergoing treatment for hematological malignancy2012In: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, ISSN 0934-9723, E-ISSN 1435-4373, Vol. 31, no 7, p. 1679-1687Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim was to prospectively describe the colonization pattern of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and the relationship between colonizing and invasive CoNS isolates among patients undergoing treatment for hematological malignancy. Fourteen newly diagnosed patients were included with either multiple myeloma or acute leukemia. Patients were repeatedly sampled from nares, throat, axillae, and perineum, and the CoNS isolates obtained were phenotypically characterized together with blood isolates of CoNS using the PhenePlate system (PhP). During the treatment a gradual reduction in the heterogeneity of colonizing CoNS was observed as well as an inter-patient accumulation of phenotypically related and multi-drug-resistant CoNS. These clusters of CoNS persisted for 2–3 months after the end of therapy. Ten positive blood cultures of CoNS were obtained and in the majority of these cases CoNS of the same PhP type were found in superficial cultures collected prior to the blood culture sampling. In conclusion, the study shows that therapy for hematological malignancy is associated with a homogenization of colonizing CoNS isolates and that this acquired flora of CoNS is persistent several months after the end of therapy. Furthermore, the results suggest that the source of bloodstream infections of CoNS in hematological patients is colonizing CoNS of the skin and mucosa.

  • 36.
    Ahlstrom, Christina A.
    et al.
    US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA.
    Bonnedahl, Jonas
    Linkoping Univ, Dept Clin & Expt Med, Linkoping, Sweden;Kalmar Cty Council, Dept Infect Dis, Kalmar, Sweden.
    Woksepp, Hanna
    Kalmar Cty Hosp, Res Sect, Dept Dev & Publ Hlth, Kalmar, Sweden.
    Hernandez, Jorge
    Kalmar Cty Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, Kalmar, Sweden.
    Reed, John A.
    US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA.
    Tibbitts, Lee
    US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA.
    Olsen, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infection medicine.
    Douglas, David C.
    US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Juneau, AK USA.
    Ramey, Andrew M.
    US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA.
    Satellite tracking of gulls and genomic characterization of faecal bacteria reveals environmentally mediated acquisition and dispersal of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska2019In: Molecular Ecology, ISSN 0962-1083, E-ISSN 1365-294X, Vol. 28, no 10, p. 2531-2545Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Gulls (Larus spp.) have frequently been reported to carry Escherichia coli exhibiting antimicrobial resistance (AMR E. coli); however, the pathways governing the acquisition and dispersal of such bacteria are not well described. We equipped 17 landfill-foraging gulls with satellite transmitters and collected gull faecal samples longitudinally from four locations on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska to assess: (a) gull attendance and transitions between sites, (b) spatiotemporal prevalence of faecally shed AMR E. coli, and (c) genomic relatedness of AMR E. coli isolates among sites. We also sampled Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) harvested as part of personal-use dipnet fisheries at two sites to assess potential contamination with AMR E. coli. Among our study sites, marked gulls most commonly occupied the lower Kenai River (61% of site locations) followed by the Soldotna landfill (11%), lower Kasilof River (5%) and upper Kenai River (<1%). Gulls primarily moved between the Soldotna landfill and the lower Kenai River (94% of transitions among sites), which were also the two locations with the highest prevalence of AMR E. coli. There was relatively high spatial and temporal variability in AMR E. coli prevalence in gull faeces and there was no evidence of contamination on salmon harvested in personal-use fisheries. We identified E. coli sequence types and AMR genes of clinical importance, with some isolates possessing genes associated with resistance to as many as eight antibiotic classes. Our findings suggest that gulls acquire AMR E. coli at habitats with anthropogenic inputs and subsequent movements may represent pathways through which AMR is dispersed.

  • 37.
    Ahlstrom, Christina A.
    et al.
    US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA..
    Woksepp, Hanna
    Kalmar Cty Hosp, Dept Dev & Publ Hlth, S-39185 Kalmar, Sweden.;Linnaeus Univ, Dept Med & Optometry, S-39185 Kalmar, Sweden..
    Sandegren, Linus
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Mohsin, Mashkoor
    Univ Agr Faisalabad, Inst Microbiol, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan..
    Hasan, Badrul
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology. Anim Bacteriol Sect, Anim Bacteriol Sect Microbial Sci Pests & Dis, Bundoora, Vic, Australia..
    Muzyka, Denys
    Inst Expt & Clin Vet Med, Natl Sci Ctr, UA-61023 Kharkiv, Ukraine..
    Hernandez, Jorge
    Kalmar Cty Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, SE-39185 Kalmar, Sweden..
    Aguirre, Filip
    Kalmar Cty Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, SE-39185 Kalmar, Sweden..
    Tok, Atalay
    Uppsala Univ, Dept Med Sci, Zoonosis Sci Ctr, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden..
    Soderman, Jan
    Linköping Univ, Dept Clin & Expt Med, Lab Med, Linköping, Sweden..
    Olsen, Björn
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences.
    Ramey, Andrew M.
    US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 4210 Univ Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA..
    Bonnedahl, Jonas
    Linköping Univ, Dept Biomed & Clin Sci, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden.;Region Kalmar Cty, Dept Infect Dis, S-39185 Kalmar, Sweden..
    Genomically diverse carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae fromwild birds provide insight into global patterns of spatiotemporal dissemination2022In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026, Vol. 824, article id 153632Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are a threat to public health globally, yet the role of the environment in the epidemiology of CRE remains elusive. Given that wild birds can acquire CRE, likely from foraging in anthropogenically impacted areas, and may aid in the maintenance and dissemination of CRE in the environment, a spatiotemporal comparison of isolates from different regions and timepoints may be useful for elucidating epidemiological information. Thus, we characterized the genomic diversity of CRE from fecal samples opportunistically collected from gulls (Larus spp.) inhabiting Alaska (USA), Chile, Spain, Turkey, and Ukraine and from black kites (Milvus migrans) sampled in Pakistan and assessed evidence for spatiotemporal patterns of dissemination. Within and among sampling locations, a high diversity of carbapenemases was found, including Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM), oxacillinase (OXA), and Verona integron Metallo beta-lactamase (VIM). Although the majority of genomic comparisons among samples did not provide evidence for spatial dissemination, we did find strong evidence for dissemination among Alaska, Spain, and Turkey. We also found strong evidence for temporal dissemination among samples collected in Alaska and Pakistan, though the majority of CRE clones were transitory and were not repeatedly detected among locations where samples were collected longitudinally. Carbapenemase-producing hypervirulent K. pneumoniae was isolated from gulls in Spain and Ukraine and some isolates harbored antimicrobial resistance genes conferring resistance to up to 10 different antibiotic classes, including colistin. Our results are consistent with local acquisition of CRE by wild birds with spatial dissemination influenced by intermediary transmission routes, likely involving humans. Furthermore, our results support the premise that anthropogenicallyassociated wild birds may be good sentinels for understanding the burden of clinically-relevant antimicrobial resistance in the local human population.

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  • 38.
    Ahsan, Umaira
    et al.
    Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
    Mushtaq, Fizza
    Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
    Saleem, Sidrah
    Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
    Malik, Abdul
    Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
    Sarfaraz, Hira
    Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
    Shahzad, Muhammad
    Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
    Uhlin, Bernt Eric
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine).
    Ahmad, Irfan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine). Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
    Emergence of high colistin resistance in carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Pakistan and its potential management through immunomodulatory effect of an extract from Saussurea lappa2022In: Frontiers in Pharmacology, E-ISSN 1663-9812, Vol. 13, article id 986802Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as one of the most difficult to treat nosocomial bacterial infections in recent years. It was one of the major causes of secondary infections in Covid-19 patients in developing countries. The polycationic polypeptide antibiotic colistin is used as a last resort drug to treat carbapenem resistant A. baumannii infections. Therefore, resistance to colistin is considered as a serious medical threat. The purpose of this study was to assess the current status of colistin resistance in Pakistan, a country where carbapenem resistant A. bumannii infections are endemic, to understand the impact of colistin resistance on virulence in mice and to assess alternative strategies to treat such infections. Out of 150 isolates collected from five hospitals in Pakistan during 2019–20, 84% were carbapenem resistant and 7.3% were additionally resistant to colistin. There were two isolates resistant to all tested antibiotics and 83% of colistin resistant isolates were susceptible to only tetracycline family drugs doxycycline and minocycline. Doxycycline exhibited a synergetic bactericidal effect with colistin even in colistin resistant isolates. Exposure of A. baumannii 17978 to sub inhibitory concentrations of colistin identified novel point mutations associated with colistin resistance. Colistin tolerance acquired independent of mutations in lpxA, lpxB, lpxC, lpxD, and pmrAB supressed the proinflammatory immune response in epithelial cells and the virulence in a mouse infection model. Moreover, the oral administration of water extract of Saussuria lappa, although not showing antimicrobial activity against A. baumannii in vitro, lowered the number of colonizing bacteria in liver, spleen and lung of the mouse model and also lowered the levels of neutrophils and interleukin 8 in mice. Our findings suggest that the S. lappa extract exhibits an immunomodulatory effect with potential to reduce and cure systemic infections by both opaque and translucent colony variants of A. baumannii.

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  • 39.
    Akaberi, Dario
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology. Uppsala Univ, Zoonosis Sci Ctr, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Bahlstrom, Amanda
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Discovery.
    Chinthakindi, Praveen K.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Discovery.
    Nyman, Tomas
    Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Biochem & Biophys, Prot Sci Facil, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Sandström, Anja
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Discovery.
    Järhult, Josef D.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences. Uppsala Univ, Zoonosis Sci Ctr, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Palanisamy, Navaneethan
    Univ Freiburg, Inst Biol 2, Freiburg, Germany..
    Lundkvist, Åke
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology. Uppsala Univ, Zoonosis Sci Ctr, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Lennerstrand, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology.
    Targeting the NS2B-NS3 protease of tick-borne encephalitis virus with pan-flaviviral protease inhibitors2021In: Antiviral Research, ISSN 0166-3542, E-ISSN 1872-9096, Vol. 190, article id 105074Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a severe neurological disorder caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the Flavivirus genus. Currently, two vaccines are available in Europe against TBEV. However, TBE cases have been rising in Sweden for the past twenty years, and thousands of cases are reported in Europe, emphasizing the need for antiviral treatments against this virus. The NS2B-NS3 protease is essential for flaviviral life cycle and has been studied as a target for the design of inhibitors against several well-known flaviviruses, but not TBEV. In the present study, Compound 86, a known tripeptidic inhibitor of dengue (DENV), West Nile (WNV) and Zika (ZIKV) proteases, was predicted to be active against TBEV protease using a combination of in silico techniques. Further, Compound 86 was found to inhibit recombinant TBEV protease with an IC50 = 0.92 mu M in the in vitro enzymatic assay. Additionally, two more peptidic analogues were synthetized and they displayed inhibitory activities against both TBEV and ZIKV proteases. In particular, Compound 104 inhibited ZIKV protease with an IC50 = 0.25 mu M. These compounds represent the first reported inhibitors of TBEV protease to date and provides valuable information for the further development of TBEV as well as pan-flavivirus protease inhibitors.

  • 40.
    Akaberi, Dario
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Krambrich, Janina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Ling, Jiaxin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Chen, Luni
    Department of Microbiology and Tumour and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.
    Hedenstierna, Göran
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology.
    Järhult, Josef D.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences.
    Lennerstrand, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology.
    Lundkvist, Åke
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Mitigation of the replication of SARS-CoV-2 by nitric oxide in vitro2020In: Redox Biology, E-ISSN 2213-2317, Vol. 37, article id 101734Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is a global public health emergency posing a high burden on nations' health care systems and economies. Despite the great effort put in the development of vaccines and specific treatments, no prophylaxis or effective therapeutics are currently available. Nitric oxide (NO) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial and a potent vasodilator that has proved to be effective in reducing SARS-CoV replication and hypoxia in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Given the potential of NO as treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection, we have evaluated the in vitro antiviral effect of NO on SARS-CoV-2 replication. The NO-donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) had a dose dependent inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2 replication, while the non S-nitrosated NAP was not active, as expected. Although the viral replication was not completely abolished (at 200 μM and 400 μM), SNAP delayed or completely prevented the development of viral cytopathic effect in treated cells, and the observed protective effect correlated with the level of inhibition of the viral replication. The capacity of the NO released from SNAP to covalently bind and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3CL recombinant protease in vitro was also tested. The observed reduction in SARS-CoV-2 protease activity was consistent with S-nitrosation of the enzyme active site cysteine.

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  • 41.
    Akaberi, Dario
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Pourghasemi Lati, Monireh
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry.
    Krambrich, Janina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Berger, Julia
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology.
    Turunen, Pauliina
    Science for Life Laboratory, Human Antibody Therapeutics, Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Solna, Sweden.
    Gullberg, Hjalmar
    Science for Life Laboratory, Biochemical and Cellular Assay Facility, Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Moche, Martin
    Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Protein Science Facility, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Chinthakindi, Praveen Kumar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Discovery.
    Nyman, Tomas
    Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Protein Science Facility, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Sandström, Anja
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Discovery.
    Järhult, Josef D.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infection medicine.
    Sandberg, Kristian
    Uppsala University, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.
    Lundkvist, Åke
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Verho, Oscar
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Discovery.
    Lennerstrand, Johan
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology.
    Identification of unique and potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease from DNA-encoded chemical librariesManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 42.
    Akerlund, Anna
    et al.
    Div Clin Microbiol, Lab Med, Jönköping, Region Jonkopin, Sweden.;Linköping Univ, Dept Clin & Expt Med, Linköping, Sweden.;Linköping Univ Hosp, Dept Clin & Expt Med, Div Clin Microbiol, Linköping, Sweden..
    Petropoulos, Alexandros
    Karolinska Inst, Dept Microbiol Tumour & Cell Biol, Stockholm, Sweden.;Karolinska Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Malmros, Karin
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences.
    Tängdén, Thomas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infection medicine.
    Giske, Christian G.
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, Stockholm, Sweden.;Karolinska Inst, Dept Lab Med, Div Clin Microbiol, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Blood culture diagnostics: a Nordic multicentre survey comparison of practices in clinical microbiology laboratories2022In: Clinical Microbiology and Infection, ISSN 1198-743X, E-ISSN 1469-0691, Vol. 28, no 5Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives: Accurate and rapid microbiological diagnostics are crucial to tailor treatment and improve outcomes in patients with severe infections. This study aimed to assess blood culture diagnostics in the Nordic countries and to compare them with those of a previous survey conducted in Sweden in 2013. Methods: An online questionnaire was designed and distributed to the Nordic clinical microbiology laboratories (CMLs) (n = 76) in January 2018. Results: The response rate was 64% (49/76). Around-the-clock incubation of blood cultures (BCs) was supported in 82% of the CMLs (40/49), although in six of these access to the incubators around the clock was not given to all of the cabinets in the catchment area, and 41% of the sites (20/49) did not assist with satellite incubators. Almost half (49%, 24/49) of the CMLs offered opening hours for >= 10 h during weekdays, more commonly in CMLs with an annual output >= 30 000 BCs. Still, positive BCs were left unprocessed for 60-70% of the day due to restrictive opening hours. Treatment advice was given by 23% of CMLs (11/48) in >= 75% of the phone contacts. Rapid analyses (species identification and susceptibility testing with short incubation), performed on aliquots from positive cultures, were implemented in 18% of CMLs (9/49). Compared to 2013, species identification from subcultured colonies (<6 h) had become more common. Conclusions: CMLs have taken action to improve aspects of BC diagnostics, implementing satellite incubators, rapid species identification and susceptibility testing. However, the limited opening hours and availability of clinical microbiologists are confining the advantages of these changes. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

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  • 43.
    Akhtar, Zubair
    et al.
    Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDRB, Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh.
    Chowdhury, Fahmida
    Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDRB, Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh.
    Aleem, Mohammad Abdul
    Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDRB, Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh; Biosecurity Research Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
    Ghosh, Probir Kumar
    Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDRB, Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh.
    Rahman, Mahmudur
    Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDRB, Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh.
    Rahman, Mustafizur
    Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDRB, Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh.
    Hossain, Mohammad Enayet
    Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDRB, Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh.
    Sumiya, Mariya Kibtiya
    Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDRB, Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh.
    Islam, A. K. M. Monwarul
    Department of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Dhaka (NICVD), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
    Uddin, Mir Jamal
    Department of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Dhaka (NICVD), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
    MacIntyre, C. Raina
    Biosecurity Research Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
    Cajander, Sara
    Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences. Örebro University Hospital. Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Fröbert, Ole
    Department of Cardiology, Örebro University Hospital, Orebro, Swede.
    Undiagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcome in patients with acute MI and no COVID-19 symptoms2021In: Open heart, E-ISSN 2053-3624, Vol. 8, no 1, article id e001617Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the prevalence and outcome of occult infection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza in patients presenting with myocardial infarction (MI) without COVID-19 symptoms.

    METHODS: We conducted an observational study from 28 June to 11 August 2020, enrolling patients admitted to the National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, with ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) or non-ST-segment elevation MI who did not meet WHO criteria for suspected COVID-19. Samples were collected by nasopharyngeal swab to test for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. We followed up patients at 3 months (13 weeks) postadmission to record adverse cardiovascular outcomes: all-cause death, new MI, heart failure and new percutaneous coronary intervention or stent thrombosis. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method.

    RESULTS: We enrolled 280 patients with MI, 79% male, mean age 54.5±11.8 years, 140 of whom were diagnosed with STEMI. We found 36 (13%) to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and 1 with influenza. There was no significant difference between mortality rate observed among SARS-CoV-2 infected patients compared with non-infected (5 (14%) vs 26 (11%); p=0.564). A numerically shorter median time to a recurrent cardiovascular event was recorded among SARS-CoV-2 infected compared with non-infected patients (21 days, IQR: 8-46 vs 27 days, IQR: 7-44; p=0.378).

    CONCLUSION: We found a substantial rate of occult SARS-CoV-2 infection in the studied cohort, suggesting SARS-CoV-2 may precipitate MI. Asymptomatic patients with COVID-19 admitted with MI may contribute to disease transmission and warrants widespread testing of hospital admissions.

  • 44.
    Al Abri, Seif
    et al.
    Minist Hlth, Oman.
    Kasaeva, Thereza
    Who Global TB Programme, Switzerland.
    Migliori, Giovanni Battista
    Ist Clin Sci Maugeri IRCCS, Italy.
    Goletti, Delia
    Natl Inst Infect Dis Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Italy; ESCMID Study Grp Mycobacteria, Switzerland.
    Zenner, Dominik
    IOM, Belgium.
    Denholm, Justin
    Royal Melbourne Hosp, Australia; Victorian TB Programme, Australia.
    Al Maani, Amal
    Royal Hosp, Oman; Minist Hlth, Oman.
    Cirillo, Daniela Maria
    San Rafaele Sci Inst, Italy.
    Schön, Thomas
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Kalmar Cty Hosp, Sweden.
    Lillebaek, Troels
    Univ Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Al-Jardani, Amina
    Minist Hlth, Oman.
    Go, Un-Yeong
    Int TB Res Ctr, South Korea.
    Dias, Hannah Monica
    WHO Global TB Programme Unit Policy Strategy and In, Switzerland.
    Tiberi, Simon
    Barts Hlth NHS Trust, England; Queen Mary Univ London, England.
    Al Yaquobi, Fatma
    Minist Hlth, Oman.
    Khamis, Faryal Ali
    Minist Hlth, Oman.
    Kurup, Padmamohan
    Muscat Governorate, Oman.
    Wilson, Michael
    Zero TB Initiat, South Africa.
    Memish, Ziad
    Alfaisal Univ, Saudi Arabia; Emory Univ, GA 30322 USA.
    Al Maqbali, Ali
    North Bathinah Governorate, Oman.
    Akhtar, Muhammad
    WHO MENA Reg TB Programme, Egypt.
    Wejse, Christian
    Univ Aarhus, Denmark; ESCMID Study Grp Travel and Migrat, Switzerland.
    Petersen, Eskild
    Minist Hlth, Oman; Univ Aarhus, Denmark; ESCMID Emerging Infect Task Force, Switzerland.
    Tools to implement the World Health Organization End TB Strategy: Addressing common challenges in high and low endemic countries2020In: International Journal of Infectious Diseases, ISSN 1201-9712, E-ISSN 1878-3511, Vol. 92, p. S60-S68Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: The purpose of this viewpoint is to summarize the advantages and constraints of the tools and strategies available for reducing the annual incidence of tuberculosis (TB) by implementing the World Health Organization (WHO) End TB Strategy and the linked WHO TB Elimination Framework, with special reference to Oman. Methods: The case-study was built based on the presentations and discussions at an international workshop on TB elimination in low incidence countries organized by the Ministry of Health, Oman, which took place from September 5 to September 7, 2019, and supported by the WHO and European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID). Results: Existing tools were reviewed, including the screening of migrants for latent TB infection (LTBI) with interferon-gamma release assays, clinical examination for active pulmonary TB (APTB) including chest X-rays, organization of laboratory services, and the existing centres for mandatory health examination of pre-arrival or arriving migrants, including examination for APTB. The need for public-private partnerships to handle the burden of screening arriving migrants for active TB was discussed at length and different models for financing were reviewed. Conclusions: In a country with a high proportion of migrants from high endemic countries, screening for LTBI is of high priority. Molecular typing and the development of public-private partnerships are needed. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.

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  • 45. Alberione, Maria Pia
    et al.
    Moeller, Rebecca
    Kirui, Jared
    Ginkel, Corinne
    Doepke, Mandy
    Stroeh, Luisa J.
    Machtens, Jan-Philipp
    Pietschmann, Thomas
    Gerold, Gisa
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine at Umeå University (WCMM). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Section of Virology. Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.
    Single-nucleotide variants in human CD81 influence hepatitis C virus infection of hepatoma cells2020In: Medical Microbiology and Immmunology, ISSN 0300-8584, E-ISSN 1432-1831, Vol. 209, no 4, p. 499-514Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An estimated number of 71 million people are living with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection worldwide and 400,000 annual deaths are related to the infection. HCV entry into the hepatocytes is complex and involves several host factors. The tetraspanin human CD81 (hCD81) is one of the four essential entry factors and is composed of one large extracellular loop, one small extracellular loop, four transmembrane domains, one intracellular loop and two intracellular tails. The large extracellular loop interacts with the E2 glycoprotein of HCV. Regions outside the large extracellular loop (backbone) of hCD81 have a critical role in post-binding entry steps and determine susceptibility of hepatocytes to HCV. Here, we investigated the effect of five non-synonymous single-nucleotide variants in the backbone of hCD81 on HCV susceptibility. We generated cell lines that stably express the hCD81 variants and infected the cells using HCV pseudoparticles and cell culture-derived HCV. Our results show that all the tested hCD81 variants support HCV pseudoparticle entry with similar efficiency as wild-type hCD81. In contrast, variants A54V, V211M and M220I are less supportive to cell culture-derived HCV infection. This altered susceptibility is HCV genotype dependent and specifically affected the cell entry step. Our findings identify three hCD81 genetic variants that are impaired in their function as HCV host factors for specific viral genotypes. This study provides additional evidence that genetic host variation contributes to inter-individual differences in HCV infection and outcome.

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  • 46.
    Albinsson, Bo
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology. Lab Clin Microbiol, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Jääskeläine, Anu E.
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Virol, Helsinki, Finland.;Helsinki Univ Hosp Lab Serv HUSLAB, Dept Virol & Immunol, Helsinki, Finland..
    Värv, Kairi
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology. Natl Inst Hlth Dev, Dept Virol & Immunol, Tallinn, Estonia..
    Jelovse, Mateja
    Univ Ljubljana, Fac Med, Inst Microbiol & Immunol, Ljubljana, Slovenia..
    GeurtsvanKessel, Corine
    Erasmus MC, WHO Collaborating Ctr Arbovirus & Viral Haemorrha, Dept Virol, Rotterdam, Netherlands..
    Ven, Sirkka
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Järhult, Josef D.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases.
    Reuske, Chantal
    Erasmus MC, WHO Collaborating Ctr Arbovirus & Viral Haemorrha, Dept Virol, Rotterdam, Netherlands.;Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Ctr Infect Dis Control, Bilthoven, Netherlands..
    Golovljova, Irina
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology. Natl Inst Hlth Dev, Dept Virol & Immunol, Tallinn, Estonia..
    Avsic-Zupan, Tatjana
    Univ Ljubljana, Fac Med, Inst Microbiol & Immunol, Ljubljana, Slovenia..
    Vapalaht, Olli
    Univ Helsinki, Dept Virol, Helsinki, Finland.;Helsinki Univ Hosp Lab Serv HUSLAB, Dept Virol & Immunol, Helsinki, Finland.;Univ Helsinki, Dept Vet Biosci, Helsinki, Finland..
    Lundkvist, Åke
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Multi laboratory evaluation of ReaScan TBE IgM rapid test, 2016 to 20172020In: Eurosurveillance, ISSN 1025-496X, E-ISSN 1560-7917, Vol. 25, no 12, p. 27-36, article id 1900427Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a potentially severe neurological disease caused by TBE virus (TBEV). In Europe and Asia, TBEV infection has become a growing public health concern and requires fast and specific detection. Aim: In this observational study, we evaluated a rapid TBE IgM test, ReaScan TBE, for usage in a clinical laboratory setting. Methods: Patient sera found negative or positive for TBEV by serological and/or molecular methods in diagnostic laboratories of five European countries endemic for TBEV (Estonia, Finland, Slovenia, the Netherlands and Sweden) were used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the test. The patients' diagnoses were based on other commercial or quality assured in-house assays, i.e. each laboratory's conventional routine methods. For specificity analysis, serum samples from patients with infections known to cause problems in serology were employed. These samples tested positive for e.g. Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, or for flaviviruses other than TBEV, i.e. dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and Zika viruses. Samples from individuals vaccinated against flaviviruses other than TBEV were also included. Altogether, 172 serum samples from patients with acute TBE and 306 TBE IgM negative samples were analysed. Results: Compared with each laboratory's conventional methods, the tested assay had similar sensitivity and specificity (99.4% and 97.7%, respectively). Samples containing potentially interfering antibodies did not cause specificity problems. Conclusion: Regarding diagnosis of acute TBEV infections, ReaScan TBE offers rapid and convenient complementary IgM detection. If used as a stand-alone, it can provide preliminary results in a laboratory or point of care setting.

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  • 47.
    Albinsson, Bo
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology. Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala.
    Vene, Sirkka
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology. The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna.
    Rombo, Lars
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Medicinska och farmaceutiska vetenskapsområdet, centrumbildningar mm, Centrum för klinisk forskning i Sörmland (CKFD). Department of Infectious diseases, Eskilstuna.
    Blomberg, Jonas
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Lundkvist, Åke
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology.
    Rönnberg, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology. Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University Hospital .
    Distinction between serological responses following tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection vs vaccination, Sweden 20172018In: Eurosurveillance, ISSN 1025-496X, E-ISSN 1560-7917, Vol. 23, no 3, p. 2-7, article id 17-00838Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is an important European vaccine-preventable pathogen. Discrimination of vaccine-induced antibodies from those elicited by infection is important. We studied anti-TBEV IgM/IgG responses, including avidity and neutralisation, by multiplex serology in 50 TBEV patients and 50 TBEV vaccinees. Infection induced antibodies reactive to both whole virus (WV) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) in 48 clinical cases, whereas 47 TBEV vaccinees had WV, but not NS1 antibodies, enabling efficient discrimination of infection/vaccination.

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  • 48. Albrecht, Letusa
    et al.
    Moll, Kirsten
    Blomqvist, Karin
    Normark, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine).
    Chen, Qijun
    Wahlgren, Mats
    var gene transcription and PfEMP1 expression in the rosetting and cytoadhesive Plasmodium falciparum clone FCR3S1.22011In: Malaria Journal, ISSN 1475-2875, E-ISSN 1475-2875, Vol. 10, article id 17Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The pathogenicity of Plasmodium falciparum is in part due to the ability of the parasitized red blood cell (pRBC) to adhere to intra- vascular host cell receptors and serum-proteins. Binding of the pRBC is mediated by Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), a large multi-variant molecule encoded by a family of approximate to 60 var genes. Methods: The study of var gene transcription in the parasite clone FCR3S1.2 was performed by semi-quantitative PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The expression of the major PfEMP1 in FCR3S1.2 pRBC was analysed with polyclonal sera in rosette disruption assays and immunofluorecence. Results: Transcripts from var1 (FCR3S1.2(var1); IT4var21) and other var genes were detected by semi-quantitative PCR but results from qPCR showed that one var gene transcript dominated over the others (FCR3S1.2var2; IT4var60). Antibodies raised in rats to the recombinant NTS-DBL1a of var2 produced in E. coli completely and dosedependently disrupted rosettes (approximate to 95% at a dilution of 1/5). The sera reacted with the Maurer's clefts in trophozoite stages (IFA) and to the infected erythrocyte surface (FACS) indicating that FCR3S1.2var2 encodes the dominant PfEMP1 expressed in this parasite. Conclusion: The major transcript in the rosetting model parasite FCR3S1.2 is FCR3S1.2var2 (IT4var60). The results suggest that this gene encodes the PfEMP1-species responsible for the rosetting phenotype of this parasite. The activity of previously raised antibodies to the NTS-DBL1a of FCR3S1.2var1 is likely due to cross-reactivity with NTS-DBL1 alpha of the var2 encoded PfEMP1.

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  • 49. Alekseenko, Alisa
    et al.
    Barrett, Donal
    Pareja-Sanchez, Yerma
    Howard, Rebecca J.
    Stockholm University, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab). Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics.
    Strandback, Emilia
    Ampah-Korsah, Henry
    Rovšnik, Urška
    Stockholm Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, SciLifeLab, S-17121 Solna, Sweden.
    Zuniga-Veliz, Silvia
    Klenov, Alexander
    Malloo, Jayshna
    Ye, Shenglong
    Liu, Xiyang
    Reinius, Björn
    Elsässer, Simon J.
    Nyman, Tomas
    Sandh, Gustaf
    Yin, Xiushan
    Pelechano, Vicent
    Direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 using non-commercial RT-LAMP reagents on heat-inactivated samples2021In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 11, no 1, article id 1820Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    RT-LAMP detection of SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to be a valuable approach to scale up COVID-19 diagnostics and thus contribute to limiting the spread of the disease. Here we present the optimization of highly cost-effective in-house produced enzymes, and we benchmark their performance against commercial alternatives. We explore the compatibility between multiple DNA polymerases with high strand-displacement activity and thermostable reverse transcriptases required for RT-LAMP. We optimize reaction conditions and demonstrate their applicability using both synthetic RNA and clinical patient samples. Finally, we validate the optimized RT-LAMP assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in unextracted heat-inactivated nasopharyngeal samples from 184 patients. We anticipate that optimized and affordable reagents for RT-LAMP will facilitate the expansion of SARS-CoV-2 testing globally, especially in sites and settings where the need for large scale testing cannot be met by commercial alternatives.

  • 50.
    Aleman, Soo
    et al.
    Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Söderholm, Jonas
    AbbVie AB, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Büsch, Katharina
    AbbVie AB, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Kövamees, Jan
    AbbVie AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Duberg, Ann-Sofi
    Örebro University, School of Health Sciences. partment of Infectious Diseases.
    Frequent loss to follow-up after diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection: A barrier towards the elimination of hepatitis C virus2020In: Liver international (Print), ISSN 1478-3223, E-ISSN 1478-3231, Vol. 40, no 8, p. 1832-1840Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Previous studies on hepatitis C cascade of care have been mainly focused on diagnosis and treatment rate, while less attention has been given to patients lost to follow-up (LTFU) after diagnosis. Analyses of this latter issue on population level are missing.

    AIMS: In this nationwide study of people with HCV, we aimed to estimate the proportion LTFU after HCV diagnosis, characterize them, and analyze their other healthcare contacts.

    METHODS: Patients diagnosed with chronic HCV in the Swedish National Patient register during 2001-2011 and still alive December 31, 2013, were included. The number of cured patients without need of follow-up was estimated. Visits to HCV specialist care during 2012-2013 were analysed. For those LTFU, other specialist care contacts were studied.

    RESULTS: In total 29,217 patients were included, with 24,733 with need of HCV care. 61% (n=15,007) of them were LTFU from HCV care in 2012-2013 and 58% did not attend HCV care during the second year after HCV diagnosis. The departments of surgery/orthopedic or psychiatry/dependency were the most common other non-primary healthcare contacts. Predictors for LTFU were young age, male sex, low education, presence of psychiatric/dependency diagnosis, unmarried, and longer duration since diagnosis of HCV.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that almost two-thirds of patients were LTFU after HCV diagnosis, with frequent occurrence early after diagnosis. Efforts to link patients back to HCV care, in combination with early and easy access to HCV treatment and harm reduction, are necessary to reach the HCV elimination goal.

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