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  • 1.
    A Monfared, Behzad
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Design and Construction of a Small Ammonia Heat Pump2010Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In view of the fact that most of the synthetic refrigerants, in case of leakage or release, are harmful to the environment by contributing in global warming or depleting stratospheric ozone layer, many research works have been done recently to find alternative refrigerants posing no or negligible threat to the environment. Among alternative refrigerants, ammonia, a natural refrigerant with zero Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), can be a sensible choice.Although ammonia has been used for many years in large industrial systems, its application in small units is rare. In this project a small heat pump with about 7 kW heating capacity at -5 °C and +40 °C evaporation and condensation temperatures is designed and built to work with ammonia as refrigerant. The heat pump is expected to produce enough heat to keep a single-family house warm in Sweden and to provide tap hot water for the house. After successful completion of this project, it is planned to install the heat pump in a house to test it throughout a heating season to study its performance in real working conditions.Since ammonia is flammable and toxic in high concentrations, the refrigerant charge is tried to be kept low in the heat pump to reduce the risk of fire or poisoning in case of unwanted release of refrigerant to the surroundings. The compact design of the heat pump helps reducing the refrigerant charge. Besides, considering the limited space normally reserved for installation of a heat pump in a house, the compact design of the heat pump is necessary.

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    B A Monfared 2010_Design and Construction of a Small Ammonia Heat Pump_MSc Thesis
  • 2.
    A Monfared, Behzad
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Magnetic Refrigeration for Near Room-Temperature Applications2018Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Refrigeration plays a crucial role in many different sectors and consumes about 17% of the electricity produced globally. This significant energy consumption implies large share of refrigeration in primary energy consumption and other environmental impacts. In addition to the environmental impacts associated with energy consumption, the vapor-compression systems contribute in global warming due to the release of their gaseous refrigerants into the atmosphere. As an alternative technology for near room-temperature applications, magnetic refrigeration is proposed by some researchers to eliminate the release of gaseous refrigerants into the atmosphere and to reduce the energy consumption. This thesis is a compilation of a number of studies done on magnetic refrigeration for room-temperature applications.

    In the first study, the environmental impacts associated to magnetic refrigeration are looked at closely through a life cycle assessment. The life cycle assessment indicates that because of the environmental burdens related to the rare-earth materials used in magnetic refrigeration, the reduction in the environmental impacts is not guaranteed by switching to magnetic refrigeration technology. Accordingly to avoid the extra environmental impacts the magnetic refrigeration systems should use magnetic materials frugally, which requires an optimized design. In addition, operation with higher efficiency compared to vapor-compression systems is necessary to have environmental advantages, at least in some impact categories.

    A practical method to optimize the design of magnetic refrigeration systems, e.g. to have a compact design or high efficiency, is utilizing a flexible software model, with which the effect of varying different parameters on the performance of the system can be simulated. Such a software model of the magnetic refrigeration system is developed and validated in this project. In developing the model one goal is to add to the precision of the simulated results by taking more details into consideration. This goal is achieved by an innovative way of modeling the parasitic heat transfer and including the effect of the presence of magnetocaloric materials on the strength of the field created by the magnet assembly. In addition, some efforts are made to modify or correct the existing correlations to include the effect of binding agents used in some active magnetic regenerators. Validation of the developed software model is done using the experimental results obtained from the prototype existing at the Department of Energy Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology.

    One of the parameters that can be modified by the developed software model is the choice of the magnetocaloric materials for each layer in a layered active magnetic regenerator. Utilizing the software model for optimizing the choice of the materials for the layers reveals that materials with critical temperatures equal to the cyclic average temperature of the layers in which they are used do not necessarily result in the desired optimum performance. In addition, for maximizing different outputs of the models, such as energy efficiency or temperature lift sustained at the two ends of the regenerators, different choice of materials for the layers are needed. Therefore, in other studies seeking to improve one of the outputs of a system, the choice of the transition or critical temperatures of the materials for each layer is an additional parameter to be optimized.

    The prototype existing at the Department of Energy Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, was initially designed for replacing the vapor-compression system of a professional refrigerator. However, it could not fulfil the requirements for which it was initially designed. The aforementioned developed simulation model is used to see how much the choice of the materials, size of the particles, and number of layers can enhance the performance while the operation frequency and flow rate of the heat transfer fluid are at their optimum values. In other words, in that study the room for improvement in the performance without applying major changes in the system such as the geometry of the regenerator, which implies redesigning the whole magnet assembly, is investigated. In the redesign process the effect of binding agent and the limitations associated to different properties of it is also investigated theoretically. Nevertheless, the study did not show that with keeping the geometry of the regenerators and the currently existing magnetocaloric materials the initial goals of the prototype can be achieved.

    In the next study more flexible choice of geometries and magnetocaloric materials are considered. In fact, in this study it is investigated how much the magnetocaloric materials need to be improved so that magnetic refrigeration systems can compete with vapor-compression ones in terms of performance. For the two investigated cases, the magnetic-field dependent properties of the currently existing materials are enough provided that some other issues such as low mechanical stability and inhomogeneity of the properties are solved. Nevertheless, for more demanding design criteria, such as delivering large cooling capacity over a considerable temperature span while the magnetic materials are used sparingly, the magnetic-field dependent properties need to be enhanced, as well.

    A less explored area in room-temperature magnetic refrigeration is the subject of another study included in the thesis. In this study, solid-state magnetic refrigeration systems with Peltier elements as heat switches are modeled. Since the Peltier elements consume electricity to pump heat, the modeled systems can be considered hybrid magnetocaloric-Peltier cooling systems. For such systems the detailed transient behavior of the Peltier elements together with layers of magnetocaloric materials are modeled. The mathematical model is suitable for implementation in programing languages without the need for commercial modeling platforms. The parameters affecting the performance of the modeled system are numerous, and optimization of them requires a separate study. However, the preliminary attempts on optimizing the modeled system does not give promising results. Accordingly, focusing on passive heat switches can be more beneficial.

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  • 3.
    Aaltonen, Harri
    et al.
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland.
    Sierla, Seppo
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland.
    Subramanya, Rakshith
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland.
    Vyatkin, Valeriy
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Computer Science. Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland; International Research Laboratory of Computer Technologies, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia.
    A simulation environment for training a reinforcement learning agent trading a battery storage2021In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 14, no 17, article id 5587Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Battery storages are an essential element of the emerging smart grid. Compared to other distributed intelligent energy resources, batteries have the advantage of being able to rapidly react to events such as renewable generation fluctuations or grid disturbances. There is a lack of research on ways to profitably exploit this ability. Any solution needs to consider rapid electrical phenomena as well as the much slower dynamics of relevant electricity markets. Reinforcement learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that has shown promise in optimizing complex problems involving uncertainty. This article applies reinforcement learning to the problem of trading batteries. The problem involves two timescales, both of which are important for profitability. Firstly, trading the battery capacity must occur on the timescale of the chosen electricity markets. Secondly, the real-time operation of the battery must ensure that no financial penalties are incurred from failing to meet the technical specification. The trading-related decisions must be done under uncertainties, such as unknown future market prices and unpredictable power grid disturbances. In this article, a simulation model of a battery system is proposed as the environment to train a reinforcement learning agent to make such decisions. The system is demonstrated with an application of the battery to Finnish primary frequency reserve markets.

  • 4.
    Aasberg, Pål
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Energilager i en överdimensioneradvindkraftspark: En linjäroptimering av batterilager i kombination medintermittenta förnybara energikällor2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    A linear optimization has been made to examine the economic viabilityof incorporating battery storage in a wind farm in Sweden. The studyexamines a future wind farm with 10 10 MW turbines. An orographicmapping with height differences and vegetation has been used incombination with measured wind data with IEC-rated anemometersand wind direction sensors between 1997 and 2017 to create asimulated production in the windPRO software. This effect, togetherwith hourly prices from 2021 from Nord pool in SE1, SE2, SE3, SE4and in Estonia, has been used in a linear optimization in Matlab to findthe battery capacity that generates the most revenue. 3 Scenarios areinvestigated where scenario 1 is a wind farm without battery storagewhere all electricity produced is sold directly at the current price.Scenario 2 also lacks battery storage and has a power limit of 75 MWat the transformer whilst the farm still produces 100 MW. Scenario 3has a power limit of 75 MW at the transformer and the possibility ofbattery storage.

  • 5.
    Abacar, Armando
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Optimization of Maputo Power Plant2013Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. (EDM) is the power utility in Mozambique, responsible to generate, transport and distribute electricity all over the country. The company has three gas turbines installed at Maputo Power Plant. All units burn diesel oil and are used only for back up. Currently only the unit #2 is available for operation.

    The main constraint that EDM faces is the high operation costs due to diesel price. Hence the company is considering converting units #2 and #3 to burn natural gas, resource available locally. The country is currently exporting natural gas to the neighbouring Republic of South Africa.

    This MSc thesis project calculates the power output of all gas turbines when burning natural gas and optimizes the power plant capacity by proposing modifications of the current power turbine cycles to allow sustainable operation

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    fulltext
  • 6.
    Abadi, Imam
    et al.
    Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.
    Hardiana, Tiara Oktavia
    Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.
    Imron, Chairul
    Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.
    Fitriyanah, Dwi Nur
    Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.
    Jani, Yahya
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biology and Environmental Science.
    Abdullah, Kamaruddin
    Darma Persada University, Indonesia.
    Design of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Control Based One-Axis Solar Tracker on Battery Charging System2020In: E3S Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, 2020, Vol. 190, p. 1-15, article id 00015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The photovoltaic (PV) panel can produce electrical energy that is very environmentally friendly and easy to use. The use of PV panels is suitable for supplying peak loads or at night using batteries as energy storage. However, the battery needs to manage for control, and the battery can last long. The solution to battery management problems is through research about the battery charging system. The DC-DC converter used is the Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC) type. Voltage Control of the battery charging using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). In the simulation of bright conditions, ANFIS controls can track the charging point set point and obtain a voltage response with a rise time of 0.0028 s, a maximum overshoot of 0.027 %, a peak time of 0.008 s, and a settling time of 0.0193 s. When charging a solar tracker, PV battery gets a 0.25 % increase compared to a fixed PV panel. PV solar tracker can follow the direction of the sun's position. The irradiation value and maximum temperature affect the input voltage and input current that enters the converter. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2020.

  • 7.
    Abadi, Imam
    et al.
    Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.
    Hardiana, Tiara Oktavia
    Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.
    Imron, Chairul
    Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.
    Fitriyanah, Dwi Nur
    Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.
    Jani, Yahya
    Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), Sweden.
    Abdullah, Kamaruddin
    Darma Persada University, Indonesia.
    Design of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Control Based One-Axis Solar Tracker on Battery Charging System2020In: E3S Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences , 2020, p. 1-15, article id 00015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The photovoltaic (PV) panel can produce electrical energy that is very environmentally friendly and easy to use. The use of PV panels is suitable for supplying peak loads or at night using batteries as energy storage. However, the battery needs to manage for control, and the battery can last long. The solution to battery management problems is through research about the battery charging system. The DC-DC converter used is the Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC) type. Voltage Control of the battery charging using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). In the simulation of bright conditions, ANFIS controls can track the charging point set point and obtain a voltage response with a rise time of 0.0028 s, a maximum overshoot of 0.027 %, a peak time of 0.008 s, and a settling time of 0.0193 s. When charging a solar tracker, PV battery gets a 0.25 % increase compared to a fixed PV panel. PV solar tracker can follow the direction of the sun's position. The irradiation value and maximum temperature affect the input voltage and input current that enters the converter. 

  • 8.
    Abadi, Imam
    et al.
    Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.
    Uyuniyah, Qurrotul
    Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.
    Fitriyanah, Dwi Nur
    Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.
    Jani, Yahya
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biology and Environmental Science.
    Abdullah, Kamaruddin
    Darma Persada University, Indonesia.
    Performance Study of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Based on Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller on Active Dual Axis Solar Tracker2020In: E3S Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, 2020, Vol. 190, p. 1-16, article id 00016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    World energy consumption increases with time, so that occur an energy imbalance. Many breakthroughs have developed to utilize renewable energy. The photovoltaic system is one of the easy-to-use renewable energies. The power conversion from PV fixed is still low, so the PV system is designed using the active dual-axis solar tracker. The PV tracker position can be adjusted to change the sun position to get maximum efficiency. The active dual-axis solar tracker system is integrated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to keep PV operating at a maximum power point even though input variations change. The active dual-axis solar tracker system integrated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to keep PV operating at a maximum power point even though input variations change. Tracking test simulation had done by comparing the output power of a fixed PV system with the active dual-axis solar tracker. Type-2 fuzzy logic based MPPT successfully increased the average output power by 10.48 % with the highest increase of 17.48 % obtained at 15:00 West Indonesia Time (GMT+7). The difference in power from a fixed PV system with the active dual-axis solar tracker of 36.08 W is from the output power worth 206.3 to 242.4 W. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2020.

  • 9.
    Abadi, Imam
    et al.
    Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.
    Uyuniyah, Qurrotul
    Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.
    Fitriyanah, Dwi Nur
    Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia.
    Jani, Yahya
    Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), Sweden.
    Abdullah, Kamaruddin
    Darma Persada University, Indonesia.
    Performance Study of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Based on Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller on Active Dual Axis Solar Tracker2020In: E3S Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences , 2020, p. 1-16, article id 00016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    World energy consumption increases with time, so that occur an energy imbalance. Many breakthroughs have developed to utilize renewable energy. The photovoltaic system is one of the easy-to-use renewable energies. The power conversion from PV fixed is still low, so the PV system is designed using the active dual-axis solar tracker. The PV tracker position can be adjusted to change the sun position to get maximum efficiency. The active dual-axis solar tracker system is integrated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to keep PV operating at a maximum power point even though input variations change. The active dual-axis solar tracker system integrated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to keep PV operating at a maximum power point even though input variations change. Tracking test simulation had done by comparing the output power of a fixed PV system with the active dual-axis solar tracker. Type-2 fuzzy logic based MPPT successfully increased the average output power by 10.48 % with the highest increase of 17.48 % obtained at 15:00 West Indonesia Time (GMT+7). The difference in power from a fixed PV system with the active dual-axis solar tracker of 36.08 W is from the output power worth 206.3 to 242.4 W. 

  • 10.
    Abas, N.
    et al.
    University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, Pakistan.
    Kalair, A. R.
    COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    Seyedmahmoudian, M.
    Swinburne University, Australia.
    Naqvi, M.
    Karlstad University.
    Campana, Pietro Elia
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center.
    Khan, N.
    COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    Dynamic simulation of solar water heating system using supercritical CO2 as mediating fluid under sub-zero temperature conditions2019In: Applied Thermal Engineering, ISSN 1359-4311, E-ISSN 1873-5606, Vol. 161, article id 114152Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    CO2 is becoming increasingly important as a mediating fluid, and simulation studies are indispensable for corresponding developments. In this study, a simulation-based performance investigation of a solar water heating system using CO2 as a mediating fluid under sub-zero temperature condition is performed using the TRNSYS® software. The maximum performance is achieved at a solar savings fraction of 0.83 during July. The as lowest solar savingss fraction of 0.41 is obtained during December. The annual heat production of the proposed system under Fargo climate is estimated to be about 2545 kWh. An evacuated glass tube solar collector is designed, fabricated and tested for various climate conditions. Moreover, a detailed comparison of the system's performance at sub/supercritical and supercritical pressures shows that the annual heat transfer efficiency of the modeled system is 10% higher at supercritical pressure than at sub/supercritical pressures. This result can be attributd to the strong convection flow of CO2 caused by density inhomogeneities, especially in the near critical region. This condition resuls in high heat transfer rates.

  • 11. Abbas, Ghazanfar
    et al.
    Chaudhry, M. Ashraf
    Raza, Rizwan
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Singh, Manish
    Liu, Qinghua
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Qin, Haiying
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Zhu, Bin
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Study of CuNiZnGdCe-Nanocomposite Anode for Low Temperature SOFC2012In: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters, ISSN 1941-4900, Vol. 4, no 4, p. 389-393Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Composite electrodes of Cu0.16Ni0.27Zn0.37Ce0.16Gd0.04 (CNZGC) oxides have been successfully synthesized by solid state reaction method as anode material for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LTSOFC). These electrodes are characterized by XRD followed by sintering at various time periods and temperatures. Particle size of optimized composition was calculated 40-85 nm and sintered at 800 degrees C for 4 hours. Electrical conductivity of 4.14 S/cm was obtained at a temperature of 550 degrees C by the 4-prob DC method. The activation energy was calculated 4 x 10(-2) eV at 550 degrees C. Hydrogen was used as fuel and air as oxidant at anode and cathode sides respectively. I-V/I-P curves were obtained in the temperature range of 400-550 degrees C. The maximum power density was achieved for 570 mW/cm(2) at 550 degrees C.

  • 12.
    Abbas, Ghazanfar
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Raza, Rizwan
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Ashfaq, M.
    Chaudhry, M. Ashraf
    Khan, Ajmal
    Ahmad, Imran
    Zhu, Bin
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Electrochemical study of nanostructured electrode for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LTSOFC)2014In: International Journal of Energy Research, ISSN 0363-907X, E-ISSN 1099-114X, Vol. 38, no 4, p. 518-523Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Zn-based nanostructured Ba0.05Cu0.25Fe0.10Zn0.60O (BCFZ) oxide electrode material was synthesized by solid-state reaction for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell. The cell was fabricated by sandwiching NK-CDC electrolyte between BCFZ electrodes by dry press technique, and its performance was assessed. The maximum power density of 741.87 mW-cm(-2) was achieved at 550 degrees C. The crystal structure and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and SEM. The particle size was calculated to be 25 nm applying Scherer's formula from XRD data. Electronic conductivities were measured with the four-probe DC method under hydrogen and air atmosphere. AC Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of the BCFZ oxide electrode was also measured in hydrogen atmosphere at 450 degrees C.

  • 13. Abbas, Ghazanfar
    et al.
    Raza, Rizwan
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan .
    Chaudhry, M. A.
    Zhu, Bin
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Preparation and characterization of nanocomposite calcium doped ceria electrolyte with alkali carbonates (NK-CDC) for SOFC2010In: ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, FUELCELL 2010, ASME Press, 2010, p. 427-432Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The entire world's challenge is to find out the renewable energy sources due to rapid depletion of fossil fuels because of their high consumption. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are believed to be the best alternative source which converts chemical energy into electricity without combustion. Nanostructured study is required to develop highly ionic conductive electrolyte for SOFCs. In this work, the calcium doped ceria (Ce0.8Ca0.2O 1.9) coated with 20% molar ratio of two alkali carbonates (CDC-M: MCO3, where M= Na and K) electrolyte was prepared by co-precipitation method in this study. Ni based electrode was used to fabricate the cell by dry pressing technique. The crystal structure and surface morphology was characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). The particle size was calculated in the range of 10-20nm by Scherrer's formula and compared with SEM and TEM results. The ionic conductivity was measured by using AC Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method. The activation energy was also evaluated. The performance of the cell was measured 0.567W/cm2 at temperature 550°C with hydrogen as a fuel.

  • 14.
    Abbas, Ghazanfar
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan.
    Raza, Rizwan
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan.
    Khan, M. Ajmal
    Ahmad, Imran
    Chaudhry, M. Ashraf
    Sherazi, Tauqir A.
    Mohsin, Munazza
    Ahmad, Mukhtar
    Zhu, Bin
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Synthesize and characterization of nanocomposite anodes for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell2015In: International journal of hydrogen energy, ISSN 0360-3199, E-ISSN 1879-3487, Vol. 40, no 1, p. 891-897Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Solid oxide fuel cells have much capability to become an economical alternative energy conversion technology having appropriate materials that can be operated at comparatively low temperature in the range of 400-600 degrees C. The nano-scale engineering has been incorporated to improve the catalytic activity of anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells. Nanostructured Al0.10NixZn0.90-xO oxides were prepared by solid state reaction, which were then mixed with the prepared Gadolinium doped Ceria GDC electrolyte. The crystal structure and surface morphology were characterized by XRD and SEM. The particle size was evaluated by XRD data and found in the range of 20-50 nm, which was then ensured by SEM pictures. The pellets of 13 mm diameter were pressed by dry press technique and electrical conductivities (DC and AC) were determined by four probe techniques and the values have been found to be 10.84 and 4.88 S/cm, respectively at hydrogen atmosphere in the temperature range of 300-600 degrees C. The Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis exhibits the pure electronic behavior at hydrogen atmosphere. The maximum power density of ANZ-GDC composite anode based solid oxide fuel cell has been achieved 705 mW/cm(2) at 550 degrees C.

  • 15.
    Abbassi, Behrang
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Hultling, Johannes
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Smarta Elnät – Modell och Marknad2013Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The Smart Grid technology has during the last decade been established as a way to create a greater flexibility on the electricity grid that will be needed as the development moves towards an increased share of renewable primary energy sources in the electricity production. One part of the Smart Grid technology is the ability to shift loads in time, to adapt to either price or emissions, known as Demand Response. This project, which was conducted at KTH in collaboration with the consulting corporation Capgemini, examines the economic, environmental and social aspects of the Demand Response technology.

     

    In the project, three household products are used in a model that derives the potential savings in costs and emissions of CO2e. The results show that the actual savings measured in SEK are small, but that the savings measured in percent can be as high as 20 percent. Reduction of CO2e emissions is slightly lower. Furthermore, the study shows that the savings increase as more flexibility is given to the model and as the fluctuations of price increases. A scenario that includes more intermittent electricity production, and end users ready to commit to the technology,  is therefore vital for the success of the Demand Response technology. The results also show that an optimization cannot be done in such way that both minimize costs and CO2e emissions simultaneously.

     

    A discussion on the strategic opportunities for Capgemini shows that focus should be on collecting, interpreting and compiling the large amounts of data that the technology will result in. There are also possibilities in peripheral services tied together with the Smart Grid technology, such as the development of a charging infrastructure for electric cars.

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  • 16.
    Abd Alrahman, Chadi
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Electrical Engineering.
    Evaluation of a PVT Air Collector2015Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) collectors are an emerging technology that

    combines PV and solar thermal systems in a single solar collector producing heat and

    electricity simultaneously. The focus of this thesis work is to evaluate the performance of

    unglazed open loop PVT air system integrated on a garage roof in Borlänge. As it is

    thought to have a significant potential for preheating ventilation of the building and

    improving the PV modules electrical efficiency. The performance evaluation is important

    to optimize the cooling strategy of the collector in order to enhance its electrical efficiency

    and maximize the production of thermal energy. The evaluation process involves

    monitoring the electrical and thermal energies for a certain period of time and investigating

    the cooling effect on the performance through controlling the air mass flow provided by a

    variable speed fan connected to the collector by an air distribution duct. The distribution

    duct transfers the heated outlet air from the collector to inside the building.

    The PVT air collector consists of 34 Solibro CIGS type PV modules (115 Wp for each

    module) which are roof integrated and have replaced the traditional roof material. The

    collector is oriented toward the south-west with a tilt of 29 ᵒ. The collector consists of 17

    parallel air ducts formed between the PV modules and the insulated roof surface. Each air

    duct has a depth of 0.05 m, length of 2.38 m and width of 2.38 m. The air ducts are

    connected to each other through holes. The monitoring system is based on using T-type

    thermocouples to measure the relevant temperatures, air sensor to measure the air mass

    flow. These parameters are needed to calculate the thermal energy. The monitoring system

    contains also voltage dividers to measure the PV modules voltage and shunt resistance to

    measure the PV current, and AC energy meters which are needed to calculate the

    produced electrical energy. All signals recorded from the thermocouples, voltage dividers

    and shunt resistances are connected to data loggers. The strategy of cooling in this work

    was based on switching the fan on, only when the difference between the air duct

    temperature (under the middle of top of PV column) and the room temperature becomes

    higher than 5 °C. This strategy was effective in term of avoiding high electrical

    consumption by the fan, and it is recommended for further development. The temperature

    difference of 5 °C is the minimum value to compensate the heat losses in the collecting

    duct and distribution duct.

    The PVT air collector has an area of (Ac=32 m2), and air mass flow of 0.002 kg/s m2.

    The nominal output power of the collector is 4 kWppv (34 CIGS modules with 115

    Wppvfor each module). The collector produces thermal output energy of 6.88 kWth/day

    (0.21 kWth/m2 day) and an electrical output energy of 13.46 kWhel/day (0.42 kWhel/m2

    day) with cooling case. The PVT air collector has a daily thermal energy yield of 1.72

    kWhth/kWppv, and a daily PV electrical energy yield of 3.36 kWhel /kWppv. The fan energy

    requirement in this case was 0.18 kWh/day which is very small compared to the electrical

    energy generated by the PV collector. The obtained thermal efficiency was 8 % which is

    small compared to the results reported in literature for PVT air collectors. The small

    thermal efficiency was due to small operating air mass flow. Therefore, the study suggests

    increasing the air mass flow by a factor of 25. The electrical efficiency was fluctuating

    around 14 %, which is higher than the theoretical efficiency of the PV modules, and this

    discrepancy was due to the poor method of recording the solar irradiance in the location.

    Due to shading effect, it was better to use more than one pyranometer.

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  • 17.
    Abdelmageed, Rana
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering.
    The implementation of a solar photovoltaic park with potential energy storage on SSAB's industrial area and its impact onthe internal electricity system2023Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The global push for increased renewable energy in power production is reshaping how industries approach energy systems. As the urgency to combat climate change grows, industries are integrating alternative power pathways alongside existing systems. This shift is driven by factors such as renewable energy adoption, energy storage advances, decentralization, electrification, circular economy principles, regulatory support, sustainability goals, and technological progress. These changes not only yield economic benefits but also enhance environmental and social impact. Integrating alternative pathways necessitates strategic planning, optimization, and a phased approach for seamless integration. Through these transformations, industries position themselves as sustainability leaders, align with climate goals, and ensure long-term energy security.

    The proposed implementation of a photovoltaic (PV) system at SSAB's steel production plant in Borlänge, specifically for forming line 4's electricity needs, will have a positive impact. This integration introduces renewable energy generation, offsetting the load and reducing reliance on the grid during peak hours, potentially leading to lower costs. It aligns with SSAB's environmental goals by curbing emissions, bolsters energy resilience, and aiding peak demand management. However, challenges in grid integration and infrastructure adjustments must be addressed for successful implementation. Overall, this move embodies SSAB's commitment to sustainability and efficient operations. 

    Through the utilization of simulation tools such as PVsyst and Homer Pro, an extensive study was conducted to investigate diverse scenarios involving combinations of a PV system, hydrogen modules, batteries, and a grid-connected load. The primary aim was to assess the feasibility of these scenarios within the energy system context. By leveraging PVsyst's capabilities for photovoltaic system analysis and Homer Pro's system optimization features, the study comprehensively examines interactions between electricity generation, storage, and consumption. This simulation-driven approach provided valuable insights into the performance dynamics, energy balance, and economic viability of each configuration, aiding in the informed selection of optimal combinations that align with the project's feasibility objectives.

    The results obtained suggest that the ideal size for the PV system in this context is 2.7 MW, allowing for an annual energy generation of 2.5 GWh. The electricity output aligns well with the yearly demand of 2.4 GWh for Forming Line 4

    The results from different scenarios offer valuable insights into how integrating renewable energy and incorporating energy storage affect the overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the system. Each scenario was assessed in comparison to the base case of grid connection, uncovering a spectrum of LCOE values. It is noteworthy that the highest LCOE, reaching 0.12 €/kWh, was observed when all renewable resources were combined, whereas the lowest LCOE, at 0.059 €/kWh, was achieved with the PV system-only configuration.

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  • 18.
    Abdelshafy, Alaaeldin M.
    et al.
    Egypt Japan Univ Sci & Technol, Energy Resources Eng Dept, Alexandria, Egypt.;Assiut Univ, Fac Engn, Elect Engn Dept, Assiut, Egypt..
    Jurasz, Jakob
    Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Future Energy Center. AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Management, Dept Eng Management, Krakow, Poland..
    Hassan, Hamdy
    Egypt Japan Univ Sci & Technol, Energy Resources Eng Dept, Alexandria, Egypt.;Assiut Univ, Fac Engn, Mech Engn Dept, Assiut, Egypt..
    Mohamed, Abdelfatah M.
    Assiut Univ, Fac Engn, Elect Engn Dept, Assiut, Egypt.;Egypt Japan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Mechatron & Robot Engn, Alexandria, Egypt..
    Optimized energy management strategy for grid connected double storage (pumped storage-battery) system powered by renewable energy resources2020In: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 192, article id 116615Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a grid-connected double storage system (DSS) consisting of pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) and battery. The system is supplied by photovoltaics and wind turbines. In the proposed hybrid system, batteries absorb excess renewable energy that cannot be stored in PSH and they cover loads that cannot be supplied from the water turbine. To improve the system performance, a novel energy management strategy for the DSS is proposed. The strategy is based on an optimized factor that governs the charging process of the DSS. The problem of the optimal system design is solved by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The multi-objective function considers simultaneously the minimal investment cost and minimal CO2 emissions. A comparative study of photovoltaic/wind/pumped-storage hydropower and photovoltaic/wind/double storage system is performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in terms of system economic and environmental performance. The considered location of the PSH station is on Attaqa Mountain at Suez (Egypt). The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed energy management strategy for the storage system from economic and environmental perspectives. Coupling the battery with the PSH reduces the electricity cost by 22.2% and results in minimal energy exchange with the national grid (5% of the annual demand). A sensitivity analysis shows the largest variation of the electricity cost with changing the capital cost of the solar and wind generators. Also, it is observed that when the load increases, the optimal size of the system components increases, but it isn't proportional with the demand increase as could be expected. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 19.
    Abdi, Amir
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Analysis of heat recovery in supermarket refrigeration system using carbon dioxide as refrigerant2014Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study is to investigate the heat recovery potential in supermarket refrigeration systems using CO2 as refrigerants. The theoretical control strategy to recover heating demand from refrigeration system is explained thoroughly and the heat recovery process from two existing supermarket using CO2 booster units is analyzed and evaluated. The measured data of refrigeration systems is obtained through Iwmac interface, processed using Excel and Refprop. The aim is to see what control strategy is used in these systems and weather it matches the theoretical one and at what level heat is recovered from the system.

    Besides, a simulation model is made by EES to investigate the potential of higher rate of heat recovery in the supermarkets. The simulation results are compared with field measurement and validated by measured values. Then, the ability of refrigeration system to do heat recovery at quite high rates for covering the total heating demand without using parallel heating system is evaluated and efficiency of the system is calculated. At the next step the heat recovery potential at other refrigeration solutions such as R404A conventional and CO2-ammonia cascade systems are studied and the results are compared to booster units. Finally, the potential for selling heat from the refrigeration system in supermarket to district heating network is investigated. Two different scenarios are made for such purpose and the results are evaluated.

    The heat recovery control strategy of existing supermarkets does not match the theoretical strategy and regarding the capacity of the system, heat is recovered to low extent. Simulation shows that heat can be recovered to higher extent at quite high heating COP of 3-5. Additionally the other heat recovery solutions for R404A conventional and CO2-ammonia cascade systems are found to be competitive to CO2 booster system.  The analysis of selling heat to district heating network shows that CO2 booster system is capable of covering the demand at reasonable heating COP as the first priority and selling the rest to district heating network at heating COP of 2 as second priority.  

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  • 20.
    Abdi, Amir
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Heat Transfer Enhancement of Latent Thermal Energy Storage in Rectangular Components2022Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Latent Thermal Energy Storage (LTES) is an interesting choice to storethermal energy in a sustainable energy system. The primary benefit of LTESis the relatively high latent heat of fusion of the materials, known as PhaseChange Materials (PCM), used in such a system as the storage medium.However, as the thermal conductivity of PCMs is often very low, there is aneed to enhance the rate of heat transfer within the charging/dischargingprocess and to improve the thermal performance of the LTES systems.This thesis addresses the enhancing effect of extending heat transfer area inrectangular LTES enclosures. A key contribution of this thesis is acomprehensive visualization of the phase change processes for an organicPCM, including solidification and melting, constrained as well asunconstrained, known as Close-Contact Melting (CCM), in a cavity with andwithout fins. Observations have been carried out for fins of different lengthsand numbers with a varying angle of inclination, and a comprehensive analysisin terms of phase change time and thermal power is conducted.The observations show fins are more influential in solidification than inmelting, reducing the solidification time by 80% and increasing the meanpower by 395%, at a cost of 10% loss in the extracted energy. In contrast, inmelting, fins have a modest effect in enhancing the process. The relativeenhancement effect of fin is higher in constrained melting than inunconstrained melting. In a case with maximum enhancement, a reduction by52% in the constrained melting time and a relative enhancement in the meanpower by 90% is achieved at a cost of 9% loss in the stored energy. As thevolume fraction of fin increases, the discrepancies in melting time betweenthe constrained and unconstrained melting diminishes.A numerical model for solidification and constrained melting is validatedbased on the experiments, and a more inclusive sensitivity analysis of finparameters is performed. The enhancing effect of different parameters on thephase change time and the thermal power is analyzed and the relatively moreeffective measures are identified. Analyzing the simulation data withdimensionless parameters for a cavity oriented horizontally and enhancedwith vertical fins, overall dimensionless groups for solidification and constrained melting have been obtained. The dimensionless groupscontribute in general to achieving a better understanding of fins parametersand to facilitating the LTES designs.In addition, this thesis investigates a novel idea of extending the surface areavia incorporating mini-channels into LTES enclosures, used as passages forair as a low thermal conductive Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF). The mini-scaleinternal hydraulic diameter of the mini-channels and their high external areato-volume ratios make a potential for dual enhancement on both the PCMside and the HTF side. An existing design and a conceptual one with thepossibility of adding fins on the PCM side, capable of being manufactured viaproduction methods of extrusion and Additive Manufacturing (AM),respectively, have been simulated and studied.The two mini-channel types provide considerable enhancements in the rateof heat transfer for a PCM heat exchanger working with air. The degree ofenhancement increases as the air flow rate increases, at the cost of anincreasingly higher pressure drop. Regarding this, increasing the number ofchannels is identified as a more effective enhancing measure than adding finsto the PCM side. In addition, the conceptual design with a higher internalhydraulic diameter and considerably a higher aspect ratio has a lower pressuredrop than the existing design, charging/discharging the thermal energy at asimilar rate but with a lower fan power. More optimized designs withminimization of pressure drop, contribute to paving the way in facilitation ofthe utilization of the enhanced air-PCM heat exchanger in variousapplications.

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  • 21.
    Abdi, Amir
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Chiu, Justin NingWei
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Martin, Viktoria
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology. KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Numerical Investigation of Latent Thermal Storage in a Compact Heat Exchanger Using Mini-Channels2021In: Applied Sciences, E-ISSN 2076-3417, Vol. 11, no 13, p. 5985-, article id 5985Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper aims to numerically investigate the thermal enhancement of a latent thermal energy storage component with mini-channels as air passages. The investigated channels in two sizes of internal air passages (channel-1 with d(h) = 1.6 mm and channel-2 with d(h) = 2.3 mm) are oriented vertically in a cuboid of 0.15 x 0.15 x 0.1 m(3) with RT22 as the PCM located in the shell. The phase change is simulated with a fixed inlet temperature of air, using ANSYS Fluent 19.5, with a varying number of channels and a ranging air flow rate entering the component. The results show that the phase change power of the LTES improves with by increasing the number of channels at the cost of a decrease in the storage capacity. Given a constant air flow rate, the increase in the heat transfer surface area of the increased number of channels dominates the heat transfer coefficient, thus increasing the mean heat transfer rate (UA). A comparison of the channels shows that the thermal performance depends largely on the area to volume ratio of the channels. The channel type two (channel-2) with a slightly higher area to volume ratio has a slightly higher charging/discharging power, as compared to channel type one (channel-1), at a similar PCM packing factor. Adding fins to channel-2, doubling the surface area, improves the mean UA values by 15-31% for the studied cases. The variation in the total air flow rate from 7 to 24 L/s is found to have a considerable influence, reducing the melting time by 41-53% and increasing the mean UA values within melting by 19-52% for a packing factor range of 77.4-86.8%. With the increase in the air flow rate, channel type two is found to have considerably lower pressure drops than channel type one, which can be attributed to its higher internal hydraulic diameter, making it superior in terms of achieving a relatively similar charging/discharging power in exchange for significantly lower fan power. Such designs can further be optimized in terms of pressure drop in future work, which should also include an experimental evaluation.

  • 22.
    Abdi, Amir
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Chiu, Justin NingWei
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Martin, Viktoria
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology. KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    State of the art in hydrogen liquefaction2020In: Proceedings of the ISES Solar World Congress 2019 and IEA SHC International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry 2019, International Solar Energy Society , 2020, p. 1311-1320Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hydrogen is a potential option to replace fossil fuels considering the increasing demand of energy applications. It is naturally abundant and is regarded as a suitable energy carrier. There has been extensive research to improve the efficiency of storing hydrogen with different methods, including gas compression, liquefaction and sorption in metal hydrides or carbon nanotubes. A comparison of the storage methods shows that liquefaction of hydrogen is more beneficial than compression of hydrogen in terms of higher volumetric capacity, and it is more technologically mature than sorption technologies. This makes it more plausible for long distance distribution. On the other hand, the obstacles in full exploitation of the method are low energy efficiency of the liquefaction process and associated high cost. The recent research has been focusing on increasing the energy efficiency of the storage process. This paper provides, with regard to the conventional methods, a state of the art review of the novel and modified liquefaction process and the latest developments in increasing the efficiency of the energy intensive process. Furthermore, the developments in combining the hydrogen liquefaction plants with renewable energy sources are covered and reviewed. Finally, the ongoing development of hydrogen liquefaction is highlighted.

  • 23.
    Abdi, Amir
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Ignatowicz, Monika
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Gunasekara, Saman Nimali
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology. KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Chiu, Justin NingWei
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Martin, Viktoria
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology. KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Experimental investigation of thermo-physical properties of n-octadecane and n-eicosane2020In: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, ISSN 0017-9310, E-ISSN 1879-2189, Vol. 161, article id 120285Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Reliable knowledge of phase change materials (PCM) thermo-physical properties is essential to model and design latent thermal energy storage (LTES) systems. This study aims to conduct a methodological measurement of thermo-physical properties, including latent enthalpy, isobaric specific heat, thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity, of two n-alkanes, n-octadecane and n-eicosane. The enthalpy and isobaric specific heat of the materials are measured via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique, using a pDSC evo7 from Setaram Instrumentation with a sample mass of 628.4 mg. The influence of the scanning rates, varying from 0.5 K/min to 0.025 K/min, in dynamic continuous mode within temperature range of 10-65 degrees C is investigated. The thermal conductivity and the dynamic viscosity are measured via Hot Disk TPS-2500S instrument and Brookfield rotational viscometer, respectively, up to 70 degrees C. The thermal analysis results via the pDSC show that the isothermal condition can be approached at a very low scanning rate, however at the cost of a higher noise level. A trade-off is observed for n-octadecane, achieving the lowest deviation of 0.7% in latent heat measurement at 0.05 K/min, as compared to the American Petroleum Table values. For n-eicosane, the lowest deviation of 1.2% is seen at the lowest scanning rate of 0.025 K/min. The thermal conductivity measured values show good agreements with a number of documented literature studies in the solid phase, within deviations of 2%. Larger deviations of 5-16% are found for the measurement in the liquid phase. The viscosity values also show a good agreement with the literature values with maximum deviations of 2.9% and 6.3%, with respect to the values of American Petroleum Tables, for n-octadecane and n-eicosane, respectively. The good agreements achieved in measurements establish the reliable thermo-physical properties contributing to the future simulations and designs. 

  • 24.
    Abdi, Amir
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Martin, Viktoria
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Chiu, Justin NingWei
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Numerical investigation of melting in a cavity with vertically oriented fins2019In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 235, p. 1027-1040Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper investigates the effect of vertical fins, as an enhancement technique, on the heat transfer rate and energy density of a latent heat thermal energy storage system. This contributes with knowledge on the interaction of heat transfer surface with the storage material for optimizing storage capacity (energy) and power (heat transfer rate). For the assessment, numerical modeling is employed to study the melting process in a two-dimensional rectangular cavity. The cavity is considered heated isothermally from the bottom with surface temperatures of 55 degrees C, 60 degrees C or 70 degrees C, while the other surfaces are insulated from the surrounding. Aluminum and lauric acid are considered as fin/enclosure material and phase change material, respectively. Vertical fins attached to the bottom surface are employed to enhance the charging rate, and a parametric study is carried out by varying the fin length and number of fins. Thus, a broad range of data is provided to analyze the influence of fin configurations on contributing natural convection patterns, as well as the effects on melting time, enhanced heat transfer rate and accumulated energy. The results show that in addition to increasing the heat transfer surface area, the installation of vertically oriented fins does not suppress the natural convection mechanism. This is as opposed to horizontal fins which in previous studies have shown tendencies to reduce the impact of natural convection. This paper also highlights how using longer fins offers a higher rate of heat transfer and a better overall heat transfer coefficient rather than increasing the number of fins. Also, fins do not only enhance the heat transfer performance in the corresponding melting time, but also maintain similar total amount of stored energy as compared to the no-fin case. This paper discusses how this is the result of the enhanced heat transfer allowing a larger portion of sensible heat to be recovered. For example, in the case with long fins, the relative mean power enhancement is about 200% with merely 6% capacity reduction, even though the amount of PCM in the cavity has been reduced by 12% as compared to the no-fin case. Although the basis for these results stems from the principles of thermodynamics, this paper is bringing it forward with design consideration. This is because despite its importance for making appropriate comparisons among heat transfer enhancement techniques in latent heat thermal energy storage, it has not been previously discussed in the literature. In the end, the aim is to accomplish robust storage systems in terms of power and energy density.

  • 25.
    Abdi, Amir
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Rastan, Hamidreza
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Experimental comparative analysis of close-contact and constrained melting of n-eicosane in a finned rectangular cavity2023In: Applied Thermal Engineering, ISSN 1359-4311, E-ISSN 1873-5606, Vol. 219, article id 119677Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present study demonstrates and visualizes the two modes of constrained melting and close-contact melting in a rectangular cavity enhanced with fins. Three configurations of fin with different lengths and numbers are tested in different horizontal, inclined, and vertical orientations. N-eicosane is used as the phase change material, and the experiments are performed with water as the heat transfer fluid at the inlet conditions of 50 degrees C, 55 degrees C, and 60 degrees C. In general, the close-contact melting time is shorter by 42-50%, compared to the convection dominated constrained melting in the unenhanced cavity without fins. By using fins to enhance the process, the melting time is reduced by 49% and 35% in the constrained and the close-contact modes, respectively, compared to the unfinned cavity in each mode. The thermal performance is observed to be superior in the horizontal and the inclined orientations. In these orientations, the buoyancy-driven structures are not blocked by fins in the con-strained mode. In the close-contact mode, the solid specimens attain more consistent contact with the base of the cavity and with the extended heat transfer area at the inclined and horizontal conditions. In the vertical orientation, the asymmetrical melting by the fins results in a rotational movement of the solid PCM and close -contact perturbations. The variations in the number of fins are found to have minor effects on the overall close-contact-induced melting. On the other hand, increasing the length of the fins is a more promising measure, providing consistent and prolonged contact.

  • 26.
    Abdi, Amir
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Shahrooz, Mina
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Chiu, Justin NingWei
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Martin, Viktoria
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology. KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Experimental investigation of solidification and melting in a vertically finned cavity2021In: Applied Thermal Engineering, ISSN 1359-4311, E-ISSN 1873-5606, Vol. 198, article id 117459Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Extending the heat transfer area is a simple technique to improve the thermal performance of phase change materials with low thermal conductivity. However, as the governing mechanisms differ in solidification and melting, fins can affect the processes in different ways. This demands assessment of fin enhancement in a combined analysis on both solidification and melting, often neglected in literature. This paper presents visual-izations of solidification and melting of n-eicosane in a rectangular cavity and experimentally investigates the enhancing effect of vertical fins with varying number and length. Experiments were conducted at water inlet temperature ranges of 15-25 degrees C and 50-60 degrees C for the solidification and melting processes, respectively. The results show that the vertical fins can be more influential in solidification rather than in melting with similar losses in the storage capacity. In the solidification process, as natural convection is absent, the mean power is enhanced by a maximum of 395% with a 10% loss in the storage capacity, as compared to the benchmark. In the melting case, the mean power is increased by a maximum of 90% with a 9% loss in the storage capacity. Although increasing the surface area with vertical fins contributes to development of convective structures, it makes a modest enhancement. In overall, increasing the fin volume fraction, in exchange for the loss in the storage capacity, enhances the solidification significantly while it has relatively low enhancement effect in melting. At the end, the performed experiments could be helpful for validation of future simulation tools with complex features, particularly solidification models lacking in literature.

  • 27.
    Abdi, Faisa
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Farah, Muse
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Energieffektivisering av Limatvätten AB: Värmeåtervinning från manglar2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Energy efficiency is in the interest of all industries, as it involves the reduction of both energy and cost. The purpose of this project for a bachelor’s degree is to analyse potential energy recovery of waste heat from an ironer.

    The work was carried out at Limatvätten AB, which is a large and modern laundry facility. Limatvätten AB is a textile service company that has been in existence for 50 years. The Lima laundry’s main customers are from the hotel and restaurant business. Limatvätten AB has its own textiles that are rented to hotels, conferences, etc. The largest customers are in Sälenfjällen and in the Siljan region.

    The work is done by identifying moisture, temperature and dynamic pressure in an ironer Based on measurements, the amount of energy that can be recycled is calculated. Heat recovery system proposals are also given in the report. Aquavent is a heat exchanger that uses ventilation heat from the ironers. The water that is heated in the aquavent is led into the washing pipes, which leads to the reduction of steam consumption in washing processes. Temperature change depends on the heat exchanger's efficiency, the higher the temperature change, the more amount of energy recovery is obtained.

    After identification of the problem, a timetable was mapped, and appropriate instruments and interesting parameters were chosen. The moisture content, temperature and dynamic pressure have been measured. The equations described in the theory section are used for most of the calculations with the help of Excel.

    According to the result, the energy saving will be 184 MWh/year if all excess heat from a mangle is reused. Based on the result, the total savings potential is SEK 57 000 /year. According to the results, it is shown that there is the potential to use excess heat from the Lima wash ironers. In addition to the saving of energy, climate impact is also reduced, as the excess energy is again reused which would otherwise disappear into the atmosphere. If two of the ironers are coupled with a heat recovery system, it results in a doubling on the savings potential.

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  • 28.
    Abdul Hayee, Muhammad
    KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE).
    Characterization and utilization of agroforestryresidues as energy source in Brazil2012Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Brazil is very much rich in agriculture and forestry. The agro industry occupies an area of 28840726 ha. The more important crops are sugarcane (7080920 ha), rice (289030 ha), wheat (1853220 ha), coconut (283205 ha), cassava (1894460 ha), corn (13767400 ha) and grass (140000 ha). These crops generated 597 million tons of residues. Forest plantations in Brazil supplied 102.9 million m3 of industrial roundwood, of which nearly half is for renewable fuelwood and charcoal. Part of this plantation output is destined for the pulp and paper industry:

    The renewable sources are fulfilling 46.4% of the total Brazilian energy demands.

    Energy forestation in Brazil includes mainly Eucalyptus and Bracatingas.

    In this study three biomasses abundant in the Brazil are studied:  i.e. Eucalyptus, Garapeira/Peroba (wood dust) and Sewage Sludge.

    The wood samples (Eucalyptus and Peroba/Garapeira) have higher heating value than the sewage sludge because the wood samples have higher amounts of carbon and hydrogen than the sewage sludge. The sewage sludge has higher ash content and lower amount of volatiles and fixed carbon than the wood samples resulting in a lower heating value.

    The pyrolysis of eucalyptus, garapeira/peroba and sewage sludge has been studied in a thermobalance over a wide range of degradation temperatures. Between 225 °C - 375 °C (for eucalyptus) and 225 °C - 425 °C (for garapeira), the thermal decomposition of the biomass leads to significant weight loss.

    The weight loss for Eucalyptus between 265°C and 350°C is 0.48 % / °C and taking into account a heating rate of 10°C/min, the weight loss is 4.8 % /min. Garapeira has a similar behaviour than eucalyptus. The weight loss for garapeira between 265°C and 365°C is 0.4 % / °C and taking into account a heating rate of 10°C/min, the weight loss is 4 % /min.

    The behaviour of the sewage sludge to the increase of temperature from 25°C to 700 °C in an inert atmosphere do not show such different zones as the behaviour of the woody biomass. Between 150 °C and 235°C the weight loss of the sewage sludge was 0.07 %/°C (0.7 %/min). The highest weight loss takes place between 300 °C and 390 °C (0.15 %/°C or 1.5 %/min). In the third zone, between 500 °C and 600°C, the weight loss was 0.03 %/°C (0.3 %/min).

    The pyrolysis is assumed to be a first order decomposition. The activation energy (E) and the pre exponential factor (A) are calculated for the studied samples.

    The proximate analysis shows differences between the woody biomass and the sewage sludge. The sewage sludge has higher ash content and lower fixed carbon and volatiles. Eucalyptus has lower carbon fixed and higher volatiles than peroba-garapeira.

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  • 29.
    Abdulamir, Ahmed
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Chemical Engineering.
    Utredning av värmeåtervinning från livsmedelsbutik som använder CO2 kylanläggning till byggnaden: Effektivisering av CO2 kylanläggning genom att utnyttja värmeåtervinning för att minska vattenförbrukning till nödkylan2021Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka om värmeenergin från CO2 kyl-/frysaggregat i en livsmedelsbutik kan motsvara värmeenergibehovet till butiken och byggnaden samt undersöka möjligheten att minska vattenförbrukningen till att nödkyla värmeväxlare.  Genom litteraturstudie och datainsamling av relevanta parametrar, beräknades värmeenergibehovet för byggnaden, butiken och den producerade värmeenergin från kylanläggningen. En energibalansberäkning utfördes för att verifiera resultat och kartlägga hur värmeenergin fördelas i de olika delarna av värmeåtervinningskretsen. En förbättringsåtgärd presenterats för att sänka värmeåtervinnings returledningstemperatur och med det kan vattenförbrukningen minskas.

  • 30.
    Abdullahi, Abdirahman
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics.
    Techno-economic evaluation of hydrochar via hydrothermal carbonisation of organicresidues2022Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis has investigated the techno-economic feasibility of upgrading the sludge from a chemical pulp mill to hydrochar via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). The intended use of the hydrochar was to replace fossil coal within metallurgical applications in the iron and steel industry.

    Process models were developed in order to obtain mass and energy balances of the HTC process for different technical configurations. The balances were used to evaluate the economic performance, in terms of hydrochar production cost as well as different profitability parameters. Two main scenarios were investigated:

    Scenario-1: HTC process integrated with the pulp millScenario-2: Stand alone HTC process.To see the effect of having one or two HTC reactors, two cases were developed for each scenario, where the first case used only mixed sludge from the pulp mill as feedstock for the HTC process (case 1, one reactor), while the second case used both mixed sludge and bark as feedstock (case 2, two reactors).

    In scenario 1, the effects on the pulp mill’s mass and energy balances of integrating the HTC process were investigated. The results showed only very small impacts on the pulp mill, due to that the HTC process is significantly smaller than the mill. The total amount of steam to the steam turbine increased by 0.8 % and 0.9 %, for case 1 and 2, respectively. In combination with the removed sludge, which is otherwise combusted in the mill’s socalled power boiler, this entailed a total increase of the wood fuel consumption in the boiler by 3.2 % and 3.6 %, respectively.

    By implementing a second HTC reactor, the production cost of hydrochar could in the integrated scenario (scenario 1) be decreased from 4 600 SEK/ton (case 1) to 3 700 SEK/ton (case 2). The corresponding production costs in the stand alone scenario (scenario 2) amounted to 5 400 SEK/ton (case 1) and 4 200 SEK/ton (case 2), respectively. Both integration with the pulp mill and increasing the HTC production scale were thus found to be strategies that can lead to decreased hydrochar production cost. However, even the lowest production cost noted in this report is significantly higher than the corresponding price of coal. This indicates that other measures are required in order for hydrochar to become cost competitive to fossil coal in the metallurgical industry. Examples are the possibility to use even lower-cost feedstocks, as well as policy tools targeting, e.g., the CO2 emissions from using fossil materials and energy carriers in the iron and steel industry.

    Based on the results from the investment calculation, it is concluded that the HTC process integrated with a pulp mill is preferable compared to a stand alone HTC process. The reason why integrated HTC is preferred is that it gives higher NPV and correspondingly lower payback time, as well as lower hydrochar production costs.

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  • 31.
    Abeywardana, Asela Janaka
    University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering.
    Solar - Biomass hybrid system for process heat supply in medium scale hotels in Sri Lanka2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study aimed at evaluating and demonstrating the feasibility of using Concentrated Solar Thermal technology combined with biomass energy technology as a hybrid renewable energy system to supply the process heat requirements in small scale industries in Sri Lanka. Particularly, the focus was to apply the concept to the expanding hotel industry, for covering the thermal energy demand of a medium scale hotel.

    Solar modules utilize the rooftop area of the building to a valuable application. Linear Fresnel type of solar concentrator is selected considering the requirement of the application and the simplicity of fabrication and installation compared to other technologies. Subsequently, a wood-fired boiler is deployed as the steam generator as well as the balancing power source to recover the effects due to the seasonal variations in solar energy. Bioenergy, so far being the largest primary energy supply in the country, has a good potential for further growth in industrial applications like small hotels. 

    When a hotel with about 200-guests capacity and annual average occupancy of 65% is considered, the total annual CO2 saving is accounted as 207 tons compared with an entirely fossil fuel (diesel) fired boiler system. The annual operational cost saving is around $ 40,000 and the simple payback period is within 3-4 years. The proposed hybrid system can generate additional 26 employment opportunities in the proximity of the site location area.  

    This solar-biomass hybrid concept mitigates the weaknesses associated with these renewable technologies when employed separately. The system has been designed in such a way that the total heat demand of hot water and process steam supply is managed by renewable energy alone. It is thus a self-sustainable, non-conventional, renewable energy system. This concept can be stretched to other critical medium temperature applications like for example absorption refrigeration. The system is applicable to many other industries in the country where space requirement is available, solar irradiance is rich and a solid biomass supply is assured.    

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  • 32.
    Abeywardana, Asela M.A.J.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Solar-Biomass hybrid system for process heat supply in medium scale hotels in Sri Lanka2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study aimed at evaluating and demonstrating the feasibility of using Concentrated Solar Thermal technology combined with biomass energy technology as a hybrid renewable energy system to supply the process heat requirements in small scale industries in Sri Lanka. Particularly, the focus was to apply the concept to the expanding hotel industry, for covering the thermal energy demand of a medium scale hotel.

    Solar modules utilize the rooftop area of the building to a valuable application. Linear Fresnel type of solar concentrator is selected considering the requirement of the application and the simplicity of fabrication and installation compared to other technologies. Subsequently, a wood-fired boiler is deployed as the steam generator as well as the balancing power source to recover the effects due to the seasonal variations in solar energy. Bioenergy, so far being the largest primary energy supply in the country, has a good potential for further growth in industrial applications like small hotels. 

    When a hotel with about 200-guests capacity and annual average occupancy of 65% is considered, the total annual CO2 saving is accounted as 207 tons compared with an entirely fossil fuel (diesel) fired boiler system. The annual operational cost saving is around $ 40,000 and the simple payback period is within 3-4 years. The proposed hybrid system can generate additional 26 employment opportunities in the proximity of the site location area.  

    This solar-biomass hybrid concept mitigates the weaknesses associated with these renewable technologies when employed separately. The system has been designed in such a way that the total heat demand of hot water and process steam supply is managed by renewable energy alone. It is thus a self-sustainable, non-conventional, renewable energy system. This concept can be stretched to other critical medium temperature applications like for example absorption refrigeration. The system is applicable to many other industries in the country where space requirement is available, solar irradiance is rich and a solid biomass supply is assured.

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  • 33. Abeyweera, Ruchira
    et al.
    Senanayake, Nihal S.
    Senaratne, Chamindie
    Jayasuriya, Jeevan
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology. EIT InnoEnergy, Sweden.
    Fransson, Torsten H.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology. EIT InnoEnergy, Sweden.
    Capacity Building Through a Web Based Master Degree Programme in Sustainable Energy Engineering2017In: PROCEEDINGS OF 2017 IEEE GLOBAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION CONFERENCE (EDUCON2017), IEEE, 2017, p. 800-805Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Open Distance Learning is gaining popularity as a successful alternative for on-campus higher education especially with the emergence of web based platforms which enable the online delivery of courses worldwide. This emerging educational pedagogy can successfully be employed as means of capacity building of the people living in the less fortunate parts of the world where higher education especially at master level are scarce. This paper presents a two-year collaborative master study programme in sustainable energy engineering offered in synchronous with an on-campus study programme conducted by the KTH Royal Institute of Technology of Sweden, to students of Sri Lanka, which was facilitated by the Open University of Sri Lanka. The paper describes the need of such a programme, the format of course delivery and assessment thereof, plus the benefits gained. This programme has produced 72 post graduates in Sri Lanka alone and more than 200 distant postgraduates worldwide in the field of sustainable energy engineering during last 10 years period. In terms of capacity building in the energy sector in Sri Lanka this is considered a great achievement. The experience gained by the local staff in the role of local facilitators who engaged in some of the academic related activities such as evaluation of students' presentation and co-supervision of thesis projects have been greatly appreciated as being additional benefits to the staff in terms of their own academic development and capacity building. Finally, conclusions are made on how remote programmes of study could successfully be delivered to places where such know-how is scarce by adapting appropriate technologies in training personnel at postgraduate level to meet the needs of the industry.

  • 34.
    Abghari, Shahrooz
    et al.
    Blekinge Institute of Technology, Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science.
    Boeva, Veselka
    Blekinge Institute of Technology, Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science.
    Brage, Jens
    NODA Intelligent Systems AB, SWE.
    Johansson, Christian
    NODA Intelligent Systems AB, SWE.
    District Heating Substation Behaviour Modelling for Annotating the Performance2020In: Communications in Computer and Information Science / [ed] Cellier, P, Driessens, K, Springer , 2020, Vol. 1168, p. 3-11Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this ongoing study, we propose a higher order data mining approach for modelling district heating (DH) substations’ behaviour and linking operational behaviour representative profiles with different performance indicators. We initially create substation’s operational behaviour models by extracting weekly patterns and clustering them into groups of similar patterns. The built models are further analyzed and integrated into an overall substation model by applying consensus clustering. The different operational behaviour profiles represented by the exemplars of the consensus clustering model are then linked to performance indicators. The labelled behaviour profiles are deployed over the whole heating season to derive diverse insights about the substation’s performance. The results show that the proposed method can be used for modelling, analyzing and understanding the deviating and sub-optimal DH substation’s behaviours. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

  • 35.
    Abid, Hamza
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Thakur, Jagruti
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems.
    Khatiwada, Dilip
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Bauner, David
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Industrial Economics and Management (Dept.), Sustainability, Industrial Dynamics & Entrepreneurship. Renetech AB, Sweden.
    Energy storage integration with solar PV for increased electricity access: A case study of Burkina Faso2021In: Energy, E-ISSN 0360-5442, Vol. 230, no 120656, p. 120656-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electricity access remains a challenge for the majority of the West African countries, wherein 5 out of 16 have an electrification rate of less than 25%, with Burkina Faso having only 9% of the rural population with electricity access in 2017. This study presents a techno-economic feasibility analysis of solar PV system integration with conceptualized Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) and electric batteries for Burkina Faso. The study explores two cases (a) an off-grid PV with a storage system for rural areas and (b) a grid-connected PV system for an urban location. The least-cost configuration of PV with feasible storage is investigated using HOMER. The results show that Solar PV with PHS remains the optimal system configuration for both rural and urban cases even when the construction costs of lower and upper reservoirs are considered. Battery energy storage systems remain an economically expensive solution even when the added costs of pumped hydro storage are included, owing to the low lifetime and high capital costs of battery storage. The capital cost of PV remains to be the most dominating factor for both cases, signifying the importance of policy interventions for cost reduction of PV for increased green electrification in West African countries.

  • 36.
    Abou Jaoudeh, Elie
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Developement of Optimization Method/A Tool for RE applications in Intermittent Grids with focus on Lebanon2012Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Renewable energy applications require sound design and optimization of life cycle costs because they need upfront investments and as long as possible operating lifetimes are expected. Using modern tools for optimizing designs of grid-tied and autonomous plants allows investors to deploy these technologies while keeping risks within acceptable limits.

    Nevertheless in Lebanon, the grid is intermittent and the most adapted solutions are dual-mode plants that can operate autonomously and with grid-tie. There are no existent simulation models particularly adapted to optimize these applications for such a situation. The objective of this research is to suggest and test a model adapted from commercially available software that can simulate the particular conditions of Lebanon. The studied solution has a PV generator associated with a PV charge controller, lead acid battery, a dual mode inverter, and transfer switchgear and protections. The research successfully met the objective of finding a setup in HOMER 2.68beta for simulating and optimizing a PV-Battery AC plant for an intermittent grid with scheduled blackouts.

    The setup and adaptation in HOMER is made to replicate an existing reference PV-Battery plant at a public school. The measured data from this public school is used to validate the results obtained from the adapted HOMER simulation. The grid is supplied for an average of 12 hours per day at the reference site with a tariff of USD 0.1/kWh.

    After the validation process, a sensitivity analysis is performed to simulate this plant under

    1. Different grid supply hours, 12 and 18 hours of supply daily
    2. Different grid electricity prices, USD 0.1 and 0.1375 /kWh
    3. Simulation of PV plants to meet other load profiles typical of community and municipality building centers

    All the simulations cross matched 20 different PV generator sizes to 7 different battery sizes for 5 different total setups.

    The levelized cost of electricity, COE, is the main parameter used to find the optimum setups, whereas options that shortened the battery life to less than 12 years or couldn’t meet at least 90% of the required yearly load were filtered out. The COE is calculated manually since several corrections related to grid and net-metering limitations are not obtained directly from HOMER.

    The simulated results can serve as a good indicator on how the systems would perform for typical public institutions in Lebanon, given the current conditions, and knowing that the range of this study is limited to small scale institutions with consumption levels less than 30 kWh/day. Storage capacity should also be limited to 100 kWh/day of useful storage, since batteries are not the best option to use for storage capacities higher than the mentioned limit.

    The setup has a great potential for advancement and acts as a first step for Lebanon to have a specialized tool for simulating the performance of PV-battery AC plants optimized for the conditions existing in the country. Future steps could be made to improve and diversify the software to include:

    • irradiation data that come from actual data logging data from other PV sites which are installed around the whole country, almost a 100
    • financial analysis for offsetting private generation with fossil fueled gensets, which is the main backup for electricity blackouts
    • wind turbine simulations, several installations are provisioned to be completed by the end of 2012, and it would be possible to carry out a similar validation process for small wind turbines
    • pollution and other environmental costs
    • value of lost load, “VOLL”, to compare different options in parallel with COE.

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    Abou Jaoudeh Elie EGI-2012-81MSC-EKV-910
  • 37.
    Abrahamsson, Cajsa
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Heat and Power Technology.
    Miljöpåverkan, hälsopåverkan och LCC för direktdrivna kontra växellådsdrivna vindkraftverk med avseende på deras innehåll av jordartsmetaller2014Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Vindkraftverk med olika magnetiseringsmetoder (elektromagneter eller permanentmagneter) och maskindriftstyper (direktdrift eller växellådsdrift) undersöks i denna rapport, gällande användningen av jordartsmetaller i dessa. I första delen av rapporten studeras miljö- och hälsopåverkan från jordartsmetallindustrin i den kinesiska provinsen Baotou. Detta då Baotou står för en stor del av försörjningen av jordartsmetaller till vindkraftverksindustrin. I den andra delen av rapporten undersöks skillnaderna i livscykelkostnader mellan vindkraftverk med olika generator- och maskindriftsystem. Rapporten innehåller informationssökningar om olika aspekter som berör dessa teman såsom exempelvis olika typer av vindkraftverksgeneratorer på marknaden, miljöpåverkan från olika ämnen i jordartsmineraler, återvinning av jordartsmetaller och processen från jordartsmineral till permanent-magnet. Informationen är främst inhämtad från vindkraftverkstillverkare, tekniska rapporter och artiklar.

    I miljö- och hälsoanalysen blev slutsatsen att den negativa påverkan från jordartsmetallindustrin i Kina var för omfattande för att användningen av jordartsmetaller skulle rättfärdigas ur ett etiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv. Gruvdriften och bearbetningen av jordartsmetaller har lett till stora utsläpp av skadliga ämnen, såsom exempelvis tungmetaller och radioaktivt avfall, i provinsen Baotou. Dessa har gett allvarliga negativa konsekvenser för djur, människor och växtlighet.

    Livscykelkostnaderna för vindkraftverk med olika generatorsystem beräknades med hjälp av LCC-metoden. Slutsatsen blev att det i dagsläget inte skiljde så mycket kostnadsmässigt i valet av maskindrifttyp eller magnetiseringsmetod. Enligt beräkningar ledde användningen av permanent-magneter inte till några ekonomiska fördelar. Istället var det kostnadsförhandlingar och osäkerhet i indata som gav de största kostnadsskillnaderna. Drift och underhållskostnaderna stod för de definitivt största utgifterna och investeringskostnaderna till generatorsystemen för de näststörsta utgifterna.

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  • 38.
    Abrahamsson, Erik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Värmeöverföring från smälta till vattenkyld tapputrustning2011Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis work is done on behalf of Boliden Mineral AB at Rönnskärsverken.

    Kopparhyttan is an electric copper furnace for melting of copper concentrates and secondary materials in the form of ashes, metal scrap, crushed matte, slag and sludge.

    Depending on how the input material varies, the chemical composition of the melt will vary as well. Variations in the chemical composition of the melt also imply that the physical properties of the melt vary and the heat transfer between melt and tap block.

    A high heat load on the tap block during tapping of matte, results in increased wear and severe erosion of the tap channel and therefore the need of an understanding of the underlying causes to prevent and if possible avoid the high heat load.

    The completed analysis shows that a high heat load on the tap equipment mainly is associated with the copper content. A lower copper content leads to the melting point is lowered and also reduces the viscosity, leading to an increased mass flow. The increased heat load thus indicate an increased mass flow in combination with a reduced melting point, which means that the freezing of an erosion protective coating of matte on the inside of tapping channel walls becomes more difficult and thus increases the erosion on the tap equipment. Sulphur deficit, which is calculated from a chemical analysis of matte, showed no correlation to a high heat load and no connection between the sulfur deficit and the erosion of the tap equipment were successfully concluded.

    Measures proposed to reduce the wear on the tap equipment are increasing the flow of cooling water and a possible reduction of the tap channel diameter.

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  • 39.
    Abrahamsson, Erika
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013).
    Gröna tak - potentialen för dagvattenreglering i Karlstad: Simuleringar i Mike Urban2015Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    As urban areas become more populated and denser, stormwater management becomes an important matter. Since natural areas are becoming exploited and green areas in cities are removed the stormwater flow increases due to the conversion of impermeable surfaces into hard surface areas. The increase in stormwater flow can cause flooding if the pipeline system is insufficient.

    Change in climate caused by anthropogenic emissions will expose our communities to difficult challenges. Urban flooding from sewers is one of them, and may become more frequent in parts of the world where precipitation is predicted to increase in the future. In order to develop our cities in a sustainable manner and create resilience, the urban drainage system has to be a part of this development. Many of the techniques related to sustainable urban drainage systems, like storage reservoirs and open channels, require access to land space. However, about 40-50 % of the impermeable surfaces in cities consist of roof. Consequently, an interesting alternative to decrease stormwater flow is green roof due to its ability to reduce and attenuate the flow.

    The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the benefits of green roof’s stormwater management through simulations in Mike Urban. The simulations are made over two neighborhoods in Karlstad with future climate changes. The simulations indicated that green roof in these neighborhoods show good potential to lower the risk of flooding and the numbers of flooded wells by a 10- and 2-year rain is decreased by 42 and 58 %.

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  • 40.
    Abrahamsson, Jonas
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Lindqvist, Jakob
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Nedsmutsade värmesystems påverkan på energisystemet: Effektivisering vid användning av rengöringsmetoder2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Contamination of the heating system is not a well-known problem that can have major economic consequences. Due to minerals and low pH in the system arises limescale and corrosion that can clog the system and can damage components. This will result in increased energy consumption for users and a higher energy input from the district heating company. The purpose of this work is to study different cleaning methods for heating systems and if it is viable with cleaning of heating systems. The cleaning effect on the district heating demand and how it affects greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy use. And examine whether the maintenance of the heating system provides less energy than remodeling the building envelope. Previous studies in this area were examined and relevant data were collected after talks with interesting companies working with cleaning of heating systems. Cleaning the heating system was compared with various packages such as remodeling of the building envelope and heat recovery ventilation. Cleaning the heating systems with an efficiency of 10 % resulting in a reduced heating need at 1,63 GWh per year and a reduction in emissions of 177 tonnes CO2e per year. The reduced heating demand resulted in a reduction in primary energy consumption by 113 750 kWh per year. Installation of the cleaning systems can result in a saving for Tunabyggen of 759 200 SEK per year. The conclusion of this work is that the cleaning prolongs the lifetime of heating systems, but can’t replace remodeling of the building envelope in terms of reduced energy consumption.

  • 41.
    Abrahamsson, Linnéa
    Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences (from 2013).
    Energieffektivisering av fabrik inom tillverkande industri: Utvärdering av åtgärdsförslag2021Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    June 1st, 2014, the law on energy audits of large enterprises was introduces as a way of promoting energy efficiency and to help fulfil the demands from the EU energy efficiency directive. One company that this law applies to is Talent Plastics in Gothenburg. In 2017 an energy audit was conducted at the company by WSP in Karlstad. This audit has been used as a basis for this study. The purpose of this study has been to present solutions for reducing the energy use as Talent Plastics in Gothenburg.

    In this study, an energy balance for the facility has been modelled. This model has then been used in order to evaluate some of the different solutions presented in the previous energy audit as well as some new solutions that have been identified.

    The solutions that have been studied are:

    Heat recovery from the process cooling by installing a heating battery in

    ventilation systemsHeat recovery from the process cooling by pre-heating ventilation airUpdating old extruder machinesHeat recovery from the compressed air systemUsing outside air for the compressed air systemUpdate of the existing heat recovery system installed in the production

    ventilation system

    Based on the results presented in this report the system today is inefficient with a large need for heat whilst a lot of energy is cooled through process cooling. The energy balance presented showed a higher use of energy for heating of ventilation air compared to the results presented in the previous energy audit. This is a consequence of the assumptions made when conducting an energy audit. By underestimating the energy need for the heating of ventilation air, the potential energy savings from solutions including heat recovery in the ventilation systems has been underestimated.

    Out of the solutions investigated in this study, updating the heat recovery system in the ventilation system for production spaces resulted in the largest energy savings with savings of 192 MWh per year. The maximum energy savings using heat recovery from the process cooling were 202 MWh/year. This solution had a pay-off time of 0,7 years. The results showed that heat recovery from the compressed air system is not a suitable solution for the facility.

    When combining different solutions updating the existing heat recovery system installed in the production ventilation system combined with pre-heating and installation of a heating battery in the same ventilation system would result in energy savings of 323 MWh per year. This represents 14 % of the total energy use for the facility and savings of 226 thousand Swedish krona per year.

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    Energieffektivisering av fabrik inom tillverkande industri
  • 42.
    Abrahamsson, Mattias
    Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Chemical Engineering.
    Säsongslagring av överskottsenergi2022Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Genom att kartlägga smältugnarna och dess kylvattensystem inom Åkers Sweden AB har en studie genomförts för att analysera vilken potential det finns till att ytterligare återvinna överskottsenergi. Detta har genomförts för att uppfylla de av Sverige ställda miljö- och energi-mål till år 2030 som dels handlar om att vi behöver energieffektivisera våra processer och tillföra mindre energi för att uppnå samma resultat som tidigare.

    Uppdraget är genomfört på uppdrag av Åkers Ledningsgrupp som önskar förstå om det finns tekniska och ekonomiska förutsättningar att starta upp ett projekt för att investera i ett energilager. Överskottsenergi som idag inte kan tillvaratas kyls bort med sjövatten vilket kan betraktas som ett rent energislöseri.

    Resultatet påvisar att det finns en potential till att återvinna ytterligare 2 GWh överskottsenergi vilka är möjliga att lagra i ett energilager till en investeringskostnad på 21 MSEK.

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  • 43.
    Abrahamsson, Max
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Elbussar i Örnsköldsvik: En analys över vad som krävs för att elektrifiera bussarna i tätortstrafiken i Örnsköldsvik.2022Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    For Sweden to achieve its environmental goals by 2045, municipalities need to reducegreenhouse gas emissions, especially from from the transport sector. Recentmeasurements in Örnsköldsvik have shown poor quality air in the built-up environment.Buses are the vehicle classes that emit, proportionally the most carbon dioxide equivalentgases. The intention is to replace the current city buses with electric vehicles to take asignificant step on the road to zero emissions.When electric buses are planned for a city traffic implementation, you must first establishwhat kind of electric buses you want to use. In Örnsköldsvik, the most relevant alternativestoday are either depot-charged or additional-charged buses.Which of the bus types that the municipality chooses to implement will affect themdifferently. If they choose depot-charged buses, the vehicles will be more expensive, but itwill not be necessary to add as much infrastructure and the circulation plan will not be asaffected as in the other case. In addition, some of the lines are too long to run all day, atsome point during the day a depot-charged bus must be run empty back to the depot to bereplaced by a charged bus. If additional-charging is chosen, the infrastructure will be moreexpensive (though fixed infrastructure has a low total cost compared to the cost of thevehicles as these have a longer depreciation period) and the circulation plan will need somechanges so that the buses have time to charge for a few minutes at the end stops.With current electric bus technology, electric buses should work in Örnsköldsvik’s urbanarea. Most with depot charging, some lines may need additional charging. Minimumrecommendations are made for the depot size, location and electric effect needed. Also,recommendation of piloting with 6 busses rather than taking a “Big bang” approach toimplementation to gain experience.

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  • 44.
    Abreu Saraiva Freitas, Iuri
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Indoor climate: A comparison of residential units in Tjärna Ängar, Borlänge before and after retrofitting2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study try to understand which aspects were fundamental to indoor climate and how to obtain them in order to provide the best possible experience in the thermal comfort of individuals. Thus, arose the studies of Fanger, which was the seed for a new era of discoveries in the area and founded the knowledge our society have today in this globally used standards and norms. Referring to these fundamental aspects of the indoor comfort, data collection was taken in situ to show in details what was happening. This study was executed in order to demonstrate the differences between the data previous and after a process of retrofitting in dwellings built in the 60s and 70s of the century past, in the district of Tjärna Ängar, Borlänge, Sweden. The comparative results using criteria such as Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD), Draft Rate (DR), air velocity, Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT), Relative Humidity (RH) and air temperature, showed an improvement in 6 of the 8 parameters analyzed. Confirming the expectation that through the retrofitting the residents will be more satisfied, obtain better quality of indoor climate comfort and also increase occupied area in these dwellings.

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  • 45.
    Abu Zeid, Houda
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Syed, Tanya
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Suitable textile recycling methods for implementation inSweden: A study in mechanical and chemical recycling methods2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This report strives to examine the economical, technical and environmental aspects of textileproduction, but mainly textile recycling. Comparisons between natural fibers and syntheticones will be made, comparing both positive and negative aspects. The textile fibers that willbe discussed are cotton, viscose, polyester and lyocell. Furthermore, an analysis of varioustextile recycling technologies currently available and how suited they are for today’s societywill be made. By doing so one can explore the future possibilities and limitations for thedevelopment of textile recycling. A SWOT-analysis will be conducted in order to examinethe possibility to implement one of the recycling techniques in Sweden. The conclusion thatformed from the SWOT-analysis was that the chemical recycling technique is better fitted fora country of Sweden’s nature. Furthermore, in order for Sweden to be able to implement alarge scale recycling system there is a need for development of certain areas, such as sortingtechnologies, collection and general managing of recycled textile fibers. Some furtherconclusions from this study are that:● Greater focus is needed in order to increase the collection of textiles, since thechemical recycling method is the most efficient when it comes to the recycling oflarger volumes of textiles.● The majority of the sorting of textiles should be done automatically to facilitate thehandling of the collection of textiles.● In the beginning one should focus on recycling textiles that only consist of one type offiber, this since the recycling of textiles consisting of more than one type of fiber ismore complex and the technique for it is not yet fully developed.There are two parts to the report. The first part contains an introduction and a description ofthe project’s research questions and mission. The second part is a literature study whichcontains information about different types of textile fibers currently available and how theproduction and recycling of these fibers affect the environment and society as a whole. Theliterature study is followed by a description of the model used in this report and also ananalysis of the final results. An interview conducted with the sportswear company HoudiniSportswear AB can also be found in the literature study.

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  • 46.
    Abuasbeh, Mohammad
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Palm, Björn (Editor)
    KTH, Superseded Departments (pre-2005), Energy Technology. KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage Insight into the future2018Report (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) systems, such as Aquifer thermal energy storage(ATES) are used in several countries. The regulation and research on the potential impacts of ATESon groundwater resources and the subsurface environment often lag behind the technologicaldevelopment of an ever-growing demand for this renewable energy source. The lack of a clear andscientifically supported risk management strategy implies that potentially unwanted risks might betaken at vulnerable locations such as near well fields used for drinking water production. At othersites, on the other side, the application of ATES systems is avoided without proper reasons. Thisresults in limiting the utilization of the ATES technology in many occasions, affecting the possibilityto increase the share of renewable energy use. Therefore, further studies to characterizegroundwater resources, performance monitoring and identification of environmental impacts areneeded to understand the advantages and limitations of ATES systems.

    The environmental impact and technical performance of a Low Temperature ATES (LT-ATES)system in operation since 2016 is presented. The system is called Rosenborg and is owned byVasakronan. It is located in the northern part of Stockholm, on a glaciofluvial deposit called theStockholm esker. The ATES system is used to heat and cool two commercial buildings with a totalarea of around 30,000 m2. The ATES consists of 3 warm and 2 cold pumping wells that are able topump up to 50 liters per second.

    Analysis of groundwater sampling included a period of 9 months prior to ATES operation as well asthe first full season of heating and cooling operation. The sampling was conducted in a group ofwells in the vicinity of the installation and within the system. Means of evaluation constituted astatistical approach that included Kruskal-Wallis test by ranks, to compare the wells before and afterthe ATES was used. Then principal component analysis (PCA) and clustering analysis were used tostudy the ground water conditions change before and after the ATES. Aquifer Variation Ratio(AVR) was suggested as mean to evaluate the overall conditions of the aquifer pre- and post- ATES.

    The results showed some variations in redox potential, particularly at the cold wells which likely wasdue to the mixing of groundwater considering the different depths of groundwater beingabstracted/injected from different redox zones. Arsenic, which has shown to be sensitive to hightemperatures in other research showed a decrease in concentration. A lower specific conductivityand total hardness at the ATES well compared to their vicinity was found. That indicates that theyare less subject to salinization and that no accumulation has occurred to date. It is evident that theenvironmental impact from ATES is governed by the pre-conditions in soil- and groundwater. ThePCA and clustering analysis showed very little change in the overall conditions in the aquifer whencomparing the ATES before and after operation. Temperature change showed negligible impact.This can be mainly attributed to the relatively small temperature change (+6 and – 5 degrees) fromthe undisturbed Aquifer temperature which is 10.5°C.

    Performance of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) systems for seasonal thermal storagedepends on the temperature of the extracted/injected groundwater, water pumping rates and thehydrogeological conditions of the aquifer. ATES systems are therefore often designed to work witha temperature difference between the warm side and cold side of the aquifer without riskinghydraulic and thermal intrusion between them, and avoiding thermal leakage to surrounding area, i.e. optimize hydraulic and thermal recovery. The hydraulic and thermal recovery values of the first yearof operation in Rosenorg weres 1.37 and 0.33, respectively, indicating that more storage volume(50500m3) was recovered during the cooling season than injected (36900m3) in the previous heatingseason.

    Monitoring the operation of pumping and observation wells is crucial for the validation of ATESgroundwater models utilized for their design, and measured data provides valuable information forresearchers and practitioners working in the field. After months of planning and installation work,selected measurements recorded in an ATES monitoring project in Sweden during the first threeseasons of operation are reported in this report.

    The monitoring system consists of temperature sensors and flow meters placed at the pumpingwells, a distributed temperature-sensing rig employing fiber optic cables as linear sensor andmeasuring temperature every 0.25 m along the depth of all pumping and several observation wells,yielding temporal and spatial variation data of the temperature in the aquifer. The heat injection andextraction to and from the ground is measured using power meters at the main line connecting thepumping wells to the system. The total heat and cold extracted from the aquifer during the firstheating and cooling season is 190MWh and 237MWh, respectively. A total of 143 MWh of heatwere extracted during the second heating season. The hydraulic and thermal recovery values of thefirst year of operation was 1.37 and 0.33, respectively, indicating that more storage volume(50500m3) was recovered during the cooling season than injected (36900m3) in the previous heatingseason. The DTS data showed traces of the thermal front from the warm storage reaching the coldone. Only 33% of the thermal energy was recovered. These losses are likely due to ambientgroundwater flow as well as conduction losses at the boundaries of the storage volume. Additionally,the net energy balance over the first year corresponds to 0.12 which indicates a total net heating ofthe ATES over the first year. It is recommended to increase the storage volume and achieve morehydraulic and thermal balance in the ATES system. This can enhance the thermal recovery andoverall performance. Continuous monitoring of the ATES is and will be ongoing for at least 3 moreyears. The work presented in this report is an initial evaluation of the system aiming to optimize theATES performance.

    Furthermore, data management and processing tool has been established for the ATES system in Rosenborg. Additionally, a conceptual model of the ATES area has been established. Current andfuture work is focussed on completing a full scale numerical model in FEFLOW and validated themodel (both hydraulically and thermally) with the available monitoring data. Furthermore,establishing recommendations for optimum design and operation of ATES system.

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  • 47.
    Abuasbeh, Mohammad
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Brine to Water Heat Pump Systems2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The overall objective of this thesis is to develop methods for fault detection and diagnosis for ground source heat pumps that can be used by servicemen to assist them to accurately detect and diagnose faults during the operation of the heat pump. The aim of this thesis is focused to develop two fault detection and diagnosis methods, sensitivity ratio and data-driven using principle component analysis.

    For the sensitivity ratio method model, two semi-empirical models for heat pump unit were built to simulate fault free and faulty conditions in the heat pump. Both models have been cross-validated by fault free experimental data. The fault free model is used as a reference. Then, fault trend analysis is performed in order to select a pair of uniquely sensitive and insensitive parameters to calculate the sensitivity ratio for each fault. When a sensitivity ratio value for a certain fault drops below a predefined value, that fault is diagnosed and an alarm message with that fault appears. The simulated faults data is used to test the model and the model successfully detected and diagnosed the faults types that were tested for different operation conditions.

    In the second method, principle component analysis is used to drive linear correlations of the original variables and calculate the principle components to reduce the dimensionality of the system. Then simple clustering technique is used for operation conditions classification and fault detection and diagnosis process. Each fault is represented by four clusters connected with three lines where each cluster represents different fault intensity level. The fault detection is performed by measuring the shortest orthogonal distance between the test point and the lines connecting the faults’ clusters. Simulated fault free and faulty data are used to train the model. Then, a new set of simulated faults data is used to test the model and the model successfully detected and diagnosed all faults type and intensity level of the tested faults for different operation conditions.

    Both models used simple seven temperature measurements, two pressure measurements (from which the condensation and evaporation temperatures are calculated) and the electrical power, as an input to the fault detection and diagnosis model. This is to reduce the cost and make it more convenient to implement. Finally, for each models, a user friendly graphical user interface is built to facilitate the model operation by the serviceman.

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  • 48.
    Abuasbeh, Mohammad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Acuña, José
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    ATES SYSTEM MONITORING PROJECT, FIRST MEASUREMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION: CASE STUDY IN SWEDEN2018In: Proceedings of the IGSHPA Research Track 2018, 2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Performance of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) systems for seasonal thermal storage depends on the temperature of the extracted/injected groundwater, water pumping rates and the hydrogeological conditions of the aquifer. ATES systems are therefore often designed to maintain a temperature difference possible between the warm side and cold side of the aquifer, without risking hydraulic and thermal intrusion between them or thermal leakage to surrounding area, i.e. maximize hydraulic and thermal recovery. Monitoring the operation of pumping and observation wells is crucial for the validation of ATES groundwater models utilized for their design, and measured data provides valuable information for researchers and practitioners working in the field. After months of planning and installation work, selected measurements recorded in an ATES monitoring project in Sweden during the first three seasons of operation are reported in this paper. The ATES system is located in Solna, in Stockholm esker, and it is used to heat and cool two commercial buildings with a total area of around 30,000 m 2 . The ATES consists of 3 warm and 2 cold pumping wells that are able to pump up to 50 liters per second. The monitoring system consists of temperature sensors and flow meters placed at the pumping wells, a distributed temperature-sensing rig employing fiber optic cables as linear sensor and measuring temperature every 0.25 m along the depth of all pumping and several observation wells, yielding temporal and spatial variation data of the temperature in the aquifer. The heat injection and extraction to and from the ground is measured using power meters at the main line connecting the pumping wells to the system. The total heat and cold extracted from the aquifer during the first heating and cooling season is 190MWh and 237MWh, respectively. A total of 143 MWh of heat were extracted during the second heating season. The hydraulic and thermal recovery values of the first year of operation was 1.37 and 0.33, respectively, indicating that more storage volume (50500m3 ) was recovered during the cooling season than injected (36900m3 ) in the previous heating season. The DTS data showed traces of the thermal front from the warm storage reaching the cold one. Only 33% of the thermal energy was recovered. These losses are likely due to ambient groundwater flow as well as conduction losses at the boundaries of the storage volume. Additionally, the net energy balance over the first year corresponds to 0.12 which indicates a total net heating of the ATES over the first year. It is recommended to increase the storage volume and achieve more hydraulic and thermal balance in the ATES system. This can enhance the thermal recovery and overall performance. Continuous monitoring of the ATES is and will be ongoing for at least 3 more years. The work presented in this paper is an initial evaluation of the system aiming to optimize the ATES performance.

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  • 49.
    Abuasbeh, Mohammad
    et al.
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Acuña, José
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Lazzarotto, Alberto
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Palm, Björn
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.
    Long term performance monitoring and KPIs' evaluation of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage system in Esker formation: Case study in Stockholm2021In: Geothermics, ISSN 0375-6505, E-ISSN 1879-3576, Vol. 96, article id 102166Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The majority of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) systems studies have been conducted in aquifer systems located in large sand aquifers. Esker formation present a more challenging geometrical complexity compared to typical sand aquifers. This study aims to conduct comprehensive and long term performance evaluation of doublet type ATES system in esker geological formation in Stockholm, Sweden. The total heating and cooling used from the ATES are 673 MWh and 743 MWh respectively during the first 3 annual storage cycles of operation. The licensed total amount of water extraction and injection is 50 liters per second with undisturbed groundwater temperature of 9.5 degrees C. Over the first three storage cycles, the average injection and extraction temperatures for the warm side are 13.3 degrees C and 12.1 degrees C, and for the cold side 7.6 degrees C and 10.5 degrees C. The average temperature differences across the main heat exchanger from the ATES side are 4.5 K during winter and 2.8 K during summer which is 4-5 degrees lower than the optimum value. The average thermal recovery efficiency over the first 3 storage cycles were 47 % and 60 % for warm and cold storages respectively. The data analysis indicated annual energy and hydraulic imbalances which results into undesirable thermal breakthrough between the warm and cold side of the aquifer. This was mainly due to suboptimal operation of the building energy system which led to insufficient heat recovery from the warm side, and subsequently insufficient cold injection in the cold wells, despite the building heating demand and the available suitable temperatures in the ATES. The cause of the suboptimal operation is the oversizing of the heat pumps which were designed to be coupled to larger thermal loads as compared to the ones in the final system implementation. As a result, the heat pumps could not be operated during small-medium loads. Additionally, the paper discusses the limitations of currently used energy and thermal key performance indicators (KPI) for ATES and propose an additional thermal KPI named heat exchanger efficiency balance (beta HEX) that connects and evaluate the optimum operational point of temperature differences from both the building and ATES prospective. In addition to ATES energy and hydraulic KPIs, beta HEX can contribute in providing more complete picture on the ATES-building interaction performance as well as highlights if the losses in energy recovery from ATES are due to the subsurface processes or building energy system operation which has been proven to be critical for the optimum ATES performance.

  • 50.
    Abudaff, Anthony
    KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology.
    Möjligheter med betong vid miljöcertifiering: En studie om hur en betongleverantör till byggindustrin kan bidra till en miljöcertifiering2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    To steer towards a more sustainable building environment, more and more buildings are certified. The systems requiring input material in the building are Environment Building, BREEAM and LEED. An environmental certification brings together a lot of facts about the building and its sub-materials, and then evaluated according to the criteria of the current environmental certification system. This work aims at examining and assessing what grade or number of points prefabricated concrete elements from Benders byggsystem AB achieve in their respective certification systems.The work has taken advantage of the Concrete Association's reports on how the concrete's characteristics contribute to meeting the requirements of the certification systems. The result is based on material specification and information from Benders together with the Concrete Association's "Sustainable Concrete Construction - Environmental Certification Guide BREEAM / LEED / Environment Building"The result shows which criteria Benders prefabricated concrete elements are able to contribute to the different certification systems. The results of the study show that it is difficult to specifically assess how much an individual building component contributes or what impact it may have on a certification's final grade. All certification methods consider and assess buildings as a whole and in some cases together with its surroundings. The preconditions for environmental certification grades depend on factors beyond the building and its technical solutions. Geographical location, building orientation and surroundings are factors that influence the assessment.Concrete material properties have an indirect impact on many of the aspects of certification systems. In some aspects, such as the amount of waste and local production, there are good conditions for points.Prerequisites in an environmental certification are based on the constructor's / contractor's actions and decisions are partly decisive for the outcome of the certification. In Bender's case it is particularly important to provide full and easily accessible product information of their building elements to facilitate the certification of a building.

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