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Re-shaping Teacher Professionalism Through Discursive Interaction: On Tensions Around the Idea of Teacher Assistants in Educational Reform
Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Education and Sociology. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7815-7433
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Omformandet av lärares professionalism genom diskursiv interaktion: Om tolkningskampen runt idén om lärarassistenter i en reformkontext (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Under the acceleration of educational reforms and “fast policy” different ideas about teachers and what “good” education involves are at the centre of educational and political debates. Ideas of what a teacher is and “ought to be” tie into questions of purpose in teacher professionalism and its inherent values. This thesis deals with how different actors shape and give differing meanings to values around teacher professionalism. The overarching aim is to gain a deeper understanding of different actors’ shaping of teacher professionalism under the tensions around the idea of teacher assistants at and across national and transnational education policy levels, and the local compulsory school level. In so doing, the thesis delves into the dilemmas, tensions, and possibilities that emerge through discursive interaction among actors, shaped by different social and institutional conditions.

Drawing on a theoretical and methodological framework of discursive institutionalism and curriculum theory, a deeper understanding of the re-shaping of teacher professionalism through discursive interaction is gained. A central concept based in this framework is “discursive space” (i.e., a “room for manoeuvre”) where actors negotiate between different values around what teacher professionalism “ought to be” across institutional levels, but with differing contextual conditions. The study is based on both interviews with teachers and teacher assistants as local actors at the compulsory school level in Sweden, and policy documents at national and transnational levels. Central policy actors that are included at the national level are the Ministry of Education and Research and the National Agency for Education, and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) at the transnational level.

The study shows how actors embark on discursive interaction in a negotiated and conditioned discursive space. Although actors’ discursive interaction involves diverging values around teacher professionalism it also centres these values around teachers’ “core responsibility” for teaching and teaching as “core focus” in what may be conceptualised as “teachification”. However, this “teachification” points to a reductionist and oversimplified understanding of teaching and teacher professionalism in education policy, where the complexities of the compulsory school context are not taken into consideration. This means that the re-shaping of teacher professionalism includes a shift in teachers’ professional responsibility, where moral and social values are reduced and values around standardisation and accountability simultaneously increase. This re-shaping also involves the shaping of a conditioned teacher assistant professionalism, which includes teacher assistants’ implicit professional responsibility within and surrounding teaching. In the discursive space, dilemmas emerge in relation to teachers’ “sharing” of questions of purpose in professional responsibility. Dilemmas also emerge in a “struggle for time”, where temporal conditions are articulated as crucial to motivating questions of purpose in teachers’ professional responsibility. In parallel, multiple temporalities around teacher professionalism and teaching create tensions when policy actors’ and local actors’ temporalities diverge.

The thesis points to a re-conceptualisation of teacher professionalism involving change in how teacher professionalism is governed and understood towards transnational “soft” governance. This change involves “teachification” where specific sorts of time, i.e., to “increase time” and a certain temporalisation, i.e., to shape by measuring and quantifying come to the fore. In the discursive space, further tensions emerge between teachers’ values, ideals and beliefs and the reductionist understanding of teaching and teacher professionalism with an increased push towards accountability regarding teachers’ professional responsibility for teaching.

More broadly, the idea of teacher assistants is integrated in complex policy constructions at the national level that are pushed by transnational discourses and a “crisis”- narrative around students’ learning outcomes driven by the OECD. Tensions emerge when a national context “translates” seemingly simple ideas in a complex education system that bring with them certain normative values around what teacher professionalism “ought to be”, pointing towards de-professionalism rather than re-professionalism. These tensions reflect national variations regarding cultural traditions around professionalism, different administrative traditions as well as diverging levels of bureaucratic control and political demands on education.

Taken together, the thesis raises issues related to transnationally oriented curriculum research regarding the constitutive and performative role of ideas and discourses in turning to actors in a landscape of accelerated educational reforms. The thesis sheds light on a struggle around how discursive practices are both reinforced and changed in the discursive space. The thesis also sheds light on how discourses with their embedded ideas, shape diverging institutional and social conditions for actors’ discursive interaction across arenas and levels where discursive powers are at play. This implies that ideational structures reflect and animate certain normative beliefs, values and norms in a globalised institutional context of education. In turn, these structures illuminate how schools, as institutional settings, and, thus, local actors are conditioned by and through educational reforms.

Abstract [sv]

Under ett accelererande reformlandskap har idéer om vad en lärare ”bör vara” och vad som kännetecknar ”god” utbildning hamnat i fokus för såväl politiska debatter som debatter om skolan samt utbildning som sådan. Idéer om vad en lärare är och ”bör vara” är tätt sammankopplade med innebörden av lärares professionalism samt dess relaterade värden. Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att få en fördjupad förståelse gällande olika aktörers formande av lärares professionalism under de spänningsförhållanden som omger idén om lärarassistenter på och över nationella och transnationella policy-nivåer samt på lokal nivå i skolan.

Inom ramen för avhandlingen används ett teoretiskt och metodologiskt ramverk som dels består av diskursiv institutionalism, dels läroplansteori. Genom detta ramverk ges en djupare förståelse av omformandet av lärares professionalism genom diskursiv interaktion mellan aktörer över institutionella nivåer. Ett centralt begrepp i avhandlingen, som grundas i ramverket, är ”discursive space” det vill säga ett diskursivt tolknings- och handlingsutrymme där olika aktörer med olika institutionella villkor förhandlar om vad lärares professionalism ”bör vara”.  

Avhandlingens fyra delstudier omfattar både intervjuer med lärare och lärarassistenter inom svensk grundskola, på lokal nivå, samt policy-dokument på nationell och transnationell nivå. Centrala policy-aktörer som representerar dessa dokument är Utbildningsdepartementet och Skolverket, på nationell nivå, samt Organisationen för ekonomiskt samarbete och utveckling (OECD) på transnationell nivå. Sammantaget visar studierna hur de lokala aktörerna, lärare och lärarassistenter, ”inleder” diskursiv interaktion i ett tolknings – och handlingsutrymme; ett utrymme som både villkoras av diskurser i utbildningspolicy ifråga om normer och värden omkring lärares professionalism, samt expanderas genom lärares och lärarassistenters lokala värden och agentskap. Denna diskursiva interaktion involverar motstridiga värden om lärares professionalism, samtidigt som dessa värden cirkulerar omkring ett särskilt sätt att se på lärares ”kärnansvar” (”core responsibility”) för undervisning och undervisning som ”kärnfokus” (”core focus”). Detta kommer till uttryck i avhandlingens teoretiska bidrag i termer av det som benämns som ”undervisifiering” (”teachification”). Denna ”undervisifiering” pekar dock mot en reducerad och överförenklad förståelse av undervisning och lärares professionalism i utbildningspolicy, där komplexiteter i skolans kontext inte tas i beaktande. Därmed inbegriper omformandet av lärares professionalism ett skifte i lärares professionella ansvar där sociala och moraliska värden reduceras och värden omkring standardisering samt ansvars – och redovisningsskyldighet samtidigt intensifieras.

Omformandet av lärares professionalism involverar även formandet av en lärarassistentprofessionalism som inkluderar lärarassistenters implicita professionella ansvar både inom och omkring undervisning. I det diskursiva tolknings- och handlingsutrymmet framträder således dilemman då lärares professionella ansvar ”delas” med och delvis förskjuts till lärarassistenter. Vidare framträder temporala villkor som avgörande för att lärare ska kunna formulera syfte och mening i sitt professionella ansvar, särskilt gällande de sociala och moraliska dimensionerna. Under en ”kamp om tid” skapar samtidigt olika temporaliteter spänningsförhållanden dels mellan policyaktörer och lokala aktörer, dels mellan lokala aktörer, lärare och lärarassistenter, i skolans kontext. I det diskursiva tolknings – och handlingsutrymmet framträder ytterligare spänningar mellan lärares holistiska värden, ideal och övertygelser och den reducerade förståelsen som betonar ett ökat tryck på standardisering samt ansvarsskyldighet utifrån influenser genom diskursen om lärares professionalism (”persuasive communicative discourse”).

Avhandlingen, som helhet, pekar mot en ”omkonceptualisering” av lärares professionalism som innefattar en förändring av hur lärares professionalism styrs och förstås mot en transnationell styrning omkring ”undervisifiering”. Inom ramen för denna ”undervisifiering” kommer en särskild form av temporalitet till uttryck i termer av att kvantifiera, effektivisera samt maximera lärares tid till ansvar för undervisning, särskilt genom diskurser drivna av OECD. Avhandlingen belyser genom detta en tolkningskamp om diskursiva praktiker som både förstärks och förändras. Dessutom belyser avhandlingen hur diskurser om lärares professionalism, med dess inbäddade idéer, formar olika villkor för aktörer där olika institutionella krafter kommer till uttryck.

Avhandlingen visar idéers och diskursers konstitutiva samt performativa roll omkring aktörer i ett accelererande reformlandskap, relaterad till transnationellt orienterad läroplansforskning. Ytterligare visar avhandlingen att reformer implicerar förändring och stabilitet där idén om lärarassistenter i diskurser om lärares professionalism dels stabiliserar värden i dessa institutionaliserade diskurser om-kring standardisering, ansvarsskyldighet och resultatorientering. Dels driver idén på förändringar i termer av en ”omkonceptualisering” av lärares professionalism och en konceptualisering av lärarassistentprofessionalism. Detta indikerar hur idémässiga och institutionella strukturer reflekterar och ”driver på” specifika normativa övertygelser och antaganden samt värden och normer om lärares professionalism som kan ”spåras” i en lokal kontext. Detta innefattar att lärare och lärarassistenter uppfattas som ”resurser” för att öka effektivitet, kvalitet och kunskapsresultat i utbildningssystemet.

Slutligen belyser avhandlingen hur motsättningar framträder när till synes enkla idéer översätts i komplexa utbildningssystem utifrån nationella variationer inom kulturella traditioner omkring lärares professionalism. Dessa nationella variationer innefattar även olika nivåer av byråkratisk kontroll, administrativa traditioner samt krav på utbildning i utbildningspolicy och utbildningspolitik. Därtill finns nationella variationer ifråga om graden av influenser från normer och värden i transnationella diskurser om lärares professionalism, där i synnerhet den svenska kontexten utgör ett intressant fall.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 164
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 910Linköping Studies in Behavioural Science, ISSN 1654-2029 ; 267
Keywords [en]
Teacher professionalism, Teacher assistants, Discourses, Ideas, Discursive institutionalism, Discursive space, Values, Temporality, Accountability, Educational reform
Keywords [sv]
Lärares professionalism, Lärarassistenter, Diskurser, Idéer, Diskursiv institutionalism, Diskursivt tolkningsutrymme, Värden, Temporalitet, Ansvarsskyldighet, Utbildningsreformer
National Category
Pedagogy
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-213100DOI: 10.3384/9789181181135ISBN: 9789181181128 (print)ISBN: 9789181181135 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-213100DiVA, id: diva2:1952668
Public defence
2025-05-20, Key 1, Key-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-04-16 Created: 2025-04-16 Last updated: 2025-04-17Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. The policy idea of ‘the teacher assistant’: Construction and legitimation through a discursive institutionalist lens
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The policy idea of ‘the teacher assistant’: Construction and legitimation through a discursive institutionalist lens
2024 (English)In: European Educational Research Journal, E-ISSN 1474-9041, Vol. 23, no 1, p. 108-124Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Transnational policy discourses shape teacher professionalism through discursive patterns in policy initiatives from the global policy actor, OECD. The policy idea of ‘the teacher assistant’ has emerged through discourses on teacher professionalism, spurring ambiguities regarding what the policy idea is and ought to be in Sweden. The aim of this article is to critically examine the construction and legitimation of the policy idea of ‘the teacher assistant’, in relation to teachers and the educational institution, through the lens of discursive institutionalism and strands in Curriculum Theory. The focus is a critical understanding of the interplay between ideas, discourses, actors and institutional context. The analysis of policy documents shows how the policy idea is constructed and legitimised through actors’ coordinative and communicative discourses at the national level, influenced by the OECD at the transnational level. The policy idea is intertwined with ideas and discourses on teachers’ professional development through a national professional programme and institutional conditions for goal attainment in schools. Tensions emerge regarding underlying assumptions about teacher quality, highlighting ideas of what teachers are and ought to be, within comprehensive reform strategies. Tensions entail emerging ideas of standardisation and differentiation and ambiguities regarding the policy idea of ‘the teacher assistant’.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sage Publications, 2024
Keywords
Teacher professionalism, teacher assistant, discursive institutionalism, teacher quality, OECD, education policy
National Category
Pedagogy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188923 (URN)10.1177/14749041221123636 (DOI)000857700500001 ()
Available from: 2022-10-03 Created: 2022-10-03 Last updated: 2025-04-23
2. Teacher assistants’ values in a discursive space: emerging change and re-negotiation of teacher professionalism in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Teacher assistants’ values in a discursive space: emerging change and re-negotiation of teacher professionalism in Sweden
2024 (English)In: Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, ISSN 2002-0317Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

In the Nordic context, transnational discourses influence recontextualisation of ideas and discourses, and thus, how local actors negotiate around values imbued with ideas and discourses. In Sweden, the idea of teacher assistants has been prompted – through policy discourses on teacher professionalism – under imperatives of reducing teachers’ workload and increasing professional responsibility and accountability. The aim of this article is to explore teacher assistants’ values regarding roles and responsibilities in relation to teachers and education in light of policy discourses on teacher professionalism. Drawing on discursive institutionalism and curriculum theory, the concept of ‘discursive space’ is utilized to explore values in an institutional context. Based on twelve interviews with teacher assistants in compulsory schools, the analysis shows how a reductionist notion of teaching gives rise to dilemmas around being teachers’ ‘alter ego’ when values around teaching as ‘core’ are prioritized. Dilemmas around local pluralization emerge when teacher assistants are viewed as a ‘solution’ to a plethora of issues. Challenges emerge in the context of ambiguity around teacher assistants’ orientation towards teaching or processes ‘surrounding’ teaching. The analysis illustrates conditioned values highlighting dilemmas and challenges, but also possibilities for discursive action. Altogether, a re-negotiation of teacher professionalism emerges in the discursive space.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2024
Keywords
Teacher professionalism, ideas, teacher assistant, discursive space, discursive institutionalism
National Category
Pedagogy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-205530 (URN)10.1080/20020317.2024.2370989 (DOI)
Available from: 2024-06-26 Created: 2024-06-26 Last updated: 2025-04-23
3. Teachers’ values in a space of change: The idea of teacher assistants as re-negotiation of teacher professionalism
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Teachers’ values in a space of change: The idea of teacher assistants as re-negotiation of teacher professionalism
2024 (English)In: Education Inquiry, E-ISSN 2000-4508Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Teacher professionalism has long been subject to contestation as embedded with certain ideas, norms and values. Transnational discourses on teacher professionalism have spurred the recontextualisation of the idea of teacher assistants in Swedish educational reform. Policy imperatives around increasing teachers’ professional responsibility and accountability have raised issues regarding what values around teacher professionalism ought to be prioritised. The aim of this article is to explore teachers’ values regarding professional responsibility in the compulsory school context based on the interaction with teacher assistants and in light of policy discourses on teacher professionalism. The concept of “discursive space” is utilised to explore juxtaposed values within the local and across national and transnational levels. This concept is based in a combination of discursive institutionalism and curriculum theory with an actor-centred approach around ideas and discourses in an institutional context. The analysis shows dilemmas around holistic aspects and fragmentation regarding professional responsibility, but also, possibilities when “sharing” responsibilities with teacher assistants. Dilemmas emerge around questions on purpose and temporal struggles. Dilemmas emerge regarding professional responsibility against accountability purposes and result-orientation. Re-negotiation of teacher professionalism is spurred by the idea of teacher assistants, and surrounding discourses, creating dilemmas for teachers in the negotiated discursive space.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2024
Keywords
Teacher professionalism, ideas, teacher assistant, discursive space, discursive institutionalism
National Category
Pedagogy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-207290 (URN)10.1080/20004508.2024.2396169 (DOI)001302358700001 ()
Available from: 2024-09-03 Created: 2024-09-03 Last updated: 2025-04-23

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