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From molecular liquids to ionic: advancing tribology for extreme conditions
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Engineering Design, System and Component Design.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5203-6281
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Our ability to lubricate machine components effectively sets the boundaries for the technologies we can reliably deploy. This is patently clear in fields like wind power, wave and tidal power, and space. These applications face challenges due to low-speed oscillating motions where conventional lubrication methods struggle. By means of ionic material design, we probe these limitations with the objective of enabling progress in key machine technologies towards sustainable development. Our research shows that ionic liquids (ILs), when used as grease additives, can delay lubricant ejection from fretting contacts and provide remarkable lubricity. Nuclear magnetic resonance reveals that the ability of the IL to enact this effect depends on whether it is sequestered with the other grease components (thickener – base oil blend) or is readily available and mobile. Wide angle x-ray scattering shows that when these ionic liquids are subjected to pressures in the GPa range they have similar structural compliance and liquid-to-solid transitions when compared to a conventional PAO synthetic oil, and that these can be modified by changing the structure of the constituent ions. These findings illustrate that the effect of lubricant retention within the contact is linked to the ability of the IL to reach the surfaces and strongly adsorb, and that distinct behaviors under pressure may be achieved by tuning the architecture of the ionic species. We then explore the impact of these effects at the component level in oscillating bearings, using a custom-built frameless bearing test rig. Furthermore, these ILs are shown to have remarkable performance in vacuum environments, reducing wear by multiple orders of magnitude when compared to heritage space lubricants, and offering a pathway towards PFAS-free vacuum lubricants. The unique versatility and potential of these non-halogenated ILs is further highlighted when we then show that it is possible to use carbon capture and biomass products to synthesize ionic lubricants. Overall, it is shown that ionic materials can be leveraged to expand the limits set by our current technology in lubrication practice.

Abstract [sv]

Vår förmåga att effektivt smörja maskinkomponenter sätter gränserna för vilka teknologier vi pålitligt kan implementera. Detta är särskilt tydligt inom områden som vindkraft, våg- och tidvattenkraft samt rymdapplikationer. Dessa tillämp- ningar möter utmaningar på grund av långsamt oscillerande rörelser där konventionella smörjmetoder har begränsad funktionalitet. Genom design av joniska material undersöker vi dessa begränsningar med målsättningen att möjliggöra framsteg inom centrala maskinteknologier för en hållbar utveckling.

Vår forskning visar att jonvätskor (ionic liquids, ILs), när de används som tillsatser i fettsmörjmedel, kan fördröja smörjmedelsutkastning från mikroglidande kontakter och ge anmärkningsvärd smörjförmåga. Kärnmagnetisk resonansspektroskopi avslöjar att jonvätskornas förmåga att ge denna effekt beror på huruvida den binds upp av de andra fettkomponenterna (förtjockningsmedel – basoljeblandning) eller är lättillgänglig och rörlig. Vidvinklad röntgenspridning visar att när dessa jonvätskor utsätts för tryck i GPa-området uppvisar de en distinkt strukturell eftergivlighet och vätske-till-fast övergångar i jämförelse med en konventionell syntetisk PAO-olja, och att dessa egenskaper kan modifieras genom att förändra de ingående jonernas struktur.

Dessa resultat visar att retentionen av smörjmedlet inom kontaktytan är kopplad till jonvätskans förmåga att nå ytorna och starkt adsorberas, samt att unika tryckbeteenden kan uppnås genom att skräddarsy den joniska arkitekturen. Vi undersöker vidare hur dessa effekter påverkar komponentnivån i oscillerande lager med hjälp av en specialbyggd ramlös lagertestrigg. Dessutom visar vi att dessa jonvätskor har enastående prestanda i vakuummiljöer, där de minskar slitage med flera magnituder jämfört med etablerade rymdsmörjmedel, och därmed erbjuder en väg mot PFAS-fria vakuumsmörjmedel.

Den unika mångsidigheten och potentialen hos dessa icke-halogenerade jonvätskorna understryks ytterligare genom att vi demonstrerar möjligheten att syntetisera joniska smörjmedel från koldioxidinfångning och biomassa. Sammantaget visar vår forskning att joniska material kan utnyttjas för att expandera de gränser som sätts av nuvarande smörjteknologi.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 247
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:11
Keywords [en]
Lubrication, Ionic liquids, Grease, Fretting, False brinelling, Oscillating rolling bearings.
Keywords [sv]
Smörjning, jonvätskor, smörfett, mikroglidning, falsk brinellering, oscillerande rullningslager.
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362463ISBN: 978-91-8106-264-9 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-362463DiVA, id: diva2:1952450
Public defence
2025-05-13, F3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65086127260, Lindstedtsvägen 26-28, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-04-16 Created: 2025-04-15 Last updated: 2025-05-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Grease lubricity in the fretting contact: Are ionic liquids the solution?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Grease lubricity in the fretting contact: Are ionic liquids the solution?
2023 (English)In: Tribology International, ISSN 0301-679X, E-ISSN 1879-2464, Vol. 185, p. 108509-, article id 108509Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A statistical, energy-based approach is employed to experimentally characterize the ability of different greases to reduce friction when a point contact is subjected to repeated reciprocal displacements of smaller magnitude than the contact diameter. This approach allows the assessment of lubricant fretting performance with respect to its ability to remain within the contact and also its boundary lubrication properties. The results indicate that composition-dependent boundary lubrication properties of greases loaded with non-halogenated ionic liquids containing bis(oxalato)borate ([BOB]) and bis(mandelato)borate ([BMB]) anions can result in no detectable wear and low friction, even under conditions of moderately high pressures and where the original contact area is never fully uncovered. This discovery paves the way for the development of anti-fretting ionic greases.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2023
Keywords
Fretting, Lubricity, Grease, Additives, Ionic materials
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-329448 (URN)10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108509 (DOI)001001199800001 ()2-s2.0-85158815951 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230621

Available from: 2023-06-21 Created: 2023-06-21 Last updated: 2025-04-15Bibliographically approved
2. Mobility of ionic liquid additives in a polypropylene grease: A multinuclear NMR approach
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mobility of ionic liquid additives in a polypropylene grease: A multinuclear NMR approach
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Physical Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362450 (URN)
Note

QC 20250416

Available from: 2025-04-15 Created: 2025-04-15 Last updated: 2025-04-16Bibliographically approved
3. Are ionic and molecular liquids distinct at extreme pressures?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Are ionic and molecular liquids distinct at extreme pressures?
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Other Physics Topics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362452 (URN)
Note

QC 20250416

Available from: 2025-04-15 Created: 2025-04-15 Last updated: 2025-04-16Bibliographically approved
4. Oscillating rolling element bearings: A review of tribotesting and analysis approaches
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Oscillating rolling element bearings: A review of tribotesting and analysis approaches
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2023 (English)In: Tribology International, ISSN 0301-679X, E-ISSN 1879-2464, Vol. 188, article id 108805Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Rolling element bearings, when subjected to small oscillating movements or vibrations, run the risk of being damaged by mechanisms such as Standstill Marks and False Brinelling. Damages resulting from these phenomena can decrease bearing fatigue life and increase wear-induced friction torque. These failures do not correlate well with standard life estimation approaches. Experimental studies play a crucial role in gaining knowledge in this area. The review integrates knowledge from experiments ranging from single contacts to laboratory and full-scale bearings in wind power and aerospace applications. The generalization is achieved using a non-dimensional amplitude parameter that relates rolling element travel during an oscillation to the Hertzian contact size. The review encompasses testing methods, procedures, reporting practices, result scaling, and application-specific considerations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2023
Keywords
Bearing testing, False Brinelling, Lubrication, Oscillating bearings, Standstill marks, Wear
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-334923 (URN)10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108805 (DOI)001052403700001 ()2-s2.0-85166314314 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230830

Available from: 2023-08-30 Created: 2023-08-30 Last updated: 2025-04-15Bibliographically approved
5. Lubricant design for oscillating bearings: greases, ionic liquids, and friction torque
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Lubricant design for oscillating bearings: greases, ionic liquids, and friction torque
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(English)In: Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362461 (URN)
Note

QC 20250416

Available from: 2025-04-15 Created: 2025-04-15 Last updated: 2025-04-16Bibliographically approved
6. On the Potential of Orthoborate Ionic Liquids to Meet Lubrication Challenges in Space Mechanisms
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the Potential of Orthoborate Ionic Liquids to Meet Lubrication Challenges in Space Mechanisms
2024 (English)In: Proceedings of the 47th Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium, NASA Langley Research Center, May 15-17, 2024 / [ed] Boesiger, Edward and A Wood, Jonathan P, 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362449 (URN)
Conference
the 47th Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium, NASA Langley Research Center, May 15-17, 2024
Note

QC 20250416

Available from: 2025-04-15 Created: 2025-04-15 Last updated: 2025-04-16Bibliographically approved
7. Ionic liquid lubricants derived from biomass and carbon dioxide
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ionic liquid lubricants derived from biomass and carbon dioxide
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362460 (URN)
Note

QC 20250416

Available from: 2025-04-15 Created: 2025-04-15 Last updated: 2025-04-16Bibliographically approved

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