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Small Patients, Big Challenges: Exploring Child-Centred Approaches in Prehospital Emergency Care
Mid Sweden University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (HOV).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3181-7817
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Children require special attention in healthcare because of their unique developmental requirements. As such, ambulance nurses can perceive calls regarding children as challenging and difficult to handle. At the same time, ambulance nurses also often need to contend with a child’s anxious parent, an experience that can seem like having to deal with multiple patients instead of just one. Regardless, nurses are expected to be sensitive and attentive to the child patient's wishes and allow them to participate in their own care. According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, children are entitled to be heard in matters concerning them. This is also expressed in child-centred care, which emphasises the importance of a child's perspective in care. It is, therefore, of interest to explore the care of children in a prehospital context. Aim: This research sought to contribute to knowledge that can support the development of child-centred approaches in prehospital emergency care. The overall aim was to gain a deeper insight into how care encounters between ambulance personnel and children are perceived by both ambulance personnel and parents, as well as to explore the strategies used by ambulance personnel to manage these situations. Method: To achieve a deeper understanding of the research topic, a qualitative design was chosen, with data being collected through interviews. Studies I and II were both conducted in three regions and included 17 ambulance nurses. Data was analysed using qualitative content analysis for Study I and reflective thematic analysis in Study II. Study III covered five regions and included 12 parents, with the resultant data being analysed using deductive content analysis. Study IV was carried out in five regions and included 10 child representatives. Phenomenography was used to analyse the collected data. Findings: The overarching findings of the studies were that there is a need for a child-centred approach in prehospital care, wherein children’s emotional and developmental needs are met. Such an approach can develop a sense of participation in the children and foster trust between them and ambulance personnel. True caring requires ambulance personnel to use empathy, adaptability and teamwork. They also have to deal with challenges such as emotional stress and insecurity among ambulance personnel, particularly when they lack experience with children. Strictly following protocols without considering children’s needs may hinder child-centred care, risking unequal care and a failure to meet legislative demands. However, creativity in the care encounter with adaptability towards the children’s developmental levels—through play, honest communication and other strategies—can foster safety and participation. Allowing children to be heard and considered creates a sense of autonomy in them and fosters trust between them and ambulance personnel, strengthening care quality. The physical design of ambulances often presents limitations but can be overcome with minor adjustments. Even in emergencies, maintaining clear, empathetic communication ensures dignity and support for children and families. Conclusion: These studies underscore the importance of a holistic, child-centred approach in the prehospital setting, but organisation and/or individual barriers pose challenges to their implementation. Professional, sensitised preparedness is essential for ambulance personnel, and it must be supported by additional education involving hands-on training. The ability to adapt is crucial when caring for children. Empathetic, candid communication by ambulance personnel can address children's medical and emotional needs, encouraging their participation in the care process. Such a compassionate, child-centred approach begets trust from the children and their families while also upholding their dignity, even during emergencies. When supported, children are more likely to be able to participate in their care.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Barn är individer som kräver särskild hänsyn inom hälso- och sjukvården på grund av deras utvecklingsmässiga skillnader. Ambulanspersonal kan uppfatta uppdrag som rör barn som utmanande och svåra att hantera. Samtidigt tenderar ambulanspersonal ofta att ha oroliga föräldrar närvarande med barnet, vilket ofta upplevs som att ha flera patienter istället för en enda. Trots detta finns det förväntningar på att vara lyhörd för barns önskemål och att göra dem delaktiga i sin vård. Enligt Förenta Nationernas konvention om barns rättigheter har barn rätt att bli hörda i frågor som berör dem. Detta uttrycks också i barncentrerad vård, som betonar vikten av barnets perspektiv i vården. Det är därför av intresse att utforska vården av barn i en prehospital kontext. Syfte: Denna forskning syftade till att bidra med kunskap som kan stödja utvecklingen av barncentrerade arbetssätt inom den prehospitala akutsjukvården. Det övergripande målet var att få en djupare förståelse för hur vårdmöten mellan ambulanspersonal och barn upplevs av både ambulanspersonal och föräldrar, samt att utforska de strategier som ambulanspersonal använder för att hantera dessa situationer. Metod: För att nå en djupare förståelse valdes en kvalitativ design och data samlades in genom intervjuer. Studie I och II genomfördes i tre regioner och inkluderade 17 ambulanssjuksköterskor. Studie I analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys och Studie II med reflexiv tematisk analys. Studie III genomfördes i fem regioner och inkluderade 12 föräldrar. Denna studie analyserades med deduktiv kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studie IV genomfördes i fem regioner och inkluderade tio barnombud och analyserades med fenomenografi. Resultat: Det övergripande resultatet från studierna visar att det finns ett behov av ett barncentrerat förhållningssätt i prehospital vård där barns emotionella och utvecklingsmässiga behov tillgodoses. Ett sådant förhållningssätt kan skapa en känsla av delaktighet hos barnen och skapa tillit mellan barnen och ambulanspersonalen. Sant vårdande kräver att ambulanspersonal använder empati, anpassningsförmåga och teamarbete. Det finns utmaningar, såsom emotionell stress och osäkerhet bland ambulanspersonal, särskilt när de saknar erfarenhet av att vårda barn. Strikt följande av protokoll utan att beakta barns behov kan försvåra barncentrerad vård, vilket riskerar ojämlik vård och bristande efterlevnad av lagstadgade krav. Anpassningsförmåga och kreativitet i vårdmötet utifrån barns utvecklingsnivåer – genom lek, ärlig kommunikation och andra strategier – kan skapa trygghet och delaktighet. Att låta barn bli hörda och tagna i beaktande skapar en känsla av autonomi och tillit, vilket stärker vårdkvaliteten. Den fysiska utformningen av ambulanser begränsar ofta vårdmöjligheterna, men dessa hinder kan övervinnas med små åtgärder. Även i akuta situationer kan tydlig kommunikation och empati säkerställa värdighet och stöd för barn och familjer. Slutsats: Dessa studier betonar vikten av en holistisk och barncentrerad vård i den prehospitala miljön men organisatoriska och/eller individuella barriärer utgör barriärer för dess implementering. För ambulanspersonal är emotionell och professionell beredskap avgörande, vilket behöver stödjas genom ytterligare utbildning och praktisk träning. Förmågan att anpassa sig vid vård av barn är viktig. Genom att använda empati och ärlig kommunikation kan ambulanspersonal tillgodose både barnens medicinska och emotionella behov, och uppmuntra deras delaktighet i vårdprocessen. Detta medkännande och barncentrerade tillvägagångssätt säkerställer att barn och deras familjer upplever förtroende och värdighet, även under akuta situationer. När barn får stöd är de mer benägna att ha möjlighet att delta i sin vård.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sundsvall: Mid Sweden University , 2025. , p. 116
Series
Mid Sweden University doctoral thesis, ISSN 1652-893X ; 428
Keywords [en]
Ambulance, Caring, Nursing, Paramedic, Paediatric, Participation, Relationship
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-54254ISBN: 978-91-90017-21-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:miun-54254DiVA, id: diva2:1952412
Public defence
2025-05-23, F229, Kunskapens väg 8, Östersund, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 3 och 4 manuskript.

At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 3 and 4 manuscript.

Available from: 2025-04-15 Created: 2025-04-15 Last updated: 2025-04-30Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. An emotional journey when encountering children in prehospital care: Experiences from ambulance nurses
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An emotional journey when encountering children in prehospital care: Experiences from ambulance nurses
2023 (English)In: International Emergency Nursing, ISSN 1755-599X, E-ISSN 1878-013X, Vol. 66, article id 101239Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Care encounters with children are a challenging and important task, but opportunities for such encounters are rarely available. Therefore, ambulance nurses (ANs) face difficulties in gaining experience in properly handling children, which can lead to stress for the ANs. A deeper understanding of ANs’ emotions through the course of the care encounter is needed.

Aim: To describe how ambulance nurses’ feel and manage their emotions before, during and after a care encounter with a child.

Methods: A qualitative approach was adopted, with content analysis being performed on seventeen individual interviews.

Findings: Three themes were identified: Feeling worried and insecure, Emotional surge, and Mixed feelings of satisfaction and concern.

Conclusion: The ANs experienced a range of emotions during a care encounter with children as they had little experience with it. More training and education in paediatric care could benefit ANs. The ANs use professionalism during care encounters to create a calm and secure atmosphere for families. Their will to bring about a safe journey for the child and family through the care encounter supersedes their nervousness. Reflection after a care encounter could strengthen their confidence in their professional role and reduce emotional distress in future encounters. 

Keywords
Ambulances, Nursing, Child, Emergency Medical Services, Reflection, Professional Competence
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-46727 (URN)10.1016/j.ienj.2022.101239 (DOI)000912234900001 ()36574740 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85145425115 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-12-27 Created: 2022-12-27 Last updated: 2025-04-15Bibliographically approved
2. A reflexive thematic analysis of ambulance nurses' experience of facilitating child-centered care
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A reflexive thematic analysis of ambulance nurses' experience of facilitating child-centered care
2023 (English)In: International Emergency Nursing, ISSN 1755-599X, E-ISSN 1878-013X, Vol. 70, article id 101324Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Introduction

Ambulance nurses’ (ANs) feel less confident treating children. According to the United Nations Convention on Child Rights, there is a provision to safeguard children’s rights. Child-Centered Care (CCC) strives to lift children’s voices in healthcare.

Aim

To describe ambulance nurses’ experiences of facilitating child-friendly care.MethodA qualitative approach with Reflexive Thematic Analysis was performed on seventeen individual semi-structured interviews.

Result

One overarching theme, caring with the child in center, and three themes were developed: adapting to follow the child’s lead, being reliable by balancing the trust, stepping back and supporting.

Discussion

The ANs’ communication with the children was honest and straightforward. Letting the child and the parents perform the care together reduced the child’s anxiety. Guided participation was used by ANs, expanding the child’s initiative.ConclusionThe ANs work according to CCC, but unknowingly. It is important and beneficial to elevate the CCC to a conscious level. The ANs could refer to CCC in training new colleagues, reflecting on cases, and incorporating the Child Act in their work.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2023
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-49143 (URN)10.1016/j.ienj.2023.101324 (DOI)001059373500001 ()2-s2.0-85168625862 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-08-21 Created: 2023-08-21 Last updated: 2025-04-15Bibliographically approved

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