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Forming the local starburst galaxy Haro 11 through hydrodynamicalmerger simulations
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Astronomy. Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics (OKC).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0888-6056
Lund University, Dept. of Physics, Division of Astrophysics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4287-1088
Université de Strasbourg, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5073-2267
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Astronomy. Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics (OKC).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3005-1349
Show others and affiliations
2025 (English)In: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, ISSN 0035-8711, E-ISSN 1365-2966Article in journal, Meeting abstract (Other academic) Submitted
Abstract [en]

Haro 11 is the closest known Lyman continuum leaking galaxy and serves as an important laboratory for studying the escape of Lyman continuum radiation. The galaxy is a metal-poor, starburst galaxy believed to be undergoing a merger that might help facilitate the escape of radiation. In this study, we carry out a large suite of numerical simulations of a merger between two disc galaxies, to study possible origins of Haro 11 and understand under which conditions various features of the galaxy are formed. By varying galaxy parameters describing the orbital configurations, masses, and their inclination, we perform a total of ~500 simulations. We demonstrate that a two-disc galaxy merger is able to reproduce key, observed features of Haro 11, including its morphology, gas kinematics, star formation history, and stellar population ages and masses. We also find that small parameter variations have minimal impact on the orbits and resulting galaxy properties. In particular, we present a fiducial Haro 11 model that produces the single observed tidal tail, the presence of three stellar knots, and inner gas morphology and kinematics. By performing mock observations, we compare with the results of observational data and discuss possible origins for various features. Furthermore, we present newly gathered observational data that confirms the presence of a stellar tidal tail with similar length and direction as our simulations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2025.
Keywords [en]
galaxies: individual (Haro 11), galaxies: evolution, galaxies: interactions, galaxies: star formation, galaxies: starburst, methods: numerical
National Category
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Research subject
Astronomy
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-242081DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2503.01982OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-242081DiVA, id: diva2:1951632
Available from: 2025-04-11 Created: 2025-04-11 Last updated: 2025-04-29Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Sculpting Galaxies & Orchestrating Mergers: Feedback-Driven Turbulence and Radiation Escape in Simulated Galaxies
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sculpting Galaxies & Orchestrating Mergers: Feedback-Driven Turbulence and Radiation Escape in Simulated Galaxies
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Galaxy formation is a continuous process that began only a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. As the first galaxies emerged and large populations of stars formed within them, their radiation ionised the surrounding gas. Before this epoch, the Universe was largely opaque to ionising radiation, and only a small fraction of light could traverse the intergalactic medium (IGM). These early galaxies were highly volatile, with bursts of star formation and disorganised gas motions driven, partially, by stellar feedback, close interactions, and mergers. Over time, galaxies evolved to host more orderly, rotating gas discs; however, the gas within these discs, the interstellar medium (ISM), remained highly turbulent. In fact, the ISM is supersonically turbulent, with gas motions exceeding the sound speed of the medium. This turbulence plays a key role in several processes related to galaxy evolution, including shaping the gas density distribution, regulating star formation, and enhancing gas mixing.

The first papers of this thesis (Paper I and II) seek to answer what is driving this turbulence. We perform numerical simulations of isolated disc galaxies with masses similar to the Milky Way (MW), at two different epochs: present-day MW, characterised by quiescent gas motion and star formation, and a younger, gas-rich, and more turbulent MW. We investigate the relation between the star formation rate (SFR) and turbulence in galaxies (Paper I), and identify the difference between the diffuse ionised gas (DIG) phase and ionised gas embedded in molecular clouds, called H II regions (Paper II). We simulate these galaxies with and without stellar feedback, and conclude that feedback from stars plays a crucial role in driving the high turbulence in ionised gas (traced by Hα) found by observers. We also show that observational biases, such as beam smearing, can boost the observed turbulence by a factor of 2-3. Finally, we demonstrate that the majority of Hα emission originates from H II regions within the disc, but that the DIG phase is significantly more turbulent.

The second part of this thesis (Paper III and IV) focuses on how galaxy mergers can trigger starbursts and enhance the escape of ionising radiation; particularly, Lyman Continuum (LyC) radiation from stars. Specifically, we simulate a merger between two disc galaxies to reproduce the Haro 11 galaxy merger, which is the closest known LyC leaker and a local analogue of galaxies in the early universe that ionised the IGM. In Paper III, we constrain the initial orbital conditions and match our simulation with several observed features of Haro 11; such as its single tidal tail, gas and stellar morphology, and overall kinematics. Thus, we show that our simulation can reproduce Haro 11, and that the characteristic properties of the galaxy can arise from a merger. In Paper IV, we demonstrate that the LyC escape fraction varies by 1–2 orders of magnitude across different sightlines. Moreover, we find that during each close passage between the two galaxies, the median LyC escape fraction rises by an order of magnitude, which we attribute to the spatial displacement of stars (the source of LyC) relative to the gas and the formation of ionised escape channels by stellar feedback. These findings suggest that mergers are an effective mechanism for facilitating the escape of ionising radiation, and may thus be a key process for reionising the Universe.

Abstract [sv]

Galaxbildning är en kontinuerlig process som inleddes endast några hundra miljoner år efter Big Bang. När de första galaxerna bildades och stora populationer av stjärnor uppstod inom dem, joniserade deras strålning den omgivande gasen. Före denna epok var universum till stor del ogenomskinligt för joniserande strålning, och endast en liten andel ljus kunde färdas genom det intergalaktiska mediet (IGM). Dessa tidiga galaxer var mycket instabila, med intensiva stjärnbildningsepisoder och oorganiserade gasrörelser, delvis drivna av stjärnfeedback, nära interaktioner och kollisioner. Med tiden utvecklades galaxerna till att hysa mer ordnade, roterande gaskivor; men gasen i dessa skivor, det interstellära mediet (ISM), förblev starkt turbulent. Faktum är att ISM är supersoniskt turbulent, med gasrörelser som överstiger ljudhastigheten i mediet. Denna turbulens spelar en nyckelroll i flera processer som är relaterade till galaxutveckling, inklusive att forma gasens täthetsfördelning, reglera stjärnbildning och främja gasblandning.

De första delarna av denna avhandling (Artikel I och II) syftar till att besvara frågan om vad som driver denna turbulens. Vi utför numeriska simuleringar av isolerade diskgalaxer med massor liknande Vintergatans (MW) vid två olika epoker: nutida MW, som kännetecknas av lugnare gasrörelser och stjärnbildning, samt en yngre, gasrik och mer turbulent MW. Vi undersöker relationen mellan stjärnbildningshastigheten (SFR) och turbulens i galaxer (Artikel I), samt identifierar skillnaden mellan den diffusa joniserade gasfasen (DIG) och den joniserade gasen som är inbäddad i molekylmoln, så kallade H II-områden (Artikel II). Vi simulerar dessa galaxer både med och utan stjärnfeedback och drar slutsatsen att stjärnfeedback spelar en avgörande roll i att driva den höga turbulens i joniserad gas (spårad med Hα) som observeras. Vi visar också att observationsmässiga effekter, såsom "beam smearing", kan förstärka den observerade turbulensen med en faktor 2–3. Slutligen visar vi att huvuddelen av Hα-emissionen kommer från H II-områden inom galaxskivan, men att DIG-fasen är betydligt mer turbulent.

Den andra delen av denna avhandling (Artikel III och IV) fokuserar på hur galaxkollisioner kan utlösa stjärnbildningsepisoder och öka andelen joniserande strålning som kan undkomma; särskilt Lyman Continuum (LyC) strålning från stjärnor. Specifikt simulerar vi en kollision mellan två diskgalaxer för att reproducera Haro 11-galaxen, som är den närmaste kända LyC-läckande galaxen och en lokal analog till de galaxer som i det tidiga universum bidrog till rejoniseringen av IGM. I Artikel III fastställer vi de inledande parameterarna för galaxernas banor och matchar vår simulering med flera observerade egenskaper hos Haro 11, såsom dess ensamma tidvattenssvans, gas- och stjärnmorfologi samt övergripande kinematik. Därmed visar vi att vår simulering kan reproducera Haro 11 och att galaxens karakteristiska egenskaper kan uppstå genom en kollision. I Artikel IV visar vi att fraktionen av LyC-utsläpp varierar med 1–2 storleksordningar beroende på siktlinje. Dessutom finner vi att vid varje nära passage mellan de två galaxerna ökar den medianta fraktionen av LyC-flykt med en storleksordning, vilket vi tillskriver en rumslig separation mellan stjärnorna (källan till LyC) och gasen, samt bildandet av joniserade flyktkanaler genom stjärnfeedback. Dessa resultat tyder på att kollisioner är en effektiv mekanism för att underlätta undkommande joniserande strålning och därmed kan ha varit en nyckelprocess för universums rejonisering.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, 2025. p. 66
Keywords
galaxies, galaxy, disc galaxy, star formation, ISM, interstellar medium, kinematics, dynamics, evolution, turbulence, numerical, haro 11, merger, blue compact galaxy, blue compact dwarf, lyman continuum, LyC, lyman alpha, escape fraction
National Category
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Research subject
Astronomy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-241947 (URN)978-91-8107-240-2 (ISBN)978-91-8107-241-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-06-04, sal FB42, AlbaNova universitetscentrum, Roslagstullbacken 21 and online via Zoom: https://stockholmuniversity.zoom.us/j/67386321994, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
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Available from: 2025-05-12 Created: 2025-04-11 Last updated: 2025-05-15Bibliographically approved

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