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Paving the Way for Evidence-Based Control of Garden Lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus): Mowing, Heat Treatment, and Monitoring for Road Verge Management
Karlstad University, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology (starting 2013), Department of Environmental and Life Sciences (from 2013).ORCID iD: 0009-0002-3543-2754
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

As semi-natural grasslands decline globally, road verges have been identified as refuges for species associated with this type of habitat. Road verges also serve as corridors for invasive species, and garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.) is commonly found along roads in the Nordic region. Its presence alters the habitat, displacing less competitive species, and annual mowing is insufficient to slow its spread.

Several strategies for controlling garden lupine were tested in this thesis, including mowing regimes, heat treatment of seed-contaminated soil, and drone technology for mapping and monitoring. When considering phenology and nutrient dynamics, mowing should take place between peak flowering and early seed development, as this is when root reserves are lowest and the plant thus is most vulnerable. Keeping a low mowing height is important for suppressing regrowth, while higher mowing height generated more homogeneous plant communities with higher lupine dominance. Two or three mowing events per season had less impact on lupine biomass than a low mowing height. Due to the species' ability to compensate for biomass loss, repeated mowing over several years is necessary. The success of control efforts is also influenced by local conditions. Treatment of seed-containing soil with hot steam was more effective than dry heat in killing lupine seeds, and steam treatment of contaminated soil can reduce the spread at the landscape scale. Physiologically active lupine seeds were particularly heat sensitive. Drone-based mapping can complement ground-based inventory methods for improving analysis and follow-up of control measures. This thesis demonstrates how species-specific, evidence-based knowledge can be applied in practice to improve the control of garden lupine in road verges.

Abstract [sv]

I takt med att arealen traditionellt hävdade ängs- och betesmarker minskar globalt har vägkanter uppmärksammats som tillflyktsorter för organismer knutna till denna typ av habitat. Samtidigt fungerar vägkanter som spridningskorridorer för invasiva arter, och blomsterlupin (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.) är en art som ofta förekommer längs vägar i Norden. Dess närvaro förändrar livsmiljön och tränger undan mindre konkurrenskraftiga arter, och årlig slåtter av vägkantsvegetation är otillräcklig för att bromsa artens spridning.

I den här avhandlingen testades flera strategier för att bekämpa blomsterlupin, inklusive varierade slåtterregimer, värmebehandling av frön och användning av drönarteknik för att kartlägga och följa upp åtgärder. Slåtter bör ske mellan att majoriteten av blommorna på blomställningen är utslagna och tidig fröutveckling, eftersom detta är när rotresurserna är lägst och plantan mest sårbar. En låg slåtterhöjd är viktig för att hämma återväxt av lupinbiomassa, medan högre slåtterhöjd genererade mer homogena växtsamhällen med högre närvaro av lupin. Två eller tre slåttertillfällen per säsong hade däremot mindre betydelse. Blomsterlupin har god förmåga att kompensera för förlust av biomassa och därför krävs upprepad slåtter under flera år. Effekten av slåtter påverkas även av lokala förhållanden. Behandling med het ånga visade sig mer effektiv än enbart värme för att döda lupinfrön, och ångbehandling av kontaminerade jordmassor har potential att minska spridning på landskapsnivå. Fysiologiskt aktiva lupinfrön visade sig vara extra värmekänsliga. Kartläggning med drönare har också god potential att komplettera befintliga metoder för att förbättra analys och uppföljning av bekämpningsåtgärder. Resultaten visar hur artspecifik, bevisbaserad kunskap kan omsättas i praktiken för att förbättra bekämpningen av blomsterlupin i vägkanter.

Abstract [en]

Road verges have potential as refuge habitat for grassland organisms and may help to save biodiversity as semi-natural grasslands decline. However, a major threat to species richness along roads are invasive alien plant species (IAS), which use these linear habitats as corridors. One such species is garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.), which is common in Swedish road verges. It competes with native plants and alters environmental conditions, making conservation challenging. 

In this thesis, different strategies for controlling garden lupine in road verges were explored. Linking the plant’s phenology to nutrient dynamics revealed that mowing between peak flowering and early seed development has the strongest effect for depleting root reserves. Maintaining a low cutting height is important, while mowing two or three times per season has minor effects. The species compensates well for biomass loss, so long-term control efforts are necessary. Management success also depends on local site conditions. Transport of soil masses contaminated with seeds plays a major role for IAS dispersal, but steam treatment shows promise for killing seeds in soil. UAV technology is effective for mapping lupine populations and offers potential for monitoring and evaluating management over time.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Karlstad: Karlstads universitet, 2025. , p. 53
Series
Karlstad University Studies, ISSN 1403-8099 ; 2025:18
Keywords [en]
Invasive plant management, bigleaf lupine, road verge ecology, phenological indicators, mowing regime, steam treatment, heat treatment, remote sensing, UAV
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-103887DOI: 10.59217/xlmt4348ISBN: 978-91-7867-568-5 (print)ISBN: 978-91-7867-569-2 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kau-103887DiVA, id: diva2:1950695
Public defence
2025-05-28, Sjöströmsalen, 1B309, Universitetsgatan 2, Karlstad, Karlstad, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2021/14629Available from: 2025-05-07 Created: 2025-04-08 Last updated: 2025-05-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Linking nutrient dynamics and phenology in Lupinus polyphyllus to identify the right timing for population control
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Linking nutrient dynamics and phenology in Lupinus polyphyllus to identify the right timing for population control
2025 (English)In: Basic and Applied Ecology, ISSN 1439-1791, E-ISSN 1618-0089, Vol. 84, p. 61-68Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In light of the decline of semi-natural grasslands, road verges have become important refuges for grassland plants, benefiting from the management regimes that resemble those of traditional grasslands. However, the value of road verges for grassland plants is threatened by the presence of invasive alien plant species such as Lupinus polyphyllus. Mowing is most effective for controlling invasive plants when the shoot:root ratio is high or when below-ground reserves are exhausted but seeds have not yet matured. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal time for mowing of L. polyphyllus based on the species nutrient dynamics and phenology. We photographed and collected whole lupine plants throughout one growing season, divided them into roots, leaves, and stem + inflorescence, and analyzed each fraction for three growth-limiting, phloem-mobile nutrients (N, P and K). The nutrient contents in roots were lowest during the flowering phase, while the nutrient contents in stems + inflorescences were lowest during the early flowering phase and increased until the seed ripening phase, before declining again in the seed dispersal phase. Leaf nutrient contents showed a general decrease throughout the season. Shoot:root ratios of nutrient contents were also maximized during flowering. Our conclusion is that mowing will weaken L. polyphyllus most when carried out between phenological phases 2 (less than 50% of flowers open) and 4 (more than 50% of flowers withering), with the most optimal timing being during phase 3, i.e., when more than 50% of flowers are open. Concerning the heterogeneity within L. polyphyllus populations, the phenological assessment before management should prioritize individuals that have progressed furthest in their development.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2025
Keywords
Bigleaf lupine, Garden lupine, Invasive plant management, Phenological indicators, Nutrient dynamics
National Category
Ecology Botany
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-103881 (URN)10.1016/j.baae.2025.02.006 (DOI)001437422100001 ()2-s2.0-85218916927 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council FormasSwedish Environmental Protection AgencySwedish Transport Administration, TRV 2021/14629Swedish Agency for Marine and Water ManagementKarlstad University
Available from: 2025-04-08 Created: 2025-04-08 Last updated: 2025-04-11Bibliographically approved
2. Optimizing mowing strategies for controlling the IAS Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. in roadside habitats.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optimizing mowing strategies for controlling the IAS Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. in roadside habitats.
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Keywords
Invasive plant management; bigleaf lupine; road verge ecology; plant diversity
National Category
Ecology Botany
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-103883 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2021/14629
Available from: 2025-04-08 Created: 2025-04-08 Last updated: 2025-04-08
3. The effects of dry heat and steam on germination of dry and imbibed seeds of the invasive garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The effects of dry heat and steam on germination of dry and imbibed seeds of the invasive garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.)
2024 (English)In: Invasive Plant Science and Management, ISSN 1939-7291, E-ISSN 1939-747X, Vol. 17, p. 95-103Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Regularly mown road verges are an important habitat for conservation of grassland vegetation. Disturbance and movement of seed-contaminated soil during road construction and maintenance makes road verges susceptible to the establishment of invasive alien plants such as garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.). To combat spread of L. polyphyllus via seeds, we tested methods for seed destruction using heat. This study aimed at developing heat eradication methods for dry and imbibed L. polyphyllus seeds applying dry heat (88, 93, 98, 103 C at 1, 3, 5, 10 min) in a laboratory, steam (85, 90, 95 C at 3, 5, 10 min) in a test-box steaming device and (97 C at 10-17 min; dry seeds only) in a stationary soil-steaming machine (S30). In order to speed up water absorption and post-treatment germination, the imbibed seeds were manually scarified before the heat treatment and the dry seeds afterwards. Additionally, germination of two different age seed batches was tested applying dry heat (88, 98 C at 3, 5 min). The results showed that steam treatments inhibited seed germination more than dry heat in both dry and imbibed seeds. Germination dropped to < 5% when steamed at ≥ 90 C or dry-heated at > 100 C. Seed germination decreased with higher temperatures and longer exposure times. Imbibed seeds exhibited lower germination compared to dry seeds for dry and steam heat. Approximately 0.5% of dry seeds germinated when steamed using S30. 2022-collected seeds were less sensitive to dry heat th an seeds from 2020. In conclusion, hot steam is more effective in reducing L. polyphyllus seed germination than dry heat. Thus, to successfully eradicate L. polyphyllus seeds in soil masses, we recommend steaming them at 97 C for at least 10 minutes. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge University Press, 2024
Keywords
Invasive plant management, bigleaf lupine, steam treatment, heat treatment, eradication, soil sterilization
National Category
Bio Materials
Research subject
Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-100318 (URN)10.1017/inp.2024.14 (DOI)001313257700001 ()2-s2.0-85193780529 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2021/14629Swedish Environmental Protection AgencySwedish Research Council FormasSwedish Agency for Marine and Water Management
Available from: 2024-06-18 Created: 2024-06-18 Last updated: 2025-04-08Bibliographically approved
4. Mapping Lupinus polyphyllus density and distribution along road verges using UAV-based remote sensing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mapping Lupinus polyphyllus density and distribution along road verges using UAV-based remote sensing
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Biology; Geomatics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-103884 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2021/14629
Available from: 2025-04-08 Created: 2025-04-08 Last updated: 2025-04-08

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