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Tectonic stress as the driving mechanism for dike opening in an oblique rift setting: A deformation model of the 2021 Fagradalsfjall dike, Iceland
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1023-6431
Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9052-4665
Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2056-1588
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Mineralogy Petrology and Tectonics. Center for Natural Hazard and Disaster Science (CNDS), Uppsala, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3316-658X
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2025 (English)In: Geophysical Research Letters, ISSN 0094-8276, E-ISSN 1944-8007, Vol. 52, no 8, article id e2024GL113970Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Repeated dike-intrusions often occur in zones where extensional stress has accumulated. Still, geodetic modeling of observed dike-induced ground deformation often ignores the contribution of tectonic stress. On the obliquely spreading Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland, tectonic strain build-up had been geodetically documented for three decades when a magmatic dike formed at Fagradalsfjall in 2021. We explore the contribution of tectonic stress on dike emplacement in a viscoelastic three-dimensional Finite-Element deformation model. Tectonic stress accumulation is initially simulated through plate motion, and later partially released by opening of a segmented rectangular dike. We find that surface deformation can be largely reproduced by releasing 60% of the accumulated tectonic stress. Partial stress release and low magma overpressure are consistent with successive dike intrusions and low-intensity eruptions in the area. Our model provides an approach to consistently model stress-release constrained by surface deformation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2025. Vol. 52, no 8, article id e2024GL113970
Keywords [en]
Volcano-tectonic interaction, ground deformation, stress, Reykjanes Peninsula, Finite Element Method, Dikes
National Category
Geophysics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-554098DOI: 10.1029/2024GL113970ISI: 001475860000001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-554098DiVA, id: diva2:1950455
Available from: 2025-04-07 Created: 2025-04-07 Last updated: 2025-05-08Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. The Influence of Pre-Existing Fractures and Tectonic Stress on Magmatic Dikes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Influence of Pre-Existing Fractures and Tectonic Stress on Magmatic Dikes
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[is]
Áhrif fyrirliggjandi sprungna og tektónískrar bergspennu á kvikuganga
Abstract [en]

Magmatic dikes form an integral part of volcanic systems and transport magma from depth towards the surface. Dike propagation through the Earth’s crust is affected by the mechanical properties of the crust, which is important to better understand potential effects on volcanic activity. This thesis investigates the influence of crustal heterogeneity on magmatic dikes, focusing specifically on the interaction between magma and pre-existing weaknesses and on the influence of tectonic stress. Basaltic dikes exposed in moderately fractured hyaloclastite in the extinct Dyrfjöll volcanic system, NE Iceland, showed that dikes can follow existing fractures, change strike when intersecting them without propagating into a fracture or be arrested in front of a fracture. Laboratory models of intrusions into pre-faulted crust demonstrate that the host rock cohesion and the strength contrast between intact and faulted host rock strongly control if and how faults affect intrusions. Faults additionally affect the amplitude and pattern of intrusion-associated surface deformation. Finite Element models simulated dike opening in a tectonic stress field. Comparison of these to surface deformation associated with the 2021 February-March Fagradalsfjall dike, SW Iceland, show that tectonic stress can be a sufficient driving mechanism for dike opening. The relative amount of predicted opening and shearing of the dike plane is consistent with expectations based on geological models and the area’s obliquely-spreading tectonic setting. This thesis demonstrates the complexity of dikes interacting with heterogeneous crust and the potential of considering multidisciplinary research as a key to advance understanding of such interactions. 

Abstract [is]

Kvikugangar eru mikilvægir innviðir virkra eldstöðva og flytja kviku djúpt úr rótum eldstöðva til yfirborðs. Breytileiki i aflfræðilegum eiginleikum jarðskorpunnar hefur áhrif á hvernig kvikugangar myndast og þróast, og mikilvægt er að skilja betur hvernig þessi breytileiki getur haft áhrif á mögulega eldvirkni. Þetta doktorsverkefni kannar sérstaklega áhrif breytileika í gerð jarðskorpunnar á kvikuinnskot. Áhersla er lögð á að kanna samspil á milli innskota og misgengja og sprungna sem fyrir eru í berggrunninum og áhrif spennisviðs vegna flekahreyfinga. Basískir kvikugangar sem hafa skotist inn í móberg og sjá má í útkulnuðu eldstöðinni í Dyrfjöllum, Bogafirði eystra, voru kortlaggðir með gerð þrívíddarlíkana af svæðinu. Niðurstöðurnar sýna að kvikugangar geta fylgt sprungunum, þeir geta breytt stefnu sinni þegar þeir koma að sprungu eða þeir geta stoppað fyrir framan sprungu. Líkön voru gerð í tilraunastofu af myndun og þróun kvikuganga í jarðskorpu sem inniheldur sprungur og veikleika. Þau líkön sýna að munur á styrkleika jarðskorpu með og án sprungna, sem og samheldni (e. cohesion) jarðskorpunnar hefur mikil áhrif á hvort og hvernig misgengi hafa áhrif á kvikuganga. Misgengi í jarðskorpunni breyta líka munstri og stærð yfirborðshreyfinga samfara kvikuinnskotum.  Þá voru gerð reiknilíkön með bútaaðferð (e. Finite Element Method)  af myndun kvikuganga í spennusviði vegna flekahreyfinga. Slík líkön voru borin saman við jarðskorpuhreyfingar sem mældust þegar kvikugangur myndaðist í febrúar-mars 2021 við Fagradalsfjall. Niðurstaðan af þeim samanburði er að togspenna vegna flekahreyfinga getur verið megin drifkraftur kvikuinnskota. Opnun og skúfhreyfing á kvikugangsfletinum skv. reiknilíkönum er sambærileg við það sem má áætla út frá jarðfræðilegum aðstæðum á Reykjanesskaganum og skáreki flekahreyfinga (e. oblique spreading) þar. Þetta doktorsverkefni sýnir að samverkan kvikuganga og breytileika í aflfræðilegum eiginleikum jarðskorpunnar er mjög flókin og það að nota mismunandi rannsóknaraðferðir er lykill að auknum skilningi á slíkri samverkan.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2025. p. 140
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology, ISSN 1651-6214 ; 2545
Keywords
Volcano, Dike, Crustal Heterogeneity, Volcanotectonics, Magma-fault interaction
National Category
Geology
Research subject
Earth Science with specialization in Mineral Chemistry, Petrology and Tectonics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-554100 (URN)978-9935-9772-4-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-06-13, University Aula, University of Iceland, Main Building, Sæmundargata 2, Reykjavík (Iceland), 11:30 (English)
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Note

This PhD thesis is part of a double degree with the University of Iceland.

The thesis will also be accessible on https://opinvisindi.is/ and the ISBN number was provided by the National and University Library of Iceland (Landsbókasafn Íslands - Háskólabókasafn).

Available from: 2025-05-09 Created: 2025-04-08 Last updated: 2025-05-09

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